small engine lubricants - infineum insight...•ma: indices from both ma1 and ma2 •mb: at least...
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©INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2019 All Rights Reserved.
Performance you can rely on.
© INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2019. All Rights Reserved.
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Small Engine Lubricants
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SnowmobilesOutboards Garden Equipment
ChainsawsPersonal Water CraftPowered Two-wheelers
Small Engines are Diverse
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Bikes are Main Form of Transport for Many
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Traditional Four Stroke Engine (4T)
• The sump is oil filled and the oil recirculates• Inherently low emissions
Intake stroke Compressionstroke
Powerstroke
Exhauststroke
Intake valve
Exhaust valve
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Traditional Two Stroke Engine (2T)
• More power / less weight • Two stroke engines mix oil with fuel and consume the oil
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Conventional 2T Engines
Fuel/oil/air from crankcase
Conventional
Exhaust with unburnt fuel / oil
25-35% unburned fuel and oil
Conventional 2T engines have high hydrocarbons emissions due to unburned fuel
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Notice: Exhaust port is blocked, therefore reduced emissions
• 2T direct fuel injection (DFI) way to address emissions• Fuel injected when piston is top dead centre
Direct injection
Exhaust
Oil and air from crankcase
Fuel
2T direct fuel injection (DFI)
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Performance you can rely on.
Two Stroke and Four Stroke Oil Differences
Additive
Visc. Modifier
Base Stock
Four stroke Two stroke
Both type and amount of additive
are different
Solvent
PIB
Base Stock
Additive
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Two-Stroke Formulation
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2T Use Different Cooling Approaches
Air WaterCoolant
Outboards and personal water craft
Garden equipment and miscellaneous small engines
Powered 2-wheelers, snowmobiles and micro-light aircraft
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Approaches Require Different 2T Formulations
AshlessFormulations
Air WaterCoolant
Low Ash Formulations
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Low Ash Oils are Lower Cost
Air cooled engines run hotter than water cooled
Solvent
Lubricity agent(PIB or brightstock)
Base Stock
Additive
Mineral Oil / Ester, not PAO
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Water Cooled 2T Require Ashless
Water / cooled engines run cooler
Solvent
Additive SystemLubricity agent
usually included in the additive system
Mineral Oil / Ester, not PAO
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Burnability Key for 2T Oils
Solvent
PIB
Mineral Oil / Ester, not PAO
Additive
Pros Cons
Cleanliness Reduced burnabilityIncreased smokeIncreased blockingIncreased cost
LubricityBurns cleanlyReduced smokeImproved blocking
Increased cost
Miscibility FluidityBurns cleanlyReduced smokeReduced blocking
Reduced lubricity
Lubricity Increased smokeIncreased blocking Reduced cleanliness
Additive
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Two Stroke Land Equipment
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Two Stroke Land High power and low weight
Small Quad BikesScooters, mopeds, motorcycles
Many small companiesLawn and garden equipment –
strimmers, blowers etc.
Chainsaws Micro-light aircraft
Yamaha, Kawasaki, KTM, Husqvarna
Echo, Stihl, Husqvarna
Echo, Stihl, Husqvarna Rotax Snow mobilesYamaha, BRP, Polaris
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Performance you can rely on.
API TC
Category Application Examples Test ProceduresCritical
Lubrication Requirements
TAMopeds, lawn mowers,small generators/pumps OBSOLETE
TBMotorscooters, small (<250cc)motorcycles, some chainsaws OBSOLETE
TCLean oil/fuel ratio chainsaws, hi-performance motorcycles,
snowmobiles
Yamaha Y350M-2Piston deposits, ring sticking
Yamaha CE50STightening and pre-ignition
• Piston scuffing• Deposit induced
preignition• Ring sticking
TD Outboard motors OBSOLETE
API TC specification can be found in ASTM D4859 and SAE J2116
• API TC only API specification for 2T oil air-cooled applications
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Standards JASO M345 and ISO 13738
DetergencyJASO M 341-92
LubricityJASO M 340-92
SmokeJASO M 342-92
Exhaust BlockingJASO M 343-92
JASO
FAJASO
FBJASO
FCJASO
FD
Increasing Quality
Smokeless
ISO
EGCISO
EGDISO
EGB
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API TC Performance
Minimum for API TC
Ad
dit
ive
pac
kage
tr
eat
rate
FA
FB
FC
FD
• API TC performance requires more than minimum treat rates
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Two Stroke Outboard
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Two Stroke Outboard OEMs
Yamaha
Mercury Marine
BRP
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NMMA Two Stroke Outboard Standards
TC-W
1960s
1980s
TC-WIIS-xxxxx 1992
1996
2004TC-W33-xxxxx
RECERTIFIED
TC-W3R-xxxxx
RECERTIFIED
TC-W3RL-xxxxx
RECERTIFIED
TC-W3RL-xxxxxM
2016
NMMA TC-W3 is the only current
two stroke outboard standard
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Performance you can rely on.
TC-W3 Demonstration Program Comprehensive and expensive
Analytical Testing
KV40
Total acid number
Cloud point
Nitrogen
FTIR scan
Bench Testing
Fluidity @ -25°C
Miscibility @ -25°C
Rust
Filterability
Compatibility
Engine Testing
CE-50 lubricity (Yamaha 50 cc)
AF-27 lubricity (Honda Dio)
Pre-ignition (Yamaha 50cc)
General performance (OMC 40 HP)
Detergency/scuffing (Mercury 15 HP) x 2
Ring sticking/detergency (OMC 70 HP)
>$300k
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TC-W3 Read Across ProgrammesCut testing costs
Analytical Testing
KV40Total Acid NumberCloud PointNitrogenFTIR Scan
Bench Testing
Fluidity @ -25°CMiscibility @ -25°C
Engine Testing
Lubricity (Yamaha 50 cc)AF-27 Lubricity (Honda Dio)Detergency/Scuffing (Mercury 15 HP) x 2
Up to
$50kAdditive (+20% relative)
Solvent change/substitution (+/-20% relative)
PPD conc. change (+/-1%) and substitutions (0.5%)
PIB conc. change (+/-25% relative)
Brightstock conc. changes (+/-10%)
Base oil conc. changes (+/-25% relative) and supply changes
Additive reductions and addition of new components
Allowed:
Read Across Rules:
Not allowed:
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TC-W3 is Significant Improvement
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TC-W3 is Significant Improvement
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Field Trial Performance Also Shows Benefits
TC-WII TC-W3
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Four Stroke Outboards
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Marine Applications
Stringent emission regulations have driven marine engine OEMs to expand use of four stroke engines
BRP are only OEM that promotes just two stroke
Marine four stroke engines have different lubrication requirements compared to passenger car engines
• Majority of marine applications are four stroke
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Four Stroke Outboards Special requirements
Vertical crankshaft orientation• Requires exceptional bearing lubrication
Driving regime• Idle time: high fuel dilution and wear
• High engine speed: wear concerns
Operating conditions• Corrosive
• Longer than recommended oil changes
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NMMA Four Stroke Standard
NMMA FC-W standard introduced in 2004
Similar NMMA certification process and costs to the long established TC-W3
• Marketer obtains trademark license from NMMA
• Annual fee $1,600 per oil
Intended for all gasoline-powered four stroke marine applications
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NMMA FC-W Standard Requirements
HeritageMinimum SG quality
Performance Bench TestingFoam, Seq. I - III (Industry limits)Foam, Seq. IV (200/50 max)Shear Stability (Report)HTHS (3.3 cP min after shear)Mercury Rust Test (< Ref. Oil)Noack Volatility (Report)EOFT (50% max)
IdentificationKV40VISpecific gravityTBNTANElementals (Report all)SulphurNitrogenFTIR Spectrum
Visc. Grade Testing
KV100°C (Vis grade limits)
CCS (Vis grade limits)
MRV-TP1 (Vis grade limits)
Engine Testing
Yamaha 115 hp Gen. Perf
Required Testing for Basic Read-across Oil ProgramExpected Test Cost is $2K to $7k
Required Additional Testing for Complete FC-W ApprovalExpected Test Cost is $45K – $55k
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3 Main Engine Layouts
Outboard
Sterndrive(Inboard/Outboards)
M
M
M Inboard
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NMMA Standard FC-W catalyst compatible
NMMA “FC-W Catalyst Compatible” launched September 2009
FC-W Catalyst Compatible does not replace the original FC-W
FC-W Catalyst Compatible includes the original FC-W requirements plus additional requirements
• API SM quality minimum
• Phosphorus limit: 0.06 – 0.08%
• Silicon limit: < 0.002%
• Stay-in-grade viscosity per SAE J300
• Noack volatility: ≤ 22%
Oils meeting FC-W Catalyst Compatible can be used where the original FC-W is recommended
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Four Stroke Motorcycles
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Engines run hotter• Higher rpm than cars
• Small sumps
Oil must lubricate the clutch, gears and engine
• Requires balanced approach
4T Motorcycle Dedicated Oil Benefit
PCMO requirements continue to diverge from those needed for MCOs
Specification Min P % Max P %
API SM 0.06 0.08
API SN 0.08
JASO 0.08 0.12
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Motorcycle Oils
ENGINE: Wear Protection
CLUTCH: Shift Durability
GEARS:Pitting Protection
Requires a balanced formulation approach
Motorcycle oils depend on 3 lubrication functions
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JASO T903 Four stroke motorcycle standard
JASO: registering four stroke motorcycle oils since 1999• Introduction driven by OEM concern about suitability of some
conventional passenger car lubricants
Current specification: JASO T903:2016
Specification is relatively cheap
Next revision planned for 2023, may include:
• Tighter phosphorus limits
• Gear pitting test
• JASO SP and SN plus category
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JASO T903 Four stoke motorcycles specification evolution
1999 Original 2006 Revision 2011 Revision 2016 Revision
API SE to SJ SG to SM SG to SN SG to SN
ILSAC GF-1, GF-2 GF-1, GF-2, GF-3 GF-1, GF-2, GF-3 GF-1, GF-2, GF-3
ACEA A1 to A3 A/B, C2, C3A1/B1, A3/B3,
A3/B4, A5/B5 C2, C3, C4
A1/B1, A3/B3, A3/B4, A5/B5 C2,
C3, C4
CCMC G-4/G-5 Eliminated -- --
Updated engine requirements
1999 Original 2006 Revision 2011 Revision 2016 Revision
Phosphorus No Limits 0.08 – 0.12% 0.08 – 0.12% 0.08 – 0.12%
Phosphorus limit remains the sameJASO conflicts
with ILSAC
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Friction Performance Defines Product
• MA2: all three indices must be MA2
• MA1: all three indices must be MA1
• MA: indices from both MA1 and MA2
• MB: at least one index is in the MB range
Index / Classification MA2 MA1 MA MB
Dynamic Friction Index (DFI) 1.50 ≤ x ≤ 2.50 1.30 ≤ x ≤ 1.50 1.30 ≤ x ≤ 2.50 0.40 ≤ x ≤ 1.35
Static Friction Index (SFI) 1.60 ≤ x ≤ 2.50 1.45 ≤ x ≤ 1.60 1.45 ≤ x ≤ 2.50 0.40 ≤ x ≤ 1.45
Stop Time Index (STI) 1.60 ≤ x ≤ 2.50 1.40 ≤ x ≤ 1.60 1.40 ≤ x ≤ 2.50 0.40 ≤ x ≤ 1.40
MBFor scooters without
wet clutch
MA1
MA2
Fric
tio
n In
dex
Max
Min
MA
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Supporting Industry Claim
API SG, SH, SJ, SL, SM, SN
ILSAC GF-1, GF-2, GF-3
ACEA A1/B1, A3/B3, A3/B4, A5/B5, C2, C3, C4
Bench Testing
Sulphated ash [m%] 1.2 max JIS K 2272
Phosphorus [m%] ≥0.08 and ≤0.12 JPI-5S-38
NOACK volatility [m%] 20 max JPI-5S-41
HTHS150 [mPa.s] 2.9 cP max JPI-5S-36
Foaming Tendency [mL](foaming / settling)
Seq. I: 10 / 0 maxSeq. II: 50 / 0 maxSeq. III: 10 / 0 max
JIS K 2518
Shear stability [mm2/s](KV100 after 30 cycles)
xW-30: 9.0 minxW-40: 12.0 minxW-50: 15.0 minOther grades: stay in grade
ASTM D6278
JASO T903 Four stoke motorcycles specification (revised 2016)
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Summary
2T OutboardNMMA TC-W3Requires ashless technology
4T OutboardNMMA FC-W and FC-W Catalyst CompatibleRequires rust prevention technology
4T MotorcycleJASO T903 MA or MBRequires suitable friction and wear performance
2T Land JASO M345 and API TCRequire low-ash technology
Standards• JASO : www.jalos.or.jp/onfile/jaso_e.htm
• NMMA : www.nmma.org/certification/oil/
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Performance you can rely on.
Small engines Special applications requiring special lubricants
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Performance you can rely on.
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