skpsi1 thesis format b5 chapter (1)

7/26/2019 Skpsi1 Thesis Format b5 Chapter (1)

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?%a7ur, :. -., ?%a7ur, M. -., & 4uta, ;. -. (20). ;evie/> ;a/ Natural "i#er*Based 3ol1mer !omosites. -nternational Journal of !olymer Analysis and

Chara$teri5ation, 1'(+), 25*26.

?isserat, B., ;eifsc%neider, ., os%ee, N., & "in7enstadt, :. . (20+). valuation of

3aulo/nia elongata /ood ol1et%1lene comosites. Journal of *hermolasti$

Comosite Materials, *20.

?ou%tou%, S., BecHuart, "., 3illon, !., & ?a%a, M. (20). ffect of !omati#ili8ation

on ol1@+@carolactone grafting onto ol1(et%1lene@co@vin1l alco%ol).!olymers,

3(), 6+*6.

77


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?ran, . =. N., "uentes, !. a., Duont@4illain, !., :an :uure, a. C., & :eroest, $.

(20+). Gnderstanding t%e interfacial comati#ilit1 and ad%esion of natural coir

fi#re t%ermolastic comosites. Comosites #$ien$e and *e$hnology, 80, 2+*+0.

:ieira, M. 4. A., da Silva, M. A., dos Santos, . ., & Beu, M. M. (20). Natural@

#ased lastici8ers and #iool1mer films> A revie/. +uroean !olymer Journal,

47(+), 25*2+.

Cang, I., & Iang, . ". (200). 3%1sical roerties and #iodegradation of acr1lic acid

grafted ol1(+@carolactone)c%itosan #lends. Journal of !olymer esear$h,

17(2), 22*2+2.

CanEale, S. D., & og, . 3. (20). 3ol1olefin@Based Natural "i#er !omosites. $n S.

-alia, B. S. -ait%, & $. -aur (ds.), Cellulose %ibers" ,io) and ano)!olymer

Comosites(st ed., . +66*+'). Sringer@:erlag Berlin eidel#erg.

Fie, I., ill, !. a S., Fiao, 9., Milit8, ., & Mai, !. (200). Silane couling agents

used for natural fi#erol1mer comosites> A revie/. Comosites !art A" Alied#$ien$e and Manufa$turing, 41(6), '0*'.

Fin, "., & i, . (202). ?%e role of silane couling agent in car#on

nanotu#eol1ro1lene comosites. Journal of Comosite Materials, 4(2),

+26*+265.

Fiong, 9., Iang, I., "eng, ., 9%ang, F., 9%ang, !., ?ang, 9., & 9%u, . (20+).

3rearation and c%aracteri8ation of ol1 ( lactic acid ) starc% comosites

toug%ened /it% eoidi8ed so1#ean oil. Carbohydrate !olymers, '2(), '0*'.

Iousif, B. "., & -u, . (202). Suita#ilit1 of using coir fi#erol1meric comosite for

t%e design of liHuid storage tan7s.Materials and Design, 3, '6*'5+.

78


15/34

9%ang, ;., uang, ., Iang, C., Fiao, F., & u, I. (202). 3rearation and

c%aracteri8ation of #io@nanocomosites #ased on ol1(+@%1dro1#ut1rate@co@@

%1dro1#ut1rate) and !oAl la1ered dou#le %1droide using melt intercalation.

Comosites !art A" Alied #$ien$e and Manufa$turing, 43(), 56*552.

79


16/34

APPENDICES

Appendix A - Calculation for Weight of Surfactants

80


17/34

"or /eig%t of ?AB and SS surfactants,

i) / /t.R, ii) / ' /t.R, iii) / 2 /t.R,

iv) / /t.R v) / 20 /t.R,

"or /eig%t of SM surfactant,

i) / /t.R, ii) / 2 /t.R, iii) / + /t.R,

iv) / /t.R v) / 5 /t.R,

81

0/

00 * /

0(2)

00 * (2)

5!5

0(20)

00 * (20)

"#

0(+)

00 * (+)

"$!

0(5)

00 * (5)

$""


18/34

Appendix % & Sa'ple of PE(Cell(S)5

82


19/34

Appendix C & Data of Sta*ili+ation ,orue and ,e'perature

Sta#ili8ation ?orHue (Nm)

Biocomosites /it% addition of ?AB

83


20/34

0 /t.R /t.R ' /t.R 2 /t.R /t.R 20 /t.R

3rocessing '.'5 .05 +.255 2.2'5 +.+ 6.65

3rocessing 2 .'05 +.+5 +.05 +.5 5.225 6.665

3rocessing + '.'55 5.6 +.5'5 +.6'5 5.+ .5

3rocessing 6.0'5 +. .25 +.'+ 6.+5 .

Average '.5565 .565 +.5'65 +.+'65 5.+225 6.'225

Biocomosites /it% addition of SS

0 /t.R /t.R ' /t.R 2 /t.R /t.R 20 /t.R

3rocessing '.'5 .05 5.55 6.2 .'5 20.5

3rocessing 2 .'05 5.055 5.65 6.2 .+6 20.525

3rocessing + '.'55 5.'5 .2+5 6.5 .05 20.

3rocessing 6.0'5 5.65 5.'5 6.55 .22 20.5

Average '.5565 5.+625 5.625 6.+25 .25 20.52

Biocomosites /it% addition of SM

0 /t.R /t.R 2 /t.R + /t.R /t.R 5 /t.R

3rocessing '.'5 '. 6.2 5.6 .5 0.+'5

3rocessing 2 .'05 '.5 .' 5.'+5 .655 .05

3rocessing + '.'55 .665 6.5 .+05 .5 .2'

3rocessing 6.0'5 6.+05 '.+5 5.' .+05 0.5

Average '.5565 6.6'25 6. 5.665 .+65 0.225

Sta#ili8ation ?emerature (!)

Biocomosites /it% addition of ?AB

0 /t.R /t.R ' /t.R 2 /t.R /t.R 20 /t.R

84


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3rocessing '.6 6.+ 5'.5 5'. 5. 0.6

3rocessing 2 6. .2 5.5 5.2 .2 .6

3rocessing + '.+ 5.6 5. 5'. 5 +.6

3rocessing . 5.6 5. 5 0.2 +.

Average '.55 2.625 5.05 5'.65 0.065 +.25

Biocomosites /it% addition of SS

0 /t.R /t.R ' /t.R 2 /t.R /t.R 20 /t.R

3rocessing '.6 2.2 .5 5 '. 60.6

3rocessing 2 6. 2. 2. .6 '.2 60.'

3rocessing + '.+ 2.5 +.2 . '.+ 60.'

3rocessing . 2.+ + . '.5 6.2

Average '.55 2.+5 2.565 .625 '.+5 60.'65

Biocomosites /it% addition of SM

0 /t.R /t.R 2 /t.R + /t.R /t.R 5 /t.R

3rocessing '.6 .5 . +. .' 56.

3rocessing 2 6. .6 .6 2. .+ 5'.

3rocessing + '.+ 5.+ 5.' +. .2 5'.+

3rocessing . ' 5.5 +. . 5'.+

Average '.55 .25 5. 2.65 .+5 5'.025

Appendix D & Data of ,ensile and I'pact ,est

"ormula of Average

85


22/34

"ormula of Standard Deviation

T mean of roerties i value of t%e roerties

U standard deviation num#er of samles

i) !ontrol samle ( 0 /t.R of surfactant)

Samle?ensile strengt%

(Ma)

Modulus

(M3a)

?ensile tension

(mmmm)

$mact Strengt%

(7m2)

2.' 206.06 .565 +.6

2 2.0 2+. .05' +.

+ 2.5 6.02 .' +.

2. 2.+62 .25 +.5

5 2.0 26.2+ .2 +.5+

2.6+ 226.2' .25+ +.5

6 2. 2'.+ .+'+ +.'

' 2.+5 22.22 .5 +.66

2.555 25.+ .'6 +.6

0 2.5 255.552 .+2 +.6

Averag

e2.0 2+.5 .2 +.2'

Standard Deviation 0.' 26.+2' 0.22 0.

eadec1ltrimet%1lammonium #romide, ?AB

ii) /t.R of ?AB


(M3a)

Modulus

(M3a)

?ensile tension

(mmmm)

$mact Strengt%

(7m2)

2.56 22.'05 0.25 +.'5

86


23/34

2 2.526 2+5.66 0.'6 +.62

+ 2.2 2'.5' 0.'62 +.

2.56 22.+05 0.'5 +.+

52.'0 22.05 0.'++ +.

2.+6 265.'+ 0.'+ +.5

6 2.6'6 2.2 0.6+ +.55

' 2.5 22'.+2 0.'25 +.

2.'6 26.62 0.'5 +.2

0 2.6 266.2 0.'5' +.

Averag

e2. 2'.0' 0.'' +.52

Standard Deviation 0. 20.05 0.0 0.26

iii) ' /t.R of ?AB


(M3a)

Modulus

(M3a)

?ensile tension

(mmmm)

$mact Strengt%

(7m2)

+.' 2+.6'+ 0.++ +.5

2 +.26 22. 0.25 +.

+ +.2' 2'0.5 0.'5' +.5

+.+' +'.'' 0.'6 +.5

5 2.65 266.6'+ 0.665 +.5

2.52 2.5 0.65 +.5

6 +.0' 262.'+6 0.6 +.

' 2.6+' 25+.'++ 0.6 +.

+.0+6 26.0+ 0.66 +.

0 +. 2'5. 0.66 +.+

Averag

e+.06 26.++ 0.6' +.50

Standard Deviation 0.+0 2.'' 0.0' 0.0+

iv) 2 /t.R of ?AB

87


24/34


(M3a)

Modulus

(M3a)

?ensile tension

(mmmm)

$mact Strengt%

(7m2)

+.5 +6.6 0.'++ +.2

2 +.6 2.+ 0.665 +.2+

+ +.5+ 25.0+5 0.'2 +.2+

2.0 22.+26 0.655 +.2

5 2.' 26.0 0.'+ +.2

+.'6 20.06' 0.656 +.2

6 2. 20.6' 0.6'+ +.05

' +.+6 ++5.'2 0.6 +.02

+.5 +6.6 0.'++ 2.

0 +.22' 25.6 0.6 2.'

Average

+.26+ 2+.6 0.662 +.++

Standard Deviation 0.+06 +'.2 0.0' 0.5

v) /t.R of ?AB


(M3a)

Modulus

(M3a)

?ensile tension

(mmmm)

$mact Strengt%

(7m2)

2. 262.5 0.5+5 +

2 2.'66 22.5' 0.55 2.5

+ +.0' 2.'2 0.'+ 2.

2.'' +02. 0.50' 2.'6

5 +.0'2 2'0.5+2 0.5++ 2.'

2.6 256.'5 0.2 2.'5

6 2.6+ 2''. 0.525 2.'

' +.05' 2''.22' 0.56 2.6

2.26 25.02 0.56 2.5

0 +.0+5 +06 0.6 2.5

Averag

e2.0 2'+.2'' 0.5 2.'+6

Standard Deviation 0. '.2 0.0 0.

vi) 20 /t.R of ?AB

88


25/34


(M3a)

Modulus

(M3a)

?ensile tension

(mmmm)

$mact Strengt%

(7m2)

2.'2 266.00 0. 2.520

2 2.'2 +0.5' 0.52 2.0

+ 2.'60 260.+25 0.5++ 2.+'0

2.0 +. 0.65 2.+0

5 2.6+0 20.2+ 0.5++ 2.220

2.''5 2'.0 0.50 2.0

6 2.65+ +5. 0.+6 2.00

' 2.62 22.5 0.0 2.00

2.+' ++5.52 0.0' 2.00

0 2.5+ 2'.' 0.0 2.00

Average 2.62 266.5' 0.52 2.22

Standard Deviation 0.0 52. 0.0'6 0.'0

Sodium Stearate, SS

vii) /t.R of SS


(M3a)

Modulus

(M3a)

?ensile tension

(mmmm)

$mact Strengt%

(7m2)

2.+65 '0.6' 0.'+ +.6+0

2 2.+6 2.+ 0.66 +.600

+ 2.25 2.52' 0.'2 +.60

2.5 22.5'6 0.00 +.00

5 2.'2 .5+' 0.' +.200

2. 2.2 0.''2 +.0

62.2+ 22'.6 0.'+ +.0

' 2.20 .+2+ .06 +.+0

2.02 66.6 .000 +.00

0 2.20 2.2+ 0.0' 2.0

Averag

e2.+5 20'.0 0.0 +.++

Standard Deviation 0.' 2+.0 0.06 0.+0

viii)' /t.R of SS

89


26/34


(M3a)

Modulus

(M3a)

?ensile tension

(mmmm)

$mact Strengt%

(7m2)

2.' 6.55 0.'00 +.+0

2 2.+0 205.26 0.6'+ +.2'0

+ 2.55 20.6 0.00 +.'0

2.5 200.05 0.'2 +.00

5 2.26 .5 .0+ +.000

2.62 220.'6 0.00 2.'0

6 2.25 +.6++ 0.6'+ 2.0

' 2.2 200.0 0.6++ 2.0

2.2'6 202.+++ 0.'+2 2.+0

0 2.52 20.+ 0.6+ 2.20

Average

2.+5 20+.'+ 0.' +.0

Standard Deviation 0.2 '.+2+ 0.0 0.65

i) 2 /t.R of SS


(M3a)

Modulus

(M3a)

?ensile tension

(mmmm)

$mact Strengt%

(7m2)

2.560 .0+ 0.50' +.+0

2 2.62 66.0 0.65 2.0

+ 2.+20 2.' 0.50 2.00

2.2' .060 0.6++ 2.'0

5 2.2 '+.5' 0.+6 2.650

2.560 .0+ 0.50' 2.620

6 2. 20.0'' 0.56 2.620

' 2.+ '+.2' 0.65 2.'0

2.5+ 20+.2 0.6 2.60

0 2.0+ 26.6' 0.'+ 2.20

Averag

e2.+5 .+6 0.56 2.'22

Standard Deviation 0.' +.+22 0.2 0.22+

90


27/34

) /t.R of SS

Samle ?ensile strengt%(M3a)

Modulus

(M3a)

?ensile tension(mmmm)

$mact Strengt%(7m2)

2.+ '5.56 0.6 +.0

2 2.550 225.6 0.2 2.0

+ 2.+0 '.26 0.5 2.+0

2.5 200.6 0.0' 2.0

5 2.2 '6.05 0.5' 2.'+0

2.'2 '.5+ 0.5'5 2.'0

6 2. '5.'5 0.55 2.5+0

' 2.' 206.2+ 0.56 2.500

. .56 0.56' 2.+0

0 .6'0 '.52 0.550 2.+0

Averag

e2.2 .+ 0.5' 2.6'

Standard Deviation 0.26 +.'5 0.05+ 0.22

i)20 /t.R of SS


(M3a)

Modulus

(M3a)

?ensile tension

(mmmm)

$mact Strengt%

(7m2)

.'0 25.+6+ 0.+ 2.50

2 2.02 2. 0.6 2.660

+ . 20'.2 0.6 2.650

2.0'+ 20.2+ 0.52 2.60

5 .' 20.0 0.2 2.0

2.2+ 20.' 0.50 2.50

6 .'2 .6'5 0.500 2.+'0

' 2.2 '.+ 0.6 2.+0

2.5 65.6+ 0.56 2.20

0 .+'' +6.0+ 0.0' 2.250

Averag

e2.02 .255 0.5 2.5

Standard Deviation 0.2'6 2+.+ 0.0' 0.25

91


28/34

Sor#itan Monostearate, SM

ii) /t.R of SM


(M3a)

Modulus

(M3a)

?ensile tension

(mmmm)

$mact Strengt%

(7m2)

. 226.+0 .6 .20

2 +. 20.5 .6' .2'0

+ 2.20' 2.0 .+' .20

2.2' 20.'6 .5 .20

5 2. 2.' .50 .'0

2.'6 25.''6 .'0 .60

6 2.5+ 20'.5 .+ .50

' 2.'2 .2+ .00 .0

2.5 '0.225 .56 .00

0 2.55 '.622 .2 +.0

Averag

e2.50 2.20 .2 .66

Standard Deviation 0.+ 2'.5++ 0.2 0.05

iii)2 /t.R of SM


(M3a)

Modulus (M3a) ?ensile tension

(mmmm)

$mact Strengt%

(7m2)

2.'' 2.2 .26 .5+0

2 2.50 '5.56 .655 .500

+ 2.0+5 2'2.5 .625 .0

2.56 2+.55 2.++ .+0

5 2.5 .65 .'+ .250

.66 '.2 .65 .2+0

6 2.0 '.2 .50' .20

' +.+6 26.0 .0 .060

2.2'' 5.55 2.00 .20

0 2.05 .20 .2 +.00

92


29/34

Averag

e2.+'5 20'.225 . .2

Standard Deviation 0.+'6 +.+ 0.25 0.202

iv)+ /t.R of SM

Samle

?ensile strengt%

(M3a)

Modulus

(M3a)

?ensile tension

(mmmm)

$mact Strengt%

(7m2)

2.+ 6.55 2.0' .00

2

2.+50 2. 2.0' .0

+ 2.65 22. .65 .0

2.'25 2+.25+ .52 .20

5 .' 2.222 .565 .00

2.25+ .02 2.25 .00

6 2.0 .6 .+2 .+'0

' 2.5+5 25.5 .+'+ .+60

2. ''.6'' .+50 .+50

0 2.00 200.55 .2' .++0

Average

2.++ 202.5+ .60 .'

Standard Deviation 0.+2 .2 0.+55 0.06

v) /t.R of SM

Samle

?ensile strengt%

(M3a)

Modulus (M3a) ?ensile tension

(mmmm)

$mact Strengt%

(7m2)

.'2' 2.2' .0' .'0

2 .5 2.5' .02 .60

+ 2.6 65.26 2.'+ .50

.+ 2.6 .5++ .5'0

5 2.02 225.6 .5++ .550

.0 '6.0 .505 .5+0

6 .'06 6. .++ .500

' 2. 22.+ .6 .0

93


30/34

2.06 '2.6' 2.02+ .'0

0 2.+0 .+ .'2 .50

Averag

e2.05 .05 .62+ .552

Standard Deviation 0.26 6.0 0.20 0.06'

vi)5 /t.R of SM

Samle ?ensile strengt%(M3a)

Modulus

(M3a)

?ensile tension(mmmm)

$mact Strengt%(7m2)

. 20.''6 .+26 .00

2 .'5 2.6 .50 .+0

+ .'0 2.0+5 .'6 .+0

.+ '.56 .556 .+0

5 .'6 5.''0 .' .2'0

. .5 .'+ .260

6 2.26 26.0'' .62 .20

' .66' '5.+ .'+ .20

2.22 '2.' . .200

0 2. 22.+ .0 .200

Averag

e. '.'+ .'' .2

Standard Deviation 0.6 2+.26 0. 0.06+

94


31/34

%I.DA,A .F S,/DEN,

AMAD -G9A$;$ B$N SGDA;$ /as #orn on ' t%of anuar1 0 in o%or Ba%ru.

e received t%e B.ng.?ec% degree in 3ol1mer from Gniversit1 -uala umur *

Mala1sian $nstitute of !%emical and Bioengineering ?ec%nolog1 (Gni- * M$!?), in

1ear 20+. !urrentl1, %e is a lecturer in Sc%ool of Mec%anical ngineering at

?ec%nolog1 3ar7 Mala1sia !ollege, -uala umur. e %ad enrolled as a M.Sc. in

Biocomosites ?ec%nolog1 student in $nstitute of ?roical "orestr1 and "orest 3roducts

($N?;3) since Setem#er 20+, and also /or7ing art time as a researc% assistant

under suervision of Assoc. 3rof. Dr. di S1ams 9ainudin and Dr A%mad Adlie #in

S%amsuri. is current researc% interest includes 3ol1mer Science and ?ec%nolog1, and

!omosite ?ec%nolog1.

95


32/34

0IS, .F P/%0ICA,I.NS

Sudari, A. -., S%amsuri, A. A., 9ainudin, . S., & ?a%ir, 3. M. (205). loration on

comati#ili8ing effect of non@ionic, anionic and cationic surfactants on

mec%anical, mor%ological and c%emical roerties of %ig% densit1

ol1et%1lenelo/ densit1 ol1et%1lenecellulose #iocomosites. Journal of

*hermolasti$ Comosite Materials, *+0. doi> 0.660'2605650

96
http://jtc.sagepub.com/content/early/2015/10/26/0892705715614064http://jtc.sagepub.com/content/early/2015/10/26/0892705715614064http://jtc.sagepub.com/content/early/2015/10/26/0892705715614064


33/34

UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA

STATUS CONFIRMATION FOR THESIS / PROJECT REPORTAND COPYRIGHT

ACADEMIC SESSION : ________________

TITLE OF THESIS / PROJECT REPORT :

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

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__________________________________________________

I acknowledge that the copyright and other intellectual property in thethesis/proect report !elonged to "ni#ersiti $utra %alaysia and I agree to allowthis thesis/proect report to !e placed at the li!rary under the &ollowing ter's(

1) *his thesis/proect report is the property o& "ni#ersiti $utra %alaysia)

2) *he li!rary o& "ni#ersiti $utra %alaysia has the right to 'ake copies &oreducational purposes only)

97


34/34

3) *he li!rary o& "ni#ersiti $utra %alaysia is allowed to 'ake copies o& thisthesis &or acade'ic e+change)

I declare that this thesis is classi&ied as(

,$lease tick -.

CONFIDENTIAL -ontain con&idential in&or'ation under &&icialecret ct 1972)

RESTRICTED -ontains restricted in&or'ation as speci&ied!y the organiation/institution where researchwas done)

OPEN ACCESS I agree that 'y thesis/proect report to !epu!lished as hard copy or online open access)

*his thesis is su!'itted &or(

PATENT '!argo &ro' until -date

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Approved b:

________________________ ____________________-ignature o& tudent -ignature o& hair'anew I o/ $assport o)( o& uper#isory o''ittee

a'e(ate (

ate (

!No"e : I# "$e "$e%&% &% CONFIDENTIAL or RESTRICTED' p(e)%e )"")*$ +&"$

"$e (e""er #ro, "$e or-).&)"&o./&.%"&"0"&o. +&"$ per&od ).d re)%o.% #or*o.#&de."&)(( or re%"r&*"ed1 2

skpsi1 thesis format b5 chapter (1)

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