skeletal system bone basics. basics components functions – support – storage – blood cell...
TRANSCRIPT
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Skeletal SystemBone Basics
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Basics
ComponentsFunctions
– Support– Storage– Blood cell production– Protection– Leverage
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Connective Tissue
4 types - Bone - Cartilage
- Hyaline- Elastic- Fibrocartilage
* function * location
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Classification of Bones
Axial
Appendicular
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Classification of Bones - Shape
Long Short Flat Irregular
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Classification of Bone: Texture Compact Bone
Surfaces except joints Heavy stress areas Osteons parallel to
long axis– Bend with end force– Smaller force from side
can cause breaks
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Classification of Bone: Texture Spongy Bone
Inner part– Less dense– Stress from many
directionsLighter weightTrabeculaeHematopoeitic tissue
– red marrow vs. yellow marrow
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Microscopic Features
Osteocytes– Lacunae– Canaliculi
Osteon– Around central
canalOsteoblastsOsteoclasts
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Microscopic Structure of Bone: Compact Bone
Figure 6.6a, b
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Features of a long bone
• Epiphyses & Diaphysis• Epiphyseal Line
• Compact & Spongy bone• Medullary Cavity• Endosteum• Periosteum
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Periosteum
Outer layerInner layerPerforating
canals
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Bone Development
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Bone Remodeling
6 wks after fertilization – 25 yrs Calcium
– 99% in skeleton– Role in nerve and muscle cells
18% of proteins and minerals removed and replaced a year– Remodeling– Not same rate for all bones– Important for calcium homeostasis
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Injury and Repair
Fractures– Closed
(simple)– Open– Transverse– Spiral– Comminuted
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As long as blood supply exists
4 months – year
Step 1– Bleeding– Clot (hematoma)
forms– Kills osteocytes– Dead bone
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Step 2
Periosteum and endosteum cells divide
Migrate to fracture Localized
thickenings– Externally produces
hyaline cartilage
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Step 3
Osteoblasts– Replace cartilage
Spongy bone at internal callus
Grows together Stabilizes fracture
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Step 4
RemodelingDead and
spongy compact
Good as new– May be thicker
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Aging
Bones thinner and weaker– Osteoblast activity declines– Osteoclast activity normal– More lost in epiphyses, vertebrae,
jawsFragile limbs, reduced height, loss of
teeth
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Osteoporosis
Reduces bone mass Bone formation
– Effected by sex hormones– Decreases after menopause
More common in older women Slowed, not prevented
– Hormone replacement– Dietary changes– Exercise
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Articulations
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Classifications
Structure or function
Immovable– Fibrous or
cartilaginous– Suture– Gomphosis– Synchondrosis
Slightly movable– Fibrous or
cartilaginous– Syndesmosis– Symphysis
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Freely movable
Synovial Wide range of motion Bones not in contact Covered with articular cartilage
– Arthritis Fibrous capsule Shock absorption
– Menisci– Fat pads
Ligaments and tendons Bursae
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Movement
GlidingAngular motion
– Flexion– Extension– Hyperextension
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AbductionAdductionCircumduction
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Rotation
PronationSupination
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Special movements
InversionDorsiflexionOppositionProtractionElevation
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Classification of Synovial Joints
Gliding– Limited rotation– Clavicles, carpals,
tarsals, vertebraeHinge
– Motion in a single plane
– Elbow, knee, ankle, atlas
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Pivot– Rotation only– Atlas and axis,
radius and ulna Ellipsoidal or condyloid– Oval articulation in a
depression– Motion in two planes– Radius and carpals,
phalanges and metacarpal or metatarsals
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Saddle– Opposing faces nest
together
– Angular motion, no rotation
– Base of thumb
Ball-and-socket– Round head in cup-
shaped depression– Motion in most directions– Should and hip
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Intervertebral Articulations
Gliding and symphyseal joints
Slipped discCondition of
discs as we age
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Shoulder
Ball-and-socketMost frequently
dislocatedSeveral bursae
– BursitisRotator cuff
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Elbow
Hinge joint Stronger
articulation Extremely stable
– Interlocking– Joint capsule– Reinfored with
ligaments
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Hip
Ball-and-socket Articulating surface
– Fibrocartilage pad– Fat pad– Synovial membrane– Ligaments
Joint capsule Fractures
– Common in elderly– Dislocation
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Knee
Hinge joint Fibrcartilage pads
– Minisci
Fat pads Burae Patella within ligament Surrounded by ligaments
– ACL