small off-road engines: 2020 rulemaking concepts · 9/26/2019 · 1990 exhaust standards adopted....
TRANSCRIPT
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Small Off-Road Engines:2020 Rulemaking Concepts
September 26, 2019
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Workshop Overview• Background and regulatory history• Population and activity survey• 2020 Rulemaking• Reducing fuel spills and drips• Transitioning to zero emissions• Rulemaking process
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Background andRegulatory History
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Small Off-Road Engines (SORE)
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Sources of Emissions
During operation:Exhaust and evaporative
During storage: Evaporative
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1990Exhaust
standards adopted
2003Tier 3 exhaust
standards and first evap standards adopted
2005-2013Tier 3 exhaust and
evap standards implemented
1995-1996Tier 1 exhaust
standards implemented
2000-2002Tier 2 exhaust
standards implemented
2008-2015 Evap validation
studies
SORE Regulatory History
6
2016Evap
amendments adopted
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SORE Emissions Versus Cars(Statewide)
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• SORE emissions projected to increase
• Will surpass those from light-duty passenger cars in early 2020s
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ROG Majority of SORE Emissions
80.8
21.1
10.34.4
ROG (CA) ROG (Preempt) NOx (CA) NOx (Preempt)
Emissions (tons per day)
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0%
50%
100%
Com
plia
nce
Rat
e
0%
50%
100%
Com
plia
nce
Rat
e
60%Failed
50%Failed
High Evaporative EmissionsPerformance Design
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2015 2016 2017Model Year
Fail
Pass2018
24-h
r em
issi
ons/
stan
dard
CARB Evap Emissions Compliance Testing
• 42% have failed overall
• Fuel caps implicated
• Leaking fuel tanks
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Population and Activity Survey
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Survey to Update Lawn and Garden Equipment Population
• Updating equipment population to refine inventory
• Determine penetration of zero-emission equipment in California
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CSUF Social Science Research Center
• Experience with statistically valid phone surveys• Team of student callers are trained in the survey-
managers are experienced callers• Household survey captured both landlines and
cell-only households
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Sample Frames
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Household Occupied households that do not run a landscaping business
12,944,178(US census)
Business Businesses, except home-based and landscaping
1,851,224 (Econ census)
Licensed landscapers
NAICS 541320 (Landscape and Architectural Services), 561730 (Landscaping Services)
59,385(Econ census)
Unlicensed landscapers
Calculated from remaining residential demand
23,666
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Number of Surveys Conducted
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Survey Number attempted to contact
Number completed surveys
Household 13,638 1,152Business 8,079 1,350All landscapers 7,247 629
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Popu
latio
n(m
illion
s)
Household L&G Equipment
16
• Occupied households in California
• Weighted to account for residence type and household size
• 16 million pieces of residential lawn and garden equipment
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(thou
sand
s)Po
pula
tion
Business L&G Equipment
17
• Home-based and landscaping businesses excluded
• Weighted to account for industry and number of employees
• 800,000 pieces of lawn and garden equipment
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Popu
latio
n(th
ousa
nds)
Licensed Landscaping Business
18
• NAICS codes 541320 (Landscape and Architectural Services), 561730 (Landscaping Services)
• Weighted to account for sole proprietorships
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Popu
latio
n(th
ousa
nds)
Unlicensed Landscaping Business
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• Calculated from remaining residential demand for landscapers
• No weighting applied
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Estimating Unlicensed Landscapers
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24,000 unlicensed landscapers781,000 remaining demand ÷ 33 clients = 24,000
2.7M households reached by licensed landscapers53,000 landscapers × 96% service homes × 54 clients = 2.7M
3.5M single family homes in CA using a landscaper13M households × 58% single family × 47% use landscaper = 3.5M
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Equipment Maintenance
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• Percent of equipment owners following maintenance schedules
• “Other” usually monthly or weekly for landscapers
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Survey Summary• Residential equipment already
majority electric• Electric equipment has low
adoption rate among commercial users
• Equipment frequently does not receive recommended maintenance
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2020 Rulemaking
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Need for Further Reductions
Statewide Reductions (tons per day, expected)NOx ROG
Total 168 86SORE 4 36Additional Off-Road 18 20
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2016 State Implementation Plan (SIP) Strategy
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Future Emission Standards• Factors for consideration
• Updated emission inventory• State Implementation Plan• Technological feasibility• Mobile Source Strategy
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Exhaust Emission Rates (Class 1-2)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Class 1 (80 cc < disp. < 225 cc) Class 2 (disp. ≥ 225 cc)
HC
+ N
Ox
(g/k
Wh)
Uncontrolled (lowest) Tier 1 Tier 2 Tier 3 Lowest Certified
Emission standards
Emission standards-30%
19%
76%
-33%21%
99%
-19%
1990 1995 2002 2007 2009 1990 1995 2002 2008 2019
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0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Class 3-4 (< 50 cc) Class 5 (50 ≤ disp. ≤ 80 cc)
HC
+ N
Ox
(g/k
Wh)
Uncontrolled (commercial) Tier 1 Tier 2 Tier 3 Lowest Certified
-3%Emission standards
73%
76%
18%
93%
65%
81%
1990 1995 2000 2005 2019 1990 1995 2000 2005 2019
Exhaust Emission Standards (Class 3-5)
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Emission standards
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Future Exhaust Emission Standards• Reduce maximum emission rates (FEL caps)• Revisit emission durability periods• Continue use of ABT emission reduction credit
program• Amend ZEE emission reduction credit program
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Evaporative Emission Standards (> 80 cc)
0
2
4
6
8
10
Class 1 (80 cc < disp. < 225 cc) Class 2 (disp. ≥ 225 cc)
Diu
rnal
Em
issi
ons
(g H
C/d
ay)
Uncontrolled (Example) Emission Standards Lowest Certified
Up to 60%
73%
Up to 86%
97%
Standard
Standard
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Evaporative Emissions Research Testing2-Stroke Handheld (≤ 80 cc) Baseline – Hot Soak Emissions
30
0
0.3
0.6
0.9
1.2
1.5
Hot
Soa
k Em
issi
ons
(g)
Equipment Type
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Evaporative Emissions Research Testing2-Stroke Baseline – Diurnal Emissions
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0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
24-h
r Em
issi
ons
(g/d
ay)
Equipment Type
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Future Evaporative Emission Standards• Hot soak + diurnal emissions
• No dependence on fuel tank volume• Standards for ≤ 80 cc (handheld) engines
• Revisit carbon canister working capacity determination• Design standards
• May be eliminated• No dependence on surface area
• Tests for fuel spillage
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Reducing Fuel Spills and Drips
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Tilt Test• Tilt equipment 90 degrees
• Forward• Backward• Left• Right
• No fuel leak in 5 minutes
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3
4 5
2
1
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Canister Contamination• Weigh canister before and after
• Tilt test• Overfill test in ANSI/OPEI B71.10
• Increase in mass suggests exposure to liquid fuel• Installation requirement in section 2754(d)
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Fuel Cap and Tether Drips• Start with full fuel tank• Install and remove fuel cap• No fuel spillage
from fuel cap ortether
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Other Ideas?• Ways to reduce…
• Fuel spillage during refueling• Spills or leaks during use or transport• Problems due to improper filling or handling
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Transitioning to Zero Emissions
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Zero Emission Equipment Credits• Available since 2010• 8 equipment types• Used to offset emissions• First ZEE certified in 2018• 2 manufacturers participating
• 5 equipment types total
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Transitioning to Zero Emissions
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Zero emission standards
0 gꞏkWh-1 (exh)0 gꞏday-1 (evap)
End spark-ignition
engine sales
2020Adopt new emission standards
Reduced emission standards
2031Ozone SIP attainment deadline
Credit use allowed
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Rulemaking Process
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Stakeholder Engagement• Stakeholders
• Participate in workshops and meetings• Share ideas to reduce emissions• Share test data and product information• Propose changes to ZEE credit program
• CARB staff• Public process
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First workshop for 2016 evap amendments/
future concepts
2019Emission inventory
September 2019First workshop
2018-2019 Population and activity survey
2018-2019 Exhaust and evap testing
September 2020 Propose new
standards
2020 Emission inventory and proposed rule
workshops
20152020 SORE Rulemaking Timeline
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Next Steps• Continue exhaust and evaporative testing• Emission inventory workshop (Q1 2020)• Develop regulatory proposal• Regulatory proposal workshop (Q2 2020)
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CARB Staff Contact InformationMonitoring and Laboratory Division
• Christopher Dilbeck, Ph.D. – SORE lead(916) 319-0106, [email protected]
• Dorothy Fibiger, Ph.D. – ZEE lead(916) 324-8426, [email protected]
• Angus MacPherson, P.E. – Manager(916) 445-4686, [email protected]
• Manisha Singh, Ph.D. – Chief, Quality Management Branch(916) 327-1501, [email protected]
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