slide 1 remedial options to excavation in-situ remediation · remedial options to excavation •...
TRANSCRIPT
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Slide 1
Remedial Options to Excavation In-situ Remediation
John Sankey, P.Eng.,
True Blue Technologies,
Richmond, BC
October 2013
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Slide 2
Remedial Options to Excavation • Source Zone Treatment
• In-situ Thermal Remediation--Case Study
• In-situ Chemical Reduction--Case study
• Enhanced Sparging
• Surfactant Remediation
• Dissolved Plume Treatment • Anaerobic Bioremediation
• Aerobic Bioremediation
• What’s new for In-situ Bioremediation
– Cometabolic Bioremediation--Substrates, Enzymes
• Reduce Pitfalls — Core competency (hydrogeology,biogeochemistry)
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Slide 3
Matrix Diffusion Video
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Slide 4
In-situ Thermal Remediation
Electrical Resistance Conductive
200-325°C
20-30°C
95-105°C
ERH ISTD (thermal conduction heating)
99% VOC Reduction
99.9999%
99.9%
30%
ERH energy input causes a 99% reduction ISTD energy: (99.9999%+99.9%+30%)/3 = 77% average reduction
Shown at equal energy inputs
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IN-SITU THERMAL REMEDIATION USING TRS’ ERH PROCESS
Saturated Zone
Sand
Clay
Clay
Bedrock
Groundwater Flow
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Electricity is directed into the subsurface area. TRS ERH PROCESS
TRS Power Control Unit
TRS ERH PROCESS
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TRS ERH PROCESS
Electricity is directed into the subsurface area. TRS ERH PROCESS
TRS Power Control Unit
TRS ERH PROCESS
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In-Situ Steam Generation during ERH
Low permeability lens
Electrode Electrode
Current flowing between electrodes heats soil directly
Zooming in on this region.
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In-Situ Steam Generation during ERH
Low permeability lens
Reductive dehalogenation creates a “halo” of chloride ions in CVOC hot spots
DNAPL
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In-Situ Steam Generation during ERH
Uniform soils would lead to parallel ERH current lines – but soils aren’t uniform
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In-Situ Steam Generation during ERH
Low permeability lenses and CVOC hot spots attract current
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In-Situ Steam Generation during ERH
Steam bubbles form more quickly at NAPL due to interfacial tension and reduced boiling temperatures.
Regions with higher current density heat slightly more quickly.
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Guaranteed ERH Remediation of PCE and Mineral Spirits - Seattle 2013
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Post-ERH
Pre-ERH
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
4,500
GP-86 GP-38 GP-57 GP-84 GP-77 GP-70A GP-74 GP-42 GP-75 GP-35
0.0299 0.0325 0.0325 0.0311 0.027 0.66 6.06 0.387
1.78 0.0684
87 96
4,210
1,700
1,169
440
1,100
26 10
543
ERH Sample Location
Post-ERH
Pre-ERH
PC
E a
nd
TC
E m
g/k
g
Fox Ave, Seattle – Results
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Continued Decline in Average TCE Concentrations in Groundwater Two Years Post ERH – Maywood CA
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
MW-19-90MW-26-90
MW-27-90RW-01-95
49 68
2 1
403 177
20 4
1,767
9,450
4,330
11,500
TC
E µ
g/l
Monitoring Wells and Sample Depth (ft bgs) Inside ERH Treatment Area
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In-situ Chemical Reduction
• eZVI – Sequestration – Dissolution – Reductive Dehalogenation (abiotic & biotic)
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Case Study – Full Scale
– TCE source area 75 by150 feet
– 20 acre dissolved plume
– 62,000 gallons of 10% EZVI
– Vegetable oil and KB-1 injected in the down gradient plume areas.
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Baseline
2.5 yrs Post EZVI Injection
3.5 yrs Post EZVI Injection
• Results – ~90% destruction of source area TCE within one
year – >99% destruction of source area TCE to date
– Prior to EZVI injection- – 200 yrs. to attain goals via attenuation – Post EZVI injection- – Estimated 30 yrs. to attain goals
Case Study – Full Scale
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Air Sparging
Poor access of injected air to residual NAPL
Air channeling / fingering
Trapped free-phase LNAPL
www.next.bc.ca
Slide courtesy of Marios A. Ioannidis
www.next.bc.ca
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Enhanced Sparging
• Water is supersaturated with CO2
• CO2 bubbles nucleate in the aquifer
Saturated Zone
Unsaturated Zone
SWI Well
Exsolution zone
Extraction Well
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Enhanced Sparging
• Rising CO2 bubbles – Contact hydrocarbons
– Cause volatilization
• Groundwater and soil vapor are extracted
Saturated Zone
Unsaturated Zone
SWI Well
Exsolution zone
Extraction Well
• Zhao and Ioannidis, Advances in Water Resources, vol. 34 (1), 2- 14, 2011
• Enouy et al., Advances in Water Resources, vol. 34 (1), 15-25, 2011
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Slide 24
Surfactants…desorb and dissolve
Some leading developments from British Columbia
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Slide 25 25
Bioremediation
After…or down gradient from – Chemical oxidation
– Excavation or heat
– Pump and treat
Together with
– Nutrients – Bioaugmentation – Cometabolic
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Slide 26
Why Bioremediation? Cost…and less rebound
$/yd3 $$$/yd3 $$$/yd3 $$$/yd3 From: McDade et al, Remediation Journal 15, 9-18, 2005. McGuire et al, Ground Water Monitoring and Remediation 26, 73–84, 2006.
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Slide 27
How Does Bio Work?
Energy
+
Electron Donor (Food)
-EDS EVO -Nutrimens
-GPro
Electron Acceptor (something to breathe)
[O2, NO3, SO4, TCE, etc.]
-Tersox -iSOC
-Nutrisulfate
Waste Products [CO2, N2, FeS2, Cl-]
+ +
(Drawing Modified from AFCEE and Wiedemeier)
Dhc Dhc
Dhc
Dhc
Dhc
Dhc Dhc
Dhc
Dhc
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Injection
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Regulated O2 supply to multiple Devices
iSOC®
Groundwater
PLUME
Flow Direction
Spill Site NutrisulfateTM
Combining Technologies
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Slide 30
Enhancements…Adding Vitamins and Nutrients Effect • Increases activity, abundance, and
fecundity of anaerobic heterotrophic bacteria
Benefit • Increasing rates and extents of
transfers and transformations of targeted compounds
Control Sucrose NutrimensTM
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Slide 31
Enhancements
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Slide 32
Enhancements--Nutrimens Key Bioactive Components
Yeast Cell Solubles
Extracellular Metabolites Fermentation Media
Organic Acids
Antioxidants
Peptides Nucleotides
Phytosterols
Proteins
Yeast cell adapted from: http://distillique.co.za/catalog/article_info.php?articles_id=129 Yeast cell wall from: http://www.sigmaaldrich.com
Yeast Cell Wall
Yeast Cell
Cell Wall
Plasma Membrane
Periplasm
Yeast Cell Solubles
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Slide 33
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Cometabolic Approach Slide: 33
Cometabolism: simultaneous degradation of two compounds • Oxygen is used as an electron acceptor. • Cometabolic growth substrate. • Nutrients to maximize biomass growth.
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Slide 34
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Slide: 34
Bioremediation Mechanisms
• Aerobic Cometabolism
Modified from USGS WRI 99-2485
MONOOXYGENASE ENZYME (MMO)
MMO (TCE) C2HCl
3
NADH, O2
(TCE epoxide) C2HCl3O
(dichloroacetic acid) C2H2Cl2O2
(carbon dioxide)
CO2
(chloride) Cl
(water) H2O
TRICHLOROETHYLENE (TCE) COMETABOLISM BY
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Slide 35
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Cometabolic Approach Slide: 35
• Lower CAH • 1,4-Dioxane • NDMA
1,4-DIOXANE
Found comingled with 1,1,1-TCA
Enzyme Contaminant
Propane Monooxygenase
TCE, DCE, VC
Toluene Dioxygenase
TCE, DCE, VC
Ring-Hydroxylating Toluene Monooxygenase
TCE, DCE, VC
N-NITROSODIMETHYLAMINE
Rocket Fuel, Chlorination of wastewater w/Nitrogen
Source: Dora Ogles, Microbial Insights, Inc., Rockford, TN Source: NDMA Biotransformation by P. mendocina KR1
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Slide: 36
Design Considerations
• Gas Management System
O2 Alkane Gas
GAS inFusion WELLS
iSOC®
N2
PLUME
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Slide 37 37
Reduce Pitfalls
• Ground Water Characterization • Substrate ROI tool • Specific Isotope Analysis • Bio treatability studies • Tools Available to Assess Microbe
Populations
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Slide 38
Is It Safe to Jump into Remediation Without Collecting Enough Data?
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Slide 39
What are folks using more of now?
•Multi-level Groundwater Monitoring--Westbay
•Geophysics
•Aquifer Tests--Divers
•Mass flux
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Slide 40
Proper Characterization--What to Monitor Indicator Parameters • ORP, pH, TOC • Electron acceptors (O2,
NO3, SO4) • Electron donors (Mn, Fe,
CH4, TOC) • Degradation products • See EPA / AFCEE
protocol for MNA
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Slide 41
Design Tools Used
Volume Substrate needed --Mass flux
Retention by aquifer --Higher in fine grained materials
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Slide 42 42 Specific Isotope Analysis
Journal of Contaminant Hydrology
Allocation of plume Method of degradation
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Treatability Testing Options
• Laboratory based batch testing (microcosm studies) • Laboratory based column flow through testing • Field based treatability testing – In Situ Microcosm Array (ISMA)
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7) qPCR output used to calculate gene copies /L groundwater
Tools Available to Assess Microbe Populations: Gene-Trac® Testing
3) Filter water sample
1) Groundwater Sampling
6) PCR amplify specific genes with targeted primers in qPCR Machine
2) Transport from Field to Lab
4) Extract DNA from filter –Quantify total DNA
6) Assemble PCR Reactions
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Cel
l Con
cent
rati
on
Time
Exponential Growth Phase
Stationary Phase
Death Phase
Microbial Growth Curve and Doubling Times
+ve doubling times e.g. Dhc 30 days
Long or infinite doubling times (e.g. 3,000 days)
Negative doubling times (e.g. Dhc -50 days)
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Summary--In-situ Remediation
• Source zones can be treated in place….quickly and guaranteed.
• Dissolved plumes can be treated in place.
• Can be very predictable if you reduce the potential pitfalls.
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Thank You! …By the way, here are True Blue products: Characterization • Groundwater data loggers and passive, no-purge samplers • Multilevel groundwater sampling system Source Zone Remediation • In-situ Thermal Remediation • Emulsified Zerovalent Iron for DNAPL and CO2 for NAPL Dissolved Plume Remediation • Bioremediation products for chlorinated solvents and petroleum
hydrocarbons • Small SVE system