slide 1 chapter 1 organization of the body. slide 2 science and society science involves logical...
TRANSCRIPT
Slide 2
Science and SocietyScience and Society
• Science involves logical inquiry based on Science involves logical inquiry based on experimentationexperimentation
Hypothesis—idea or principle to be tested in Hypothesis—idea or principle to be tested in experimentsexperiments
Experiment—series of tests of a hypothesis; Experiment—series of tests of a hypothesis; a controlled experiment eliminates biases or a controlled experiment eliminates biases or outside influencesoutside influences
Slide 3
• TheoryTheory
• LawLaw
• process of science - active and changing process of science - active and changing
• affected by culture and culture is affected by affected by culture and culture is affected by societysociety
Slide 5
Anatomy and PhysiologyAnatomy and Physiology
• Anatomy—science of the structure of an Anatomy—science of the structure of an organism and the relationship of its partsorganism and the relationship of its parts
• Gross anatomy Gross anatomy
• Microscopic anatomyMicroscopic anatomy
Cytology—study of cellsCytology—study of cells
Histology—study of tissuesHistology—study of tissues
Slide 6
Anatomy and PhysiologyAnatomy and Physiology
• Developmental anatomyDevelopmental anatomy
• Pathological anatomyPathological anatomy
• Systemic anatomySystemic anatomy
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Anatomy and PhysiologyAnatomy and Physiology
• Physiology—science of the functions of Physiology—science of the functions of organisms; organisms;
subdivisions named according tosubdivisions named according to
• Organism involvedOrganism involved
• Organizational level—molecular or cellular physiologyOrganizational level—molecular or cellular physiology
• Systemic functionSystemic function
Slide 8
Language of Science and MedicineLanguage of Science and Medicine
• Latin or Greek word partsLatin or Greek word parts
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Language of Science and MedicineLanguage of Science and Medicine
• Terminologia anatomicaTerminologia anatomica
Official list of anatomical termsOfficial list of anatomical terms
Terms listed in Latin, English, and by numberTerms listed in Latin, English, and by number
• Physiology terms do not have an official list Physiology terms do not have an official list but follow the same principles as but follow the same principles as Terminologia AnatomicaTerminologia Anatomica
Slide 10
Characteristics of LifeCharacteristics of Life
• General criterion - describe lifeGeneral criterion - describe life
Autopoiesis - self-organized and self-maintainingAutopoiesis - self-organized and self-maintaining
Cell theory - made of one or more cellsCell theory - made of one or more cells
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Characteristics of LifeCharacteristics of Life
ResponsivenessResponsiveness
ConductivityConductivity
GrowthGrowth
RespirationRespiration
DigestionDigestion
AbsorptionAbsorption
SecretionSecretion
ExcretionExcretion
CirculationCirculation
ReproductionReproduction
• Characteristics of life considered most important in humans:
Slide 13
Levels of Organization Levels of Organization
• Chemical level—basis for lifeChemical level—basis for life
Organization of chemical structures separates Organization of chemical structures separates living material from nonliving materialliving material from nonliving material
Organization of atoms, molecules, and Organization of atoms, molecules, and macromolecules results in living matter—a gel macromolecules results in living matter—a gel called cytoplasmcalled cytoplasm
Slide 14
Levels of OrganizationLevels of Organization
• Organelle levelOrganelle level
Chemical structures organized to form organelles Chemical structures organized to form organelles that perform individual functionsthat perform individual functions
functions of the organelles that allow the cell to functions of the organelles that allow the cell to livelive
Dozens of organelles identifiedDozens of organelles identified
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Levels of OrganizationLevels of Organization
• Cellular levelCellular level
Cells—smallest and most numerous units - Cells—smallest and most numerous units - possess / exhibit characteristics of lifepossess / exhibit characteristics of life
Cell—nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm within a Cell—nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm within a limiting membranelimiting membrane
Cells differentiateCells differentiate
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Levels of OrganizationLevels of Organization
• Tissue levelTissue level
Tissue—an organization of similar cells specialized to Tissue—an organization of similar cells specialized to perform a certain functionperform a certain function
Tissue cells surrounded by nonliving matrixTissue cells surrounded by nonliving matrix
Four major tissue types:Four major tissue types:
• Epithelial tissueEpithelial tissue
• Connective tissueConnective tissue
• Muscle tissueMuscle tissue
• Nervous tissueNervous tissue
Slide 17
Levels of OrganizationLevels of Organization
• Organ levelOrgan level
Organ—organization of several different kinds of Organ—organization of several different kinds of tissues to perform a special functiontissues to perform a special function
Organs represent discrete and functionally Organs represent discrete and functionally complex operational unitscomplex operational units
Each organ has a unique size, shape, Each organ has a unique size, shape, appearance, and placement in the bodyappearance, and placement in the body
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Levels of OrganizationLevels of Organization
• System levelSystem level Systems—most complex organizational units of Systems—most complex organizational units of
the bodythe body
System level involvesSystem level involves
• Support and movementSupport and movement
• Communication, control, and integrationCommunication, control, and integration
• Transportation and defenseTransportation and defense
• Respiration, nutrition, and excretionRespiration, nutrition, and excretion
• Reproduction and developmentReproduction and development
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Levels of OrganizationLevels of Organization
• Organism levelOrganism level
The living human organism is greater than the The living human organism is greater than the sum of its partssum of its parts
All of the componentsAll of the components
Slide 21
Homeostasis Homeostasis
• Walter B. CannonWalter B. Cannon
• Homeostasis is the term used to describe the Homeostasis is the term used to describe the relatively constant statesrelatively constant states
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Homeostasis Homeostasis • ““set point” in an acceptable or normal rangeset point” in an acceptable or normal range
• Examples of homeostasis:Examples of homeostasis:
Temperature regulationTemperature regulation
Regulation of blood carbon dioxide levelRegulation of blood carbon dioxide level
Regulation of blood glucose levelRegulation of blood glucose level
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Homeostatic Control Mechanisms Homeostatic Control Mechanisms • Devices for maintaining or restoring Devices for maintaining or restoring
homeostasis by self-regulation through homeostasis by self-regulation through feedback control loopsfeedback control loops
• Basic components of control mechanismsBasic components of control mechanisms Sensor mechanismSensor mechanism
Integrating, or control, centerIntegrating, or control, center
Effector mechanismEffector mechanism
FeedbackFeedback
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Homeostatic Control Mechanisms Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
• Negative feedback control systemsNegative feedback control systems
Are inhibitoryAre inhibitory
Stabilize physiological variablesStabilize physiological variables
Produce an action that is opposite to the change Produce an action that is opposite to the change that activated the systemthat activated the system
Slide 25
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
• Positive feedback control systemsPositive feedback control systems Are stimulatoryAre stimulatory
Amplify or reinforce the change that is occurringAmplify or reinforce the change that is occurring
Tend to produce destabilizing effects and disrupt Tend to produce destabilizing effects and disrupt homeostasishomeostasis
Bring specific body functions to swift completionBring specific body functions to swift completion
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Homeostatic Control Mechanisms Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
• Levels of controlLevels of control Intracellular controlIntracellular control
Intrinsic control (autoregulation)Intrinsic control (autoregulation)
Extrinsic controlExtrinsic control
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Anatomical PositionAnatomical Position
• Reference positionReference position
• Body erect with arms at sides and palms Body erect with arms at sides and palms forwardforward
• Head and feet pointing forwardHead and feet pointing forward
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Anatomical Position Anatomical Position
• Bilateral symmetryBilateral symmetry
Ipsilateral structuresIpsilateral structures
ContralateralContralateral
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Body CavitiesBody Cavities• Ventral body cavityVentral body cavity
Thoracic cavityThoracic cavity
• Right and left pleural cavitiesRight and left pleural cavities
• MediastinumMediastinum
Abdominopelvic cavityAbdominopelvic cavity
• Abdominal cavityAbdominal cavity
• Pelvic cavityPelvic cavity
Slide 30
Body CavitiesBody Cavities
• Dorsal body cavityDorsal body cavity
Cranial cavityCranial cavity
Spinal cavitySpinal cavity
Slide 31
Body RegionsBody Regions
• Axial subdivisionAxial subdivision
HeadHead
NeckNeck
Torso, or trunk, and its subdivisionsTorso, or trunk, and its subdivisions
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Body RegionsBody Regions
• Appendicular subdivisionAppendicular subdivision
Upper extremity and subdivisionsUpper extremity and subdivisions
Lower extremity and subdivisionsLower extremity and subdivisions
Slide 33
Body RegionsBody Regions
• Abdominal regions Abdominal regions Right hypochondriac regionRight hypochondriac region
Epigastric regionEpigastric region
Left hypochondriac regionLeft hypochondriac region
Right lumbar regionRight lumbar region
Umbilical regionUmbilical region
Left lumbar regionLeft lumbar region
Right iliac (inguinal) regionRight iliac (inguinal) region
Hypogastric regionHypogastric region
Left iliac (inguinal) regionLeft iliac (inguinal) region
Slide 34
Body RegionsBody Regions
• Abdominopelvic quadrants Abdominopelvic quadrants
Right upper quadrantRight upper quadrant
Left upper quadrantLeft upper quadrant
Right lower quadrantRight lower quadrant
Left lower quadrantLeft lower quadrant
Slide 35
Terms Used in Describing Body Structure Terms Used in Describing Body Structure
• Directional termsDirectional terms
SuperiorSuperior
InferiorInferior
Anterior (ventral)Anterior (ventral)
Posterior (dorsal)Posterior (dorsal)
MedialMedial
LateralLateral
ProximalProximal
DistalDistal
SuperficialSuperficial
DeepDeep
Slide 36
Terms Used in Describing Body StructureTerms Used in Describing Body Structure
• Terms related to organsTerms related to organs Lumen (luminal) - inner open space of a tubular organLumen (luminal) - inner open space of a tubular organ
Central - towards the middleCentral - towards the middle
Peripheral - towards the outsidePeripheral - towards the outside
Medullary (medulla) - the inner layerMedullary (medulla) - the inner layer
Cortical (cortex) - the outer layerCortical (cortex) - the outer layer
Apical (apex) - the point or tipApical (apex) - the point or tip
Basal (base) - the base or bottomBasal (base) - the base or bottom
Slide 38
Body Planes and Sections Body Planes and Sections
• There are three major planes, which lie at There are three major planes, which lie at right angles to each other:right angles to each other:
SagittalSagittal
• midsagittal or median sagittalmidsagittal or median sagittal
Frontal (coronal)Frontal (coronal)
Transverse (horizontal) planeTransverse (horizontal) plane
Slide 39
Interaction of Structure and Function Interaction of Structure and Function
• Complementarity of structure and functionComplementarity of structure and function
• Anatomical structures - designed to perform Anatomical structures - designed to perform specific functionsspecific functions
Slide 40
Body Type and Disease Body Type and Disease
• SomatotypeSomatotype
• EndomorphEndomorph ““Apple-shaped” endomorphApple-shaped” endomorph
““Pear-shaped” endomorphPear-shaped” endomorph
• MesomorphMesomorph
• EctomorphEctomorph
Slide 41
Mechanisms of diseaseMechanisms of disease
Pathogenic organismPathogenic organism
Tumors/cancerTumors/cancer
Physical and chemicalPhysical and chemical
MalnutritionMalnutrition
AutoimmunityAutoimmunity
InflammationInflammation
degenerationdegeneration
Slide 42
Disease TerminologyDisease Terminology
• PathologyPathology
• DiagnosisDiagnosis
• SymptomsSymptoms
• Syndrome - collection of Syndrome - collection of signs and symptomssigns and symptoms
• Acute - intense and shortAcute - intense and short
• ChronicChronic
• Idiopathic - disease with Idiopathic - disease with undetermined causeundetermined cause
• Communicable - can be Communicable - can be passed onpassed on
• Pathogenesis - pattern Pathogenesis - pattern of disease developmentof disease development
• Epidemiology - study of Epidemiology - study of occurance of diseaseoccurance of disease
Slide 43
Medical imagingMedical imaging
• RadiographyRadiography
• Computed tomographyComputed tomography
• Magnetic resonance imagingMagnetic resonance imaging
• Ultrasonography Ultrasonography
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• Structure and function of body undergo Structure and function of body undergo changes over the early years (developmental changes over the early years (developmental processes) and late years (aging processes)processes) and late years (aging processes)
• Infancy and old age are periods of time when Infancy and old age are periods of time when the body functions least wellthe body functions least well
Cycle of Life: Cycle of Life: Life Span ConsiderationsLife Span Considerations