skråninger...geg2110 – skråninger – slopes landscape development denudation cycle (continental...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Skråninger...GEG2110 – Skråninger – slopes Landscape development Denudation cycle (continental scale) Penck/Davis/Reusch Process pattern in modern environment (regional-local](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070704/5e8d9583ebeb11349c25b678/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Skråninger
![Page 2: Skråninger...GEG2110 – Skråninger – slopes Landscape development Denudation cycle (continental scale) Penck/Davis/Reusch Process pattern in modern environment (regional-local](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070704/5e8d9583ebeb11349c25b678/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
GEG2110 – Skråninger – slopes
Slopes and geomorphology
Slope processes - ... ?Geomorphological aspectGeotechnical aspect
General about slopes ...Landscape developmentProcessesLandforms
Basal geotechnical fundamentalsSlope stabilityApplications
![Page 3: Skråninger...GEG2110 – Skråninger – slopes Landscape development Denudation cycle (continental scale) Penck/Davis/Reusch Process pattern in modern environment (regional-local](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070704/5e8d9583ebeb11349c25b678/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
GEG2110 – Skråninger – slopes
Slope processes - ...?
Geomorphological aspectSlopes as landformsSlopes "process frontier" (-> Landscape)
Geotechnical aspectSlopes as underground for constructionSlopes as a potential risk momentStability ....
![Page 4: Skråninger...GEG2110 – Skråninger – slopes Landscape development Denudation cycle (continental scale) Penck/Davis/Reusch Process pattern in modern environment (regional-local](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070704/5e8d9583ebeb11349c25b678/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
![Page 5: Skråninger...GEG2110 – Skråninger – slopes Landscape development Denudation cycle (continental scale) Penck/Davis/Reusch Process pattern in modern environment (regional-local](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070704/5e8d9583ebeb11349c25b678/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
![Page 6: Skråninger...GEG2110 – Skråninger – slopes Landscape development Denudation cycle (continental scale) Penck/Davis/Reusch Process pattern in modern environment (regional-local](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070704/5e8d9583ebeb11349c25b678/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Example: Global Hotspot Project
ICG/NGI (F. Nadime et al.): Report to”Global landslide and avalanche risk hotspots”
![Page 7: Skråninger...GEG2110 – Skråninger – slopes Landscape development Denudation cycle (continental scale) Penck/Davis/Reusch Process pattern in modern environment (regional-local](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070704/5e8d9583ebeb11349c25b678/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
GEG2110 – Skråninger – slopes
Landscape development
Denudation cycle (continental scale)Penck/Davis/Reusch
Process pattern in modern environment (regional-local scale)
alpine/arctic area
Characteristics of these areashigh climatic variability during Quaternary, glaciatedlow temperatures todayhigh precepetation variability todaysnow coverno/low vegetation
![Page 8: Skråninger...GEG2110 – Skråninger – slopes Landscape development Denudation cycle (continental scale) Penck/Davis/Reusch Process pattern in modern environment (regional-local](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070704/5e8d9583ebeb11349c25b678/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Geomorphometrical description of the earth's surface
![Page 9: Skråninger...GEG2110 – Skråninger – slopes Landscape development Denudation cycle (continental scale) Penck/Davis/Reusch Process pattern in modern environment (regional-local](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070704/5e8d9583ebeb11349c25b678/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
![Page 10: Skråninger...GEG2110 – Skråninger – slopes Landscape development Denudation cycle (continental scale) Penck/Davis/Reusch Process pattern in modern environment (regional-local](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070704/5e8d9583ebeb11349c25b678/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
GEG2110 – Skråninger – slopes
Landscape development
Denudation cycle (continental scale)Penck/Davis/Reusch
Process pattern in modern environment (regional-local scale)
alpine/arctic area
Characteristics of these areashigh climatic variability during Quaternary, glaciatedlow temperatures todayhigh precepetation variability todaysnow coverno/low vegetation
![Page 11: Skråninger...GEG2110 – Skråninger – slopes Landscape development Denudation cycle (continental scale) Penck/Davis/Reusch Process pattern in modern environment (regional-local](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070704/5e8d9583ebeb11349c25b678/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
![Page 12: Skråninger...GEG2110 – Skråninger – slopes Landscape development Denudation cycle (continental scale) Penck/Davis/Reusch Process pattern in modern environment (regional-local](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070704/5e8d9583ebeb11349c25b678/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
One
hou
r 100 10000 1000000
0.0001
0.001
1
10
One
day
One
m
onth
One
yea
r
Size (in km)
Duration of existence (years)
100 Macro relief
Meso relief
Micro relief
Rills
Gullies
Slopes
Valley
Mountain range
(Ahnert 1988,modified)
Landform hierarchy
Reg
iona
lisat
ion
("up
-sca
ling"
)
Qua
ntifi
catio
n
![Page 13: Skråninger...GEG2110 – Skråninger – slopes Landscape development Denudation cycle (continental scale) Penck/Davis/Reusch Process pattern in modern environment (regional-local](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070704/5e8d9583ebeb11349c25b678/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
GEG2110 – Skråninger – slopes
Processes
Material productionWeatheringInherited material
Material relocationSlope washCreep/solifluctionSolutionLand slideCliff / slope retreat
Gravitaional processesFallSlideFlowCreep
![Page 14: Skråninger...GEG2110 – Skråninger – slopes Landscape development Denudation cycle (continental scale) Penck/Davis/Reusch Process pattern in modern environment (regional-local](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070704/5e8d9583ebeb11349c25b678/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
GEG2110 – Skråninger – slopes
Corresponding land forms
TalusLobesLeveesTracksScars
![Page 15: Skråninger...GEG2110 – Skråninger – slopes Landscape development Denudation cycle (continental scale) Penck/Davis/Reusch Process pattern in modern environment (regional-local](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070704/5e8d9583ebeb11349c25b678/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
GEG2110 – Skråninger – slopes
![Page 16: Skråninger...GEG2110 – Skråninger – slopes Landscape development Denudation cycle (continental scale) Penck/Davis/Reusch Process pattern in modern environment (regional-local](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070704/5e8d9583ebeb11349c25b678/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
GEG2110 – Skråninger – slopes
![Page 17: Skråninger...GEG2110 – Skråninger – slopes Landscape development Denudation cycle (continental scale) Penck/Davis/Reusch Process pattern in modern environment (regional-local](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070704/5e8d9583ebeb11349c25b678/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
![Page 18: Skråninger...GEG2110 – Skråninger – slopes Landscape development Denudation cycle (continental scale) Penck/Davis/Reusch Process pattern in modern environment (regional-local](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070704/5e8d9583ebeb11349c25b678/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Rock/ice slide modelling
Salzmann et al. 2004
![Page 19: Skråninger...GEG2110 – Skråninger – slopes Landscape development Denudation cycle (continental scale) Penck/Davis/Reusch Process pattern in modern environment (regional-local](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070704/5e8d9583ebeb11349c25b678/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
![Page 20: Skråninger...GEG2110 – Skråninger – slopes Landscape development Denudation cycle (continental scale) Penck/Davis/Reusch Process pattern in modern environment (regional-local](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070704/5e8d9583ebeb11349c25b678/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
GEG2110 – Skråninger – slopes
![Page 21: Skråninger...GEG2110 – Skråninger – slopes Landscape development Denudation cycle (continental scale) Penck/Davis/Reusch Process pattern in modern environment (regional-local](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070704/5e8d9583ebeb11349c25b678/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
GEG2110 – Skråninger – slopes
![Page 22: Skråninger...GEG2110 – Skråninger – slopes Landscape development Denudation cycle (continental scale) Penck/Davis/Reusch Process pattern in modern environment (regional-local](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070704/5e8d9583ebeb11349c25b678/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
GEG2110 – Skråninger – slopes
![Page 23: Skråninger...GEG2110 – Skråninger – slopes Landscape development Denudation cycle (continental scale) Penck/Davis/Reusch Process pattern in modern environment (regional-local](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070704/5e8d9583ebeb11349c25b678/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
GEG2110 – Skråninger – slopes
![Page 24: Skråninger...GEG2110 – Skråninger – slopes Landscape development Denudation cycle (continental scale) Penck/Davis/Reusch Process pattern in modern environment (regional-local](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070704/5e8d9583ebeb11349c25b678/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
GEG2110 – Skråninger – slopes
![Page 25: Skråninger...GEG2110 – Skråninger – slopes Landscape development Denudation cycle (continental scale) Penck/Davis/Reusch Process pattern in modern environment (regional-local](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070704/5e8d9583ebeb11349c25b678/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
![Page 26: Skråninger...GEG2110 – Skråninger – slopes Landscape development Denudation cycle (continental scale) Penck/Davis/Reusch Process pattern in modern environment (regional-local](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070704/5e8d9583ebeb11349c25b678/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
GEG2110 – Skråninger – slopes
![Page 27: Skråninger...GEG2110 – Skråninger – slopes Landscape development Denudation cycle (continental scale) Penck/Davis/Reusch Process pattern in modern environment (regional-local](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070704/5e8d9583ebeb11349c25b678/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
GEG2110 – Skråninger – slopes
![Page 28: Skråninger...GEG2110 – Skråninger – slopes Landscape development Denudation cycle (continental scale) Penck/Davis/Reusch Process pattern in modern environment (regional-local](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070704/5e8d9583ebeb11349c25b678/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
GEG2110 – Skråninger – slopes
![Page 29: Skråninger...GEG2110 – Skråninger – slopes Landscape development Denudation cycle (continental scale) Penck/Davis/Reusch Process pattern in modern environment (regional-local](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070704/5e8d9583ebeb11349c25b678/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
GEG2110 – Skråninger – slopes
![Page 30: Skråninger...GEG2110 – Skråninger – slopes Landscape development Denudation cycle (continental scale) Penck/Davis/Reusch Process pattern in modern environment (regional-local](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070704/5e8d9583ebeb11349c25b678/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
GEG2110 – Skråninger – slopes
![Page 31: Skråninger...GEG2110 – Skråninger – slopes Landscape development Denudation cycle (continental scale) Penck/Davis/Reusch Process pattern in modern environment (regional-local](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070704/5e8d9583ebeb11349c25b678/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
![Page 32: Skråninger...GEG2110 – Skråninger – slopes Landscape development Denudation cycle (continental scale) Penck/Davis/Reusch Process pattern in modern environment (regional-local](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070704/5e8d9583ebeb11349c25b678/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
![Page 33: Skråninger...GEG2110 – Skråninger – slopes Landscape development Denudation cycle (continental scale) Penck/Davis/Reusch Process pattern in modern environment (regional-local](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070704/5e8d9583ebeb11349c25b678/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
GEG2110 – Skråninger – slopes
![Page 34: Skråninger...GEG2110 – Skråninger – slopes Landscape development Denudation cycle (continental scale) Penck/Davis/Reusch Process pattern in modern environment (regional-local](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070704/5e8d9583ebeb11349c25b678/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
GEG2110 – Skråninger – slopes
![Page 35: Skråninger...GEG2110 – Skråninger – slopes Landscape development Denudation cycle (continental scale) Penck/Davis/Reusch Process pattern in modern environment (regional-local](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070704/5e8d9583ebeb11349c25b678/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
GEG2110 – Skråninger – slopes
![Page 36: Skråninger...GEG2110 – Skråninger – slopes Landscape development Denudation cycle (continental scale) Penck/Davis/Reusch Process pattern in modern environment (regional-local](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070704/5e8d9583ebeb11349c25b678/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
GEG2110 – Skråninger – slopes
![Page 37: Skråninger...GEG2110 – Skråninger – slopes Landscape development Denudation cycle (continental scale) Penck/Davis/Reusch Process pattern in modern environment (regional-local](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070704/5e8d9583ebeb11349c25b678/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
GEG2110 – Skråninger – slopes
![Page 38: Skråninger...GEG2110 – Skråninger – slopes Landscape development Denudation cycle (continental scale) Penck/Davis/Reusch Process pattern in modern environment (regional-local](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070704/5e8d9583ebeb11349c25b678/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
GEG2110 – Skråninger – slopes
Sakte Hurtig
Fin (rikt på leire)
Jordsig JordskredLeirskredLeirstrøm
Middels (blanding, med
steiner og blokker)
Sig i grovere masser Debris flow(materialførende
snøskred)
Grov (mest steiner og
blokker)
Steinbreer SteinsprangFjellskred
(materialførende snøskred)
HastighetKornstørrelse
![Page 39: Skråninger...GEG2110 – Skråninger – slopes Landscape development Denudation cycle (continental scale) Penck/Davis/Reusch Process pattern in modern environment (regional-local](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070704/5e8d9583ebeb11349c25b678/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
![Page 40: Skråninger...GEG2110 – Skråninger – slopes Landscape development Denudation cycle (continental scale) Penck/Davis/Reusch Process pattern in modern environment (regional-local](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070704/5e8d9583ebeb11349c25b678/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
![Page 41: Skråninger...GEG2110 – Skråninger – slopes Landscape development Denudation cycle (continental scale) Penck/Davis/Reusch Process pattern in modern environment (regional-local](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070704/5e8d9583ebeb11349c25b678/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
GEG2110 – Skråninger – slopes
Process rates
Material relocationDenudationFrequency/Magnitude conceptSlope evolution models
![Page 42: Skråninger...GEG2110 – Skråninger – slopes Landscape development Denudation cycle (continental scale) Penck/Davis/Reusch Process pattern in modern environment (regional-local](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070704/5e8d9583ebeb11349c25b678/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
GEG2110 – Skråninger – slopes
Slope stability - fundamentals
Type of materialfrictioncohesivt
Topography
Ground water table
![Page 43: Skråninger...GEG2110 – Skråninger – slopes Landscape development Denudation cycle (continental scale) Penck/Davis/Reusch Process pattern in modern environment (regional-local](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070704/5e8d9583ebeb11349c25b678/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
GEG2110 – Skråninger – slopes
Massebevegelse - prosesser
Spørsmål : hvor bratt kan en skråning bli uten atden raser ut.
fjellskråninger løsmaterialskråninge
![Page 44: Skråninger...GEG2110 – Skråninger – slopes Landscape development Denudation cycle (continental scale) Penck/Davis/Reusch Process pattern in modern environment (regional-local](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070704/5e8d9583ebeb11349c25b678/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
GEG2110 – Skråninger – slopes
Generell ligning som beskriver stabiliteten i løsmateriale:
En skiller:
friksjonsmaterialekohesjonsmateriale
Friksjonsmateriale : kohesjonen og porevannstrykk alltid = 0
Kohesjonsmateriale : kohesjonen alltid > 0, porevannstrykk > 0 ved myenedbør
Hvis høyre siden av ligningen blir større ennvenstre siden blir skråningen ustabil.
s = c + (σ – N) tan θ
![Page 45: Skråninger...GEG2110 – Skråninger – slopes Landscape development Denudation cycle (continental scale) Penck/Davis/Reusch Process pattern in modern environment (regional-local](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070704/5e8d9583ebeb11349c25b678/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
GEG2110 – Skråninger – slopes
Dette betyr
Stabiliteteten av grovt materiale styres avfriksjonsvinkelen og materialtilgangen(rasvinkel ca. 35°)
Stabiliteten av skråninger i finmaterialreduseres av porevannstrykket. Skrånings-vinkelen pleier vanligvis være mindre(ofte ca. halvparten av friksjonsvinkelen)
![Page 46: Skråninger...GEG2110 – Skråninger – slopes Landscape development Denudation cycle (continental scale) Penck/Davis/Reusch Process pattern in modern environment (regional-local](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070704/5e8d9583ebeb11349c25b678/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
GEG2110 – Skråninger – slopes
Faktorer som bestemmer stabiliteten i fjellskråninger :
skråningsvinkelenforvitringsgradsprekketetthet
Faktorer som bestemmer stabiliteten i løsmaterialskråninger :
skråningsvinkelenkornfordelingen av løsmaterialevann (is) innholdet i løsmateriale
Massebevegelse - prosesser
![Page 47: Skråninger...GEG2110 – Skråninger – slopes Landscape development Denudation cycle (continental scale) Penck/Davis/Reusch Process pattern in modern environment (regional-local](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070704/5e8d9583ebeb11349c25b678/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
GEG2110 – Skråninger – slopes
External factors influencing stability
ClimateFreezing-thawing cyclesSlope aspect / local climatePermafrostIntensity of precipitation
GeologyFoot erosionHead wall geologyEarth quakeWeathering
BiologyVegetation cover - forestRoots
![Page 48: Skråninger...GEG2110 – Skråninger – slopes Landscape development Denudation cycle (continental scale) Penck/Davis/Reusch Process pattern in modern environment (regional-local](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070704/5e8d9583ebeb11349c25b678/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
GEG2110 – Skråninger – slopes
Massebevegelse - Påvirkning av mennesker
Forandring av skråningsvinkel (graving)
Fjerning av vegetasjon
Forandring av grunnvannsnivå
Belastning av løsmateriale (økning avnormalspenningen) pga. anlegg
![Page 49: Skråninger...GEG2110 – Skråninger – slopes Landscape development Denudation cycle (continental scale) Penck/Davis/Reusch Process pattern in modern environment (regional-local](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070704/5e8d9583ebeb11349c25b678/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Potential risk for permafrost-induced debris flow hazard
Harris et al. in prep.