skills development in the study of history the atlantic slave trade exemplar analysing and applying...

Skills development in the study of history

The Atlantic slave trade exemplar

Analysing and applyingAnalysing and applying

The approaches contained within these materials are for exemplification purposes only. Practitioners should adapt these to suit

the needs of their learners. Practitioners should refer to SQA documentation at all times. Practitioners are encouraged to share good practice by contacting Education Scotland through customer services.

• This exemplar should be read in conjunction with Section 1: Introductory advice and guidance.

• These examples are adaptable and will help to stimulate further development of approaches to learning and teaching.

• None of the presentations included in this support are designed to be used with learners in their current form. The presentations provide advice, guidance and exemplars for practitioners to reflect on in their own planning for learning and teaching, and if used should be adapted to suit the learners and setting.

• This exemplar should be read in conjunction with Section 1: Introductory advice and guidance.

• These examples are adaptable and will help to stimulate further development of approaches to learning and teaching.

• None of the presentations included in this support are designed to be used with learners in their current form. The presentations provide advice, guidance and exemplars for practitioners to reflect on in their own planning for learning and teaching, and if used should be adapted to suit the learners and setting.

The Atlantic slave trade exemplarNational 3 – Higher

• Practitioners should always refer to the relevant SQA documentation when creating materials so as to include material for all relevant skills and knowledge.

• As the approaches are transferable across the study of any historical unit due to the focus on the pathways to develop skills, this could be an opportunity for practitioners to share their skills with other practitioners in the delivery of history by leading CPD sessions for colleagues.

• Practitioners could also use this opportunity to share and develop skills in interdisciplinary and intersector contexts, eg through Glow Meets etc.

• Practitioners should always refer to the relevant SQA documentation when creating materials so as to include material for all relevant skills and knowledge.

• As the approaches are transferable across the study of any historical unit due to the focus on the pathways to develop skills, this could be an opportunity for practitioners to share their skills with other practitioners in the delivery of history by leading CPD sessions for colleagues.

• Practitioners could also use this opportunity to share and develop skills in interdisciplinary and intersector contexts, eg through Glow Meets etc.

The Atlantic slave trade exemplarNational 3 – Higher

Recording information

There are a number of traditional ways to record the information, such as jotters, diary entries, posters, postcards, collages etc.

Where possible ICT can support the recording of information for most of the following activities in a number of new, interesting and exciting ways:

Blogs – Glowblogs offer an excellent way to record information. The learners could take turns updating the blog with information or they could each run their own blog. Wordpress may be an option for those without access to Glow.

Podcasts – Podcasts provide learners with a platform that can reach thousands. They can aid the development of literacy skills and provide feedback from people outwith the school environment. Audacity is an excellent piece of software for this purpose.

There are a number of traditional ways to record the information, such as jotters, diary entries, posters, postcards, collages etc.

Where possible ICT can support the recording of information for most of the following activities in a number of new, interesting and exciting ways:

Blogs – Glowblogs offer an excellent way to record information. The learners could take turns updating the blog with information or they could each run their own blog. Wordpress may be an option for those without access to Glow.

Podcasts – Podcasts provide learners with a platform that can reach thousands. They can aid the development of literacy skills and provide feedback from people outwith the school environment. Audacity is an excellent piece of software for this purpose.


Emodo profile – This secure social networking site for practitioners and learners offers a familiar-looking site for learners to update. Practitioners could ask learners to pretend to be someone highlighting the journey of a slave over a period of weeks.

Emails – Collaborating with another school, learners can exchange emails with details about the information they have learned. Different schools could research the story of different slaves and exchange their results at the end of every week, including interesting facts or stories about the slave’s journey etc.

Powerpoint, Prezi and smartboard presentations – Learners will be familiar with PowerPoint. Creating their own requires planning and an understanding of the sequence of their information.

Emodo profile – This secure social networking site for practitioners and learners offers a familiar-looking site for learners to update. Practitioners could ask learners to pretend to be someone highlighting the journey of a slave over a period of weeks.

Emails – Collaborating with another school, learners can exchange emails with details about the information they have learned. Different schools could research the story of different slaves and exchange their results at the end of every week, including interesting facts or stories about the slave’s journey etc.

Powerpoint, Prezi and smartboard presentations – Learners will be familiar with PowerPoint. Creating their own requires planning and an understanding of the sequence of their information.


Twitter – Practitioners may wish to explore the idea of learners writing in the style of a tweet. Twitter’s 140-character limit presents a challenge for learners. It is a good method for summarising learning. Practitioners should exercise professional judgement prior to engaging with any social media platform.

Video – Learners can film themselves role-playing a scene, as news reporters, characters from the period of study, modern historians evaluating the past etc.

Talking heads – Learners can record themselves acting as the talking head of a character, answering questions about the period they lived in.

Infographics – Infographics are also worth exploring. Piktochart is one of many online web applications that allows learners to create infographics easily.

Twitter – Practitioners may wish to explore the idea of learners writing in the style of a tweet. Twitter’s 140-character limit presents a challenge for learners. It is a good method for summarising learning. Practitioners should exercise professional judgement prior to engaging with any social media platform.

Video – Learners can film themselves role-playing a scene, as news reporters, characters from the period of study, modern historians evaluating the past etc.

Talking heads – Learners can record themselves acting as the talking head of a character, answering questions about the period they lived in.

Infographics – Infographics are also worth exploring. Piktochart is one of many online web applications that allows learners to create infographics easily.


Video games – There are now many games that offer a level of creativity in exploring new ways to record information. Little Big Planet provides creative opportunities for interactive information presentation, and some excellent examples can be found on video-sharing websites.

Minecraft – This is another creative platform for learners to use to interact with history. It has been used by practitioners to build medieval villages (after lesson planning) and could be used to build plantations, a slave galley, recreations of the buildings the tobacco lords built and other scenes from the period.

Photographs – Digital cameras have made it easy to quickly take photos, and they offer a great opportunity for recording evidence in the classroom (and outside).

Video games – There are now many games that offer a level of creativity in exploring new ways to record information. Little Big Planet provides creative opportunities for interactive information presentation, and some excellent examples can be found on video-sharing websites.

Minecraft – This is another creative platform for learners to use to interact with history. It has been used by practitioners to build medieval villages (after lesson planning) and could be used to build plantations, a slave galley, recreations of the buildings the tobacco lords built and other scenes from the period.

Photographs – Digital cameras have made it easy to quickly take photos, and they offer a great opportunity for recording evidence in the classroom (and outside).

http://minecraftedu.com/

http://minecraftedu.com/

List of activities

Group or pair discussion:stimulus questions

Overview

This activity encourages learners to think about questions that may lead to a particular answer and share them with their peers. It has the potential to challenge learners, who may think creatively about possible alternative questions, and encourages thinking about different interpretations and understandings within the support of a peer group.

SkillsRemembering Understanding Applying

How it works

1. Learners are given high-level open questions. 2. Learners are encouraged to think of as many answers as

possible. 3. Learners then share their answers with their peers. 4. Learners can discuss, with their peers, the answers they have

come up with and justify how they arrived at a particular answer.




If practitioners maintain a Twitter account for learning and teaching purposes, they may wish to tweet learner responses. This could be one possible way to record information from this activity. Discussion around the questions could be recorded as a podcast.

Fish diagram

Overview

This activity encourages learners to think about the causes of questions. This offers learners the opportunity to investigate the reasons we have particular questions and offer alternative answers/approaches. It has the potential to challenge learners, who may think creatively about possible alternative questions, and encourages thinking about different interpretations and understandings.

SkillsRemembering Understanding Applying Creativity

How it works

1. Learners use the fish diagram to add their reasons in the Reason 1–4 boxes along the fins.

2. They then fill in any additional information about these reasons in the lines leading to the centre, for example they could write ‘racist attitudes’ along the fins and then explain why people fear death on the Details lines.

Fish diagram

eg David Hume Darwin also used

Christians believed Africans were

heathens

Felt Africans needed 'saving'

Native Indians poor slaves; criminals had finite contracts

Labour needed for New World

development

Slave ‘factories’ set

up

African tribes raided inland for slaves (to profit)

What were the reasons behind the growth of the slave trade?

Fish diagram

Believed Africans were inferior to

Whites

Fish diagram


This activity could be recorded on a PowerPoint, a smartboard, a poster, a whiteboard or in a general paint program.

Discussion questions with a report

Overview

This activity encourages learners to think about questions that may lead to a particular answer, share them with their peers and create a report for others to learn from. It has the potential to challenge learners, who may think creatively about possible alternative questions, and encourages thinking about different interpretations and understandings within the support of a peer group, with the ultimate focus being on the report.

SkillsRemembering Understanding Applying Creating

How it works

1. Learners are given a series of leading questions which enable them to develop their understanding of a topic from simple observations to more high-level questioning and hopefully reflective learning.

2. Learners produce a draft report for the class.


Consider the following questions, discuss your ideas with a partner/group and use this information to draft a report.

1.Why did certain goods became more popular as a result of the slave trade?

2.Who benefitted from the trading of these goods?

3.In what ways did the sales of tobacco and sugar change Scotland?

Draft a report on the question:

'From 1707 to 1766 fewer than 30 direct slave voyages left Scotland, therefore the economic impact of the slave trade on Scotland was minimal.' How accurate is this view?


Consider the following questions, discuss your ideas with a partner/group and use this information to draft a report.

1. How did one race of people come to believe that it was right to enslave another and to profit from their unpaid labour?

2. What effects did creating a racial slave system have on those who owned slaves?

3. Why did those who were enslaved rarely use violence to resist their oppression?

4. In what ways did slaves attempt to create families and their own cultures and societies in the face of such violent oppression?

Draft a report on the question:

What led many in British society to conclude that the slave trade was wrong?


Extension/alternative ideas

• Learners could create their own questions for discussing a wider topic, pinpointing areas that need to be studied to fully answer the question. These could be put to their peers.

• Learners could also, on completion of an essay, work backwards to provide the questions that they had to answer to reach their conclusions.




Using a Twitter-style 140-character limit to summarise answers to the initial questions can be effective, as can recording the discussion on tape or video. The report can be written and posted on a blog for learners to view each others’ different writing techniques and standards.

Source analysis with a report

Overview

This activity encourages learners to think about questions that relate to sources, share them with their peers and create a report for others to learn from. It has the potential to challenge learners, who may think creatively about possible alternative questions, and encourages thinking about different interpretations and understandings within the support of a peer group with the ultimate focus being on the report.

SkillsRemembering Understanding Applying Creating

How it works

1. Learners are given a source to examine.2. They are then given a series of leading questions which

enable them to develop their viewpoints on the source from simple observations to more high-level questioning and hopefully reflective learning.

3. Sources should be differentiated for the different levels of ability in the class.

4. Learners produce a draft report for the class.

Source analysis with a report

Source analysis with a reportSource A is a passage drawn from Jean Barbot, Barbot on Guinea: The Writings of Jean Barbot on West Africa 1678-1712. (This source was chosen by Simon Newman, Professor of American Studies at the University of Glasgow.)

'Among the Moors are persons engaged in various occupations, those at the coasts being mostly merchants, fishermen, goldsmiths, canoe-men, house-builders, salt-makers, roofers, farmers, potters, porters, etc. Each is engaged in his occupation in order to gain a livelihood and even to become rich, since nowadays, having studied us Europeans, they are as ambitious and greedy as formerly they were simple and content with the necessities of life, not even being acquainted with the use of clothes.

Of all their occupations, that of the merchant is the most honourable. The agents and merchants usually come out to the ships in small, neat canoes paddled by two Moors, they themselves sitting in the middle on a little wooden stool and having beside [each of] them a cutlass, a pipe and a small reed basket to contain whatever they buy on the ship...

Those who buy on their own account do not usually sell the goods again until the ships have left, in order to make more gain. They also make much profit on the goods they buy for others, since they hand over the goods to them at a much higher price than they gave for them, or else they hand over short weight...

These Moorish merchants do not trade only in gold but also in slaves, whom they bring to the ships in fairly large numbers when there are wars. But in peacetime, as was the case on the whole Gold Coast in 1682, there is little trade in these and they are very dear... Hardly ever is ivory traded, because such ivory as they have there comes from far inland or from Quaqua or Congo, and because they use it for trumpets, bracelets, and other things they make and use, which means that ivory is dear there. Hardly any wax is available, since they employ it to make candles (whose use they have known for some time).'

Source questions with a report

What is this source describing?

When was it written?

Why do you think Jean Barbot wrote this book?

What is Jean Barbot’s attitude towards Africans on the West Coast?

How economically important is slavery for the average trader on the West Coast?

Source analysis with a reportSource B is a passage drawn from William Smith, A New Voyage to Guinea: Describing The Customs, Manners, Soil, Climate, Habits, Buildings, Education, Manual Arts, Agriculture, Trade, Employments, Langauges, Ranks of Distinction, Habitations, Diversions, Marriages, and whatever else is memorable among the Inhabitants, 1745. (This source was chosen by Simon Newman, Professor of American Studies at the University of Glasgow.)

'The Negroe Town of Cape Coast [British trading headquarters] is very large and populous. The Inhabitants, tho’ Pagans, are a very civiliz’d Sort of People, for which they are beholding to their frequent Conversation with the Europeans. They are of a warlike Disposition, tho’ in time of Peace, their chief Employment is fishing, at which they are very dexterous, especially with a Cast-Net, wherewith they take all Sorts of Surface Fish, nor are they less acquainted with the Hook and Line for the Ground Fish. It is very pleasant to see a Fleet, consisting of Eighty or a Hundred Canoes, going out a Fishing from Cape Coast in a Morning, and returning in from Sea well freighted in the Evening, which may be seen every day during the dry Seasons, except Tuesday which is their Fittish Day, or Day of Rest. They frequently venture abroad in the Rains, tho’ they are sometimes drove in again, at the approach of a Turnadoe, before they have been two Hours abroad’.

The Grand Caboceroe [powerful intermediary between Europeans and local people] of this Town, is a Christian, nam’d Thomas Osiat. He was carried when young to Ireland, where his Master dying, left him in Care with a Widow, whome Name was Pennington, who kept the Crown or Faulcon Tavern near the Change in Cork. She took Care of his Education, and had him baptiz’d by the Reverend Dr. Maul, now Lord Bishop of Cloyne. After having obtain’d his Freedom, in this Manner, he in Time return’d home to Cape Coast, where he now lives in very great Grandeur, and is of the utmost Service to the English, both for the carrying on their Trade in the Inland Country, and preserving Peace with all the neighbouring Powers, especially the Town of Elmina...'


What is this source describing?

When was it written?

Why do you think William Smith has written this book?

What is William Smith’s opinion of the Africans he describes?

What bearing, if any, does Smith’s religion have on his account?

How does Smith’s account compare with Barbot’s?


• Learners could create their own questions for discussion beyond the sources, pinpointing areas that need to be explored further to fully answer the question.

• Different sources could be presented to different groups and instead of a report, learners could create a presentation on the source to the other groups.




Recording the discussion on tape or video can be effective. The report could be written and posted on a blog for learners to view each others’ different writing techniques and standards. If the learners are creating a presentation instead of a report, using PowerPoint or Prezi may be a good way to record the information.

Collage

Overview

This activity asks learners to represent their views on an issue or concept in a visual, creative and engaging way. It encourages learners not only to communicate effectively, but also to develop their interpretation skills in considering other people’s work.

SkillsUnderstanding Applying Analysing

How it works

1. Each group is given a relevant word, idea, issue or concept that they must represent using a range of provided materials. Such materials might include magazines, newspapers, sticky shapes, coloured card and paper, marker pens, scissors, glue and pens.

2. Groups must discuss what their key term/concept means and record how they decide to represent this, with supporting reasons.

3. The practitioner may wish to establish certain criteria for the collages in order to add a challenge aspect to the activity (this is an opportunity to involve learners in creating success criteria and for practitioners to ensure differentiation is effectively planned into learning so that all learners are fully involved, engaged and challenged).

Collage

How it works

4. Learners are given a time limit to complete the task.5. Groups can present their work to others or groups can navigate

around the room to consider the work of each group.6. Each group should discuss and take notes on the work of others.

Discussion can take place about what each group felt the other groups were trying to represent and how they interpreted this.

Collage

Resistance

Unhappy

Mental

Working slowly

Physical Passive resistance

Running away

Wants change

Damaging property

Arson

Active resistance

Collage


Presenting the collage as a poster is the best traditional method for this activity, but allowing a group to create a poster on a computer is also a good approach. Little Big Planet could also be used as a way of creating collages.

Conversion

Overview

Being able to take information and convert it into another format demonstrates understanding and also develops analytical skills. This activity engages learners with source material from the area of study. It also provides learners with an opportunity to make a choice about how they want to develop their understanding.

SkillsApplying Analysing Evaluating Creating

How it works1. Learners are presented with an event, source or idea. 2. Practitioners should ensure that the presented material is

explained and that learners have the opportunity to discuss or ask questions about it.

3. Learners are then given options about how they would like to convert the presented information.

Conversion

Groups select from any of the following (found in Olaudah Equiano’s autobiography)

Being taken from his home The Middle PassageLife as a slave On being freed

Groups convert your chosen text into a new format, which they will present to the class. Possibilities include:

a mind map a storyboard a play a creative story a diary entry a comic strip

a poem a flow diagram a song

Groups:explain/perform their piece to the whole classexplain which source they chose and whyexplain the conversion it has gone through: why did they choose to present it in this form, what are the key elements of the text and how have they expressed and emphasised these?

Conversion

Conversion


The method of recording depends mainly on the way the learner converts the data. Needless to say most, if not all, of the recording suggestions would work here.

Perfect answer

Overview

This activity helps the learners to work as a group to develop 'perfect' answers to a question. It involves peer learning and the sharing of the learners’ knowledge on the subject.

SkillsUnderstanding Applying Evaluating

How it works1. Learners work in groups. 2. Numbered questions are placed around the room.3. Each member of the group is given a number.4. In numerical order, learners take it in turns to go and find a question (these must

be answered in numerical order: learner 1 finds question 1, then learner 2 finds question 2 and so on).

5. Once the learner has found the question they return to the group and tell everyone what it is.

6. The group develop as detailed an answer as possible.7. The learner who found the question takes the ‘perfect’ answer to the practitioner. 8. The practitioner can accept the answer, ask for an expansion or give a ‘clue’ to

take back to the group to discuss and find the ‘perfect’ answer.9. The process is then repeated until the group has provided the ‘perfect’ answer.

The next learner then goes and finds the next question and the process begins again.

Perfect answer

Perfect answer

Importance of slave trade toBritish economy

Perfect answer


Blogs could be used to record the perfect answers, although they could also be recorded on tape. A poster provides an alternative way of recording the answers.

Filling in the gaps

Overview

This activity requires the learner to understand context and vocabulary in order to identify the correct words or type of words that belong in the deleted parts of a text. Words are deleted from a passage according to a word-count formula or various other criteria, eg all adjectives, all words that have a particular letter pattern. The passage is presented to learners, who insert the correct words in the gaps as they read to construct appropriate meaning from the text.


Filling in the gaps

How it works

1. Words are deleted from a passage according to a word-count formula or various other criteria, eg all adjectives, all words that have a particular letter pattern.

2. The passage is presented to learners, who insert correct words in the gaps as they read to construct appropriate meaning from the text.

3. The missing words can be presented in a separate box, but for higher levels it is more constructive for the learners to come up with the words themselves.

Filling in the gaps

The American Revolution had a _______ effect on trade, and tobacco investors _______. However, many _______ Glaswegians had _______ into trade with the West Indies, importing _______ and making rum, and by the end of the 18th century Glasgow had become Britain’s biggest _______ of sugar. Glasgow _______ as the second city of the British Empire during the 19th century, _______ wealth from heavy engineering, shipbuilding and _______ _______. This period saw _______ growth in the city’s population and _______ size and it was _______ this era that Victorian Glasgow was _______.

Filling in the gaps


• Learners could be challenged to come up with their own ‘fill in the gaps’ passages for other learners to complete.

Filling in the gaps


This works well in jotters and on blogs, or practitioners could tweet learners’ interpretation of the missing words. Practitioners are also encouraged to explore Glow Blogs and Glow Wikis.

Paraphrasing

Overview

Paraphrasing involves the learner putting a passage from source material into his/her own words. This activity requires the learner to understand context and have an accurate comprehension of the text.


Paraphrasing

How it works

1. Learners should use alternative wording to the author’s throughout the paraphrase.

2. Explain that it is important that learners use their own words but they should make it clear that they are presenting someone else’s ideas, eg According to Professor Tom Devine...

3. It is important that learners cite their sources.

Paraphrasing

Source A is a slave owner describing how slaves pay their owners for time off. The cost is dependent on the skill of the slave, and how badly they are needed. If owners don’t receive the money the slave gets flogged. The author alludes to the use of prostitution among female slaves to raise the money. Other women cook, clean, pick or sell. The author describes the situation of his friend, who kept two female slaves above his shop as mistresses/concubines.

Source A is from the 1837 printing of American Slavery as it is: Testimony of a Thousand Witnesses

‘Slaves belonging to merchants and others in the city, often hire their own time, for which they pay various prices per week or month, according to the capacity of the slave. The females who thus hire their time, pursue various modes to procure the money; their masters making no inquiry how they get it, provided the money comes. If it is not regularly paid they are flogged. Some take in washing, some cook on board vessels, pick oakum, sell peanuts, &c., while others, younger and more comely, often resort to the vilest pursuits. I knew a man from the north who, though married to a respectable southern woman, kept two of these mulatto girls in an upper room at his store; his wife told some of her friends that he had not lodged at home for two weeks together, I have seen these two kept misses, as they are there called, at his store; he was afterwards stabbed in an attempt to arrest a runaway slave, and died in about ten days.’

Paraphrasing


• Learners could be challenged to see who can come up with a paraphrase in the quickest time. They must recite their paraphrase without looking at the source. Other learners then assess how good it was.

• Working backwards, the practitioner could supply learners with a list of paraphrases and the learners match these to the correct sources.

Paraphrasing


Paraphrasing lends itself well to being recorded as a podcast or vodcast, while blogging could also useful here.

Summarising

Overview

Summarising involves the learner putting only the main idea(s) from the source material into his/her own words. As with paraphrasing, this activity requires the learner to understand context and have an accurate comprehension of the text.


Summarising

How it works

1. Summarising involves the learner putting only the main idea(s) from the source material into his/her own words. This is a useful skill and works well with note-taking.

2. The lower the word limit, the harder the task becomes.3. Learners can compare their summaries after the task for

added comprehension.

Summarising

• Some slaves had to pay their owners money for the time they weren’t working. Prices varied depending on the skill of the slave.

• Women afforded this by picking or selling food, or carrying out domestic duties like washing or cooking (on ships). Others, younger women, turned to prostitution.

• A friend of author kept two slaves as mistresses above his shop.

Source A is from the 1837 printing of American Slavery as it is: Testimony of a Thousand Witnesses

‘Slaves belonging to merchants and others in the city, often hire their own time, for which they pay various prices per week or month, according to the capacity of the slave. The females who thus hire their time, pursue various modes to procure the money; their masters making no inquiry how they get it, provided the money comes. If it is not regularly paid they are flogged. Some take in washing, some cook on board vessels, pick oakum, sell peanuts, &c., while others, younger and more comely, often resort to the vilest pursuits. I knew a man from the north who, though married to a respectable southern woman, kept two of these mulatto girls in an upper room at his store; his wife told some of her friends that he had not lodged at home for two weeks together, I have seen these two kept misses, as they are there called, at his store; he was afterwards stabbed in an attempt to arrest a runaway slave, and died in about ten days.’

Summarising


• Learners could be challenged to see who can come up with a summary in the quickest time. They must recite the summary without looking at the source. Other learners then assess how good it was.

• Working backwards, the practitioner could supply learners with a list of summaries and the learners match these to the correct sources.

Summarising


Summarising lends itself well to being recorded as a podcast. Practitioners may wish to explore setting a 50-word challenge where learners can only use a maximum of 50 words.

Thinking skills grid

Overview

This activity can help learners’ revision and understanding of subtopics within the larger topics and units.

SkillsRemembering Applying Analysing Creating


How it works

1. Learners draw six columns on an A4 (or larger) sheet of paper, landscape orientation.

2. Each column focuses on a different piece of knowledge they have learned throughout a subtopic.

3. As they are both processing the information and recording it in different ways, this activity caters to all types of learners.

4. Learners can compare their summaries after the task for added comprehension.

Interesting response(What have I found interesting about this topic?)

Emotional response(What do I love and hate about the topic?)

Negative response(The bad points about the topic)

Positive response(The good points about the topic)

Creative response(Draw pictures about the topic)

Overview response(What were the main points about the topic?)

Interesting response(What have I found interesting about this topic?)

Emotional response(What do I love and hate about the topic?)

Negative response(The bad points about the topic)

Positive response(The good points about the topic)

Creative response(Draw pictures about the topic)

Overview response(What were the main points about the topic?)

Over 400,000 slaves died on British ships during the Middle Passage.

Ships could have a loose pack or a tight pack, eventually more ships went for tight pack as more slaves equalled more money.

I would hate to have been a slave (or doctor) on the Middle Passage ships.

The cramped quarters, poor supplies and bad treatment from the sailors would have been awful.

My friends and family could have died around me.

Slaves were treated as cargo.

Slaves had to lie on their backs in the hold, so more could be fitted in.

Disease was rife.

Discipline was strong to avoid any chance of rebelling – floggings, torture and hangings.

Slaves would sometimes be brought up on deck for exercise.

The crew had it in their best interests to keep the slaves alive as it meant more money.

There were lots of Scottish doctors on ships to look after slaves.

Slaves were treated as cargo.

Up to 50,000 a year were being transported in the late 1700s.

The heat and awful conditions led to many slaves dying.

The Middle Passage



• Columns could be added or taken away.• The learners’ choices could be discussed during the lesson to

aid other learners and provoke debate.• Examining the learners’ choices can provide insight into the

practitioner’s own approach to the course, providing a good opportunity for reflective thinking .



This can be recorded as a PowerPoint or smartboard presentation, as a Prezi, an infographic, on a blog or as a poster. The drawing column could be created in a generic paint package on a computer.

Skimming

Overview

Introducing learners to skimming (and scanning) can help develop their engagement with texts and encourage them to approach their reading of texts and sources more analytically.

SkillsUnderstanding Analysing Evaluating

Skimming

How it works

1. The learner 'skims' the text, looking for the gist of the piece.2. This involves reading the title, subtitles, paragraph headings

and any annotations, followed by the first and last paragraphs.

3. This provides the learner with a good idea of what the text is about before a deeper reading (or not, as the case may be).

Skimming

1. The learner is given an article (or book) and told they have a strict 5 (10) minutes to find out what it is about.

2. After the time is up, they have 5 minutes to write down everything they have learned about the article or book without looking at it again.

3. Once the 5 minutes are up, they take it in turns with a partner to explain what the piece was about (without notes).

4. After this, the learners compare the notes they took and discuss their choices as well as the techniques they used.

5. New material is given out and the learners repeat the process.

Scanning

Overview

Introducing learners to scanning (and skimming) can help develop their engagement with texts and encourage them to approach their reading of texts and sources more analytically.

SkillsUnderstanding Analysing Evaluating

Scanning

How it works

1. The learner 'scans' the text with rapid eye movements, looking only for the specific information they require, which the practitioner can define – author, date written/published, information on a specific topic or key words.

2. The information can then be underlined, highlighted or noted down.

3. This method works best if only a particular part of the text is relevant to the learner, and saves reading the whole piece.

Scanning

1. The learner is given an article (or book) and told they have a strict 5 minutes to find out a specific piece of information the practitioner defines.

2. After the time is up, the learners explain what techniques they used to find the information.

3. New material is given out and the process is repeated, with learners now aware of and implementing the successful methods of scanning.

4. Four different pieces of information could be given to groups and each learner asked to find one piece. The group is only finished when everyone has found their piece of information.

5. This could be used in a competition between different groups once the learners are confident in their scanning abilities.

Sequencing

Overview

Introducing learners to sequencing can help them understand the importance of coherence and cohesion within a piece of text.


SequencingHow it works

1. The learners reorganise the mixed-up pieces of text into a logical order.

2. Learners can do this by themselves, in pairs or in groups. 3. Sequencing can also be done on the smartboard using touch-screen

software, with learners and dragging and dropping text into the right order.

4. Examples of text to sequence might be: essays (cut up into paragraphs) a text-based source (cut up into sentences) a transcript from a speech academic articles (cut up into paragraphs)5. This is an excellent activity for raising awareness of how the

learner’s own essay should be structured (ie beginning, middle, end).

Sequencing

Williams was heavily criticised, although his detractors underestimated the true extent of the overall relationship as they narrowly focused on the profits of the maritime trade in slaves.

These issues have promoted vigorous academic debate since the publication of Eric Williams’s pioneering text Capitalism and Slavery in 1944. Williams defined an exploitative global relationship in which the profits of the slave trade and commerce with the slave colonies were crucial to the industrial development of Great Britain[L].

The two most controversial questions regarding chattel slavery and Great Britain in the modern era are economic in nature: how profitable was the West India trade and how did slavery influence the industrial and agricultural development of the nation?

More recently, Joseph Inikori reinforced the view that slavery and overseas trade were the principal determinants of a ‘commercial revolution’ in England.

However, whilst there is a mature yet inconclusive historiography regarding the impact on England, the relationship between chattel slavery and Scotland remains obscure.

For Inikori, commerce with slave-based economies in an Atlantic system dependant on chattel slavery had significant multiplier effects on English industrialisation as well as shipping and on the commercial and financial infrastructure[Y].

Consequently, T.M. Devine has recently posed the far-from-rhetorical question ‘Did slavery make Scotia great?’.

Devine now argues that Scotland ‘could provide more fertile ground’ for historians who seek to establish that slavery had a profound impact on Scottish industrialisation as it was a relatively poor society in 1750 which underwent rapid growth whilst dependent on slave economies for raw materials as well as external markets for exports, in addition to capital transfers to the burgeoning industries in manufacturing, mining and agriculture[D].

Mixed upMixed up

Sequencing

Williams was heavily criticised, although his detractors underestimated the true extent of the overall relationship as they narrowly focused on the profits of the maritime trade in slaves.

These issues have promoted vigorous academic debate since the publication of Eric Williams’s pioneering text Capitalism and Slavery in 1944. Williams defined an exploitative global relationship in which the profits of the slave trade and commerce with the slave colonies were crucial to the industrial development of Great Britain[L].

The two most controversial questions regarding chattel slavery and Great Britain in the modern era are economic in nature: how profitable was the West India trade and how did slavery influence the industrial and agricultural development of the nation?

More recently, Joseph Inikori reinforced the view that slavery and overseas trade were the principal determinants of a ‘commercial revolution’ in England.

However, whilst there is a mature yet inconclusive historiography regarding the impact on England, the relationship between chattel slavery and Scotland remains obscure.

For Inikori, commerce with slave-based economies in an Atlantic system dependant on chattel slavery had significant multiplier effects on English industrialisation as well as shipping and on the commercial and financial infrastructure[Y].

Consequently, T.M. Devine has recently posed the far-from-rhetorical question ‘Did slavery make Scotia great?’.

Devine now argues that Scotland ‘could provide more fertile ground’ for historians who seek to establish that slavery had a profound impact on Scottish industrialisation as it was a relatively poor society in 1750 which underwent rapid growth whilst dependent on slave economies for raw materials as well as external markets for exports, in addition to capital transfers to the burgeoning industries in manufacturing, mining and agriculture[D].

Correct order

Sequencing

Most stayed on or near the coast, and they knew little of the heavily populated African interior. Most stayed on or near the coast, and they knew little of the heavily populated African interior.

Relatively few Europeans settled on the West African coast, and many of those who did were soon struck down by yellow fever, malaria and other diseases. Relatively few Europeans settled on the West African coast, and many of those who did were soon struck down by yellow fever, malaria and other diseases.

The transportation of over ten million African slaves to the Americas implies an absolute European dominance of West Africa that simply did not exist.The transportation of over ten million African slaves to the Americas implies an absolute European dominance of West Africa that simply did not exist.

Slavery had been an important social institution in West Africa long before the arrival of the Europeans. Slavery had been an important social institution in West Africa long before the arrival of the Europeans.

However, slavery was not hereditary, and the children of slaves were usually regarded as being free members of the household of their parent’s master.However, slavery was not hereditary, and the children of slaves were usually regarded as being free members of the household of their parent’s master.

In Europe land was the main form of wealth-producing property, but in much of West Africa rulers and the elite owned land, and slaves became an important form of wealth-producing property, enabling their owners to profit from the land they rented from local rulers.


In Africa slavery was predominantly a system of organising labour in a society with many people but limited opportunities for land ownership and economic survival. In Africa slavery was predominantly a system of organising labour in a society with many people but limited opportunities for land ownership and economic survival.

West Africans controlled the trade in gold, ivory, spices and eventually slaves, and historians continue to debate whether West Africans should be regarded primarily as victims of or participants in the transatlantic slave trade.


However, the massive size of the transatlantic slave trade meant that in wars and raids a very great number of West Africans were captured and sold to the Europeans.However, the massive size of the transatlantic slave trade meant that in wars and raids a very great number of West Africans were captured and sold to the Europeans.

Enslaved Africans who were sold to the Europeans and transported to the Americas would experience a very different form of slavery to those who were slaves in Africa. Enslaved Africans who were sold to the Europeans and transported to the Americas would experience a very different form of slavery to those who were slaves in Africa.

People living in West Africa, both free and enslaved, did not see their lives as being shaped or dominated by trade with the Europeans and the transatlantic slave trade. People living in West Africa, both free and enslaved, did not see their lives as being shaped or dominated by trade with the Europeans and the transatlantic slave trade.

But those West Africans who were taken in chains to the New World suffered very different experiences.But those West Africans who were taken in chains to the New World suffered very different experiences.

Mixed upMixed up

Sequencing

Most stayed on or near the coast, and they knew little of the heavily populated African interior. Most stayed on or near the coast, and they knew little of the heavily populated African interior.

Relatively few Europeans settled on the West African coast, and many of those who did were soon struck down by yellow fever, malaria and other diseases. Relatively few Europeans settled on the West African coast, and many of those who did were soon struck down by yellow fever, malaria and other diseases.

The transportation of over ten million African slaves to the Americas implies an absolute European dominance of West Africa that simply did not exist.The transportation of over ten million African slaves to the Americas implies an absolute European dominance of West Africa that simply did not exist.

Slavery had been an important social institution in West Africa long before the arrival of the Europeans. Slavery had been an important social institution in West Africa long before the arrival of the Europeans.

However, slavery was not hereditary, and the children of slaves were usually regarded as being free members of the household of their parent’s master.However, slavery was not hereditary, and the children of slaves were usually regarded as being free members of the household of their parent’s master.



In Africa slavery was predominantly a system of organising labour in a society with many people but limited opportunities for land ownership and economic survival. In Africa slavery was predominantly a system of organising labour in a society with many people but limited opportunities for land ownership and economic survival.



However, the massive size of the transatlantic slave trade meant that in wars and raids a very great number of West Africans were captured and sold to the Europeans.However, the massive size of the transatlantic slave trade meant that in wars and raids a very great number of West Africans were captured and sold to the Europeans.

Enslaved Africans who were sold to the Europeans and transported to the Americas would experience a very different form of slavery to those who were slaves in Africa. Enslaved Africans who were sold to the Europeans and transported to the Americas would experience a very different form of slavery to those who were slaves in Africa.

People living in West Africa, both free and enslaved, did not see their lives as being shaped or dominated by trade with the Europeans and the transatlantic slave trade. People living in West Africa, both free and enslaved, did not see their lives as being shaped or dominated by trade with the Europeans and the transatlantic slave trade.

But those West Africans who were taken in chains to the New World suffered very different experiences.But those West Africans who were taken in chains to the New World suffered very different experiences.

Correct order

Sequencing


Sequencing can be stuck into jotters or posted on blogs. The discussion over the right order of the pieces could be recorded as a vodcast or podcast.

Odd one out

How it works

1. Odd one out is an activity that can be used as a springboard for initial exploration of the topic or as a tool to consolidate knowledge. Learners are encouraged to explore for themselves the similarities and differences between ideas and to foster an understanding relationship between them.

Overview

Odd one out is an activity that can be used as a springboard for initial exploration of the topic or as a tool to consolidate knowledge. Learners are encouraged to explore for themselves the similarities and differences between ideas and to foster an understanding relationship between them.

SkillsRemembering Understanding Applying Analysing

Odd one out

How it works

1. Learners are given a set of key words, ideas, places, events or people, depending on the learning area and topic.

2. Learners must decide on the odd one out in each grid or list. Often there may be no right or wrong answers and any word might be the odd one out. Learners must therefore give a justified and valid response as to why they chose a particular word and the nature of the relationship between the other words on the list.

3. A discussion afterwards might concentrate on how learners made the connections between the words, the processes involved and whether the group work has helped learners to see different connections which they otherwise might not have considered.

Possible answers• A – it is the only one set on

the Middle Passage

• B – it is the only one where black people are guarding the slaves

• C – it is the only one to show the method of oppression

• D – the only image that shows the slaves without their captors or means of incarceration

Odd one out

Source A: http://hitchcock.itc.virginia.edu/Slavery/detailsKeyword.php?keyword=e019&recordCount=1&theRecord=0

Source C: http://hitchcock.itc.virginia.edu/Slavery/detailsKeyword.php?keyword=JCB_01203-2&recordCount=3&theRecord=0

Source B: http://hitchcock.itc.virginia.edu/Slavery/detailsKeyword.php?keyword=c017&recordCount=2&theRecord=0

Source D: http://hitchcock.itc.virginia.edu/Slavery/detailsKeyword.php?keyword=hazard2&recordCount=1&theRecord=0

http://hitchcock.itc.virginia.edu/Slavery/detailsKeyword.php?keyword=e019&recordCount=1&theRecord=0





http://hitchcock.itc.virginia.edu/Slavery/detailsKeyword.php?keyword=JCB_01203-2&recordCount=3&theRecord=0





http://hitchcock.itc.virginia.edu/Slavery/detailsKeyword.php?keyword=c017&recordCount=2&theRecord=0





http://hitchcock.itc.virginia.edu/Slavery/detailsKeyword.php?keyword=hazard2&recordCount=1&theRecord=0






• Learners could create their own odd one out boards, either by themselves or in groups, and have a discussion about the choices.

Odd one out

Odd one out


Recording this activity and the debate that ensues on video is perhaps the best method. Learners could also be presented with the pictures and asked to write a blog post describing which one is the odd one out.

Exchanging viewpoints

Overview

This activity can be used to develop learners’ understanding of different points of view regarding a debatable topic. Not only must they listen to others, but they have to describe the views of other learners.

SkillsApplying Analysing Evaluating Creating


How it works1. Each learner will need a name tag that can be easily swapped with

a partner. 2. A question which provokes debate should be posed to the class.

This might be a new topic or one that learners have already studied if using the task for revision.

3. Learners are given a short amount of time to consider their answer to the question and instructed that they will have to describe their view to another learner.

4. A time limit is set during which learners must describe their view and at least one reason why they have this view. Learners exchange their name tags so that they are wearing each other’s.


How it works5. Learners must then find a new partner and instead of describing their

own view, they describe the view of the person whose name tag they are wearing.

6. Once the time is up, they again swap name tags, find a new partner and describe the view of the person whose tag they are wearing.

7. This can be done as few or as many times as required, depending on the time available.

8. Learners write down as many of the different views as they can remember.

9. After a period of time the learners are asked to place their name tags on a large piece of paper and to express and explain the view of the learner named. The learner named can then add further points of clarification or correct any errors.

Should the slave trade be made illegal?

Marco – SlaveYes, it has

ruined millions of African lives.

I was taken from my family when I was five, and my sister

and my brother were taken ten years earlier.

Rory – Slave owner

Absolutely not. Slaves have a

limited period of use – seven

years is the best we can get out of them. What will we do if we can’t replace

them?

Kirsten – Ship owner

Most of my business

involves trading slaves and

goods to Africa. If we make it illegal I’ll lose thousands of

pounds.

Amy – Pro-abolitionist

It has to be! It is a deplorable act and distinctly un-

Christian.

Josh – Anti-abolitionistNo! They are

uncivilised and do not deserve freedom! They were made to

work.



Recording on video is a great medium for this activity, although each group recording themselves is also a good approach. Learners might record themselves as talking heads, defending their viewpoint. Alternatively, each learner could make notes.

Interrogation (also called hot seating)

Overview

This activity calls on the practitioner, or a learner or group of learners, to play the role of a character from the period of time being studied.

SkillsUnderstanding Remembering Evaluating


How it works1. The practitioner, learner or groups of learners pose as a character

from the period of study (eg an anti-abolitionist). This can be a famous character, an anonymous person or a group of people.

2. The remaining learners can question and interrogate the character(s) on any aspect of the history period they are studying.

3. The actor(s) must stay in role throughout the interrogation, sticking to what should be his/her opinions (for example defending the slave trade).

4. It can work well if participants are given an opportunity to revise the topic/the character’s stance, as questions and answers can then be prepared.


Characters could be:

A plantation slave

An African tribesman

A ship’s captainA tobacco lord

A member of parliament

William Wilberforce

Olaudah EquianoA slave ownerA child born into slavery



Recording on video or tape is a good approach for this activity. The podcast can be revisited at a later date for learners to evaluate and reflect on their questions and answers.

Jigsaw

Overview

For more complex work, this activity provides learners with the opportunity to develop expertise in one area of a subject and then return to their group with 'experts' from the other areas to tackle the whole subject.


Jigsaw

How it works1. The learners are in groups of four (or however many pieces of

evidence you want to provide).2. They are split up and move to four different stations, where they

spend 10 minutes learning about one area of the problem.3. After the time limit, everyone returns to their original group, which

now has four experts on the four different areas of the subject.4. Working together, the learners use the information they have

learnt to tackle the task on the subject.

Jigsaw


Poster work is a good method for recording information in this activity, as are blog posts. A podcast from each group on their findings can also prove interesting.

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