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INTRODUCTION Nosebleeds can be divided into 2 categories: anterior (in the front of the nose) posterior (in the back of the nose). Epistaxis is defined as bleeding from the nostril, nasal cavity, or nasopharynx. Nosebleeds are due to the bursting of a blood vessel within the nose.

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Page 1: slide+PEMICU+EPISTAXIS

INTRODUCTION

Nosebleeds can be divided into 2 categories:

• anterior (in the front of the nose) • posterior (in the back of the nose). 

Epistaxis is defined as bleeding from the nostril, nasal cavity,

or nasopharynx. Nosebleeds are due to the bursting of a blood vessel within the nose.

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Epistaksis anterior

Paling sering dijumpai terutama pada anak-anak dan biasanya dapat berhenti sendiri.2Perdarahan pada lokasi ini bersumber dari pleksus Kiesselbach (little area), yaitu anastomosis dari beberapa pembuluh darah di septum bagian anterior tepat di ujung postero superior vestibulum nasi

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Epistaksis posterior

Epistaksis posterior dapat berasal dari arteri sfenopalatina dan arteri etmoid posterior.Pendarahan biasanya hebat dan jarang berhenti dengan sendirinya.

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Epistaksis terbanyak dijumpai pada usia 2-10 tahun dan 50-80 tahun, sering dijumpai pada musim dingin dan keringEpistaksis bagian anterior sangat umum dijumpai pada anak dan dewasa mudaepistaksis posterior sering pada orang tua dengan riwayat penyakit hipertensi atau arteriosklerosis.1,3

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Pada orang yang berusia menengah dan lanjut, terlihat perubahan progresif dari otot pembuluh darah tunika media menjadi jaringan kolagen.Perubahan tersebut bervariasi dari fibrosis interstitial sampai perubahan yang komplet menjadi jaringan parut. Perubahan tersebut memperlihatkan gagalnya kontraksi pembuluh darah karena hilangnya otot tunika media sehingga mengakibatkan perdarahan yang banyak dan lama.

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Pada orang yang lebih muda, pemeriksaan di lokasi perdarahan setelah terjadinya epistaksis memperlihatkan area yang tipis dan lemah. Kelemahan dinding pembuluhdarah ini disebabkan oleh iskemia lokal atau trauma

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PENATALAKSANAAN EPISTAKSIS

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ETIOLOGIFAKTOR LOKAL

TRAUMA NEOPLASMA Deviasi Septum Reaksi inflamasi

lokal: alergi, infeksi, polip, iritasi

Benda asing

FAKTOR SISTEMIK HIPERTENSI GGN. PEMBEKUAN

DARAH Obat-obatan Osler-Weber-

Rendu Lainnya:

alkoholisme, demam tifoid, demam rematik, ggn. kardiovaskuler

10% Kasus IDIOPATIK

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Anatomi Pembuluh Darah Septum & Dinding Lateral

Hidung

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Blood supply of the Nose

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BAGAN ALIR PENATALAKSANAAN EPISTAKSIS

Tam pon H idung(anterior, posterior, antero-posterior)

Tidak Berhasil

Tindakan Selesai

AB Topikal, vaselin(Naseptin cream )

Nasehat

Berhasil

Kauterisasi Sum ber Perdarahan

HENTIKAN PERDARAHAN

IDENTIFIKASI SUM BER PERDARAHAN

Pem eriksaan K linisRA & RP

Nasoendoskopi jika tersedia

Epistaksis Aktif

RESUSITASI (Jika Diperlukan)

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Dekongestan Topikal Dgn / TanpaKauterisasi

Pertim bangkan Transfusi TERAPI KAUSA

Tam pon Kem bali

Ligasi ArteriSM R/ Septoplasti

Angiografi/Em bolisasi

Intervensi Bedah

Perdarahan Kem bali

Tindakan Selesai

Tidak Ada Perdarahan

Angkat Tam pon

Tam pon Hidung(anterior, posterior, antero-posterior)

BAGAN ALIR PENATALAKSANAAN EPISTAKSIS

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Pemeriksaan Fisik THT

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Penatalaksanaan pada epistaksis anterior seharusnya mengikuti tiga prinsip utama yaitu menghentikan perdarahan, mencegah komplikasi dan mencegah berulangnya epistaksis

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A. Epistaksis Anterior1. Kauterisasi2. Tampon Anterior

B. Epistaksis Posterior1. Tampon Posterior2. Tampon Balon3. Ligasi Arteri

a. Ligasi Arteri Karotis Eksternab. Ligasi Arteri Maksilaris Internac. Ligasi Arteri Etmoidalisd. Angiografi dan Embolisasi

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In most patients with epistaxis, the bleeding responds to cauterization, nasal packing, or both. For those who have recurrent or severe bleeding for which medical therapy has failed, various surgical options are available. After surgery or embolization, : observed for any complications or signs of rebleeding.

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Medical approaches to the treatment of epistaxis may include the following:

Adequate pain control in patients with nasal packing, especially in those with posterior packing (However, the need of adequate pain control has to be balanced with the concern over hypoventilation in the patient with posterior pack.)Oral and topical antibiotics to prevent rhinosinusitis and possibly toxic shock syndromeAvoidance of aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)Medications to control underlying medical problems (eg, hypertension, vitamin K deficiency) in consultation with other specialists

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Penatalaksanaan

Perdarahan Septum Ringan

Asal dari pleksus KiesselbachBanyak pada anakBerhenti spontanCara sederhanaDuduk Tenang Pijit hidung 10 menit

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IDENTIFIKASI SUMBER

PERDARAHAN

Sumber perdarahan TIDAK TAMPAK

Bekuan darah bersihkan HISAP dgn pompa penghisapTampon kapas adrenalin 1/10.000 + lidokain 2 % VASOKONSTRIKSIBerhenti sementara LOKALISIR sumber perdarahanTIDAK BERHASIL NASOENDOSKOPI (jk tersedia)

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MENGHENTIKAN PERDARAHAN

Pilihan Utama: KAUTERISASIPerak Nitrat 30-50%“Albothyl”Kauter elektrik

Daerah yang dikauterPleksus KiesselbachMukosa sumber perdarahanMukosa area for. sfenopalatinaArteri sfenopalatina

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Cauterizing agents

Cauterizing agents coagulate cellular proteins, which can in turn reduce bleeding.

Silver nitrate coagulates cellular protein and removes granulation tissue. It also has antibacterial effects.

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Teknik Kauterisasi Pleksus Kiesselbach

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Kauter / ligasi A. Sfenopalatina

Kauterisasi / LigasiUjung terdistal suplai pembuluh drh rongga hidungMenurunkan

tekanan & aliran drh mel arteri & cabang anastomosis

Teknik lebih mudah

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Epistaksis tdk berhentiNE tdk tersedia --> Bagan Alir

Tam pon Hidung(anterior, posterior, antero-posterior)

Tidak Berhasil

Tindakan Selesai

AB Topikal, vaselin(Naseptin cream )

Nasehat

Berhasil

Kauterisasi Sum ber Perdarahan

HENTIKAN PERDARAHAN

IDENTIFIKASI SUM BER PERDARAHAN

Pem eriksaan K linisRA & RP

Nasoendoskopi jika tersedia

Epistaksis Aktif

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Tampon gulung / kapas vaselin-betadin / BIPP

MurahAbrasi/laserasi mukosa waktu memasang & mengangkatTidak nyaman

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Tampon anterior

Tampon gulung / kapas vaselin-betadin / BIPP

MurahAbrasi/laserasi mukosa waktu memasang & mengangkatTidak nyaman

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Merocel (kapas spons)

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Merocel (kapas spons)

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Tampon Posterior

Buat tampon posterior Masukkan katerer dr

hidung ke mulut

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Tampon PosteriorIkat tampon dan tarik Letakkan tampon di

nasofaring

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Tampon Posterior

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Tampon Posterior

Kateter foleyBalon isi udara /air Fiksasi dgn tampon anteriorTekanan tdk merata menutup koana

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Tampon gel hemostatik + balon (Rapid RhinoR)

Menginduksi bekuan darah fisiologis ~ agregasi platelet aktif

Balon u/ menekan perdarahan

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Embolization

Embolisation of the internal maxillary artery is effective and safe. It was initially reserved for patients in whom surgery failed, although recent literature supports embolisation as first-line treatment in specified cases because of safer procedures and increased experience

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TERAPI KAUSA

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TERAPI KAUSASesuai dengan ETIOLOGIMencegah REKURENSI

Krim ABKontrol hipertensiRujukan dini ke HematologiTerapi bedah spesifik: SMR / septoplasti, dermoplasti, ekstirpasi tumor

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Complications of Treatment

Potential treatment complications include the following :

Cauterization - Synechia, septal perforationAnterior packing - Synechia, rhinosinusitis, toxic shock syndrome, eustachian tube dysfunction, scarring of the nasal ala and columellaPosterior packing - Synechia, rhinosinusitis, toxic shock syndrome, eustachian tube dysfunction, dysphagia, scarring of nasal ala and columella, hypoventilation, sudden death

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Transantral internal maxillary artery ligation - Anesthetic risks, rhinosinusitis, oroantral fistula, infraorbital numbness, dental injuryTransoral internal maxillary artery ligation - Anesthetic risks, cheek numbness, trismus, tongue paresthesiaAnterior or posterior ethmoid artery ligation - Anesthetic risks, rhinosinusitis, lacrimal duct injury, telecanthus, blindnessEmbolization - Facial pain, trismus, facial paralysis, skin necrosis, blindness, stroke, groin hematoma

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Komplikasi

Complications of epistaxis may include the following:SinusitisSeptal hematoma/perforationExternal nasal deformityMucosal pressure necrosisVasovagal episodeBalloon migrationAspiration

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CONCLUSION

In general, non-surgical treatments are effective for control of most cases of nosebleeds. Holding pressure, nasal packing, chemical cautery, and use of nasal decongest sprays represent the first line of treatment for a majority of nasal bleeding.

For persistent epistaxis, embolization and surgical ligation is sometimes required.

More recently, endoscopic approaches to the sphenopalatine artery and ethmoid arteries have been utilized with promising results

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Pencegahan

Strenuous activities - Protection from direct trauma from some sports activities is afforded by the use of helmets or face pieces.Hot and dry environments – The effects of such environments can be mitigated by using humidifiers, better thermostatic control, saline spray, and antibiotic ointment on the Kiesselbach area.

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Hot and spicy foods

Digital trauma – In children, nose picking is difficult to deter and should probably be considered inevitable. Keeping the child’s nails well trimmed may be helpful.

Nose blowing and excessive sneezing - Instruct patients to sneeze gently with the mouth open.

Inappropriate or careless use of drugs - Consider drug education relating to use or accidental ingestion of aspirin, warfarin (eg, rat poison in toddlers), or drug abuse in adolescents.