small states economic review and basic statistics volume 18

volume

Small StatesEconomic Review and Basic Statistics

Focus on fi nancing for development

1818Small States18Small StatesSmall States18Small StatesEconomic Review and Basic Statistics18Economic Review and Basic Statistics

This unique annual collection of key economic and statistical data on states with fewer than 5 million inhabitants is an essential reference for economists, planners and policy-makers working on issues of concern to small states. This volume contains 17 tables covering development indicators and an article focusing on the reform of overseas development assistance (ODA) and post-2015 fi nancing for development (FFD) in small states.

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ISBN 978-1-84929-143-9

2914397818499

ISBN 978-1-84929-143-9

CW_SMALL_STATES_18_280x205 aw A.indd 1-3 24/09/2015 10:38

Small States: Economic Review and Basic Statistics, Volume 18

Commonwealth SecretariatMarlborough HousePall MallLondon SW1Y 5HXUnited Kingdom

© Commonwealth Secretariat 2015

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or otherwise without the permission of the publisher.

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Views and opinions expressed in this publication are the responsibility of the authors and should in no way be attributed to the institutions to which they are affiliated or to the Commonwealth Secretariat.

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Publications SectionCommonwealth SecretariatMarlborough HousePall MallLondon SW1Y 5HXUnited KingdomTel: +44 (0)20 7747 6534Fax: +44 (0)20 7839 9081Email: [email protected]: www.thecommonwealth.org/publications

A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library.

ISBN (paperback): 978-1-84929-143-9ISBN (e-book): 978-1-84859-938-3

Foreword

This eighteenth issue of Small States: Economic Review and Basic Statistics focuses on the future of overseas development assistance (ODA) and post-2015 development financing in small island developing states (SIDS), a topic that is particularly important in the lead-up to the United Nations’ summit on the post-2015 development agenda in September 2015. The feature article by Travis Mitchell, Economic Adviser at the Commonwealth Secretariat, reviews the decisions made by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development - Development Assistance Committee (OECD-DAC) in December 2014 to reform the DAC statistical framework. Among other things, the reforms could potentially increase the level of assistance to vulnerable countries (including SIDS), revise reporting requirements for ODA, reconsider the treatment of market instruments in ODA, and introduce a new measure of aid (total official support for development). The paper assesses the impact these changes will have on development financing in SIDS. It concludes that, for DAC members to meet their commitment to expand assistance to SIDS, disbursements between 2015 and 2017 will have to be substantial, since ODA to SIDS is currently projected to fall by approximately 2.4 per cent during this period.

As with past issues, the publication is split into two parts. Part I is divided into three chapters. Chapter 1 provides a comparative analysis of economic and social development in all small states while Chapter 2 has an individual country analysis for each Commonwealth small state. Chapter 3 features the article on ODA reforms and post-2015 development financing in SIDS. Part II of the publication contains tables on basic social and economic data on small states.

This report is intended to be a reference document for stakeholders and policy-makers in small states and their development partners as well as for specialists and academics within the fields of economic and social policies.

The publication has been prepared by Denny Lewis-Bynoe, Head of Section, Wonderful Hope Khonje, Economic Officer, Aimé Sindayigaya, Alicia Matheson, Elizabeth Shepperson and Heather Cover-Kus, Research Officers, and Kirthika Selvakumar and Mayeesha Jamil, Interns, all within the Economic Policy Division of the Commonwealth Secretariat.

Janet StrachanDirectorEconomic Policy DivisionCommonwealth Secretariat

iii

What Are Small States?

The Commonwealth defines small states as sovereign countries with a population of 1.5 million people or fewer. The Commonwealth also designates some of its larger member countries – Botswana, Jamaica, Lesotho, Namibia and Papua New Guinea – as small states because they share many of the characteristics of small states. Thirty-one of the fifty-three Commonwealth member countries are small states.

The group of small states analysed in this publication includes other non-Commonwealth small states as defined by the World Bank (World Bank 2014). The total number of countries in the small states group is 50.

Reference

World Bank (2014), ‘Small states’, available at: www.worldbank.org/en/country/smallstates (accessed 4 September 2014).

Commonwealth small states

AfricaBotswana NamibiaLesotho SeychellesMauritius Swaziland

AsiaBrunei Darussalam Maldives

The CaribbeanAntigua and Barbuda GuyanaBahamas, The JamaicaBarbados St Kitts and NevisBelize St LuciaDominica St Vincent and the GrenadinesGrenada Trinidad and Tobago

EuropeCyprus Malta

The PacificFiji Solomon IslandsKiribati TongaNauru TuvaluPapua New Guinea VanuatuSamoa

iv

Contents

Foreword iii

What Are Small States? iv

Abbreviations and acronyms x

Part I. Recent Trends in Commonwealth Small States 1

1. Economic and Social Development in Small States 11.1 Introduction 11.2 The global economic outlook 21.3 Economic growth in small states 31.4 Inflation 41.5 Unemployment 51.6 International trade 61.7 Competitiveness 81.8 Development aid 101.9 Remittances 121.10 Human and social development indicators 13

1.10.1 Human Development Index 131.10.2 The Commonwealth Youth Development Index 16

Glossary 16References 18

2. Country Analysis 202.1 African small states 20

2.1.1 Botswana 202.1.2 Lesotho 202.1.3 Mauritius 202.1.4 Namibia 212.1.5 Seychelles 212.1.6 Swaziland 21

2.2 Asia-Pacific small states 222.2.1 Brunei Darussalam 222.2.2 Fiji 222.2.3 Kiribati 222.2.4 Maldives 222.2.5 Nauru 222.2.6 Papua New Guinea 23

v

2.2.7 Samoa 232.2.8 Solomon Islands 232.2.9 Tonga 232.2.10 Tuvalu 242.2.11 Vanuatu 24

2.3 European small states 242.3.1 Cyprus 242.3.2 Malta 25

2.4 Caribbean small states 252.4.1 Antigua and Barbuda 252.4.2 The Bahamas 252.4.3 Barbados 262.4.4 Belize 262.4.5 Dominica 262.4.6 Grenada 262.4.7 Guyana 272.4.8 Jamaica 272.4.9 St Kitts and Nevis 272.4.10 St Lucia 272.4.11 St Vincent and the Grenadines 282.4.12 Trinidad and Tobago 28

References 28

3. ODA and Development Financing in SIDS Post 2015 31Travis Mitchell3.1 Summary 313.2 Introduction 323.3 DAC High-Level Committee decisions on post-2015 ODA reform 33

3.3.1 OECD-DAC mandates 333.3.2 The DAC High-Level Committee decisions 34

3.4 Development financing in SIDS and major OECD donor partners 353.4.1 Development financing 353.4.2 Major partners 35

3.5 The future of ODA in SIDS 373.5.1 Predictability power of donors’ future spending plans 373.5.2 DAC donors’ spending priorities related to SIDS 373.5.3 Projections for DAC donor spending in SIDS 40

3.6 Conclusions 43Glossary 43Appendix 3.1 Elaborated definition of ‘concessionality’ 45Appendix 3.2 Donors’ spending plans 46Appendix 3.3 Multilaterals’ spending plans 47

Part II. Social and Economic Data on Small States 48

Technical notes for tablesTable 1. Size of the economy 54Table 2. Growth of the economy 60

vi Small States: Economic Review and Basic Statistics

Table 3. Economic activity 62Table 4. Prices 68Table 5. Private sector 70Table 6. Public sector 72Table 7. Trade 74Table 8. Aid dependency 82Table 9. Energy and environment 86Table 10. Agriculture and forestry 88Table 11. Poverty 90Table 12. Health 94Table 13. Education 98Table 14. Gender 102Table 15. Globalisation 108Table 16. Governance 112Table 17. Youth 115

Contents vii

List of figuresFigure 1.1 Small states per income group (% of total), 2013 2Figure 1.2 Average GDP growth (%): world, advanced economies, and emerging

market and developing economies, 2005–2013 2Figure 1.3 Average GDP growth (%) for small states and the world annually and

average for small states over time, 2005–2013 3Figure 1.4 Average GDP growth for small states (%) per region, 2005–2013 4Figure 1.5 Annual growth (%) in household final consumption in small states, 2005–2013 5Figure 1.6 Average general government final consumption expenditure

(annual % growth), 2005–2013 5Figure 1.7 Aggregate Inflation, consumer prices (annual %), 2005–2013 6Figure 1.8 Average unemployment, total (% of total labour force) (modelled International

Labour Organization estimate) in small states, 2005–2013 6Figure 1.9 Current account balance (% of GDP), 2005–2012 7Figure 1.10 Food and fuel imports (% merchandise imports), 2005–2012 7Figure 1.11 Average imports of goods and services (annual % growth) 8Figure 1.12 Average exports of goods and services (annual % growth) 8Figure 1.13 Intraregional trade of regional groups for export products, annual,

2005–2013 (%) 9Figure 1.14 Intraregional trade of regional groups for import products, annual,

2005–2013 (%) 9Figure 1.15 Net ODA received per capita (current US$) 12Figure 1.16 Total debt service as percentage of GNI 12Figure 1.17 Concessional debt (% of total external debt) 13Figure 1.18 Personal remittances received (% of GDP) 13Figure 1.19 Average personal remittances received (current US$ million) in small

states by region, 2005–2013 14Figure 1.20 Average personal remittances received (% of GDP) in small states

by region, 2005–2013 14Figure 1.21 HDI against YDI for selected Commonwealth small states 18Figure 3.1 ODA by vulnerable group (US$, millions) 32Figure 3.2 ODA by income category (US$, millions) 33Figure 3.3 Total resource flows by modality (1960–2013, US$ millions) 34Figure 3.4 ODA dependence in developing countries (ODA/GDP %) 36Figure 3.5 Composition of ODA to SIDS 37Figure 3.6 Dispersion of ODA grants and loans in SIDS (US$, millions) 37Figure 3.7 Major multilateral donors to SIDS (2008–2012, US$ millions) 38Figure 3.8 Major Multilateral Donors to SIDS (2008–2012, US$ millions) 39

List of tablesTable 1.1 Global Competitiveness Index for selected Commonwealth small states 10Table 1.2 Commonwealth small states in the Ease of Doing Business Index 2015 11Table 1.3 Social development indicators for Commonwealth small states 15Table 1.4 Youth Development Index for Commonwealth small states 17

viii Small States: Economic Review and Basic Statistics

Table 3.1 List of OECD-DAC donors and SIDS recipients 36Table 3.2 Compositions of major donors’ country programmable aid (CPA) 39Table 3.3 DAC donor priorities, 2014–17 40Table 3.4 Country programmable aid projections, 2014–17 41Table A3.2.1 Availability of donors’ spending plans 46Table A3.3.1 Availability of multilaterals’ spending plans 47

Contents ix

Abbreviations and acronyms

ADB Asian Development Bank

CPA country programmable aid

DAC Development Assistance Committee

EU European Union

FDI foreign direct investment

GDP gross domestic product

GNI gross national income

HDI Human Development Index

IHDI inequality-adjusted Human Development Index

IMF International Monetary Fund

LDC least developed countries

LLDC landlocked developing countries

ODA overseas development assistance

OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

SIDS small island developing states

UN United Nations

UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development

YDI Youth Development Index

x

Part I. recent trends in commonwealth small states

Chapter 1

Economic and Social Development in Small States

1.1 Introduction

Small states are not a homogeneous group of countries. There are significant national, cultural and regional differences between them. However, despite their diversity, as a group small states face common challenges, which arise as a consequence of their size. For example, their small populations mean that their human capacity is limited and human resources in both the public and private sectors are often strained. Additionally, the small size implies a modest tax base from which to draw the government revenue needed to finance the public services that every sovereign country requires (such as building airports, providing a justice system and educating young people). The higher costs per person of these public goods in small states further compound the problem.

Among small states, economic production is often narrow and heavily concentrated on a few activities, mainly around tourism, agriculture, fisheries and off-shore financial services. As a consequence, these economies are heavily exposed to developments within or affecting these sectors. This concentrated production structure usually implies that small states tend to be very open (to purchase those items not produced locally). Given the size of these economies, there is limited capacity to harness natural resources and to benefit from the economies of scale that would allow them to become more competitive. Furthermore, limited natural resources reduces the ability to diversify the economy and extend production to other sectors. There is, therefore, greater dependence on strategic imports, particularly energy and food, in small states than in larger countries. Small states are heavily dependent on trade for economic development and social progress. However, for some small states, particularly those in the Pacific, their remoteness from major markets, in terms of both imports and exports, means that high transport costs are a barrier to trade.

Not surprisingly given the aforementioned, small states face low competitiveness. Their small domestic markets, limited domestic natural and human resources, limited

scope for benefiting from economies of scale, and remoteness constrain their ability to compete and attract foreign direct investment (FDI).

Moreover, while many small island states hinge their growth and development prospects on their unique natural beauty and geographical location, these same factors may sometimes give rise to their own set of additional challenges. Small island developing states (SIDS) are more likely to be vulnerable to major natural disasters such as volcanic eruptions, hurricanes and tsunamis. Furthermore, they face heightened threats posed by global climate change and, although not directly responsible for climate change, they have to share (often disproportionately) in the consequences.

Given these challenges, it is not surprising that small states’ public debt levels have risen sharply in several Commonwealth small states since the first decade of the twenty-first century. Although public debt for the group as a whole declined by some 14 per cent between 2000 and 2012, this overall average masks significant divergences when public debt is decomposed by region and by income classification, with Caribbean small states emerging as particularly heavily indebted.

Financing their development has been particularly challenging for many small states, most of which have been graduated from concessional financing on the basis of their relatively high per capita incomes (see Figure 1.1). Moreover, access to global capital markets for critical development finance is difficult. There is evidence that private markets tend to see small states as more risky than larger states, resulting in access challenges, high interest rates and extremely high debt and debt financing costs.

It is important to consider how the challenges outlined above have affected small states’ economic and social development. Accordingly, this chapter takes a more detailed look at the performance of both Commonwealth and non-Commonwealth small states in 2013–14 and compares it with that of larger developing and advanced economies. It aims to provide a synopsis of

1

the recent economic and social trends in these countries based on key factors that have a significant impact on their sustainable growth and development including gross domestic product (GDP) growth, inflation rates, international trade measures, debt levels, competitiveness, development aid and remittances. Furthermore, it looks at other indicators of development, such as the Human Development Index, and the Youth Development Index developed by the Commonwealth Secretariat.

1.2 The global economic outlook

As small states are international price takers, any analysis of their economic performance must be set in the wider context of the health of the global economy. Interestingly, 2013 was a year of slow transition out of recession for many large countries. According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the growth forecast for the world economy was 3.3 per cent in

Figure 1.1 Small states per income group (% of total), 2013

6.67

31.11

42.22

20.00

Low income Lower-middle income Upper-middle income High income

Note: Low income, US$1,035 or less gross national income (GNI) per capita; lower-middle income, US$1,036–4,085 GNI per capita; upper-middle income, US$4,086–12,615 GNI per capita; high income, US$12,616 or more GNI per capita.Source: Commonwealth Secretariat calculations, data: World Bank (2015).

Figure 1.2 Average GDP growth (%): world, advanced economies, and emerging market and developing economies, 2005–2013

–4

–2

0

2

4

6

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2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

GDP

Grow

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Emerging market and developing economies Advanced economies World

Source: World Bank (2015)

2 Small States: Economic Review and Basic Statistics

2014, rising to 3.8 per cent in 2015, largely as a result of weaker than expected global activity in the first half of 2014 (IMF 2014). Advanced economies gradually strengthened. While the USA enjoyed robust private sector demand, its growth was tapered by strong fiscal consolidation. Both Japan and the core economies of Europe showed signs of recovery, yet southern European countries continued to struggle. However, the major news came from emerging market economies, where growth declined – often by more than previously forecast. In Russia and South Africa this decline was a part of the ebbs and flows of the economic cycle, while in India and China the slowing growth rate reflects the economies gearing down as they reach their production capacities. Overall, the global economy continued to show signs of recovering from the economic crisis, albeit slowly.

1.3 Economic growth in small states

Given the very slow global economic recovery, it is not surprising that, as a group, small states experienced an average growth rate below those of both emerging market economies and the world average for 2013–14. In general, the increased private demand in advanced economies has yet to make a significant impact on demand for goods and services in small states. Additionally, internal demand has been sluggish and many governments are still facing high debt burdens. Small states’ relatively high GNI per capita may

mask the challenges they face to achieve and sustain economic growth. As shown in Figure 1.3, the average real GDP growth rate in small states between 2005 and 2013 was 3.16 per cent. Over this period, there were significant peaks of 5.68 per cent in 2007 and troughs of –0.94 per cent in 2009 due to the global recession. It is important to note that small states’ growth has consistently tracked below the world average. The gap between the two trajectories seems to widen during periods of growth (2005) and narrow during times of decline (2008). The economic recovery which began in 2010 seems to have lagged for small states. At 2.23 per cent, average GDP growth for small states in 2013 remains below its nine-year average of 3.16 per cent.

Looking at growth within small states by region (Figure 1.4) is informative, as some regions fare better than others. It is clear that oil-rich small states in the Middle East have almost consistently maintained higher growth rates than their counterparts in other regions. They are also recovering more quickly from the recession of 2009 and the economic downturn of 2012, with a growth rate of 5.83 per cent in 2013. Given the struggles of many European Union (EU) countries in the recent past, perhaps it is not surprising that growth in the European small states has been the most volatile of the regions since 2010. After recording relatively high growth rates, they experienced the biggest decline during the worst of the global recession, with growth rates falling 12.86 percentage points between 2007 and 2009. Following positive growth rates in 2010 and 2011

Figure 1.3 Average GDP growth (%) for small states and the world annually and average for small states over time, 2005–2013

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2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

GDP

Grow

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Small states average 2005–2013 Small states average per year World average per year


Economic and Social Development in Small States 3

of 1.52 and 3.09 per cent respectively, growth fell again in 2012 to 0.39 per cent in 2012. However, like their larger European neighbours, these states are slowly beginning to rebound, with a growth rate of 1.19 per cent in 2013.

Asian small states have struggled recently, with average growth rates slowing from 8.12 per cent in 2011 to 1.34 per cent in 2013 because of the slowed growth in larger regional trading partners such as India and China. Conversely, Caribbean small states have grown consistently, although marginally, since 2009, peaking at a growth rate of 1.67 per cent in 2013. The marginal growth in Jamaica and The Bahamas (0.2 per cent and 0.7 per cent, respectively) was balanced by the strong performance in Guyana, which recorded a growth rate of 5.2 per cent in 2013. Growth in oil-rich Trinidad and Tobago was near the regional average at 2.1 per cent in 2013.

The growth patterns for African and Pacific small states have both slowed, but at different magnitudes. African small states recorded a growth rate of 3.35 per cent in 2013, which is slightly lower than its 2011 rate of 4.21 per cent. Pacific small states have had a somewhat slower rate of growth between 2011 and 2013, moving from 4.57 per cent in 2011 to 1.46 per cent in 2013.

Slow growth in key trading partners’ economies has contributed to the low growth rates seen in many small states.

Both household consumption spending (Figure 1.5) and government final expenditure (Figure 1.6) have also had a negative impact on GDP growth in small states. After rising to 4.11 per cent in 2010, household

spending fell again to 1.25 per cent in 2013. Average government expenditure growth in small states has followed a downward trend since 2006 and despite a slight uptick in 2012, fell to 3.6 per cent in 2013 (Figure 1.6). Interestingly, since 2008 the rate in small states has been below the world average, which reflects efforts of fiscal consolidation. However, in 2013 small states’ spending again rose above the world average.

1.4 Inflation

Global price inflation had a slower rate of growth, moving from 2.63 per cent in 2013 to 2.52 per cent in 2014 because of a decrease in the price of oil and other commodities coupled with a decrease in demand in many states (World Bank 2015b). This trend is expected to continue into 2015 (IMF 2015). Forecasts predict that global inflation will remain around 3 per cent until 2017, but there will be significant regional differences.

Average inflation in developed economies is set to remain below central bank policy targets as a result of substantial output gaps. In the EU, inflation remained below average because of unemployment and mild deflation in consumer prices. In the USA, although inflation rose in the first half of 2014, it remained below the Federal Reserve’s target of 2 per cent. However, inflation in emerging market economies remained broadly stable.

Inflation in developing nations is set to fall slowly. Many African economies should see a fall in inflation in the coming years as a result of the implementation of cautious monetary policies (United Nations 2015).

Figure 1.4 Average GDP growth for small states (%) per region, 2005–2013

–8–6–4–2

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2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013Aver

age

GDP

Grow

th (%

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Caribbean small states Pacific small states Asian small statesAfrican small states European small states Middle East small states



Small states have seen an overall decline in average inflation levels since the peak of 9.08 per cent in 2008, as shown in Figure 1.7 (see also Table 4 in Part 2). Following an increase between 2009 and 2011 (from 0.8 per cent to 6.03 per cent) during the global economic recovery, levels are falling once more. Average inflation in small states stood at 2.76 per cent in 2013. Pacific small states experienced the lowest average inflation between 2005 and 2013, while Middle Eastern small states had the highest.

1.5 Unemployment

As seen in Figure 1.8, unemployment in small states remains higher than in other country groups. The average rate of unemployment in small states returned to double figures, registering 10.2 per cent in 2013. The decline in GDP growth in small states, highlighted in Figure 1.3, has translated to an increase in the unemployment rate, which is up from 9.98 per cent in 2012. In 2014, the unemployment rate was forecast

Figure 1.5 Annual growth (%) in household final consumption in small states, 2005–2013

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10

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2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Annu

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row

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Small states Emerging market and developing economies Advanced economies World


Figure 1.6 Average general government final consumption expenditure (annual % growth), 2005–2013

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to rise despite an expected improvement in GDP, suggesting jobless growth.

1.6 International trade

International trade performances have improved over the last few years. According to the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), world trade in goods reached US$18.8 trillion in 2013 (up from US$18.3 trillion in 2012), and trade in services rose to US$4.7 trillion from US$4.3 trillion. Low import demands and reduced commodity prices

have prevented substantial trade growth. Developing countries are increasing their share, albeit slowly, within the global market. However, developed nations still account for around half of the world’s trade in goods and two-thirds in services (UNCTAD 2014). In 2013, small states accounted for 1.25 per cent of the world value of exports and 0.78 per cent of imports of merchandise. For services, they contributed 0.78 per cent of the value of global exports, and accounted for 1.20 per cent of global imports (UNCTAD 2015).

Figure 1.9 shows that, on average, small states had higher current account deficits than emerging market

Figure 1.7 Aggregate Inflation, consumer prices (annual %), 2005–2013

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2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Annu

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Figure 1.8 Average unemployment, total (% of total labour force) (modelled International Labour Organization estimate) in small states, 2005–2013

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2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

% o

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bor f

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and developing and advanced economies between 2005 and 2012. These deficits are due in part to the high proportion of food, fuel and essential goods in merchandise imports for small states compared with larger countries (see Figure 1.10), and to a narrow range of exports.

Imports grew by an average of 3.16 per cent in small states in 2013, as highlighted in Figure 1.11, driven mainly by an increase across Pacific small states. In the same period, exports grew by 4.22 per cent (see Figure 1.12), driven by African small states, whose export average grew by 8.53 per cent for the year.

At the country level among small states, Barbados and The Gambia saw the highest relative increases in their exports, whereas Swaziland and Vanuatu saw the biggest increases in their imports between 2012 and 2013.

Within this same period, Seychelles, Swaziland and Papua New Guinea saw the biggest decreases in their exports, whereas Botswana, The Bahamas and Brunei Darussalam saw the biggest decreases in their imports.

Intraregional trade has been of great significance for East Asian countries, amounting to 50 per cent of East Asian Trade; it has been of less significance within Latin America, amounting to only 20 per cent of trade; and in other regions intraregional trade is worth only 10 per cent or less of all trade (UNCTAD 2014).

Although intraregional trading is important for small states, trade between the members tends to be higher for exports than for imports, as shown in Figures 1.13 and 1.14. Both Caribbean Community (CARICOM) members and Southern African Development Community (SADC) countries engage in a significant

Figure 1.9 Current account balance (% of GDP), 2005–2012

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% G

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Small states Emerging market and developing economies Advanced economies


Figure 1.10 Food and fuel imports (% merchandise imports), 2005–2012

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Small states Emerging market anddeveloping economies

Advanced economies

% o

f mer

chan

dise

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Food Fuel

Source: UNCTAD (2014)


amount of intrabloc trade on both the export and import sides. Interestingly, although exports between Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS) countries climbed from 11.6 per cent of the group’s total exports in 2009 to 15 per cent in 2013, imports remained around 1.7 per cent of total imports during the same period. This suggests that imports among those countries are growing. Trade among the four independent members of the Melanesian Spearhead Group (Fiji Islands, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu) was low for both exports and imports, at 1.6 per cent and 1 per cent, respectively in 2013.

It should be noted, however, that many small states are in trading blocs with other larger countries in the same region. In particular, the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) and SADC are made of up several larger African countries in addition to the smaller ones.

1.7 Competitiveness

Some small states improved their position in the World Economic Forum Global Competitiveness Index between 2013 and 2014. Of the 144 countries

Figure 1.11 Average imports of goods and services (annual % growth)

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Figure 1.12 Average exports of goods and services (annual % growth)

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in the index, 11 are Commonwealth small states and 8 of these appeared in the top 100. Table 1.1 shows that Mauritius is the most competitive small state, moving up six places between the 2013–14 and 2014–15 rankings. Its improved status could be due to the wide-ranging structural reforms that have taken place since 2006, which are now delivering positive change. Of

the small states surveyed, Lesotho has seen the biggest improvement in its competitiveness, climbing 16 places since 2013–14.

Table 1.2 details the Ease of Doing Business rankings for Commonwealth small states. Among other things, this scale is an indicator of a country’s business

Figure 1.13 Intraregional trade of regional groups for export products, annual, 2005–2013 (%)

0

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12

14

16

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2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

%

CARICOM (Caribbean Community) COMESA (Common Market for Eastern andSouthern Africa)MSG (Melanesian Spearhead Group)OECS (Organisa�on of Eastern Caribbean States)SADC (Southern African Development Community)


Figure 1.14 Intraregional trade of regional groups for import products, annual, 2005–2013 (%)

0

5

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2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

%

CARICOM (Caribbean Community) COMESA (Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa)MSG (Melanesian Spearhead Group) OECS (Organisa�on of Eastern Caribbean States)SADC (Southern African Development Community)



environment, and, by extension, of its ability to attract investment. A number of small states have seen an improvement in their Ease of Doing Business rankings from 2014 to 2015, with Jamaica seeing the greatest improvement, jumping 27 places. This increase was due to improvements in credit reporting, as two new credit bureaux, Creditinfo Jamaica and CRIF-NM Credit Assure Limited, began operations. Furthermore, a new law on secured transactions was adopted which increased the range of assets that could be used as collateral (World Bank 2014a).

Mauritius remained at the top of the competitiveness ranking for small states. Mauritius was also placed highest in the Ease of Doing Business ranking out of the small states, improving its position by one from the 2014 rankings. This suggests that it has an environment that is more favourable to encouraging businesses and thereby engendering a more competitive economy. Botswana, Fiji and Namibia all fell eight places in the global ranking, while Kiribati remains at the bottom of the list for small states. Nonetheless, it is important to look beyond the ranking to gain the full picture of business concerns in any particular country. For instance, even though The Bahamas and Dominica are both ranked at 97, their challenges are vastly different. While The Bahamas struggles with property registration, in Dominica the difficulty lies with resolving insolvency.

1.8 Development aid

According to the OECD, net official development assistance (ODA) increased by 5.9 per cent between 2012 and 2013, totalling US$134.48 billion (OECD

2015). In 2013, small states, on average, received US$380.24 per capita. The Pacific region received the most aid, with a regional average of US$966.28 per capita, more than 2.5 times that of all small states.

Of the 50 small states analysed, 39 received ODA in 2013, of which 24 are Commonwealth small states. Although small states received relatively high ODA per capita overall, as shown by Figure 1.15, the amounts received varied greatly. For example, in 2012 Tuvalu received the most aid globally per capita (US$2483.77) and Jamaica received the least (US$7.77). High levels of ODA per capita are also more of a reflection of small states’ populations than of large levels of total ODA.

The decline in ODA per capita between 2011 and 2012 seen in Figure 1.15 was driven by tough fiscal adjustments in donor countries resulting from their economic challenges.

Many small states are plagued with heavy debt burdens which have implications for growth. Debt servicing redirects resources from needed capital investments and stymies future growth prospects. There has been an upward trend in total debt service as a percentage of GNI for commonwealth small states, as shown in Figure 1.16.

Figure 1.17 highlights the levels of concessional debt as a percentage of total external debt. The decline in concessional debt levels is because ODA levels have been decreasing even though overall debt levels have been increasing. However, in 2013 the figure rose slightly, with concessional debt accounting for nearly half of total external debt.

Table 1.1 Global Competitiveness Index for selected Commonwealth small states

Country Global Competitiveness Index 2014–15

Global Competitiveness Index 2013–14

Basic require ments 2014–15

Market size 2014–15

Efficiency enhancers 2014–15

Innovation 2014–15

Mauritius 39 45 38 113 59 76Malta 47 41 35 126 44 45Cyprus 58 58 58 115 57 36Botswana 74 74 72 97 84 102Jamaica 86 94 99 107 77 75Namibia 88 90 81 119 97 91Trinidad and

Tobago89 92 52 112 81 100

Seychelles 92 80 50 143 105 73Lesotho 107 123 102 139 130 110Guyana 117 102 118 135 109 55Swaziland 123 124 108 136 126 112

Source: Global Competitiveness Report (World Economic Forum 2014)


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7111

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7618

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1.9 Remittances

International migrants from developing countries are estimated to have sent US$436 billion in remittances to their home countries in 2014, an increase of 7.8 per cent from 2013. According to the World Bank this figure is expected to increase to US$516 billion in 2016.

For many small states, remittances are of greater importance than ODA, as their middle-income country classification precludes them from receiving ODA. As shown in Figure 1.18, personal remittances form a substantial percentage of small states’ GDP. From 2005 to 2013, personal remittances averaged 6.17 per cent of small states’ GDP. However, there was a sharp decline between 2012 and 2013, driven mainly by a more than 3 per cent decrease in remittances to Asian small states

and a 2 per cent decrease in those to African small states. For advanced economies, remittances made up only 0.61% of GDP on average. This decline could be due to the decrease in total net migration from all small states, from 1,265,415 people in 2007 to 693,384 people in 2012.1

These averages mask the varied role of remittances in different small state regions. As shown by Figures 1.19 and 1.20, despite high levels of average remittances in small states in the Middle East, the remittances account for less than 0.5 per cent of GDP for these countries. Conversely, the more modest levels of remittances in the Pacific region constituted a more substantial 7.82 per cent of GDP in 2013. Within the Caribbean region there has been an overall upward trend in the level of average personal remittances, but as a percentage of GDP it has

Figure 1.15 Net ODA received per capita (current US$)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Net

ODA

rece

ived

Cur

rent

US$

Small states Emerging market and developing economies World


Figure 1.16 Total debt service as percentage of GNI

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

5.5

6.0

6.5

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

% o

f GN

I




remained fairly constant, whereas in the Pacific region the overall level of remittances has increased, but they have decreased as a percentage of GDP.

1.10 Human and social development indicators

1.10.1 Human Development Index

The 2014 Human Development Index (HDI) ranks 187 countries according to key measures of human development. These measures are living a long and healthy life, being educated and having a decent

standard of living. The HDI is a geometric mean of normalised indices for each of the three dimensions. In the 2014 HDI, the rankings are split into four groupings defined by cut-off points: very high (above 0.8), high (above 0.7), medium (above 0.55) and low human development (below 0.55). This is a change from previous years, when the rankings were based on the country’s quartile in the HDI distribution.

As shown in Table 1.3, the majority of Commonwealth small states (15) have high human development, and seven have medium levels of human development. Further to this, 16 of the small states have not seen

Figure 1.17 Concessional debt (% of total external debt)

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

%



Figure 1.18 Personal remittances received (% of GDP)

4.0

4.5

5.0

5.5

6.0

6.5

7.0

7.5

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

% o

f GDP




a change in their rank from 2012. Tonga, Belize and Fiji have moved from the medium to the high human development group, whereas Barbados and Seychelles have regressed from high to medium.

The HDI as an average masks inequality or uneven distributions of development gains. It is important to understand if gains in human development are being spread equally across society to develop targeted policies and programmes. The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)’s inequality-adjusted HDI (IHDI)

takes into account losses attributable to inequality,2 and highlights how the achievements in health, education and income are distributed across the population. Of the 15 Commonwealth small states for which we have data, Malta has seen the smallest loss because of inequality, whereas Namibia has seen the biggest drop with a loss of 43.6 per cent, which reduces its ranking by 22 places.

Health, education and income inequality are not the only factors that can hinder development progress. Gender

Figure 1.19 Average personal remittances received (current US$ million) in small states by region, 2005–2013

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

curr

ent U

S$ m

illio

n

Caribbean small states Pacific small states Asian small states

African small states European small states Middle East small states

Note: No data are available for Middle East small states prior to 2011.Source: World Bank (2015)

Figure 1.20 Average personal remittances received (% of GDP) in small states by region, 2005–2013

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

% o

f GDP

Caribbean small states Pacific small states Asian small states

African small states European small states Middle East small states

Note: No data are available for Middle East small states prior to 2011.Source: World Bank (2015)


Table 1.3 Social development indicators for Commonwealth small states

HDI rank Country HDI value 2013 Change in HDI rank 2012–13

Inequalityadjusted HDI (IHDI) 2013

Gender Inequality Index 2013

Very high human development30 Brunei Darussalam 0.852 0 n/a n/a32 Cyprus 0.845 0 0.752 0.13639 Malta 0.829 0 0.769 0.220

High human development51 Bahamas, The 0.789 0 0.676 0.31659 Barbados 0.776 –1 n/a 0.35061 Antigua and Barbuda 0.774 –1 n/a n/a63 Mauritius 0.771 0 0.662 0.37564 Trinidad and Tobago 0.766 0 0.649 0.32171 Seychelles 0.756 –1 n/a n/a73 St Kitts and Nevis 0.750 0 n/a n/a79 Grenada 0.744 –1 n/a n/a84 Belize 0.732 0 n/a n/a88 Fiji 0.724 0 0.613 n/a91 St Vincent and the

Grenadines0.719 0 n/a n/a

93 Dominica 0.717 –1 n/a 0.45796 Jamaica 0.715 –3 0.579 n/a97 St Lucia 0.714 –4 n/a 0.458100 Tonga 0.705 0 n/a 0.316

Medium human development103 Maldives 0.698 0 0.521 0.283106 Samoa 0.694 –2 n/a 0.517109 Botswana 0.683 –1 0.422 0.486121 Guyana 0.638 0 0.522 0.524127 Namibia 0.624 0 0.352 0.450131 Vanuatu 0.616 –3 n/a n/a133 Kiribati 0.607 0 0.416 n/a

Low human development148 Swaziland 0.530 0 0.354 0.529157 Papua New Guinea 0.491 –1 n/a 0.617157 Solomon Islands 0.491 0 0.374 n/a162 Lesotho 0.486 1 0.313 0.557

Other countries or territoriesNauru n/a n/a n/a n/aTuvalu n/a n/a n/a n/a

n/a, data not available.

HDI groups HDI valueVery high human development 0.890High human development 0.735Medium human development 0.614Low human development 0.493Least developed countries 0.487SIDS 0.665World 0.702Commonwealth small states 0.698

Source: UNDP (2014)


inequality remains a major barrier to development across the globe, and discrimination between gender groups has severely hampered the development of many countries. The Gender Inequality Index measures gender inequality using three indicators – reproductive health, empowerment and labour market participation – and measures the loss of achievement attributable to gender inequality. Cyprus has the lowest score for gender inequality out of the Commonwealth small states (meaning it has the smallest loss of achievement), followed by Malta and the Maldives (which is ranked at 49 in the Gender Inequality Index compared with 103 in the HDI).

1.10.2 The Commonwealth Youth Development Index

Currently, over 87 per cent of young people live in a developing country. Further to this, of the two billion people living in the 54 Commonwealth member countries, 60 per cent are under 30 years old. Youth development is vital for young people to reach their potential and spur development.

The Commonwealth Youth Development Index (YDI) is a composite index comprising 15 key indicators which collectively measure youth development in 170 countries. It is the first index to attempt to collate and aggregate global youth-specific data and its objective is to help drive the Commonwealth Plan of Action for Youth Empowerment by providing a reliable and informative tool that aggregates key available data on youth development. The YDI has five domains, which measure young people’s levels of education, health and wellbeing, employment, political participation and civic participation. The index scores range from 0 to 1, with 1 representing the highest possible level of youth development attainable and 0 representing no youth development. A key constraint of the index is the lack of data, particularly in developing countries that are still developing their statistical systems. Youth development is vital for young people to be able to engage fruitfully in education, employment, and health and wellbeing activities and gain civic and political empowerment.

As can be seen from Table 1.4, the majority of Commonwealth small states are categorised as having medium youth development. This means that young people in small states have reasonable opportunities for development available to them.

Figure 1.21 shows the YDI score plotted against the HDI score for the Commonwealth small states. Comparing the HDI and YDI highlights the presence of any development gaps and illustrates whether or not gains in human development are even across different age

groups within society. The graph suggests that, for many small states, the development achievements are shared with the youth population, with the majority of small states achieving medium levels of youth development alongside either medium or high human development. However, there are a few outliers. As shown in the graph, one small state falls into the high HDI category but into the low category for YDI, highlighting that the high levels of human development are not felt among the youth population. It is important to ensure that development is realised across all segments of the population to prevent marginalisation and conflict, and ensure that the future generations of a nation are given appropriate opportunities.

Glossary3

Competitiveness: The set of institutions, policies and factors that determine the level of productivity of a country. (Source: World Economic Forum 2014)

Ease of Doing Business: Ranking from 1 to 189. A high Ease of Doing Business ranking means the regulatory environment is more conducive to starting and operating a local firm. The rankings are determined by sorting the aggregate distance to frontier scores on 10 topics, each consisting of several indicators, giving equal weight to each topic. The rankings for all economies are benchmarked to June 2014.

Income classification: As of 1 July 2014, low-income economies are defined as those with a GNI per capita, calculated using the World Bank Atlas method, of US$1,045 or less in 2013; middle-income economies are those with a GNI per capita of more than US$1,045 but less than US$12,746; high-income economies are those with a GNI per capita of US$12,746 or more. Lower-middle-income and upper-middle-income economies are separated at a GNI per capita of US$4,125.

Inflation, consumer prices (annual %): The annual percentage change in the cost to the average consumer of acquiring a basket of goods and services that may be fixed or changed at specified intervals, such as yearly.

Intraregional exports: The exports of a trading bloc to other members of the bloc as a percentage of the bloc’s total exports.

Intraregional imports: The imports of a trading bloc to other members of the bloc as a percentage of the bloc’s total imports.

Net official development assistance (ODA) per capita: Disbursements of loans made on concessional terms (net of repayments of principal) and grants by official agencies of the members of the Development Assistance Committee (DAC), by multilateral institutions and by


Table 1.4 Youth Development Index for Commonwealth small states

Country Rank YDI score Classification

Australia 1 0.86 HighCanada 2 0.82 HighSouth Korea 3 0.81 HighThe Netherlands 4 0.80 HighGermany 5 0.80 HighNew Zealand 6 0.80 HighSwitzerland 7 0.80 HighUSA 8 0.80 HighJapan 9 0.79 HighSlovenia 10 0.79 HighMalta 14 0.77 HighCyprus 21 0.75 MediumJamaica 22 0.75 MediumSingapore 23 0.74 MediumTrinidad and Tobago 28 0.74 MediumGuyana 31 0.73 MediumBelize 38 0.72 MediumMauritius 39 0.72 MediumBahamas, The 40 0.72 MediumBarbados 43 0.72 MediumSamoa 44 0.72 MediumTonga 46 0.71 MediumMaldives 62 0.69 MediumAntigua and Barbuda 87 0.63 MediumDominica 93 0.62 MediumBotswana 105 0.55 MediumVanuatu 107 0.54 MediumSt Lucia 109 0.53 MediumBrunei Darussalam 112 0.53 MediumFiji 113 0.52 MediumLesotho 115 0.52 MediumSeychelles 117 0.50 MediumNamibia 121 0.49 MediumPapua New Guinea 122 0.48 MediumGrenada 127 0.47 MediumSolomon Islands 130 0.44 MediumSt Vincent and the Grenadines 135 0.43 MediumSwaziland 160 0.30 LowSt Kitts and Nevis 161 0.30 LowKiribati 163 0.29 LowGuinea-Bissau 170 0.26 LowSomalia 171 0.26 LowMali 172 0.24 LowChad 173 0.24 LowIvory Coast 174 0.23 LowCentral African Republic 175 0.23 LowTuvalu 176 0.19 LowNauru 177 0.18 LowCongo, Democratic Republic 178 0.17 LowTaiwan 179 0.17 Low

Countries in bold are Commonwealth small states. The top 10 and bottom 10 ranked states and Singapore have been included for comparison purposes.

Source: Commonwealth (2013)


non-DAC countries to promote economic development and welfare in countries and territories in the DAC list of ODA recipients; calculated by dividing net ODA received by the midyear population estimate. It includes loans with a grant element of at least 25 per cent (calculated at a rate of discount of 10 per cent).

Personal remittances received (% of GDP): Personal transfers and compensation of employees. Personal transfers consist of all current transfers in cash or in kind made or received by resident households to or from non-resident households. Personal transfers thus include all current transfers between resident and non-resident individuals. Compensation of employees refers to the income of border, seasonal and other short-term workers who are employed in an economy where they are not resident and of residents employed by non-resident entities. Data are the sum of two items defined in the sixth edition of the IMF’s Balance of Payments Manual: personal transfers and compensation of employees.

Total debt service (% of GNI): The sum of principal repayments and interest actually paid in currency, goods or services on long-term debt, interest paid on short-term debt and repayments (repurchases and charges) to the IMF.

Notes1 These figures are calculated from five-year estimates from

World Bank data.2 When the IHDI and the HDI are equal there is no inequality

within the country. However, when the IHDI falls below the HDI, inequality increases. The smaller the difference between the IHDI and the HDI, expressed as a percentage of HDI, the smaller the loss as a result of inequality.

3 These are World Bank definitions, unless otherwise stated.

References

Commonwealth (2013), Youth Development Index: Results Report, The Commonwealth, London.

IMF (2014), ‘World Economic Outlook 2014’, available at: www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/02/pdf/text.pdf (accessed 29 June 2015).

IMF (2015), World Economic Outlook: Uneven Growth – Short- and Long-term Factors, International Monetary Fund, Washington.

OECD (2015), ‘2012 and 2013 DAC flows at a glance’, available at: https://public.tableausoftware.com/ views/AidAtAGlance/DACmembers?:embed=y&: display_count=no?&:showVizHome=no#1 (accessed 29 June 2015).

UNCTAD (2014), ‘Key statistics and trends in international trade 2014’, available at: http://unctad.

Figure 1.21 HDI against YDI for selected Commonwealth small states

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

Yout

h De

velo

pmen

t Ind

ex

Human Development Index

Low HDI Medium HDI High HDI Very high HDI

Low

YDI

Med

ium

YDI

H igh

YDI

Source: Authors’ calculations


org/en/PublicationsLibrary/ditctab2014d2_en.pdf (accessed 29 June 2015 ).

UNCTAD (2015), ‘UNCTAD Stat’, available at: http://unctadstat.unctad.org/wds/ReportFolders/reportFolders.aspx?sCS_ChosenLang=en (accessed 29 June 2015).

UNDP (2014), Human Development Report 2014: Sustaining Human Progress – Reducing Vulnerabilities and Building Resilience, UNDP, New York, NY.

United Nations (2015), ‘World economic situation and prospects 2015’, available at: www.un.org/

en/development/desa/pol ic y/wesp/wesp_archive/2015wesp_chap1.pdf (accessed 29 June 2015).

World Bank (2014a), Doing Business 2015: Going beyond Efficiency, World Bank, Washington, DC.

World Bank. (2015a). ‘Indicators’. Availabe at: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator (accessed 24 June 2015)

World Economic Fourm (2014). The Global Competitiveness Report 2014–2015: Full Data Edition. Geneva: World Economic Fourm.


Chapter 2

Country Analysis

2.1 African small states

2.1.1 Botswana

Real GDP growth in 2013 was estimated at 5.9 per cent compared with 4.2 per cent in 2012. This increase was mainly attributable to an 11 per cent growth in the mining sector following a 7 per cent contraction in 2012 (Bank of Botswana 2013). Real GDP is estimated to have risen by 4.4 per cent in 2014, driven primarily by diamond production and other value-added activity. However, uncertain external issues affecting the country’s mining sector, such as Botswana potentially losing its preferential trade access to the EU market, could threaten economic growth. On the domestic front, problems in energy and water supply could also dampen the estimated GDP of Botswana, as they hamper the performance of the non-mineral sector (IMF 2014a).

Inflation fell from 7.4 per cent (Bank of Botswana 2013) in December 2012 to 5.9 per cent (EIU 2014a) in December 2013. It was forecast to fall to 4.6 per cent (EIU 2014a) by the end of 2014 because of the appreciation of the Botswana pula against the South African rand.

The government recorded a small fiscal surplus in 2013–14 of 1.1 per cent of GDP. The budget surplus was achieved because of higher mining revenue (EIU 2014a). The 2014–15 budget surplus was projected to rise to 1.2 per cent because revenue from mineral tax, income and value-added tax (VAT), and customs were projected to rise by 11–14 per cent, whereas current expenditures were expected to rise by a more modest 9 per cent.

Botswana’s current account balance for 2014 was estimated as a surplus of 12.4 per cent of GDP, up from 10.4 per cent in 2013 (EIU 2014a). This surplus was supported by revenue from diamond exports as a result of a continuous recovery in global diamond demand, and by current transfer receipts. However, attaining the predicted surplus will also depend on the level of electricity imports.

2.1.2 Lesotho

Lesotho’s economy grew by 3.4 per cent in 2013 and is projected to average 5 per cent growth by 2015.

GDP growth was driven by large-scale investments in construction activities and a strong recovery in private sector services such as textile and clothing, transport and communications, and financial intermediation (IMF 2014b).

Lesotho’s inflation rate was 4.9 per cent in 2013, supported by moderate increases in food prices and lower global oil prices. Inflation was predicted to rise to 5.5 per cent in 2014 as a result of a weaker South African rand and higher inflation in South Africa, the main source of most of Lesotho’s imports, which were expected to push up Lesotho’s import costs (EIU 2014b).

Despite a target fiscal surplus of 4.2 per cent of GDP, Lesotho managed to record a surplus of only around 1 per cent in 2013–14. This lower figure resulted from a 15 per cent undershoot on tax collection, heavy recurrent spending and the challenge of maintaining fiscal equilibrium over the medium term. The fiscal balance was projected to move into deficit in 2014–15 to the tune of 1.6 per cent of GDP, as spending continued to expand (EIU 2014b).

Lesotho’s current account balance registered a deficit of 11.3 per cent of GDP in 2013, driven by a 16 per cent reduction in exports and a 21 per cent decrease in food imports. Imports were projected to rise in 2014 and 2015 because of the start of construction activities associated with the Lesotho Highlands Water Project. These were predicted to increase the current account deficit to 23.6 per cent in 2015 (EIU 2014b).

2.1.3 Mauritius

Growth was estimated at 3.3 per cent in 2013 and was characterised by muted domestic investment and weak external demand (AfDB 2014a) as Europe, which accounts for nearly two-thirds of Mauritius’s exports, recorded a small economic growth of 0.5 per cent in 2013. Growth was forecast to reach 3.4 per cent in 2014, driven by efforts to diversify Mauritius’s economy, exposing it to emerging markets and to the further expansion of the Euro economic zone (EIU 2014c).

It was projected that increased domestic production, loose monetary policy and rising prices for locally produced foods would cause inflation to rise from an

20

average of 3.5 per cent in 2013 to 3.9 per cent in 2014 (EIU 2014c).

Revenue was forecast to reach 21.7 per cent of GDP in 2014, driven by revenue growth in Mauritius trade and investment (EIU 2014c). Expenditure was set to rise from 24.8 per cent of GDP in 2013 to a peak of 25.7 per cent of GDP in 2015 as election-related spending rises.

The current account deficit was predicted to narrow from 9.9 per cent of GDP in 2013 to 8.6 per cent of GDP in 2014 thanks to improved performance on trade and services accounts and the exchange rate (EIU 2014c).

2.1.4 Namibia

Real GDP growth was estimated at 4.4 per cent (Bank of Namibia 2014) in 2013. The Namibian economy was estimated to expand by 5.4 per cent in 2014. The growth was to be underpinned by strong construction activity in several mines, which is expected to boost mineral exports in the medium term. Moreover, secondary industries were projected to grow as a result of a public housing construction programme undertaken by the government (Bank of Namibia 2014).

Namibia’s inflation was estimated to average around 5.6 per cent in 2014 (EIU 2014d). This figure will remain influenced by South African inflation trends because the bulk of Namibian imports continue to be sourced from South Africa. Namibian inflation will also remain vulnerable to any shocks to global food prices.

At the end of 2013–14, the government’s fiscal position remained strong, although a 3.0 per cent GDP deficit was recorded compared with the balanced budget in 2012–13. This deficit resulted from an increase in total government debt, reflected in both the domestic and external debt stocks (EIU, 2014d). Because of a predicted underspend on the development budget, the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) forecast a fiscal deficit of 5.2 per cent of GDP in 2014–15.

Namibia registered a larger deficit in the current account, mainly owing to increased trade deficit balance and net outflows in services during the first quarter of 2014. The trade deficit was due to a 21.6 per cent quarterly increase in import bills for machinery and mechanical appliances, vehicle parts, and prepared foods and beverages. At the same time, the value of exports declined by 11.1 per cent because trade volumes of uranium and diamonds decreased (EIU 2014d).

2.1.5 Seychelles

The real GDP growth was estimated at 5.3 per cent, supported by a 10 per cent increase in the tourism

industry in 2013. However, this growth was estimated to slow to 3.7 per cent in 2014 because of lower European fish quotas and tourism growth slowing, as well as tighter monetary policy (EIU 2014e).

Annual inflation in 2013 reached an average of 4.3 per cent because of a strong currency driven by lower imported commodity prices. Inflation was predicted to reach 2.3 per cent in 2014 as currency and external price trends continued on the same trajectory.

Strict spending controls produced an estimated budget surplus of 1.7 per cent in 2013. The budget was estimated to remain the same in 2014–15 despite increased spending on much-needed infrastructure. However, better expenditure management and ongoing reform of parastatal enterprise will reduce the fiscal pressures (EIU 2014e).

The current account deficit was estimated at 16.6 per cent of GDP in 2013, driven by strong capital investment and consumer demand that boosted imports. The current account deficit was forecast to widen in 2014 to 22.6 per cent of GDP as a result of projected strong domestic energy import demand.

2.1.6 Swaziland

Economic growth in Swaziland was estimated to weaken to just over 2.2 per cent in 2014, down from the estimated 2.8 per cent in 2013. This deceleration is largely the result of weaker performance in the manufacturing sector (EIU 2014f).

Inflation was estimated to rise to an average of 5.8 per cent (EIU 2014f) in 2014 from 4.4 per cent (AfDB 2014b) in 2013. This increase is driven by higher electricity tariffs and an increase in domestic fuel prices and transport fares.

The budget deficit in the 2013–14 fiscal year amounted to 0.2 per cent of GDP. The EIU projected that the budget shortfall would widen to 3.1 per cent in 2014 in an attempt to spur economic growth.

Because export earnings increased by an estimated 15.7 per cent in US dollar terms in 2013, helped by rising sugar and mineral production, Swaziland recorded a current account surplus of 8.3 per cent of GDP in 2013. Revenue was expected to expand further in 2014 as a result of higher export volumes. However, in 2015 an expected drop in clothing exports to the USA will lead to a decline in overall exports. The current account was estimated to move into deficit by 2015 to the tune of 2 per cent of GDP (EIU 2014f).

Country Analysis 21

2.2 Asia-Pacific small states

2.2.1 Brunei Darussalam

Thanks to its extensive resources of oil and gas and its small population, Brunei Darussalam is among the world’s richer countries. Its economy is heavily reliant on the oil and gas sectors, making it vulnerable to any changes within the sector.

The non-energy sector grew by 2.7 per cent in 2013. However, overall, real GDP contracted by an estimated 1.8 per cent in 2013, because the energy sector contracted by an estimated 7.2 per cent. This decrease was due to ongoing maintenance of some of the hydrocarbon facilities. The IMF predicted that the economy would rebound in 2014, and forecast a growth rate of 5.3 per cent (IMF 2014c,d).

Brunei Darussalam still experienced a positive trade balance, owing to the large value and volume of gas and oil exports, totalling 95 per cent of total exports and over 60 per cent of GDP.

Government policy remains focused on diversifying the economy and boosting private-sector growth, while also improving human capital and employment opportunities.

2.2.2 Fiji

The Fijian economy grew by 3.6 per cent in 2013 thanks to better performance in the agriculture and mining sectors, and recovery from severe flooding at the start of 2012 (ADB 2014a). Similarly, the economy was projected to grow by 3.8 per cent in 2014. The growth was expected to be mainly driven by the following sectors: construction; manufacturing; wholesale and retail trade; financial intermediation; transport and storage; agriculture; and information and communication (Reserve Bank of Fiji 2014).

Fiji’s inflation rate was predicted to remain at 3.0 per cent in 2014 as projected declines in international food and fuel prices were offset by continued fiscal expansion (ADB 2014b). Government expenditures were set to further increase by 28 per cent in the 2014 budget as both recurrent and capital expenditure increased. A 1.9 per cent budget deficit was forecast for 2014 (ADB 2014b).

The current account deficit was estimated to narrow to 6.1 per cent of GDP in 2014 as tourism earnings and personal remittances rose (ADB 2014b).

2.2.3 Kiribati

The growth of Kiribati’s economy slowed to 2.0 per cent in 2013 from 2.5 per cent in 2012. This decline was due to a delay in construction projects. However,

the economy was projected to grow by 3.0 per cent in 2014 and 2.0 per cent in 2015 as construction picked up on projects funded by development partners (ADB 2014c).

Inflation was projected to remain at 2.5 per cent in Kiribati in 2014. The government planned higher recurrent expenditures, to be financed in part by the continuing strength of fishing licence revenues, budget support grants and higher capital spending associated with ongoing infrastructure projects (ADB 2014c).

2.2.4 Maldives

The Maldivian economy grew by 3.7 per cent in 2013, driven by a strong rebound in the tourism sector and associated sectors, such as transport and communication. This expansion was predicted to continue, with 4.5 per cent growth in 2014 and 5.4 per cent in 2015, driven by a strong tourism sector (ADB 2014d).

Inflation reached 4.0 per cent in 2013, its lowest level since 2006. This drop was as a result of a decrease in the price of fish in 2013 as the catch improved. The rate of inflation was estimated to increase slightly to 5.0 per cent in 2014 as the economy continued to expand by relying heavily on imports (ADB 2014d).

Maldives’ current account deficit narrowed to 20.5 per cent of GDP in 2013 from 23.0 per cent a year earlier, thanks to higher tourism receipts, improved re-export of jet fuel and reduced net income outflows (ADB 2014d). However, the Asian Development Bank (ADB) forecasted a current account deficit of 21.8 per cent of GDP in 2014 as increased tourism pushes imports and other payments higher.

The fiscal deficit for 2013 was 4.7 per cent of GDP. Revenue collection remained robust, reaching 33 per cent of GDP, driven by higher than expected receipts from tax revenues, which offset the shortfall in non-tax revenue. Meanwhile, total expenditure grew marginally, by 2 per cent, and rose to 38 per cent of GDP in 2013 (Maldives Monetary Authority 2013). The ADB predicted that the budget deficit would expand in 2014. However, Maldives envisioned a 22.6 per cent expansion in budget spending and a 30 per cent increase in budget revenues, which could potentially reduce the budget deficit to 3.2 per cent of GDP (ADB 2014d).

2.2.5 Nauru

Nauru’s economy expanded by 4.5 per cent in 2013, driven by Australian-financed construction related to the expansion of the Regional Processing Centre (RPC). Infrastructure upgrades in the small island economies of the Pacific are expected to drive growth


in 2015 and 2016. Nauru’s growth was at 10 per cent in 2014 (ADB 2015).

Inflation was forecast at 5 per cent in 2014 and is set to increase to 7.0 per cent in 2015. These inflation levels will be driven by price increases caused by robust economic activity and the introduction of a A$6,000 business visa fee (ADB 2014c).

Revenues from fishing licence fees continue to contribute towards Nauru’s budget. These have exceeded the 2013 budget projection by 4 per cent. Moreover, higher income from visa fees and customs duty attributable to the RPC has boosted Nauru’s fiscal position. The country’s 2014 budget reflects a continuation of recent large increases in spending. It was projected that spending would exceed A$96 million in 2014, which is more than three times the amount spent in 2011 (ADB 2014c).

2.2.6 Papua New Guinea

Papua New Guinea’s economic growth fell to 5.1 per cent in 2013 from 8.0 per cent in 2012. This reduction was a result of a decline in the expansion of the construction sector from 24 per cent in 2012 to 12 per cent in 2013; the decline spilled over into the broader economy. Growth was forecast at 6.0 per cent in 2014, led by the commencement of gas exports in late 2014 (ADB 2014e).

Inflation remained moderate in 2013, with the consumer price index estimated to have risen by 4 per cent at year-end because of subdued international food and commodity prices and low inflation in key trading partners. It was expected that inflation would accelerate to 6.5 per cent in 2014, as public investments originally planned for 2013 finally rolled out and as the kina’s depreciation in late 2013 passed through to import prices (ADB 2014e).

The current account recorded a deficit of 13.7 per cent of GDP in 2013, driven by large capital imports and service payments related to the liquefied natural gas (LNG) project construction. The current account deficit was predicted to narrow to 7.0 per cent of GDP in 2014. This improvement was expected to be driven by the commencement of LNG exports in late 2014 and by nickel production at a new mine (ADB 2014e).

2.2.7 Samoa

The Samoan economy contracted by 0.5 per cent in 2013. This reduction was due to the devastation caused by Tropical Cyclone Evan in December 2012. The cyclone damaged public infrastructure and badly affected tourism and agriculture. The economy was

thought to expand by an estimated 2.0 per cent in 2014 as post-cyclone reconstruction and rehabilitation continued and tourism bounced back following the reopening of a key resort in Apia and the opening of two new resorts in late 2013. High domestic demand, increased fish exports and agriculture also drove growth in 2014 (ADB 2014f).

Inflation in Samoa was 6 per cent in 2013 because of a decline in international food and fuel prices and the replanting and recovery of supply networks. Inflation was 2 per cent in 2014 because of the high price for local agricultural produce (ADB 2014f).

Samoa’s current account deficit widened to 13.4 per cent of GDP in 2013 from 11.1 per cent in 2012 mainly as a result of an increase in merchandise trade deficit combined with reduced inflows for services income. The current account deficit widened further to 16.2 per cent of GDP in 2014 because of imports for reconstruction (ADB 2014f).

2.2.8 Solomon Islands

Growth in the Solomon Islands slowed to 2.9 per cent in 2013 because of a decline in earnings from gold and agriculture. Economic growth was predicted to pick up slightly to 3.0 per cent in 2014 as gold mining scaled up and agriculture continued to recover (ADB 2014g).

Inflation averaged 6.0 per cent in 2013 because heavy rains drove up food prices. It was estimated to reach an average annual rate of 5.5 per cent in 2014 as the impact of the poor weather dissipated (ADB 2014g).

The Solomon Islands’ overall budget deficit for 2013 was 0.7 per cent of GDP. They estimated a balanced budget in 2014 but this depended on stronger economic growth and improvements in revenue administration and compliance (ADB 2014g).

The current account deficit was estimated at 2.0 per cent in 2013 as export earnings from gold, logging and agricultural commodities fell and imports increased to support major investment projects. In 2014, the current account deficit was forecast to widen to 6.0 per cent of GDP. This increase was to be driven by a decline in logging exports and increased imports of construction and mining equipment (ADB 2014g).

2.2.9 Tonga

According to the IMF, growth in Tonga was 0.1 per cent in 2013. However, the economy was expected to grow 1.5 per cent in 2014, driven by an upgrade of the airport runway, reconstruction activities in response to the damage caused by Tropical Cyclone Ian, which hit

Country Analysis 23

Tonga in January 2014, and remittances in response to lost livelihoods (ADB 2014f).

Inflation was 2.3 per cent in 2013 because of international price movements and the appreciation of the pa’anga against Tonga’s main trading partners, which reduced the cost of imports. Inflation was forecast to narrow to 2.0 per cent in 2014, driven by construction projects and continuing economic recovery following Tropical Cyclone Ian (ADB 2014f).

Tonga recorded a budget deficit of 4.9 per cent of GDP in 2013, largely because of supplementary funds needed to purchase land for airport development (ADB 2014f). The budget was predicted to record a small deficit in 2014, estimated at around 0.6–0.7 per cent of GDP, due to funding from donor agencies (IMF 2014e).

Tonga’s current account deficit reduced to 5.9 per cent of GDP in 2013, from 6.9 per cent in 2012, as a result of an increase in remittances. The current account deficit was forecast to decrease to 3.7 per cent of GDP in 2014 because of a predicted increase in the country’s growth and remittance inflows (ADB 2014f).

2.2.10 Tuvalu

Tuvalu’s economic growth rose from 0.2 per cent in 2012 to 1.1 per cent in 2013 as a result of upgrading its airport, increased fishing licence revenues and retail activity. These factors are expected to continue promoting economic growth, which was forecast to reach 2.0 per cent in 2014 (ADB 2014c).

Inflation was projected to accelerate to 2.5 per cent as growth picked up in 2014, in line with increases in international food and fuel prices (ADB 2014c).

Tuvalu had a current account surplus of 3.5 per cent of GDP in 2013, supported by inflows of fishing revenue and official development assistance. For 2014, the current account deficit was forecast at 9.6 per cent of GDP. Tuvalu planned higher recurrent expenditures throughout 2014, to be financed in part by the continuing strength of fishing licence revenues and budget support grants, and higher capital spending associated with ongoing infrastructure projects (ADB 2014c).

2.2.11 Vanuatu

Real GDP growth in Vanuatu increased from 1.8 per cent in 2012 to 3.2 per cent in 2013. This growth was driven by tourism as the number of tourist arrivals rose throughout the year. After declining in 2012, the recovery of agricultural production has also contributed to the economy’s growth. Growth was estimated to reach 3.5 per cent in 2014, supported mostly by increased construction spending and tourism

as both the Australian and New Zealand economies strengthened (ADB 2014f).

Inflation averaged 1.4 per cent in 2013 as higher domestic demand related to increased economic activity offset lower international food and fuel prices. Vanuatu’s inflation was predicted to accelerate to 2.5 per cent in 2014, driven by construction projects and continuous strengthening of the economy (ADB 2014f).

Vanuatu recorded a small fiscal surplus equivalent to 0.3 per cent of GDP in 2013 as a result of improving its monitoring of VAT receipts. This improved per-formance led to increasing its revenues by 10 per cent in 2013 (ADB 2014f).

Vanuatu’s current account deficit was estimated at 6.2 per cent of GDP in 2013, compared with 6.4 per cent in 2012. The deficit was improved by FDI and development inflows. These improvements were likely to continue throughout 2014, leading the current account deficit to dip to an estimated 6.0 per cent in 2014 (ADB 2014f).

2.3 European small states

2.3.1 Cyprus

Real GDP fell by 5.4 per cent in 2013 compared with a decline of 2.4 per cent in 2012 (Central Bank of Cyprus 2013). This decline was a result of high macroeconomic uncertainty, large shocks to income and wealth, and ongoing fiscal consolidation, which depressed consumption and investment (IMF 2014f). Further contraction of up to 3.4 per cent was estimated in 2014 as wages fell, unemployment remained high and the banks were forced to tackle non-performing loans in order to survive (EIU 2014g). Cyprus’s economy is estimated to record an average growth of 1.5 per cent in 2015 and 2016, mainly driven by net exports supported by improved competitiveness and a gradual increase in global demand (European Commission 2014a).

Consumer prices deflated by 0.4 per cent in 2013 as demand plummeted. Inflation close to zero was forecast for 2014 as unemployment was predicted to average 16.2 per cent. However, unemployment is projected to decline gradually as the economy returns to growth in 2015–16. Subsequently, inflation will also increase modestly (European Commission 2014a).

The general government budget deficit in Cyprus was 5.4 per cent of GDP in 2013 (EIU 2014g). Improvements are expected as revenues increase, driven by consolidation measures on social contributions and taxes on production and imports, high dividends from the Central Bank of Cyprus and improved tax collection (European Commission 2014a). A projected return to


growth in 2015, coupled with austerity measures, will provide funds to cover spending on unemployment benefits and early retirement and hence reduce the fiscal deficit to just under 4.0 per cent of GDP in 2015 (EIU 2014g). The government debt-to-GDP ratio was 111.7 per cent in 2013 (EIU 2014g) and is forecast to reach about 115 per cent before falling again thanks to economic recovery and improved fiscal performance (European Commission 2014a).

The current account deficit was estimated to widen in 2014 to 5.1 per cent of GDP as a result of high imports of goods and services because of an improved domestic demand outlook. The deficit is estimated to be stable during 2015–16 (EIU 2014g) as Cyprus’s economy returns to growth thanks to tourism (European Commission 2014a).

2.3.2 Malta

Real GDP in Malta stood at 2.9 per cent in 2013 (EIU 2014h) and was projected to reach 3 per cent in 2014 and 2.9 per cent in 2015. Large-scale energy projects were expected to be a major driver of growth in 2014–15 (European Commission 2014b).

Inflation averaged 1.4 per cent in 2013, down from 2.4 per cent in 2012, as a result of lower global food and energy prices and subdued domestic demand (EIU 2014h). However, inflation was projected to average 0.7 per cent in 2014 and then gradually increase to 2 per cent in 2016, driven mainly by stabilisation in energy prices and a normalisation in food price inflation (European Commission 2014b).

Malta recorded a worse than predicted fiscal deficit of 2.8 per cent of GDP in 2013 (EIU 2014h). However, the deficit was estimated to improve marginally in 2014, to 2.5 per cent of GDP. The improvements were expected to be supported by an increase in current revenues thanks to the favourable macroeconomic outlook as well as the revenue measures announced in the 2014 budget (European Commission 2014b). The deficit is estimated to increase to 2.6 per cent of GDP in 2015 because of a capital injection into Air Malta and then decline to 2.0 per cent of GDP in 2016 thanks to a favourable growth outlook and the end of public support to Air Malta. Interestingly, the general government debt-to-GDP ratio increased to 69.8 per cent in 2013 (European Commission 2014b) and it was projected to peak at 75.3 per cent in 2014, easing to 72.3 per cent in 2016 (EIU 2014h).

Malta’s current account recorded a surplus of 0.9 per cent of GDP in 2013 but it was expected to decline to 0.6 per cent of GDP in 2014. During 2015–16, the surplus is projected to rise again to an average of 0.9

per cent of GDP (EIU 2014h). Among the driving factors for the oscillation of the Maltese current account are the geopolitical tensions which prompted rounds of sanctions between the EU and Russia in late July and August 2014. This situation could affect Malta’s exports, as Russia accounts for 1.9 per cent of Malta’s total exports. However, a continued increase in activity in Europe and the USA, and steady demand from major Asian economies, should offer support to Malta’s exports of manufactures (EIU 2014h).

2.4 Caribbean small states

2.4.1 Antigua and Barbuda

Tourism in Antigua and Barbuda remains the main generator of employment and accounts for over 50 per cent of GDP both directly and indirectly. The industry has been affected by the global recession, with the number of international arrivals falling between 2008 and 2009. The IMF (2013a) notes that, during the crisis, the strong decline in tourism source markets, a contraction in government services and weakness in the local banking sector played a part in a severe decline in real output. It argues that Antigua and Barbuda has also lost competitiveness in the tourism industry, while real expenditure per tourist has declined. Nonetheless, in recent years, numbers have steadily increased once more and in 2012 they were close to prerecession levels.

The GDP for 2013 stood at US$1.23 billion and annual GDP growth at 1 per cent for the year. Growth in 2014 was forecast at 2 per cent, with tourism continuing to recover, although government arrears could slow growth in some sectors of the economy and undermine confidence. According to the IMF (2013a), Antigua and Barbuda’s projected trade balance for 2013 was –37.5 per cent of GDP. Inflation in July 2013 stood at 1.7 per cent, which is a drop of 1.8 per cent from the rate of 3.5 per cent recorded in July 2012. The government’s fiscal position deteriorated under the expansionary stance in the run-up to the elections. For the first six months of 2014, spending was up 6.6 per cent compared with the same period in 2013, while tax revenues grew by 3.4 per cent. In the 12-month period July 2013 to June 2014, the primary deficit widened to 1.3 per cent of GDP compared with a surplus of about 0.6 per cent of GDP for July 2012 to June 2013 (IMF 2014g).

2.4.2 The Bahamas

The EIU’s 2014 report (EIU 2014i) lists The Bahamas’ current GDP at US$8.4 billion for 2013, compared with US$8.2 billion for 2012, resulting in a real GDP annual growth of 0.7 per cent. The IMF (2014h) argues that growth has been tentative, and while investment has

Country Analysis 25

improved by 20.6 per cent, as a result of the US$3.5 billion Baha Mar tourist resort, this accounts for a small percentage of overall growth. Tourism receipts, which account for a substantial proportion of exports, declined in late 2012 and early 2013, in part because of Hurricane Sandy. The hurricane’s estimated damage, in this time frame, is US$300–400 million, which represents 3.7–4.9 per cent of GDP (Kunz et al. 2013). Although historically The Bahamas are badly affected by tropical storms or hurricanes only intermittently, the government signed a grant agreement with the Caribbean Catastrophe Risk Insurance Facility (CCRIF) for US$85,000 to fund two projects designed to strengthen damaged coastal defences (CCRIF 2013).

The IMF projected the estimated trade balance for 2013 at –28.7 per cent of GDP. However, inflation has been forecast to rise to 1.8 per cent as price rises remain unchanged but base year effects push inflation higher. The introduction of VAT in 2015 caused inflation to rise to 2.2 per cent in January as VAT counteracted the effects of falling oil prices (IMF 2015). Preliminary IMF data indicate that the fiscal deficit declined in 2013 to 4.5 per cent of GDP from 5.4 per cent in the previous year. Additionally, they have predicted that the introduction of VAT may cause the deficit to narrow further to slightly less than 4 per cent of GDP in the 2014–15 fiscal year.

2.4.3 Barbados

The IMF notes that Barbados’s economic activity is highly dependent on tourism and offshore businesses (IMF 2014i). However, the 2008 financial crisis badly affected Barbados’s economy, which has contracted, on average, at 0.6 per cent each year since then. Its economic performance, dependent on the tourism sector, has been affected by the declining number of tourists from the UK since 2009. The Barbados Statistical Service (2014) noted that the rate of inflation fluctuated over 2014 from 1.82 per cent in January to 1.69 per cent in September before ending the year at 1.89 per cent.

Real GDP for 2013 was US$4.2 billion, which represents 0.2 per cent growth from 2012. The government’s debt increased from 85.7 per cent of GDP in 2012 to 97.6 per cent in 2013. Similarly, the fiscal deficit increased to 12.3 per cent of GDP in 2013 and the trade deficit for the first quarter of 2014 was Bds300 million (EIU 2014j). The IMF estimated low growth for 2014 with a large fiscal deficit and high debt burden for the Barbadian economy. However, some fiscal consolidation has taken place in the light of these events – namely layoffs, spending cuts and increased taxation – which, when coupled with the loss of revenue from a weak economy, will lead to a reduction in the fiscal deficit of approximately 7 per cent.

2.4.4 Belize

Belize’s real GDP growth dropped to 0.7 per cent in 2013 from 4 per cent in 2012 as a result of declines in oil production and fragile output in agricultural products. In the medium term, GDP growth is predicted to reach 2.5 per cent as faltering oil production is boosted by other sectors (i.e. tourism, construction and other commodity exports). Similarly, the fiscal deficit stood at 1.1 per cent of GDP between January and December 2013, with national accounts showing GDP shrinking by 0.4 per cent in the first quarter of 2014, in part because of adverse weather (IMF, 2014j).

However, dry weather in 2014 allowed the sugar industry to recover somewhat, with an extended harvest season. Belize’s main economic driver since the 1990s has been the service sector, which contributes around 60 per cent of GDP. Interestingly, although it accounts for no more than 10 per cent of GDP, the agricultural sector is responsible for over 50 per cent of exports, particularly the citrus and sugar industries. Climatologists have forecast that the presence of El Niño – a weather phenomenon related to warming sea surface temperatures in the Pacific Ocean – in late 2014 could jeopardise agricultural markets and, potentially, incomes. The full extent of the potential damage is unclear but the EIU (2014k) believes it is likely to be a minor episode and has revised its commodity production predictions accordingly.

2.4.5 Dominica

Dominica’s GDP for 2013, according to the World Bank (2015), was approximately US$516 million. GDP growth fell by 1 per cent, continuing the decline seen in 2012.

The IMF (2013b) notes that Dominica is less reliant on tourism than other East Caribbean countries, and a higher proportion of its GDP is provided by agriculture than in its counterparts. Within tourism, the main component is cruise ship visitors, which is less profitable for the country than stay-over tourism. Between 2008 and 2012, Dominica faced a range of natural disasters including Hurricanes Dean and Omar as well as severe flooding that damaged roads and bridges. Any further severe weather in the future could continue to take its toll on infrastructure and cause debt to increase as the government borrows from emergency disaster funding.

2.4.6 Grenada

After almost four years of decline, real GDP grew in 2013 by 1.5 per cent. This increase was attributed to a resort construction project and a spike in enrolment at a Grenadian offshore medical school. Other sectors such as tourism did not fare as well. Tourism was badly


affected by the hurricane of 2004 which devastated the country, causing damage totalling approximately 150 per cent of GDP. More recently, an increase in the UK’s air passenger duty has dampened UK arrivals, which constitute a large percentage of tourists to Grenada. However, exports of goods have improved as the production of Grenada’s primary export, nutmeg, has increased, after the majority of trees were wiped out by the 2004 hurricane. The fishing industry is also performing well (IMF 2014k).

The IMF (2014k) has predicted that inflation will remain at 2 per cent in the medium term. The trade balance was estimated at –27.3 per cent of GDP in 2013 and was predicted to drop to –23.8 per cent in 2014.

2.4.7 Guyana

The Guyanese Central Bank’s report (Bank of Guyana 2013) notes that in 2013 the Guyanese economy saw an increase in real economic activity of 5.2 per cent. This growth was fuelled by increases in all of the major industries, namely agriculture, mining, services and manufacturing. The main boost to GDP came from the services industry, particularly activities in the financial and insurance sectors, wholesale and retail trade, and construction, which accounted for over 60 per cent of GDP.

Inflation was estimated to increase by 0.4 per cent in 2014 compared with the 0.57 per cent decline seen in 2013 (Bank of Guyana 2014). Food and fuel prices were predicted to increase moderately. Balance of payments for the first quarter of 2014 stood at a deficit of US$70.3 million, which is a 33.1 per cent increase from the same period in 2013, when the deficit was US$52.8 million. This growth was attributed to a lower capital account surplus and lower unrequited transfers by the Central Bank. Furthermore, Guyana is benefiting from more favourable growth as a result of buoyant commodity prices.

2.4.8 Jamaica

The Central Bank of Jamaica’s 2013 annual report (Bank of Jamaica 2013) noted that there was marginal GDP growth of 0.2 per cent. The weak domestic demands conditions seen in 2012 had continued. Despite this sluggish growth, the IMF (2014l) reports that a gradual economic recovery from the adverse effects of the global recession has begun. It was estimated that the economy grew by 1.6 per cent year on year in the first quarter of 2014. Over 2013–14 as a whole, growth was slightly lower, at 0.9 per cent, because of improvements in the mining, agriculture and tourism industries.

The inflation prediction for 2014–15 has been lowered to 8 per cent. Additionally, the EIU (2014l) reports that

the Jamaican government achieved a fiscal surplus of 0.1 per cent of GDP for 2013–14 and had a primary surplus of 7.6 per cent of GDP, exceeding estimates. In terms of debt, the Central Bank noted that Jamaica’s total stock of debt grew by 6.9 per cent to J$1,938.2 billion for April to December 2013 compared with 6 per cent for the same time frame in the previous year. The balance of payments also improved from 2012, with a decrease in the current account deficit from 12.9 per cent of GDP to 11 per cent for 2013. However, the performance of exports in 2013 saw reductions in major traditional exports (such as sugar, which fell 40.3 per cent) and non-traditional exports (such as ethanol, which dropped by 19.3 per cent) as a result of unfavourable market conditions.

2.4.9 St Kitts and Nevis

The IMF (2014m) reports that real GDP, which declined cumulatively by 10 per cent between 2009 and 2012, is estimated to have grown by 1.7 per cent in 2013. It was set to accelerate to 2.7 per cent in 2014, supported by the recovering tourism industry and the construction sector. The government placed a great deal of emphasis on improving the GDP contribution of tourism, the main industry of the economy, by investing in upgrades to hotels and improvements to airlift capacity. The strategy appears to be working, as stay-over tourists are predicted to spend a lot and boost the economy.

In addition, inflation stood at –0.1 per cent in March 2014 year on year, indicating that economic recovery has picked up since 2013. The total public debt as a percentage of GDP decreased in the first quarter of 2014 to 91.2 per cent from 104.9 per cent for the same period in 2013 (IMF 2014n).

2.4.10 St Lucia

The World Bank reported that St Lucia’s annual GDP growth fell by 0.4 per cent in 2013 (World Bank 2014). The inflation rate for consumer prices was estimated at 5.3 per cent for 2013 because of the VAT-related steep increase in prices. However, the IMF (2013c) forecast that price increases should return to around 3 per cent after the fourth quarter. It also noted that, between 2009 and 2012, St Lucia avoided a recession during the global economic crisis. Nonetheless, the country still suffered from weak growth, which it countered with strong economic policies. However, as a result, the overall fiscal deficit widened to 12 per cent of GDP by the end of 2012 and public debt, similarly, increased to 78 per cent of GDP.

In terms of tourism, St Lucia’s main industry, the total number of visitors has gradually increased since 2012.

Country Analysis 27

For 2013, 960,617 visitors were recorded, which is a 3 per cent increase on the previous year. Although the number of visitors overall has increased, in the subcategory of cruise ship calls there has been a steady decline, falling from 397 in 2009 to 344 in 2013 (ECCB 2014).

2.4.11 St Vincent and the Grenadines

St Vincent and the Grenadines has experienced extreme weather in the last decade. Five major events since 2010 have caused damage costing more than EC$600 million or approximately one-third of the country’s GDP. These events included landslides and flooding in 2011 and Hurricane Tomas in 2010. A regional climate centre is due to be established in the Caribbean, designed to help understand and better predict climate impact, but more extreme weather remains a real risk for the country (Brown 2014).

The IMF (2014o) reports that, after three years of decline which started with the 2008 recession, St Vincent and the Grenadines is gradually recovering. Its main economic drivers – tourism, remittances and FDI – all suffered as a result of the global recession and the extreme weather events mentioned above. The 2011 real GDP growth rate was 0.4 per cent. This rate increased to 1.5 per cent in 2012 and 2 per cent in 2013 and is estimated to be 1.1 per cent for 2014 as a result of increased work in different sectors including construction, manufacturing and education (IMF 2014p). At the end of 2013, the government had a public debt burden that was 67 per cent of GDP. This figure represents an increase from the IMF’s growth estimates of 57.6 per cent and 58.4 per cent of GDP in 2011 and 2012 respectively. Inflation fell to 0.3 per cent at the end of October 2011 but was estimated to have increased to 2.5 per cent in 2013 as international commodity prices stabilised.

2.4.12 Trinidad and Tobago

Trinidad and Tobago’s central bank (2014) reports that real GDP grew by 2.1 per cent year on year in the fourth quarter of 2013. This rate indicates a recovery from the 0.4 per cent decline noted in the third quarter of 2013. Overall, the EIU (EIU 2014m) notes that GDP growth achieved a five-year high of 1.6 per cent in 2013. Furthermore, demand is strengthening, highlighted by the improvement of construction indicators.

Although Trinidad and Tobago is an energy exporter, the country’s economic activity in 2013 was boosted mostly by the non-energy sector, in particular financial services (IMF 2014q). However, this trend was reversed in the last quarter of 2013 as activity in the energy sector increased by 2.4 per cent, while growth in the non-energy sector stood at 1.9 per cent in total. Core

inflation in April 2014 was 2.6 per cent, which is a decline from the previous month’s record of 2.5 per cent.

References

ADB (2014a), ‘Fiji: economy’, available at: http://www.adb.org/countries/fiji/economy (accessed 03 October 2014).

ADB (2014b), ‘Asian development outlook 2014: Fiji’, available at: www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/31241/ado2014-fiji.pdf (accessed 03 October 2014).

ADB (2014c), ‘Asian development outlook 2014: small island economies’, available at: www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/31241/ado2014-small-island-economies.pdf (accessed 03 October 2014).

ADB (2014d), ‘Asian development outlook 2014: Maldives’, available at: www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/31241/ado2014-maldives.pdf (accessed 03 October 2014).

ADB (2014e), ‘Asian development outlook 2014: Papua New Guinea’, available at: www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/31241/ado2014-png.pdf (accessed 03 October 2014).

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available at: www.imf.org/external/np/sec/pr/2014/pr14335.htm (accessed July 2014).

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IMF (2014i), ‘Barbados: 2013 Article IV consultation’, IMF country report no. 14/52, IMF, Washington, DC, available at: www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2014/cr1452.pdf (accessed 23 September 2014).

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Chapter 3

ODA and Development Financing in SIDS Post 2015

Travis Mitchell

3.1 Summary

The December 2014 High-Level Meeting of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) DAC voted to increase the level of assistance to vulnerable countries. The meeting specified ‘vulnerable countries’ as least developed countries (LDCs), SIDS, landlocked developing countries (LLDCs) and fragile and conflict states. This landmark decision was made following a two-year OECD-DAC reform exercise to devise a post-2015 plan of support for the United Nations (UN) agenda on sustainable development and to modernise the DAC statistical framework.

The emphasis was on:

• Improving the measurement of loan concessionality by revising reporting requirements for ODA;

• Investigating the treatment of market instruments in ODA;

• Introducing a new measure (total official support for development) to help monitor donors’ (including DAC/OECD countries) full contributions to development.

DAC members also recommitted to meeting their UN Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) ODA targets (0.7% of GNI as ODA to developing countries and 0.15–0.20% of GNI as ODA to LDCs) and voted for safeguards to ensure that low-income countries (LICs) achieve debt sustainability. On the issue of concessionality DAC members decided on a risk-adjusted measurement system to compensate donors for lending to less credit-worthy countries, while incentivising the provision of highly concessional loans to LDCs.

These decisions are of major significance for SIDS, which are mostly middle-income and have limited access to needed concessional resources. SIDS are not generally eligible for concessional windows, including at the IMF, World Bank and some regional development banks. The majority of SIDS continue to be eligible for

OECD-DAC bilateral assistance but over the past four decades, aid has been largely stagnant and the volume relatively small.

Thus, for SIDS, the new commitment has raised a number of questions, especially given the shrinking pot of global income. What will be the impact of the DAC commitments on future development financing in SIDS? Who will provide the extra financing and which SIDS are more likely to benefit? On the statistical changes, SIDS will wonder if any benefits will accrue from the introduction of the new risk-adjusted grant equivalent measurement system and the incentives to increase loan concessionality. This chapter attempts to shed light on these key questions.

Using the OECD-DAC 2014 Survey on Donors’ Spending Plans, the chapter concludes that if DAC members are to meet their commitment to expand assistance to SIDS, disbursements to SIDS between 2015 and 2017 will have to be substantial. This is because ODA to SIDS is projected to fall by approximately 2.4 per cent during this period.1 The outcome will largely depend on the volume of expansion by SIDS’ main donor partners (Australia, France, New Zealand, Japan, USA, Spain and Portugal) and whether there is a major reorientation of ODA to SIDS in the Caribbean. The data on SIDS’ development financing trends and on donors’ medium-term expenditure suggest that unless there is a reorientation of ODA to SIDS in the Caribbean, as a group SIDS are unlikely to see a substantive increase in ODA, post 2015.

In the event of an increase in ODA to SIDS, benefits are more likely to accrue to SIDS in the Africa and Pacific regions, to which France and Australia are the main providers. Specifically, the SIDS-LDCs in these regions (namely, Comoros, Guinea-Bissau, São Tomé and Príncipe, and Timor Leste in Africa and Kiribati, Solomon Islands, Tuvalu and Vanuatu in the Pacific) will stand to gain the greatest benefits in light of the DAC recommitment to provide ODA specifically to LDCs and its general commitment to increase ODA for vulnerable countries. Moreover, the other reforms

31

aimed at improving concessional financing (grant equivalent measurement system, risk-adjusted discount rates and increased grant element requirements) are also mainly LDC-targeted.

However, these other reforms will have limited benefit for the majority of SIDS mainly because of their income status and because they normally received the bulk of their aid financing through grant resources. Only a few SIDS – Jamaica, Dominican Republic, Mauritius and Cape Verde – have benefited from OECD-DAC loan financing.

3.2 Introduction

In the run up to the July 2015 Third International Conference on Financing for Development (FFD), the UN’s preparatory process is geared towards achieving agreement on a financing framework that can adequately support implementation of the sustainable development goals (SDGs).

What is interesting is that, on this occasion, the UN FFD Conference will precede the adoption of the development agenda. Previously, the development agenda was set and then countries discussed how to raise the necessary financing. The flip has been game changing as it means that the outcomes of the UN FFD process will, in effect, determine the ambition of the adopted SDGs.

For this reason, the UN has been adamant about the importance of increasing the scale of development financing through in-country efforts at domestic resource mobilisation as well as the international community’s efforts to harness private-sector investment. The UN has also been clear that maintaining adequate levels of international public assistance, the traditional workhorse of development financing, would be crucial.

It is in this latter context that the recent OECD-DAC High-Level Committee agreements on its ODA reform, is particularly relevant.

On 16 December 2014, the OECD-DAC High-Level Committee held its pivotal meeting on post-2015 ODA reform. Of particular significance was the DAC agreement to increase the level of assistance to vulnerable countries, specifically LDCs, SIDS, LLDCs and fragile and conflict affected states. This was a remarkable achievement, because it marked the first time that DAC donors committed to allocating financial resources based on a country’s vulnerability. Allocation of ODA, as in the wider international architecture, has normally been based on income status, with the majority of ODA flowing to the lowest income countries. SIDS, LLDCs and fragile and conflict affected states, while vulnerable, are of varying income capacities, ranging from high-income to low-income classifications.

At the high-level meeting, the DAC also recommitted to achieving the MDG targets – 0.7 per cent of GNI as ODA to developing countries and 0.15 per cent to 0.20 per cent of GNI as ODA to LDCs – and voted for safeguards to ensure debt sustainability of LICs. DAC members further agreed to make major changes to ODA, including introducing a risk-adjusted measurement system and replacing the current OECD-DAC discount rate to improve the measure of, and incentives around, loan concessionality.

Although very welcomed, the adopted reforms have prompted a number of questions from vulnerable countries, particularly SIDS, which have received the least amount of the DAC development financing (Figure 3.1). What is the expected impact of the new DAC commitment? Who will provide the extra financing? Which SIDS are most likely to benefit? What are the

Figure 3.1 ODA by vulnerable group (US$, millions)

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implications of the new risk-adjustment measurement system? And, what are the benefits to be gained from incentives to increase loan concessionality?

This chapter sheds light on these key questions. It elaborates on the DAC reform, providing some background on the Committee’s motivation, as well as an understanding of its decisions and the specific implications of those decisions (Section 3.3). Having established the particular relevance to SIDS, Section 3 analyses the development financing trends in SIDS. This section also looks at broad trends in ODA, SIDS ODA dependence, aid composition, and major donor partners. In Section 4, the evidence drawn from this analysis is combined with information from the DAC’s 2014 Survey on Donors’ Forward Spending Plans to address the questions raised above.

3.3 DAC High-Level Committee decisions on post-2015 ODA reform

3.3.1 OECD-DAC mandates

In December 2014, after months of consultations with developing countries and international development and financial institutions, including the Commonwealth Secretariat, the DAC Secretariat put forward a number of proposals for adoption by the DAC High-Level Committee.

The proposals were developed in response to the following DAC mandates to the DAC Secretariat in December 2012:2

Devise an adequate allocation mechanism to ensure that ODA goes where it is needed most. This mandate arose from concern over an increasing trend in allocating aid to lower-middle-income countries (LMICs) above that provided to LDCs, which are poor and have no access to markets (Figure 3.2). The

challenge for the DAC has been to adequately safeguard ODA for LDCs without neglecting support for other low-income countries – SIDS, LLDCs and fragile and conflict-affected states.

Establish a clear and concise definition of ‘concessionality’ to prevent mixed interpretations and perverse lending incentives. The OECD’s loose definition of ‘concessionality’ has led to mixed interpretations of ODA that is consistent with donor profit making. In the current system, a development loan must contain a grant element of at least 25 per cent to be counted as concessional and to be recorded in ODA. With the low interest rate environment and an OECD discount rate (10%) that is out of line with prevailing market conditions, grant elements have been over-estimated, allowing donors to lend at fairly high interest rates while still being able to report these loans as ODA (see elaborated definition in Appendix 3.1). The OECD methodology of reporting development loans at their gross face values in ODA has raised important questions on the reporting strategy, particularly when comparing the budgetary effort involved in providing loans versus the effort in providing grants. Development loans are currently recorded in ODA at gross face values once the 25 per cent grant element requirement is met. This practice has been criticised given that donors can provide loans simply by mobilising funds on the capital market – funds they can raise at low costs and on lend at a profit, while still recording the transaction as ODA. In contrast, grants are raised from the donor’s own resources. Hence the budgetary effort in providing loans, as represented by gross face values, does not equate to the budgetary effort in providing grants. The DAC Secretariat was asked to devise a reporting system that would allow for a fairer comparison of the budgetary effort involved in providing loans and grants.

Figure 3.2 ODA by income category (US$, millions)

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ODA and Development Financing in SIDS Post 2015 33

Investigate the recording of market instruments in ODA given its relevance to crowding-in investments from the private sector. The provision of ODA has been decreasing relative to private finance, reflecting the evolving financing landscape as well as the donor challenges in providing ODA (Figure 3.3). To take advantage of this trend, the DAC has been working on strategies that would facilitate the leveraging of ODA in a way that could further maximise the potential from private sector investment. The DAC sees this as important on the grounds that a greater scale of development financing will be needed to incentivise an ambitious development agenda. Although several institutions are already involved in this, the issue for the DAC has been how to capture the use of market instruments in ODA. For example, in the current system, public guarantees provided by donors to support the provision of loans from the private sector are only recognised as ODA when those guarantees are called upon. This has been a disincentive for donors because the funds ring-fenced to cover the eventuality of loan default presents significant opportunity costs. Some donors have argued that the funds generated through public guarantees should count as ODA, mainly because a public guarantee is an implicit subsidy that reduces the costs of lending for the borrower by reducing the risk premium.

Establish a measure of total official support for development (TOSD). Owing to the expanding and diverse financing landscape, DAC members mandated the DAC Secretariat to introduce a measure that could capture development flows more broadly and also help to incentivise financing for global enablers such as peace and security.

3.3.2 The DAC High-Level Committee decisions

Ensuring ODA goes to countries that need it most: DAC members recommitted to providing 0.7 per cent

of GNI as ODA to developing countries and committed to allocate more ODA to LDCs, LICs, SIDS, LLDCs and fragile and conflict states. Members agreed to recommit to providing between 0.15 per cent and 0.20 per cent of their GNI as ODA to LDCs, although they offered no specifics on the commitment to SIDS and other vulnerable countries. Instead, targeting those countries most in need would be based on collective and individual efforts, and take into account donors’ specific circumstances and previous commitments.

Establishing a clear and concise definition of ‘concessionality’: To make it easier to compare the ‘budgetary effort’ involved in providing loans with that of providing grants, DAC members agreed to the introduction of a grant equivalent system for the purpose of calculating ODA figures.3 In the new system, rather than counting the gross value of development loans as ODA, the DAC will now recognise only a loan’s grant equivalent, which essentially is the grant portion of a concessional loan calculated on the stipulated discount rate.

The discount rate used in these grant element calculations will no longer be the 10 per cent OECD reference rate. The DAC agreed to the introduction of differentiated discounts rates (DDRs) to better account for risks and to incentivise lending to the poorest. The DDRs will consist of a base factor, which will be the IMF discount rate (currently 5% and closer to market conditions) and an adjustment factor of 1 per cent for upper middle-income countries (UMICs), 2 per cent for LMICs and 4 per cent for LDCs and other LICs, respectively. For example, when lending to LDCs, donors will apply a discount rate of 9 per cent (5% + 4%) to calculate the loan’s effective grant element.

Members cautioned that because the costs of risk should not be double counted, the change of measurement system would require modifications to the DAC reports on debt relief, bearing in mind the

Figure 3.3 Total resource flows by modality (1960–2013, US$ millions)

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past need to encourage debt relief initiatives such as the Highly Indebted Poor Country (HIPC) Initiative and Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative (MDRI).

With respect to grant element requirements, members agreed on a proposal to report only the following as ODA: loans to LDCs with a grant element of at least 45 per cent; a grant element of 15 per cent for loans to LMICs; and, 10 per cent for loans to UMICs. Here the aim was to incentivise lending to LDCs and LICs on highly concessional terms.4

Addressing debt sustainability risks: To further reduce the risks to debt sustainability, DAC members voted to report as ODA only those loans that are consistent with the IMF’s debt limits policy and/or the World Bank’s non-concessional borrowing policy (NCBP). This was agreed to prevent over-borrowing in the case of LICs and to ensure that lenders consider risks to debt sustainability when lending to these countries.

The IMF uses the debt limits policy as guidance for lending to LICs. It requires that loans are consistent with the risk of debt distress as well as with LICs institutional capacity. In the worse case scenario, where a LIC has a high risk of debt distress and poor institutional capacity, the IMF requires a grant element of at least 35 per cent. The OECD is now even stricter than the IMF on debt sustainability, requiring a grant element of 45 per cent in loans to LICs and LDCs.

The recording of risk mitigating and market instruments in ODA: On the issue of market instruments, the DAC Secretariat was mandated to undertake further work to reflect in ODA the effort of the official sector in catalysing private sector investment for development. To fulfil this mandate the DAC Secretariat will undertake an investigation into the institutional and instrument-specific approaches that have been developed by members and others.

Establishing a measure of total official support for development

The DAC Secretariat will continue its work to develop a measure of TOSD to complement and not replace ODA. TOSD is expected to cover the totality of resource flows extended to developing countries and multilateral institutions originating from official sources, regardless of the types of instruments used and associated terms.

3.4 Development financing in SIDS and major OECD donor partners

The most important of the DAC decisions on SIDS is the commitment by members to increase their

ODA financing. This is because SIDS benefit least from the DAC’s bilateral assistance and because of the dearth of accessible concessional resources to advance their development. As a first step towards understanding how the DAC expansion is likely to be achieved, where the funds are likely to come from and who will benefit, the chapter now takes a look at SIDS characteristics, the historical trends in ODA and their major donors.

3.4.1 Development financing

The majority of the world’s SIDS (35 of 53) are still eligible to receive OECD-DAC bilateral assistance, and within the Commonwealth all SIDS (with the exception of Anguilla,5 The Bahamas, Barbados, St Kitts and Nevis, Singapore and Trinidad and Tobago) are eligible to receive ODA financing (Table 3.1).

Therefore, the challenge for SIDS has not generally been their eligibility for ODA financing, but more that ODA disbursements have either been non-existent or relatively small. By contrast, bilateral assistance to fragile and conflict-affected states, HIPCs and LLDCs has been expanding (Figure 3.1).

In fact, SIDS are actually among the countries in the world that are most dependent on ODA. The most ODA dependent of them are located in the Pacific region. In 2012, the ratio of ODA to GDP for the Solomon Islands was estimated at 40 per cent of its total income, which was similar to ratios held in Tuvalu and the Marshall Islands. On average, the vast majority of SIDS in 2012 exhibited ODA dependence ratios ranging between 5 per cent and 20 per cent.

Over the period 1960–2013, 87.1 per cent of ODA financing to SIDS have been grants. Only 12.3 per cent of ODA to SIDS has been in the form of loan financing and this is largely underpinned by loan proceeds to a few countries (Cape Verde, Dominican Republic, Jamaica and Mauritius). When these outliers are subtracted from the loan portfolio, the actual proportion of loans in ODA to SIDS falls to a meagre 1 per cent. The outliers on the grants side, Haiti and Papua New Guinea, have benefited from very large injections. The spike in Haiti’s grant receipts is explained by the influx of funds to global relief efforts established in the wake of the 2009 earthquake to assist with the country’s rehabilitation, whereas Papua New Guinea has received significant assistance with governance and institutional building (Figures 3.5 and 3.6).

3.4.2 Major partners

Between 2008 and 2012, based on total ODA volumes, Australia and the United States were the major donors to


SIDS. Together, aid from these two countries accounted for more than 50 per cent of the total support to SIDS. France, Japan, Portugal and Spain provided the other 50 per cent.

A breakdown by SIDS and average maximum contributions from donor partners over the period gives a different picture. At this level of disaggregation, the USA does not factor as a major donor to SIDS. This is because the US contributions have been heavily concentrated in Haiti and its funding in other countries and regions (Guyana, Palau, Marshall Islands and Micronesia) has not been nearly as significant.

According to the disaggregated data, Australia is actually SIDS’ major donor partner but it too has a concentration, in this case, in the Pacific region. New Zealand also

provides valuable support but is not a major partner to SIDS, except for the Cook Islands and Niue.

France, Japan and Portugal provide ODA to a number of countries in the Caribbean, Asia-Pacific and African regions but the volumes are not substantial. Japan is most active in the Caribbean, whereas France and Portugal contribute most to Africa. Canada and the UK are not among the major partners (Figure 3.7).With respect to multilateral donors,7 the EU is by far the most important partner to SIDS, with a presence in almost all island countries. On the other hand, limited access to concessional resources means that the World Bank, ADB and Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) are also not major partners (Figure 3.8).

Table 3.1 List of OECD-DAC donors and SIDS recipients6

OECDDAC Donors OECDDAC Recipients 2014–16 (SIDS)

Australia Greece Poland Antigua Haiti SamoaAustria Iceland Portugal Belize Jamaica São Tomé and

PríncipeBelgium Ireland Slovak Rep. Cape Verde Kiribati SeychellesCanada Italy Slovenia Comoros Maldives Solomon IslandsCzech Republic Japan Spain Cook Islands Marshall Islands St LuciaDenmark Korea Sweden Cuba Mauritius St Vincent and

the GrenadinesEU Luxembourg Switzerland Dominica Micronesia SurinameFinland Netherlands United Kingdom Dominican

RepublicMontserrat Timor-Leste

France New Zealand USA Fiji Nauru TongaGermany Norway Grenada Niue Tuvalu

Guinea-Bissau Palau VanuatuGuyana Papua New

Guinea


Figure 3.4 ODA dependence in developing countries (ODA/GDP %)

Cape VerdeComoros

Eritrea

Gambia

Guinea Guinea-BissauLesotho Mauritania

Mauri�us

Sao Tome & Principe

SeychellesSwaziland

Togo

An�gua and BarbudaDominica

Hai�

St Ki�s-NevisGuyana

Suriname

Bhutan

MaldivesTimor-Leste

Fiji

Kiriba�

Marshall IslandsMicronesia, Fed.

States

PalauPapua New Guinea

Samoa

Solomon Islands

Tonga

Tuvalu

Vanuatu

-

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

35.0

40.0

45.0

50.0



In terms of the composition of their disbursements to SIDS, the major partners have provided just over 4 per cent of ODA for debt relief, 11 per cent for humanitarian aid, roughly 24 per cent for other unallocated in-country activities and 61 per cent as cash flows or country programmable aid (CPA). The partners that have been particularly keen on CPA disbursements are Portugal (92%), Japan (82%) and Australia (72%) (Table 3.2).

3.5 The future of ODA in SIDS

Having established the motivations of the DAC reform and the trends in SIDS development financing above, the information will now be used in conjunction with the 2014 DAC Survey on Donors’ Forward Spending Plans to answer the chapter’s stated questions.

The DAC 2014 survey covers the period 2014 to 2017. It seeks to help the international community better assess the prospects for meeting aid commitments and to flag

potential gaps in aid provision (Ericsson and Steensen 2014).8 In this respect, the DAC Survey is extremely useful, particularly for developing countries, as it can enhance the predictability of development finance and improve donor transparency.

3.5.1 Predictability power of donors’ future spending plans

The DAC uses a ‘predictability ratio’ to assess the predictability power of the DAC Survey. The predictability ratio compares actual CPA (i.e. an estimate of the amount of ODA actually reaching developing countries) with programmed CPA for the same year as reported in OECD surveys. In the 2014 report, the DAC uses predictability ratios for the years 2008–2013 to show that CPA projections are normally relatively good predictors of future ODA.

3.5.2 DAC donors’ spending priorities related to SIDS

On this basis, the report is excellent for investigating the commitment to increasing ODA not only to SIDS but to all developing countries.

Predictions on CPA flows to vulnerable groups, including SIDS, are not explicitly covered in the DAC Survey but can be deduced from information on donors’ planned priority partnerships as well as from DAC predictions on CPA flows from 2014 to 2017.

The DAC Survey contributes to an understanding of the role of priority countries when making decisions on aid allocations. The DAC Secretariat estimates that members’ priority countries received, on average, around 71 per cent of total CPA. Each DAC member has

Figure 3.5 Composition of ODA to SIDS

87.1%

12.3%

0.7%

Grants Gross Loans Debt Relief


Figure 3.6 Dispersion of ODA grants and loans in SIDS (US$, millions)

Cape Verde

Cuba

Dominican Republic

Guinea-Bissau

Guyana Hai�

Jamaica

Mauri�us

Papua New Guinea

Suriname

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000

Gros

s O

DA L

oans

ODA Grants

Median Loan US$52.15m



its’ own priorities, values and norms that underpin its development co-operation and its strategic allocation of official resources for development. These can be motivated by historical ties or geographical position or a particular focus such as poverty alleviation global peace and security and/or climate change and other environmental considerations.

Notwithstanding the absence of information from the EU, Japan and the USA,9 the priorities of DAC’s partners in SIDS as reflected in the Survey seem fairly consistent with the observed historical trends. Information obtained by the Survey suggests that Australia and France are likely to be the most important donors to SIDS. France’s spending plans indicate a focus on

SIDS in Africa, whereas Australia’s suggest continued support to SIDS in the Pacific region. New Zealand’s expected priority partnerships also suggest additional support to countries in the Pacific region.

Noticeable in the DAC Survey is a stark under prioritisation of SIDS in the Caribbean (Table 3.3). Going forward, only Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti and Suriname are listed as donor priorities (i.e. by Italy, Spain, Canada, Switzerland and France). This suggests that allocations of aid to SIDS are not based on their vulnerability but are rather the consequence of their geographical location and/or historical ties. For example, historical ties play a large part in France’s allocations, while geographical

Figure 3.7 Major multilateral donors to SIDS (2008–2012, US$ millions)

CanadaJapan

CanadaJapan

PortugalFrance

New ZealandSpain

FranceFrance

AustraliaJapan

PortugalU.S

U.SU.K

AustraliaJapan

U.SFrance

U.SU.K

AustraliaNew ZealandU.S

AustraliaAustralia

PortugalJapan

AustraliaItalyJapanJapan

NetherlandsAustralia

AustraliaFranceAustralia

Australia

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

AnguillaAn�gua and Barbuda

BahamasBarbados

BelizeCape Verde

ComorosCook Islands

CubaDominica

Dominican RepublicFiji

GrenadaGuinea-Bissau

GuyanaHai�

JamaicaKiriba�

MaldivesMarshall Islands

Mauri�usMicronesiaMontserrat

NauruNiue

PalauPapua New Guinea

SamoaSao Tome and Principe

SeychellesSingapore

Solomon IslandsSt. Ki�s and Nevis

St. LuciaSt.Vincent and Grenadines

SurinameTimor-Leste

TongaTrinidad and Tobago

TuvaluVanuatu

Source: OECD 2014 Survey on DAC Donors’ Forward Spending Plans


Figure 3.8 Major Multilateral Donors to SIDS (2008–2012, US$ millions)

EUEU

EUEU

EUEU

AsDBEU

EUEU

EUEU

EUIDB Special Fund

EUEU

EUAsDB Special Fund

EUEU

EUEU

EUEUAsDB Special Fund

EUEU

IDAEU

EUEU

EUEU

EUEU

IDAEUEUEU

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900

AnguillaAn�gua & Barbuda

BahamasBarbados

BelizeCape Verde

ComorosCook Islands

CubaDominica

Dominican RepublicFiji

GrenadaGuinea-Bissau

GuyanaHai�

JamaicaKiriba�

MaldivesMarshall Islands

Mauri�usMicronesia, Federated States of

MontserratNauru

NiuePalau

Papua New GuineaSamoa

Sao Tome & PrincipeSeychellesSingapore

Solomon IslandsSt. Ki�s & Nevis

St. LuciaSt.Vincent & Grenadines

SurinameTimor-Leste

TongaTrinidad & Tobago

TuvaluVanuatu

Source: OECD (2014) Survey on DAC Donors’ Forward Spending Plans.

Table 3.2 Compositions of major donors’ country programmable aid (CPA)

Share of:

Countries Bilateral ODA Debt relief Humanitarian aid and refugees in donor country

Other nonCPA items and unallocated

CPA CPA

US$ million US$ million

Australia 4 673 0% 12% 16% 72% 3 352Canada 4,105 5% 20% 47% 28% 1 163France 9,406 17% 7% 23% 54% 5 039Japan 14,460 0% 6% 12% 82% 11 929New Zealand 362 0% 12% 17% 71% 258Portugal 435 2% 0% 6% 92% 400Spain 1 071 7% 12% 44% 37% 392UK 9,027 1% 9% 38% 52% 4 699USA 26 042 0% 22% 19% 59% 15 299

Source: OECD 2014 Survey on DAC Donors’ Forward Spending Plans and DAC Members’ Country Programmable Aid (CPA) 2012.


location appears to be a significant consideration in Australia’s spending plans.

Despite being in close proximity to Canada and the USA, Caribbean SIDS do not benefit in the same way as their Pacific and African island counterparts. This is because the North American donors do not operate under the same allocation criteria. For these countries, assistance for global disaster relief and maintaining peace and security seem to be the priority. The Caribbean is also at a disadvantage because most of the countries in this region are classified as upper-middle income and high income.

For donors to meet their commitments to SIDS post 2015, the above analysis implies two options; DAC

donors reorienting their aid allocation to recognise SIDS’ vulnerabilities, or vested donors (e.g. Australia and France) increasing ODA to their usual SIDS beneficeries. Both options would satisfy the new commitment but only the former would have a major impact on SIDS, through helping to reverse the under-prioritisation of the Caribbean.

3.5.3 Projections for DAC donor spending in SIDS

The under-prioritisation of Caribbean SIDS is reflected in the DAC CPA projections. Forecasts of DAC donor spending plans, 2015–17, signal a decline of 1.4 per cent in CPA to SIDS in this region. Only a

Table 3.3 DAC donor priorities, 2014–17

Country Region CW/NonCW Donors with SIDS as priority No. of priority donors

Cape Verde Africa Non-CW France, Luxembourg, Portugal, Slovenia

4

Comoros Africa Non-CW France 1Guinea-Bissau Africa Non-CW France, Portugal 2Mauritius Africa CW 0São Tomé and Príncipe Africa Non-CW France, Portugal 2Seychelles Africa CW 0Antigua and Barbuda Caribbean CW 0Belize Caribbean Non-CW 0Cuba Caribbean Non-CW Italy, Spain, Switzerland 3Dominica Caribbean CW 0Dominican Republic Caribbean Non-CW Spain 1Grenada Caribbean CW 0Haiti Caribbean Non-CW Canada, Spain, Switzerland 3St Kitts and Nevis Caribbean CW 0St Lucia Caribbean CW 0St Vincent and the Grenadines Caribbean CW 0Guyana Caribbean CW 0Suriname Caribbean Non-CW France 1Maldives Asia CW Australia 1Timor-Leste Asia Non-CW Australia, Japan, New Zealand,

Portugal4

Cook Islands Pacific Non-CW Australia 1Fiji Pacific CW Australia, New Zealand 2Kiribati Pacific CW Australia, New Zealand 2Marshall Islands Pacific Non-CW 0Micronesia, Fed. States Pacific Non-CW Australia 1Nauru Pacific CW Australia, New Zealand 2Niue Pacific Non-CW Australia, New Zealand 2Palau Pacific Non-CW 0Papua New Guinea Pacific CW Australia, New Zealand 2Samoa Pacific CW Australia, New Zealand 2Solomon Islands Pacific Non-CW Australia, Japan, New Zealand 3Tonga Pacific CW Australia, New Zealand 2Tuvalu Pacific CW Australia, New Zealand 2Vanuatu Pacific CW Australia, France 2



Tabl

e 3.

4 C

ount

ry p

rogr

amm

able

aid

(CPA

) pro

ject

ions

, 201

4–17

Cou

ntry

Inco

me

Regi

onC

W/N

on C

WC

PA a

ctua

l (U

S$,

mill

ions

)C

PA p

lann

ed (U

S$,

mill

ions

)A

vg. g

row

th

post

201

5 (%

)20

1320

1420

1520

1620

17

Ant

igua

and

Bar

buda

UM

ICC

arib

bean

CW

32

23

441

.7B

eliz

eU

MIC

Car

ibbe

anC

W36

2131

3132

1.6

Cap

e V

erde

LMIC

Afr

ica

No

n-C

W24

819

714

311

295

−18.

4C

om

oro

sLD

CA

fric

aN

on-

CW

6259

5651

49−6

.4C

uba

UM

ICC

arib

bean

No

n-C

W69

6671

7064

−5.0

Do

min

ica

UM

ICC

arib

bean

CW

2623

3031

311.

7D

om

inic

an R

epub

licU

MIC

Car

ibbe

anN

on-

CW

171

170

168

163

156

−3.6

Gre

nada

UM

ICC

arib

bean

CW

1616

1412

13−3

.0G

uine

a-B

issa

uLD

CA

fric

aN

on-

CW

7278

7877

74−2

.6G

uyan

aLM

ICC

arib

bean

CW

115

9777

5450

−18.

6H

aiti

LDC

Car

ibbe

anN

on-

CW

907

935

930

932

931

0.1

Jam

aica

UM

ICC

arib

bean

CW

139

9094

9910

03.

2Su

rinam

eU

MIC

Car

ibbe

anN

on-

CW

3530

3030

29−1

.7M

aldi

ves

UM

ICA

sia

CW

3635

4034

34−7

.5M

aurit

ius

UM

ICA

fric

aC

W11

212

911

810

898

−8.9

Mo

ntse

rrat

UM

ICC

arib

bean

CW

4444

4746

46−1

.1S

ão T

om

é an

d P

rínci

peLD

CA

fric

aN

on-

CW

4630

3231

31−1

.6Se

yche

lles

UM

ICA

fric

aC

W25

2526

2524

−3.9

St L

ucia

UM

ICC

arib

bean

CW

3328

3026

26−6

.7St

Vin

cent

and

the

Gre

nadi

nes

UM

ICC

arib

bean

CW

1314

1313

130.

0

Tim

or-

Lest

eLD

CP

acifi

cN

on-

CW

236

226

243

249

246

0.6

Co

ok

Isla

nds

UM

ICP

acifi

cN

on-

CW

1528

2417

16−1

7.5

Fiji

UM

ICP

acifi

cC

W78

8080

8079

−0.6

Kiri

bati

LDC

Pac

ific

CW

6177

6767

680.

7M

arsh

all I

slan

dsU

MIC

Pac

ific

No

n-C

W91

8784

8787

1.8

Mic

rone

sia,

Fed

. Sta

tes

LMIC

Pac

ific

No

n-C

W14

114

114

314

214

30.

0N

auru

UM

ICP

acifi

cC

W23

2523

2424

2.2

Niu

eU

MIC

Pac

ific

No

n-C

W17

1616

1715

−2.8

Pal

auU

MIC

Pac

ific

No

n-C

W33

3433

3434

1.5

Pap

ua N

ew G

uine

aLM

ICP

acifi

cC

W65

464

566

365

165

0−1

.0S

amo

aLM

ICP

acifi

cC

W10

697

9491

88−3

.2So

lom

on

Isla

nds

LDC

Pac

ific

No

n-C

W25

924

024

024

123

8−0

.4To

nga

UM

ICP

acifi

cC

W83

8178

6866

−7.9

Tuva

luLD

CP

acifi

cC

W24

3941

2926

−19.

8V

anua

tuLD

CP

acifi

cC

W80

8991

8683

−4.5

(con

tinue

d)


Tabl

e 3.

4 C

ount

ry p

rogr

amm

able

aid

pro

ject

ions

, 201

4–17

(co

ntin

ued)

Cou

ntry

Inco

me

Regi

onC

W/N

on C

WC

PA a

ctua

l (U

S$,

mill

ions

)C

PA p

lann

ed (U

S$,

mill

ions

)A

vg. g

row

th

post

201

5 (%

)

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

Ave

rage

sA

fric

a85

.979

70.4

62.6

57.9

−9.3

Car

ibbe

an12

3.6

118.

211

8.2

116.

211

5.0

−1.4

Pac

ific

126.

712

7.0

128.

012

5.5

124.

2−1

.5C

W85

.35

82.8

582

.95

78.9

77.7

5−3

.2N

on-

CW

160.

115

5.8

152.

715

0.2

147.

2−1

.8To

tal

117.

411

4.1

112.

910

9.5

107.

5−2

.4

Sou

rce:

OEC

D 2

014

Surv

ey o

n D

AC

Do

nors

’ Fo

rwar

d S

pend

ing

Pla

ns


few – Antigua and Barbuda, Belize, Jamaica and Haiti – are expected to receive larger amounts. However, apart from Jamaica and Haiti the actual volume of CPA predicted to reach these islands is very small.

Interestingly, in spite of the relatively more favourable prioritisation of African and Pacific SIDS by DAC donor countries, these regions are also predicted to receive less. CPA to African SIDS is projected to fall by 9.3 per cent between 2015 and 2017, and CPA to the Pacific is estimated to contract by 1.5 per cent during the same period. Again, consistent with the historical analysis of development financing in SIDS in Section 3.4, countries such as Mauritius, Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands are expected to receive the bulk of financing in these regions. Overall, CPA to SIDS is forecast to decline by 2.4 per cent, the majority of which will be underpinned by reductions in Commonwealth jurisdictions (see Table 3.4).

There is no information in the DAC Survey to assist with determining how much of the CPA projected for SIDS will be in the form of loans and grants. Nevertheless, given that the allocations to SIDS seem to fit well with historical trends, it is fairly feasible to assume that the composition of their receipts going forward will also follow the historical trend. On this basis, the risk-adjusted grant equivalent measurement system is likely to have little impact on SIDS as they have received almost 90 per cent of their ODA via grant financing. Only a few countries in SIDS’ history – Jamaica, Dominican Republic, Mauritius and Cape Verde – have recorded significant ODA loans. The majority of other SIDS receive ODA via grant financing, which will not be affected by the forthcoming changes to measuring and reporting loan concessionality.

Projections from the Survey also suggest a decline in ODA to SIDS that are also classified as LDCs. However, drawing on the previous analysis in Section 3.5, it is possible that the next DAC Survey may reflect an increase in ODA to SIDS/LDCs, as they are primarily located in Africa and the Pacific. This conjecture is in keeping with the presumption that any increase in aid to SIDS will more than likely be from donors who already treat SIDS as priority countries.

As indicated in Table 3.4, nine SIDS are LDCs. Three are located in Africa (Comoros, Guinea-Bissau, São Tomé and Príncipe), one in the Caribbean (St Lucia) and five in the Pacific region (Kiribati, Solomon Islands, Timor-Leste, Tuvalu, Vanuatu). Only three of these – Kiribati, Solomon Islands and Tuvalu – are members of the Commonwealth.

3.6 Conclusions

The analysis suggests that the DAC commitment to increase ODA to SIDS will probably be driven by SIDS main partner countries – particularly France, Australia and New Zealand – and that SIDS in the Africa and Pacific regions are likely to be the main benefactors. As a group, SIDS are not likely to see substantial growth in their ODA receipts unless there is a major reprioritisation of assistance across the board. Additionally, given that the DAC is already projecting an overall decline in ODA to SIDS of around 2.4 per cent, a turnaround will require a substantial post-2015 expansion by partner countries.

SIDS that have LDC income status are most likely to benefit from the new commitment because of the parallel DAC commitment of providing 0.15 per cent to 0.20 per cent of their GNI as ODA to such countries. No major gains should be expected from the improvements to ODA (i.e. from the introduction of a risk-adjusted grant equivalent measurement system and incentives to protect LDC debt sustainability). This is because there are only nine LDCs among the SIDS eligible for OECD-DAC assistance, and because the DAC has been mainly providing grants to these countries. The adjustments to concessionality and ODA reporting are likely to affect SIDS that have historically held large OECD-DAC loan portfolios.

The 2015 DAC Survey can be used to provide more accurate responses, which, if anything, has been the main added value of the present analysis. However, SIDS should be aware that not all donors provided the requested survey information. This was particularly so among the donors that are important to SIDS, namely Australia, Japan, the USA and the UK (Appendix 3.2, Table A3.2.1).10

This could be particularly disadvantageous to SIDS, where a majority in the Caribbean are currently heavily indebted.

Glossary

Base factor: The interest rate on which adjustment factors are added to calculate the appropriate discount rate to be applied when lending to different income groups. The sum of the base factor and the adjustment factor is the termed differentiated discount rate.

Budgetary effort: A measure of a donor’s effort towards making its own resources available to fund development. For grants the budgetary effort is equal to the whole sum of the finance extended, whereas for loans it is now captured by the size of the embedded grant element.


Country programmable aid: Introduced by the DAC in 2007, CPA is the portion of aid actually transferred to developing countries. It is aid on which recipient countries have, or could have, a significant say and for which donors should be accountable for delivering ‘as programmed’. It is calculated as ODA minus unpredictable aid (e.g. humanitarian and debt relief), in-donor costs (e.g. administration, student costs and refugee spending) and non-sector allocable aid (e.g. food aid, funding to non-governmental organisations and ODA equity investments).

Differentiated discount rates: The interest rate calculated to reflect the level of concessionality to be applied to a loan extended under the OECD Arrangement on Officially Supported Export Credits. Under the new arrangements for concessionality, the term will also refer to the discount interest rate to be applied in calculating grant elements on loans to eligible OECD DAC recipients.

Concessionality: Reflects the benefit extended to the borrower when comparing the terms of the concessional loan and a loan at market rates. An OECD loan under the 2013 OECD framework must possess a grant element of 25 per cent to be counted as concessional.

Discount rate (reference rate): Generally used to calculate the opportunity costs of holding money today relative to some period in the future. With respect to OECD grant element calculation, it allows for an assessment of the opportunity costs to donors of lending at a concessional rate rather than lending at the market rate at which they would have been able to invest the same funds. The reference rate is, therefore, an interest rate that reflects average expected current and future market conditions.

Grant element/grant equivalent: The grant element is a calculation of the difference between what a borrower must pay at the concessional interest rate and at the discount/reference rate. It is calculated as the principal loan value, minus the sum of the discounted cash flow repayments, divided by the principal face value. The grant equivalent of the loan is the calculated grant element, which differs according to the discount rate, loan maturity and principal value.

Market instrument: Refers to lending mechanisms used in capital markets where ‘capital market’ denotes the market through which long-term funds are raised.

Public guarantees: An instrument used by donor governments to facilitate loans to developing countries, which requires the public guarantor to agree to repay the outstanding loan balances in the event that the borrowing country defaults.

Subsidy: Some type of concession, whether it be a grant or interest rate reduction on a loan to a borrowing country.

Notes 1 Author’s assumption based on CPA projections (Ericsson, F

and S Steensen. 2014. The Global Outlook on Aid: Results of the 2014 DAC Survey on Donors’ Forward Spending Plans and Prospects for Improving Aid Predictability. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. DCD/DAC [2014]53). Note: CPA is only a component of ODA and therefore the actual projection for ODA could be larger or smaller than 2.4 per cent.

2 OECD (2014). Final Communiqué, DAC High Level Meeting. 15-16 December. OECD Conference Centre, Paris.

3 The DAC will continue to report loans on a gross basis alongside the grant equivalent basis, and to report disbursements and reflows (principal + interest) to compute gross and net ODA flows. The changes will become the standard from 2018. In the period 2015 to 2017, ODA will be reported on both a gross and grant equivalent basis.

4 To review discount rates and grant element thresholds in order to reflect changes in borrowing costs, emerging experience with risk and any need for further incentives for countries most in need.

5 Anguilla is a Commonwealth member by association. The country is a UK overseas territory.

6 Countries highlighted are members of the Commonwealth 7 The EU is recognised as a bilateral donor in the DAC. For the

purposes of this paper the EU is treated as a multilateral donor in line with common practice.

8 Ericsson, F and S Steensen (2014). The Global Outlook on Aid: Results of the 2014 DAC Survey on Donors Forward Spending Plans and Prospects for Improving Aid Predictability. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. DCD/DAC (2014)53.

9 List of priority countries for the EU, Japan and the US were not available in the DAC Survey.

10 Where information from donors is not available, the DAC estimates forward spending based on historical trends (see Appendix 3.2, Table A3.2.1 for donors covered in the DAC Survey).


Appendix 3.1 Elaborated definition of ‘concessionality’

DAC requirements for loans to be recorded as ODA

• Loans must be provided by an OECD-DAC member (government or multilateral institution) to a country on the list of official DAC recipients.

• The main purpose of the loan must be development, defined by the DAC as ‘the promotion of the economic development and welfare of developing countries’.

• The loan must include a grant element of at least 25 per cent (referred to as the grant element test) calculated on the basis of a 10 per cent discount rate.

• The loan must be ‘concessional in character’, which the DAC defines as having an interest rate ‘below prevailing market rates’.

Grant element test

The DAC grant element test is an estimate of the concessions offered to DAC recipients. It is calculated as the difference between what a donor could have earned at market rates (with a proxy OECD discount rate of 10%) had the monies been otherwise invested, and what the donor will earn by providing a development loan at the lower concessional interest rates.

Concessionality requirements for multilateral donors

The concessionality of loans provided by multilateral donors is not determined by the grant element test. Instead, market-based loans of multilateral institutions are classified as concessional once they include a subsidy (‘soft terms’) and non-concessional if they are unsubsidised (‘hard terms’). Subsidisation here refers to an interest rate subsidy or a grant contribution to the recipient’s core budget. In essence, there is no requirement that loans by multilateral institutions meet a grant element requirement of 25 per cent.


Appendix 3.2 Donors’ spending plans

Table A3.2.1 Availability of donors’ spending plans

Spending plans publicly available

2014 2015 2016 2017

DAC membersAustralia

Austria x

Belgium x

Canada

Czech Republic x

Denmark x

EU institutions x

Finland x

France x

Germany x

Greece

Iceland x

Ireland x

Italy x

Japan x

Korea x

Luxembourg x

Netherlands x

New Zealand x

Norway x

Poland

Portugal x

Slovak Republic x

Slovenia x

Spain x

Sweden x

Switzerland x

United Kingdom

United States



Appendix 3.3 Multilaterals’ spending plans

Table A3.3.1 Availability of multilaterals’ spending plans

Spending plans publicly available

2014 2015 2016 2017

Multilateral agenciesAfDF

Arab Fund (AFESD)

AsDF x

BADEA

CarDB x

GAVI x

GEF

Global Fund x

IAEA

IDA

IDB Sp.Fund x

IFAD x

IMF (Concessional Trust Funds)

IsDB

Montreal Protocol

OFID

UNAIDS x

UNDP x

UNECE

UNFPA x

UNICEF x

UNPBF x

UNRWA x

WHO



Part II. social and economic data on small states

Basic Statistics

Technical notes

Table 1. Size of the economy

Gross National Income (GNI) per capita is the gross national income, converted to current U.S. dollars using the World Bank Atlas method, divided by the midyear population and reflects the average income of a country’s citizen in a given period. GNI is the sum of value added by all resident producers plus any product taxes (less subsidies) not included in the valuation of output plus net receipts of primary income (compensation of employees and property income) from abroad.

Gross domestic product (GDP) represents the sum of value added by all its producers. GDP at purchaser’s prices is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. GDP per capita is the gross domestic product divided by midyear population.

Table 2. Growth of the economy

GNI growth per capita shows the annual percentage growth rate of GNI per capita based on constant local currency. Aggregates are based on constant 2005 US dollars. GNI per capita is gross national income divided by midyear population.

GDP Growth shows the annual percentage growth rate of GDP at market prices based on constant local currency.

GDP growth per capita shows the annual percentage growth rate of GDP per capita based on constant local currency. Aggregates are based on constant 2005 US dollars. GDP per capita is gross domestic product divided by midyear population.

Table 3. Economic activity

Gross domestic product (GDP) is the market value of goods and services produced within a country in a given period.

The sectoral distribution of GDP gives the percentage contribution of the three main sectors of the economy,

which are agriculture, industry and services to total GDP within a country in a given period. The agricultural sector covers forestry, hunting, and fishing, as well as cultivation of crops and livestock production. The industrial sector is comprised of mining, manufacturing, construction, electricity, gas and water. All other economic activities are classified as services, such as wholesale and retail trade (including hotels and restaurants), transport, and government, financial, professional, and personal services such as education, health care, and real estate services. These sectors contribution to real GDP is indicated in percentage.

Tourism receipts are expenditures by international inbound visitors, including payments to national carriers for international transport. These receipts include any other prepayment made for goods or services received in the destination country. They also may include receipts from same-day visitors, except when these are important enough to justify separate classification.

Gross capital formation is measured by the total value of the gross fixed capital formation, changes in inventories and acquisitions less disposals of valuables for a unit or sector. It consists of outlays on additions to the fixed assets of the economy plus net changes in the level of inventories. Fixed assets include land improvements (fences, ditches, drains, etc.); plant, machinery, and equipment purchases; and the construction of roads, railways and the like, including schools, offices, hospitals, private residential dwellings and commercial and industrial buildings.

Gross savings are calculated as gross national income less total consumption, plus net transfers.

Household consumption is the market value of all goods and services, including durable products (such as cars, washing machines, and home computers), purchased by households. It also includes payments and fees to governments to obtain permits and licenses as well as the expenditures of non-profit institutions serving households, even when reported separately by the country.

48

Government consumption includes all government current expenditures for purchases of goods and services (including compensation of employees). It also includes most expenditures on national defence and security, but excludes government military expenditures that are part of government capital formation.

Unemployment refers to the share of the labour force that is without work but available for and seeking employment.

The distribution of labour force in different sectors is available through data on employment in agriculture, industry and services, as a percentage of total labour force.

Table 4. Prices

The consumer price index (CPI) reflects changes in the cost to the average consumer of acquiring a basket of goods and services that may be fixed or changed at specified intervals, such as yearly. The Laspeyres formula is generally used. CPI is frequently been used to measure or indicate the rate of inflation in a specified period. The base year is taken as 2010 and the value of the index reference period is equal to 100 (2010 = 100).

Inflation as measured by the annual growth rate of the GDP implicit deflator shows the rate of price change in the economy as a whole. The GDP deflator is the ratio of GDP in current local currency to GDP in constant local currency.

Real interest rate is the lending interest rate adjusted for inflation as measured by the GDP deflator. However, the terms and conditions attached to lending rates differ by country, limiting their comparability.

Interest rate spread is the interest rate charged by banks on loans to prime customers minus the interest rate paid by commercial or similar banks for demand, time, or savings deposits.

Average exchange rate refers to the exchange rate determined by national authorities or to the rate determined in the legally sanctioned exchange market and is calculated as an annual average based on monthly averages (local currency units relative to the US dollar).

Table 5. Private sector

Domestic credit to private sector refers to financial resources provided to the private sector, such as through loans, purchases of non-equity securities and trade credits, and other accounts receivable that establish a claim for repayment. For some countries these claims include credit to public enterprises.

Start-up procedures are those required to start a business in a given country, including interactions to obtain necessary permits and licenses and to com-plete all inscriptions, verifications, and notifications to start operations. Data are for businesses with specific characteristics of ownership, size, and type of production.

Other taxes payable by businesses include the amounts paid for property taxes, turnover taxes, and other small taxes such as municipal fees and vehicle and fuel taxes.

Table 6. Public sector

Compensation of employees (% of expenses) consists of all payments in cash, as well as in kind (such as food and housing), given to employees in return for services rendered, and government contributions to social insurance schemes such as social security and pensions that provide benefits to employees.

Cash surplus or deficit is revenue (including grants) minus expense, minus net acquisition of nonfinancial assets.

Expense (% of GDP) refers to cash payments for operating activities of the government in providing goods and services. It includes compensation of employees (such as wages and salaries), interest and subsidies, social benefits, and other expenses such as rent and dividends.

Tax revenue (% of GDP) refers to social contributions, including social security contributions by employees, employers, and self-employed individuals, and other contributions whose source cannot be determined. They also include actual or imputed contributions to social insurance schemes operated by governments.

Social contributions (% of revenue) include social security contributions by employees, employers, and self-employed individuals, and other contributions whose source cannot be determined. They also include actual or imputed contributions to social insurance schemes operated by governments. (World Bank, 2014)

Table 7. Trade

Total exports & imports comprise all transactions in goods and services between residents of a country and the rest of the world involving a change of ownership, from residents to non-residents for exports, and from non-residents to residents for imports.

Trade balance is the difference between the monetary value of exports and imports in an economy over a specified period. A positive balance is referred to as a trade surplus and it consists of more exports than

Basic Statistics 49

imports; a negative balance is referred to as a trade deficit or a trade gap and consists of more imports than exports.

Merchandise exports as percentage of GDP show the free on board (FOB) value of goods provided to the rest of the world valued in current US dollars. Merchandise imports as percentage of GDP show the cost insurance freight (CIF) value of goods received from the rest of the world valued in current US dollars.

Current account balance is the sum of net exports of goods and services, net primary income, and net secondary income. A positive balance indicates a current account surplus while a negative balance indicates a current account deficit.

Export instability indices provide an indication of the relative magnitude of fluctuations in total merchandise export values and have been calculated by dividing the mean of the total export in goods and services with the total export’s standard deviation. The indices range between 0 and 100, with 100 representing the most extreme volatility.

With regards to the composition of merchandise exports and imports, Agricultural raw materials comprise SITC (Standard International Trade Classification) section 2 (crude materials except fuels) excluding divisions 22, 27 (crude fertilizers and minerals excluding coal, petroleum and precious stones) and 28 (metalliferous ores and scrap). Food refers to the commodities in Standard International Trade Classification (SITC) sections 0 (food and live animals), 1 (beverages and tobacco), 4 (animal and vegetable oils and fats) and SITC division 22 (oil seeds, oil nuts, and oil kernels). Fuels comprise SITC section 3 (mineral fuels). Manufactures refer to commodities in SITC sections 5 (chemicals), 6 (basic manufactures), 7 (machinery and transport equipment) and 8 (miscellaneous manufactured goods), excluding division 68 (non-ferrous metals).

Note: Merchandise export shares may not sum to 100 per cent because of unclassified trade.

Table 8. Aid dependency

Net official development assistance (ODA) per capita consists of disbursements of loans made on concessional terms (net of repayments of principal) and grants by official agencies of the members of the Development Assistance Committee (DAC), by multilateral institutions, and by non-DAC countries to promote economic development and welfare in countries and territories in the DAC list of ODA recipients; and is calculated by dividing net ODA received by the midyear population estimate. It includes loans with a

grant element of at least 25 per cent (calculated at a rate of discount of 10 per cent).

Total external debt stock (% of GNI) is debt owed to non-residents repayable in currency, goods, or services. Total external debt is the sum of public, publicly guaranteed, and private nonguaranteed long-term debt, use of IMF credit, and short-term debt. Short-term debt includes all debt having an original maturity of one year or less and interest in arrears on long-term debt.

Total debt service (% of GNI) is the sum of principal repayments and interest actually paid in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt, interest paid on short-term debt, and repayments (repurchases and charges) to the IMF.

Interest payments (% of revenue) include interest payments on government debt, including long-term bonds, long term loans, and other debt instruments to domestic and foreign residents.

Total debt service (%) is the sum of principal repayments and interest actually paid in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt, interest paid on short-term debt, and repayments (repurchases and charges) to the IMF.

Table 9. Energy and environment

Carbon dioxide emissions (total/per capita) are those stemming from the burning of fossil fuels and the manufacture of cement. They include carbon dioxide produced during consumption of solid, liquid, and gas fuels and gas flaring.

Electric power consumption measures the production of power plants and combined heat and power plants less transmission, distribution and transformation losses and own use by heat and power plants.

Net energy imports (% of energy use) are estimated as energy use less production, both measured in oil equivalents. A negative value indicates that the country is a net exporter. Energy use refers to use of primary energy before transformation to other end-use fuels, which is equal to indigenous production plus imports and stock changes minus exports and fuels supplied to ships and aircraft engaged in international transport.

Fossil fuel energy consumption (% of total) comprises of coal, oil, petroleum and natural gas products.

Table 10. Agriculture and forestry

Forest area (% of land area) is land under natural or planted stands of trees of at least 5 meters in situ, whether productive or not and excludes tree stands in


agricultural production systems (for example, in fruit plantations and agroforestry systems) and trees in urban parks and gardens.

Arable land includes land defined by the FAO as land under temporary crops (double-cropped areas are counted once), temporary meadows for mowing or for pasture, land under market or kitchen gardens and land temporarily fallow. Land abandoned as a result of shifting cultivation is excluded.

The food production index covers food crops that are considered edible and that contain nutrients. Coffee and tea are excluded because, although edible, they have no nutritive value. All the indices at the country, regional and world levels are calculated by the Laspeyres formula with a base period of 2004–06. Production quantities of each commodity are weighted by 2004–06 average international commodity prices and summed for each year. To obtain the index, the aggregate for a given year is divided by the average aggregate for the base period.

Agriculture (value added, annual % growth) corresponds to ISIC divisions 1–5 and includes forestry, hunting, and fishing, as well as cultivation of crops and livestock production. Value added is the net output of a sector after adding up all outputs and subtracting intermediate inputs. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or depletion and degradation of natural resources. The origin of value added is determined by the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), revision 3.

Table 11. Poverty

PPP stands for Purchasing Power Parity and is the theory that the exchange rate will adjust so as to offset differences in countries ‘inflation rates with the result that the same quantity of international traded goods can be bought at home as abroad with a given amount of the domestic currency.

Poverty headcount ratio at $1.25 a day shows the percentage of the population living on less than $1.25 a day at 2005 international prices. As a result of revisions in PPP exchange rates, poverty rates for individual countries cannot be compared with poverty rates reported in earlier editions.

Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty line is the percentage of the population living below the national poverty line. National estimates are based on population-weighted subgroup estimates from household surveys.

Poverty gap is the mean shortfall from the poverty line (counting the non-poor as having zero shortfall),

expressed as a percentage of the poverty line. This measure reflects the depth of poverty as well as its incidence. Note: Data showing as 0.5 signifies a poverty gap of less than 0.5 per cent. A theoretical value of zero implies that all the extremely poor people are exactly at the poverty line. A theoretical value of 100% implies all the extremely poor people have zero income.

Crude birth rate refers to annual live births per thousand of mid-year population. Crude death rate refers to annual deaths per thousand of mid-year population.

Prevalence of undernourishment is the percentage of the population that is undernourished or food deprived. The undernourished or food deprived are those individuals whose food intake falls below the minimum level of dietary energy requirements. Data showing as 2.5 signifies a prevalence of undernourishment below 2.5%.

Access to improved sanitation facilities refers to the percentage of the population with at least adequate access to excreta disposal facilities that can effectively prevent human, animal, and insect contact with excreta. Improved facilities range from simple but protected pit latrines to flush toilets with a sewerage connection.

Table 12. Health

Total health expenditure is the sum of public and private health expenditure. It covers the provision of health services (preventive and curative), family planning activities, nutrition activities, and emergency aid designated for health but does not include provision of water and sanitation.

Life expectancy at birth indicates the number of years a new-born infant would live if prevailing patterns of mortality at the time of its birth were to stay the same throughout its life.

The under-five mortality rate is the probability per 1,000 that a new-born baby will die before reaching age five, if subject to age-specific mortality rates of the specified year.

Births attended by skilled health staff are the percentage of deliveries attended by personnel trained to give the necessary supervision, care, and advice to women during pregnancy, labour, and the postpartum period; to conduct deliveries on their own; and to care for new-borns.

The prevalence of HIV refers to the percentage of people aged 15–49 who are infected with HIV.

Access to improved sanitation facilities (% of total population) refers to the percentage of the population

Basic Statistics 51

using improved sanitation facilities. The improved sanitation facilities include flush/pour flush (to piped sewer system, septic tank, pit latrine), ventilated improved pit (VIP) latrine, pit latrine with slab, and composting toilet.

Table 13. Education

The adult literacy rate is the percentage of people ages 15 and above who can, with understanding, read and write a short, simple statement on their everyday life.

Gross enrolment ratio is the ratio of total enrolment, regardless of age, to the population of the age group that officially corresponds to the level of education shown.

Primary completion rate is the percentage of students completing the last year of primary school. It is calculated by taking the total number of students in the last grade of primary school, minus the number of repeaters in that grade, divided by the total number of children of official graduation age.

Lower secondary completion rate is the percentage of children who are completing the last year of lower secondary education. It is calculated by taking the total number of students in the last grade of lower secondary education, minus the number of repeaters in that grade, divided by the total number of children of official completion age.

Education expenditure refers to the current operating expenditures in education, including wages and salaries and excluding capital investments in buildings and equipment.

Table 14. Gender

The Gender Inequality Index (GII) reflects women’s disadvantage in three dimensions—reproductive health, empowerment and the labour market. The index shows the loss in human development due to inequality between female and male achievements in these dimensions. It ranges from 0, which indicates that women and men fare equally, to 1, which indicates that women fare as poorly as possible in all measured dimensions.

Ratio of girls to boys in primary, secondary and tertiary education is the percentage of girls to boys enrolled at primary, tertiary and secondary levels in public and private schools.

Primary and lower secondary completion rates show the percentage of students completing the last year of primary/lower secondary school. It is calculated by taking the total number of students in the last grade, minus the number of repeaters in that grade, divided

by the total number of children of official graduation age. The rate of completion could exceed 100 because it also includes pupils who completed primary school below the official graduation age.

Female labour force shows the extent to which women are active in the labour force, which comprises people ages 15 and older who meet the International Labour Organization definition of the economically active population.

Employment to population ratio is the proportion of a country’s population that is employed. A high ratio means that a large proportion of the population is employed. But a lower employment to population ratio can be seen as a positive sign, especially for young people, if it is caused by an increase in their education. Ages 15 and older are generally considered the working-age population.

Ratio of female to male labour force participation rate shows the proportion of female who are economically active, in comparison to males’.

Proportion of seats held by women in national parliaments show the percentage of parliamentary seats in a single or lower chamber held by women.

Table 15. Globalisation

Foreign direct investment (FDI) is defined as a long-term investment by a foreign investor in an enterprise resident in an economy other than that in which the foreign direct investor is based. This table represents inward FDI flows. The foreign direct investment inflows have been aggregated as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product.

Total reserves comprise holdings of monetary gold, special drawing rights, reserves of IMF members held by the IMF, and holdings of foreign exchange under the control of monetary authorities.

Net migration refers to the number of immigrants minus the number of emigrants over a given period, expressed in thousands. It is calculated using the medium variant as an assumption.

Personal remittances comprise personal transfers and compensation of employees. Personal transfers consist of all current transfers in cash or in kind made or received by resident households to or from non-resident households. Personal transfers thus include all current transfers between resident and non-resident individuals. Compensation of employees refers to the income of border, seasonal, and other short-term workers who are employed in an economy where they are not resident and of residents employed by non-resident entities.


Road density is the ratio of the length of the country’s total road network to the country’s land area. The road network includes all roads in the country: motorways, highways, main or national roads, secondary or regional roads, and other urban and rural roads.

Mobile cellular subscriptions are subscriptions to a public mobile telephone service using cellular technology, which provide access to the public switched telephone network. Post-paid and prepaid subscriptions are included.

Data on internet users is based on nationally reported data. In some cases, surveys have been carried out that give a more precise figure for the number of internet users. The reported figure for Internet users—which may refer to only users above a certain age—is divided by the total population to obtain users per 100 people.

The WTO has information on the Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs) that are in force or currently in negotiation between countries and includes several types of RTAs such as Free Trade Agreements, Economic Integration Agreements, “Partial Scope” Agreements or Customs Unions. As with RTAs in force, under the Transparency Mechanism, Members participating in new negotiations aimed at the conclusion of an RTA are required to inform the WTO Secretariat of such negotiations.

Table 16. Governance

Governance can be broadly defined as the set of traditions and institutions by which authority in a country is exercised. This includes (1) the process by which governments are selected, monitored and replaced, (2) the capacity of the government to effectively formulate and implement sound policies, and (3) the

respect of citizens and the state for the institutions that govern economic and social interactions among them. The World Bank’s Worldwide Governance Indicators measure governance through six dimensions:

Voice and Accountability (VA) – capturing perceptions of the extent to which a country’s citizens are able to participate in selecting their government, as well as freedom of expression, freedom of association, and a free media.

Political Stability and Absence of Violence/Terrorism (PV) – capturing perceptions of the likelihood of political instability and/or politically-motivated violence, including terrorism.

Government Effectiveness (GE) – capturing perceptions of the quality of public services, the quality of the civil service and the degree of its independence from political pressures, the quality of policy formulation and implementation, and the credibility of the government’s commitment to such policies.

Regulatory Quality (RQ) – capturing perceptions of the ability of the government to formulate and implement sound policies and regulations that permit and promote private sector development.

Rule of Law (RL) – capturing perceptions of the extent to which agents have confidence in and abide by the rules of society, and in particular the quality of contract enforcement, property rights, the police, and the courts, as well as the likelihood of crime and violence.

Control of Corruption (CC) – capturing perceptions of the extent to which public power is exercised for private gain, including both petty and grand forms of corruption, as well as “capture” of the state by elites and private interests.

Basic Statistics 53

Table 1. Size of Economy

Group/Country Surface area (sq. km)

Population Population density (people per sq. km)

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Low IncomeComoros 1,861 666,097 683,081 700,216 717,503 – 357.92 367.05 376.26 385.55 394.90Gambia, The 11,300 1,628,332 1,680,640 1,734,966 1,791,225 – 160.90 166.07 171.44 177.00 182.74Guinea-Bissau 36,130 1,550,905 1,586,624 1,624,228 1,663,558 – 55.15 56.42 57.76 59.16 60.61Middle IncomeCommonwealth CountriesBelize 22,970 301,016 308,595 316,280 324,060 – 13.20 13.53 13.87 14.21 14.55Botswana 581,730 1,951,715 1,969,341 1,986,701 2,003,910 2,021,144 3.44 3.47 3.51 3.54 3.57Dominica 750 70,996 71,167 71,401 71,684 72,003 94.66 94.89 95.20 95.58 96.00Fiji 18,270 852,479 860,559 867,921 874,742 881,065 46.66 47.10 47.51 47.88 48.22Grenada 340 104,296 104,677 105,074 105,483 105,897 306.75 307.87 309.04 310.24 311.46Guyana 214,970 781,055 786,126 790,882 795,369 799,613 3.97 3.99 4.02 4.04 4.06Jamaica 10,990 2,681,386 2,690,824 2,699,838 2,707,805 2,715,000 247.59 248.46 249.29 250.03 250.69Kiribati 810 96,272 97,743 99,250 100,786 102,351 118.85 120.67 122.53 124.43 126.36Lesotho 30,360 1,989,873 2,008,921 2,029,516 2,051,545 2,074,465 65.54 66.17 66.85 67.57 68.33Maldives 300 319,660 325,694 331,964 338,442 345,023 1,065.53 1,085.65 1,106.55 1,128.14 1,150.08Mauritius 2,040 1,275,032 1,280,924 1,286,051 1,291,167 1,296,303 628.09 631.00 633.52 636.04 638.57Namibia 824,290 2,143,498 2,178,967 2,217,618 2,259,393 2,303,315 2.60 2.65 2.69 2.74 2.80Nauru – – – – – – – – – – –Papua New Guinea 462,840 6,704,829 6,858,945 7,012,977 7,167,010 7,321,262 14.81 15.15 15.49 15.83 16.17Saint Lucia 620 175,200 177,397 179,271 180,870 182,273 287.21 290.81 293.89 296.51 298.81Samoa 200 56,245 55,636 55,274 55,128 55,165 65.27 65.73 66.23 66.75 67.27Seychelles 460 87,298 89,770 87,441 88,303 89,173 189.78 195.15 190.09 191.96 193.85Solomon Islands 28,900 514,964 526,447 537,997 549,598 561,231 18.40 18.81 19.22 19.64 20.05St Vincent and the Grenadines 390 109,249 109,316 109,357 109,373 109,373 280.13 280.30 280.40 280.44 280.44Swaziland 17,360 1,173,678 1,193,148 1,212,159 1,230,985 1,249,514 68.24 69.37 70.47 71.57 72.65Tonga 750 103,557 104,098 104,554 104,941 105,323 143.83 144.58 145.21 145.75 146.28Tuvalu 30 9,808 9,827 9,844 9,860 9,876 326.93 327.57 328.13 328.67 329.20Vanuatu 12,190 230,833 236,299 241,778 247,262 252,763 18.94 19.38 19.83 20.28 20.74Non-Commonwealth CountriesBhutan 38,394 704,542 716,939 729,429 741,822 753,947 18.35 18.67 19.00 19.32 19.64Cabo Verde 4,030 485,714 487,601 490,556 494,401 498,897 120.52 120.99 121.73 122.68 123.80Djibouti 23,200 821,865 834,036 846,646 859,652 872,932 35.46 35.98 36.52 37.09 37.66Gabon 267,670 1,519,155 1,556,222 1,594,034 1,632,572 1,671,711 5.90 6.04 6.19 6.34 6.49Marshall Islands 180 52,341 52,428 52,495 52,555 52,634 290.78 291.27 291.64 291.97 292.41

Micronesia 700 103,983 103,619 103,424 103,395 103,549 148.55 148.03 147.75 147.71 147.93Montenegro 13,810 619,408 620,078 620,644 621,081 621,383 46.05 46.10 46.14 46.18 46.20Palau 460 20,344 20,470 20,606 20,754 20,918 44.23 44.50 44.80 45.12 45.47São Tomé and Principe 960 173,240 178,228 183,177 188,098 192,993 180.46 185.65 190.81 195.94 201.03Suriname 163,820 520,173 524,960 529,761 534,541 539,276 3.33 3.37 3.40 3.43 3.46Timor-Leste 14,870 1,049,156 1,066,409 1,120,392 1,148,958 1,178,252 70.56 71.72 75.35 77.27 79.24High IncomeCommonwealth CountriesAntigua and Barbuda 440 279,006 280,396 281,804 283,221 284,644 196.14 198.26 200.35 202.43 204.51Bahamas, The 13,880 354,492 360,498 366,331 371,960 377,374 35.41 36.01 36.60 37.16 37.70Barbados 430 86,300 87,233 88,152 89,069 89,985 648.85 652.08 655.36 658.65 661.96Brunei Darussalam 5,770 394,400 400,569 406,512 412,238 417,784 74.84 76.01 77.14 78.22 79.28Cyprus 9,250 1,090,553 1,103,685 1,116,513 1,128,994 1,141,166 118.03 119.45 120.83 122.19 123.50Malta 320 412,477 414,508 416,268 419,455 423,282 1,288.99 1,295.34 1,300.84 1,310.80 1,322.76Singapore* 710 4,987,600 5,076,700 5,183,700 5,312,400 5,399,200 7,125.14 7,252.43 7,405.29 7,589.14 7,713.14St Kitts and Nevis 260 51,731 52,352 52,971 53,584 54,191 198.97 201.35 203.73 206.09 208.43Trinidad and Tobago 5,130 1,322,518 1,328,095 1,333,082 1,337,439 1,341,151 257.80 258.89 259.86 260.71 261.43Non-Commonwealth CountriesBahrain 760 1,191,539 1,251,513 1,292,764 1,317,827 1,332,171 1,567.81 1,646.73 1,701.01 1,733.98 1,752.86Equatorial Guinea 28,050 676,851 696,167 715,996 736,296 757,014 24.13 24.82 25.53 26.25 26.99Estonia 45,230 1,334,515 1,331,475 1,327,439 1,325,016 1,324,612 31.48 31.41 31.31 31.26 31.25Iceland 103,000 318,499 318,041 319,014 320,716 323,002 3.18 3.17 3.18 3.20 3.22Qatar 11,610 1,564,082 1,749,713 1,910,902 2,050,514 2,168,673 134.72 150.71 164.59 176.62 186.79San Marino 60 30,698 30,861 31,048 31,247 31,448 511.63 514.35 517.47 520.78 524.13

54

Table 1. Size of Economy

Group/Country Surface area (sq. km)

Population Population density (people per sq. km)

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Low IncomeComoros 1,861 666,097 683,081 700,216 717,503 – 357.92 367.05 376.26 385.55 394.90Gambia, The 11,300 1,628,332 1,680,640 1,734,966 1,791,225 – 160.90 166.07 171.44 177.00 182.74Guinea-Bissau 36,130 1,550,905 1,586,624 1,624,228 1,663,558 – 55.15 56.42 57.76 59.16 60.61Middle IncomeCommonwealth CountriesBelize 22,970 301,016 308,595 316,280 324,060 – 13.20 13.53 13.87 14.21 14.55Botswana 581,730 1,951,715 1,969,341 1,986,701 2,003,910 2,021,144 3.44 3.47 3.51 3.54 3.57Dominica 750 70,996 71,167 71,401 71,684 72,003 94.66 94.89 95.20 95.58 96.00Fiji 18,270 852,479 860,559 867,921 874,742 881,065 46.66 47.10 47.51 47.88 48.22Grenada 340 104,296 104,677 105,074 105,483 105,897 306.75 307.87 309.04 310.24 311.46Guyana 214,970 781,055 786,126 790,882 795,369 799,613 3.97 3.99 4.02 4.04 4.06Jamaica 10,990 2,681,386 2,690,824 2,699,838 2,707,805 2,715,000 247.59 248.46 249.29 250.03 250.69Kiribati 810 96,272 97,743 99,250 100,786 102,351 118.85 120.67 122.53 124.43 126.36Lesotho 30,360 1,989,873 2,008,921 2,029,516 2,051,545 2,074,465 65.54 66.17 66.85 67.57 68.33Maldives 300 319,660 325,694 331,964 338,442 345,023 1,065.53 1,085.65 1,106.55 1,128.14 1,150.08Mauritius 2,040 1,275,032 1,280,924 1,286,051 1,291,167 1,296,303 628.09 631.00 633.52 636.04 638.57Namibia 824,290 2,143,498 2,178,967 2,217,618 2,259,393 2,303,315 2.60 2.65 2.69 2.74 2.80Nauru – – – – – – – – – – –Papua New Guinea 462,840 6,704,829 6,858,945 7,012,977 7,167,010 7,321,262 14.81 15.15 15.49 15.83 16.17Saint Lucia 620 175,200 177,397 179,271 180,870 182,273 287.21 290.81 293.89 296.51 298.81Samoa 200 56,245 55,636 55,274 55,128 55,165 65.27 65.73 66.23 66.75 67.27Seychelles 460 87,298 89,770 87,441 88,303 89,173 189.78 195.15 190.09 191.96 193.85Solomon Islands 28,900 514,964 526,447 537,997 549,598 561,231 18.40 18.81 19.22 19.64 20.05St Vincent and the Grenadines 390 109,249 109,316 109,357 109,373 109,373 280.13 280.30 280.40 280.44 280.44Swaziland 17,360 1,173,678 1,193,148 1,212,159 1,230,985 1,249,514 68.24 69.37 70.47 71.57 72.65Tonga 750 103,557 104,098 104,554 104,941 105,323 143.83 144.58 145.21 145.75 146.28Tuvalu 30 9,808 9,827 9,844 9,860 9,876 326.93 327.57 328.13 328.67 329.20Vanuatu 12,190 230,833 236,299 241,778 247,262 252,763 18.94 19.38 19.83 20.28 20.74Non-Commonwealth CountriesBhutan 38,394 704,542 716,939 729,429 741,822 753,947 18.35 18.67 19.00 19.32 19.64Cabo Verde 4,030 485,714 487,601 490,556 494,401 498,897 120.52 120.99 121.73 122.68 123.80Djibouti 23,200 821,865 834,036 846,646 859,652 872,932 35.46 35.98 36.52 37.09 37.66Gabon 267,670 1,519,155 1,556,222 1,594,034 1,632,572 1,671,711 5.90 6.04 6.19 6.34 6.49Marshall Islands 180 52,341 52,428 52,495 52,555 52,634 290.78 291.27 291.64 291.97 292.41

Micronesia 700 103,983 103,619 103,424 103,395 103,549 148.55 148.03 147.75 147.71 147.93Montenegro 13,810 619,408 620,078 620,644 621,081 621,383 46.05 46.10 46.14 46.18 46.20Palau 460 20,344 20,470 20,606 20,754 20,918 44.23 44.50 44.80 45.12 45.47São Tomé and Principe 960 173,240 178,228 183,177 188,098 192,993 180.46 185.65 190.81 195.94 201.03Suriname 163,820 520,173 524,960 529,761 534,541 539,276 3.33 3.37 3.40 3.43 3.46Timor-Leste 14,870 1,049,156 1,066,409 1,120,392 1,148,958 1,178,252 70.56 71.72 75.35 77.27 79.24High IncomeCommonwealth CountriesAntigua and Barbuda 440 279,006 280,396 281,804 283,221 284,644 196.14 198.26 200.35 202.43 204.51Bahamas, The 13,880 354,492 360,498 366,331 371,960 377,374 35.41 36.01 36.60 37.16 37.70Barbados 430 86,300 87,233 88,152 89,069 89,985 648.85 652.08 655.36 658.65 661.96Brunei Darussalam 5,770 394,400 400,569 406,512 412,238 417,784 74.84 76.01 77.14 78.22 79.28Cyprus 9,250 1,090,553 1,103,685 1,116,513 1,128,994 1,141,166 118.03 119.45 120.83 122.19 123.50Malta 320 412,477 414,508 416,268 419,455 423,282 1,288.99 1,295.34 1,300.84 1,310.80 1,322.76Singapore* 710 4,987,600 5,076,700 5,183,700 5,312,400 5,399,200 7,125.14 7,252.43 7,405.29 7,589.14 7,713.14St Kitts and Nevis 260 51,731 52,352 52,971 53,584 54,191 198.97 201.35 203.73 206.09 208.43Trinidad and Tobago 5,130 1,322,518 1,328,095 1,333,082 1,337,439 1,341,151 257.80 258.89 259.86 260.71 261.43Non-Commonwealth CountriesBahrain 760 1,191,539 1,251,513 1,292,764 1,317,827 1,332,171 1,567.81 1,646.73 1,701.01 1,733.98 1,752.86Equatorial Guinea 28,050 676,851 696,167 715,996 736,296 757,014 24.13 24.82 25.53 26.25 26.99Estonia 45,230 1,334,515 1,331,475 1,327,439 1,325,016 1,324,612 31.48 31.41 31.31 31.26 31.25Iceland 103,000 318,499 318,041 319,014 320,716 323,002 3.18 3.17 3.18 3.20 3.22Qatar 11,610 1,564,082 1,749,713 1,910,902 2,050,514 2,168,673 134.72 150.71 164.59 176.62 186.79San Marino 60 30,698 30,861 31,048 31,247 31,448 511.63 514.35 517.47 520.78 524.13

55

Table 1. Size of Economy (continued)

Group/Country GNI (US$/Atlas Method)

GNI per capita (US$/Atlas Method)

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Low IncomeComoros 530,994,249.01 551,001,257.98 579,596,615.33 604,707,343.54 647,221,396.21 800 810 830 840 880Gambia, The 935,900,286.56 977,533,609.32 886,830,318.72 926,751,179.94 941,029,127.87 570 580 510 520 510Guinea-Bissau 821,703,933.79 873,433,098.65 928,429,943.11 888,054,485.79 884,283,566.36 530 550 570 530 520Middle IncomeCommonwealth CountriesBelize 1,301,230,655.92 1,350,452,292.35 1,412,219,671.92 1,498,654,399.03 1,545,752,053.81 4,320 4,380 4,470 4,620 4,660Botswana 10,288,116,028.85 11,491,316,380.05 13,790,242,862.16 15,321,531,449.91 15,619,052,422.99 5,270 5,840 6,940 7,650 7,730Dominica 455,758,771.32 467,642,385.89 481,288,684.76 472,208,600.35 486,598,619.90 6,420 6,570 6,740 6,590 6,760Fiji 3,353,295,894.77 3,160,344,098.86 3,252,282,398.62 3,510,522,296.83 3,905,080,202.70 3,930 3,670 3,750 4,010 4,430Grenada 710,279,627.39 737,736,841.87 754,546,184.19 752,701,354.54 790,414,526.69 6,810 7,050 7,180 7,140 7,460Guyana 1,986,031,602.31 2,185,000,254.07 2,410,993,364.65 2,710,145,410.05 3,002,208,616.36 2,540 2,780 3,050 3,410 3,750Jamaica 12,090,980,487.16 12,335,319,014.84 12,958,616,488.25 14,041,181,594.05 14,162,646,482.98 4,510 4,580 4,800 5,190 5,220Kiribati 187,996,987.22 193,979,030.75 208,410,614.48 254,237,215.14 267,665,414.27 1,950 1,980 2,100 2,520 2,620Lesotho 2,173,027,642.34 2,322,126,172.99 2,497,828,683.17 3,044,834,365.53 3,211,422,313.02 1,090 1,160 1,230 1,480 1,550Maldives 1,614,090,594.46 1,787,427,652.13 1,885,041,385.68 1,837,079,141.11 1,933,763,574.52 5,050 5,490 5,680 5,430 5,600Mauritius 9,257,264,827.75 9,96,10,50,903.53 10,41,73,64,910.04 11,31,91,69,543.82 12,050,333,191.54 7,260 7,780 8,100 8,770 9,300Namibia 8,756,878,206.33 9,368,951907.94 11,051,359,592.22 12,889,781,676.12 13,452,483,780.10 4,090 4,300 4,980 5,700 5,840Nauru – – – – – – – – – –Papua New Guinea 7,963,626,321.00 8,934,584,658.00 10,345,047,664.00 12,800,828,495.00 14,749,424,302.00 1,190 1,300 1,480 1,790 2,010Saint Lucia 1,174,078,655.00 1,174,680,214.00 1,246,795,115.00 1,266,044,241.00 1,293,113,505.00 6,700 6,620 6,950 7,000 7,090Samoa 492,137,436.30 526,724,113.70 553,916,028.70 616,134,761.80 652,564,581.90 2,660 2,830 2,960 3,260 3,430Seychelles 903,235,366.90 921,402,637.80 968,830,614.40 1,023,770,316.00 1,117,710,545.00 10,350 10,260 11,080 11,590 12,530Solomon Islands 422,400,438.10 490,398,306.20 623,095,425.00 812,241,127.90 900,818,634.20 820 930 1,160 1,480 1,610St. Vincent and the

Grenadines

684,547,232.70 659,887,083.20 664,584,517.50 695,913,159.50 719,500,465.00 6,270 6,040 6,080 6,360 6,580

Swaziland 3,133,552,125.00 3,335,541,730.00 3,505,555,559.00 3,814,986,760.00 3,842,730,708.00 2,670 2,800 2,890 3,100 3,080Tonga 345,233,697.90 363,112,083.30 390,677,156.50 442,487,552.30 472,924,232.00 3,330 3,490 3,740 4,220 4,490Tuvalu 50,273,404.00 46,340,863.45 49,991,633.80 55,677,530.30 65,507,815.18 5,130 4,720 5,080 5,650 6,630Vanuatu 598,943,845.00 638,929,002.20 693,027,850.50 738,450,774.20 789,961,714.80 2,590 2,700 2,870 2,990 3,130Non-Commonwealth CountriesBhutan 1,302,942,877.00 1,446,348,301.00 1,636,904,212.00 1,793,228,755.00 1,853,505,014.00 1,850 2,020 2,240 2,420 2,460Cabo Verde 1,693,360,688.00 1,672,996,739.00 1,750,807,759.00 1,786,287,869.00 1,813,357,760.00 3,490 3,430 3,570 3,610 3,630Djibouti – – – – – – – – – –Gabon 11,944,298,802.00 12,879,000,000.00 14,110,986,713.00 16,356,237,372.00 17,806,983,106.00 7,860 8,280 8,850 10,020 10,650Marshall Islands 194,256,011.10 198,121,290.00 206,015,782.90 216,818,824.50 220,951,580.60 3,710 3,780 3,920 4,130 4,200Micronesia 288,263,651.00 296,934,804.00 315,153,397.20 333,613,417.90 355,4,11,453.90 2,770 2,870 3,050 3,230 3,430Montenegro 4,159,342,910.00 4,271,535,900.00 4,473,848,936.00 4,313,739,289.00 4,513,680,959.00 6,720 6,890 7,210 6,950 7,260Palau 186,620,728.60 194,503,816.00 205,528,947.10 218,925,435.80 229,463,058.10 9,170 9,500 9,970 10,550 10,970São Tomé and Principe 187,808,667.10 203,994,823.00 226,387,635.00 246,653,577.10 284,001,675.40 1,080 1,140 1,240 1,310 1,470Suriname 3,638,959,511.00 4,069,238,246.00 4,375,426,355.00 4,641,880,567.00 4,994,066,010.00 7,000 7,750 8,260 8,680 9,260Timor-Leste 2,475,318,516.00 3,205,379,915.00 4,575,970,791.00 4,576,682,956.00 4,215,173,998.00 2,360 3,010 4,080 3,980 3,580High IncomeCommonwealth CountriesAntigua and Barbuda 1,158,153,403.00 1,100,257,165.00 1,087,092,218.00 1,133,354,666.00 1,161,391,110.00 13,420 12,610 12,330 12,720 12,910Bahamas, The 7,809,058,435.00 7,687,348,091.00 7,794,972,545.00 7,660,974,826.00 – 22,030 21,320 21,280 20,600 –Barbados 4,366,421,852.00 4,405,927,421.00 4,413,919,297.00 4,270,301,218.00 – 15,650 15,710 15,660 15,080 –Brunei Darussalam 12,460,515,757.00 – – – – 31,590 – – – –Cyprus 23,769,873,279.00 23,693,439,686.00 24,542,919,280.00 22,799,240,119.00 – 29,710 28,570 28,840 26,390 25,210Malta 7,542,990,627.00 7,747,437,724.00 8,241,045,951.00 8,273,885,250.00 – 18,290 18,690 19,800 19,730 –Singapore* 184,918,000,000.00 227,378,000,000.00 252,067,000,000.00 271,427,000,000.00 2,91,78,80,00,000.00 37,080 44,790 48,630 51,090 54,040St Kitts and Nevis 67,76,36,145.40 66,23,08,667.90 68,99,94,581.30 701,315,501.30 729,569,974.70 13,100 12,650 13,030 13,090 13,460Trinidad and Tobago 21,588,068,311.00 20,989,609,571.00 18,406,737,194.00 19,761,376,408.00 21,133,115,388.00 16,320 15,800 13,810 14,780 15,760Non-Commonwealth CountriesBahrain 22,319,826,590.00 23,538,610,025.00 23,329,897,754.00 25,771,015,475.00 – 18,730 18,810 18,050 19,560 –Equatorial Guinea 10,977,673,213.00 9,484,642,599.00 9,620,384,949.00 10,333,955,091.00 10,839,655,967.00 16,220 13,620 13,440 14,040 14,320Estonia 19,214,869,388.00 19,042,514,353.00 20,836,458,600.00 21,680,047,225.00 23,004,759,690.00 14,400 14,300 15,700 16,360 17,370Iceland 12,494,472,348.00 10,780,508,121.00 11,217,883,932.00 12,306,468,688.00 14,190,356,346.00 39,230 33,900 35,160 38,370 43,930Qatar 101,374,000,000.00 116,241,000,000.00 136,899,000,000.00 160,053,000,000.00 185,521,000,000.00 64,810 66,430 71,640 78,060 85,550San Marino – – – – – – – – – –

56


Group/Country GNI (US$/Atlas Method)

GNI per capita (US$/Atlas Method)

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Low IncomeComoros 530,994,249.01 551,001,257.98 579,596,615.33 604,707,343.54 647,221,396.21 800 810 830 840 880Gambia, The 935,900,286.56 977,533,609.32 886,830,318.72 926,751,179.94 941,029,127.87 570 580 510 520 510Guinea-Bissau 821,703,933.79 873,433,098.65 928,429,943.11 888,054,485.79 884,283,566.36 530 550 570 530 520Middle IncomeCommonwealth CountriesBelize 1,301,230,655.92 1,350,452,292.35 1,412,219,671.92 1,498,654,399.03 1,545,752,053.81 4,320 4,380 4,470 4,620 4,660Botswana 10,288,116,028.85 11,491,316,380.05 13,790,242,862.16 15,321,531,449.91 15,619,052,422.99 5,270 5,840 6,940 7,650 7,730Dominica 455,758,771.32 467,642,385.89 481,288,684.76 472,208,600.35 486,598,619.90 6,420 6,570 6,740 6,590 6,760Fiji 3,353,295,894.77 3,160,344,098.86 3,252,282,398.62 3,510,522,296.83 3,905,080,202.70 3,930 3,670 3,750 4,010 4,430Grenada 710,279,627.39 737,736,841.87 754,546,184.19 752,701,354.54 790,414,526.69 6,810 7,050 7,180 7,140 7,460Guyana 1,986,031,602.31 2,185,000,254.07 2,410,993,364.65 2,710,145,410.05 3,002,208,616.36 2,540 2,780 3,050 3,410 3,750Jamaica 12,090,980,487.16 12,335,319,014.84 12,958,616,488.25 14,041,181,594.05 14,162,646,482.98 4,510 4,580 4,800 5,190 5,220Kiribati 187,996,987.22 193,979,030.75 208,410,614.48 254,237,215.14 267,665,414.27 1,950 1,980 2,100 2,520 2,620Lesotho 2,173,027,642.34 2,322,126,172.99 2,497,828,683.17 3,044,834,365.53 3,211,422,313.02 1,090 1,160 1,230 1,480 1,550Maldives 1,614,090,594.46 1,787,427,652.13 1,885,041,385.68 1,837,079,141.11 1,933,763,574.52 5,050 5,490 5,680 5,430 5,600Mauritius 9,257,264,827.75 9,96,10,50,903.53 10,41,73,64,910.04 11,31,91,69,543.82 12,050,333,191.54 7,260 7,780 8,100 8,770 9,300Namibia 8,756,878,206.33 9,368,951907.94 11,051,359,592.22 12,889,781,676.12 13,452,483,780.10 4,090 4,300 4,980 5,700 5,840Nauru – – – – – – – – – –Papua New Guinea 7,963,626,321.00 8,934,584,658.00 10,345,047,664.00 12,800,828,495.00 14,749,424,302.00 1,190 1,300 1,480 1,790 2,010Saint Lucia 1,174,078,655.00 1,174,680,214.00 1,246,795,115.00 1,266,044,241.00 1,293,113,505.00 6,700 6,620 6,950 7,000 7,090Samoa 492,137,436.30 526,724,113.70 553,916,028.70 616,134,761.80 652,564,581.90 2,660 2,830 2,960 3,260 3,430Seychelles 903,235,366.90 921,402,637.80 968,830,614.40 1,023,770,316.00 1,117,710,545.00 10,350 10,260 11,080 11,590 12,530Solomon Islands 422,400,438.10 490,398,306.20 623,095,425.00 812,241,127.90 900,818,634.20 820 930 1,160 1,480 1,610St. Vincent and the

Grenadines

684,547,232.70 659,887,083.20 664,584,517.50 695,913,159.50 719,500,465.00 6,270 6,040 6,080 6,360 6,580

Swaziland 3,133,552,125.00 3,335,541,730.00 3,505,555,559.00 3,814,986,760.00 3,842,730,708.00 2,670 2,800 2,890 3,100 3,080Tonga 345,233,697.90 363,112,083.30 390,677,156.50 442,487,552.30 472,924,232.00 3,330 3,490 3,740 4,220 4,490Tuvalu 50,273,404.00 46,340,863.45 49,991,633.80 55,677,530.30 65,507,815.18 5,130 4,720 5,080 5,650 6,630Vanuatu 598,943,845.00 638,929,002.20 693,027,850.50 738,450,774.20 789,961,714.80 2,590 2,700 2,870 2,990 3,130Non-Commonwealth CountriesBhutan 1,302,942,877.00 1,446,348,301.00 1,636,904,212.00 1,793,228,755.00 1,853,505,014.00 1,850 2,020 2,240 2,420 2,460Cabo Verde 1,693,360,688.00 1,672,996,739.00 1,750,807,759.00 1,786,287,869.00 1,813,357,760.00 3,490 3,430 3,570 3,610 3,630Djibouti – – – – – – – – – –Gabon 11,944,298,802.00 12,879,000,000.00 14,110,986,713.00 16,356,237,372.00 17,806,983,106.00 7,860 8,280 8,850 10,020 10,650Marshall Islands 194,256,011.10 198,121,290.00 206,015,782.90 216,818,824.50 220,951,580.60 3,710 3,780 3,920 4,130 4,200Micronesia 288,263,651.00 296,934,804.00 315,153,397.20 333,613,417.90 355,4,11,453.90 2,770 2,870 3,050 3,230 3,430Montenegro 4,159,342,910.00 4,271,535,900.00 4,473,848,936.00 4,313,739,289.00 4,513,680,959.00 6,720 6,890 7,210 6,950 7,260Palau 186,620,728.60 194,503,816.00 205,528,947.10 218,925,435.80 229,463,058.10 9,170 9,500 9,970 10,550 10,970São Tomé and Principe 187,808,667.10 203,994,823.00 226,387,635.00 246,653,577.10 284,001,675.40 1,080 1,140 1,240 1,310 1,470Suriname 3,638,959,511.00 4,069,238,246.00 4,375,426,355.00 4,641,880,567.00 4,994,066,010.00 7,000 7,750 8,260 8,680 9,260Timor-Leste 2,475,318,516.00 3,205,379,915.00 4,575,970,791.00 4,576,682,956.00 4,215,173,998.00 2,360 3,010 4,080 3,980 3,580High IncomeCommonwealth CountriesAntigua and Barbuda 1,158,153,403.00 1,100,257,165.00 1,087,092,218.00 1,133,354,666.00 1,161,391,110.00 13,420 12,610 12,330 12,720 12,910Bahamas, The 7,809,058,435.00 7,687,348,091.00 7,794,972,545.00 7,660,974,826.00 – 22,030 21,320 21,280 20,600 –Barbados 4,366,421,852.00 4,405,927,421.00 4,413,919,297.00 4,270,301,218.00 – 15,650 15,710 15,660 15,080 –Brunei Darussalam 12,460,515,757.00 – – – – 31,590 – – – –Cyprus 23,769,873,279.00 23,693,439,686.00 24,542,919,280.00 22,799,240,119.00 – 29,710 28,570 28,840 26,390 25,210Malta 7,542,990,627.00 7,747,437,724.00 8,241,045,951.00 8,273,885,250.00 – 18,290 18,690 19,800 19,730 –Singapore* 184,918,000,000.00 227,378,000,000.00 252,067,000,000.00 271,427,000,000.00 2,91,78,80,00,000.00 37,080 44,790 48,630 51,090 54,040St Kitts and Nevis 67,76,36,145.40 66,23,08,667.90 68,99,94,581.30 701,315,501.30 729,569,974.70 13,100 12,650 13,030 13,090 13,460Trinidad and Tobago 21,588,068,311.00 20,989,609,571.00 18,406,737,194.00 19,761,376,408.00 21,133,115,388.00 16,320 15,800 13,810 14,780 15,760Non-Commonwealth CountriesBahrain 22,319,826,590.00 23,538,610,025.00 23,329,897,754.00 25,771,015,475.00 – 18,730 18,810 18,050 19,560 –Equatorial Guinea 10,977,673,213.00 9,484,642,599.00 9,620,384,949.00 10,333,955,091.00 10,839,655,967.00 16,220 13,620 13,440 14,040 14,320Estonia 19,214,869,388.00 19,042,514,353.00 20,836,458,600.00 21,680,047,225.00 23,004,759,690.00 14,400 14,300 15,700 16,360 17,370Iceland 12,494,472,348.00 10,780,508,121.00 11,217,883,932.00 12,306,468,688.00 14,190,356,346.00 39,230 33,900 35,160 38,370 43,930Qatar 101,374,000,000.00 116,241,000,000.00 136,899,000,000.00 160,053,000,000.00 185,521,000,000.00 64,810 66,430 71,640 78,060 85,550San Marino – – – – – – – – – –

57


Group/Country GDP (Current US$)

GDP per capita (Current US$)

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Low IncomeComoros 535,199,686 543,376,206 610,372,697 595,898,770 657,300,888 803.49 795.48 871.69 830.52 894.39Gambia, The 900,629,373 951,805,801 898,282,866 914,109,100 914,293,769 553.10 566.34 517.75 510.33 494.40Guinea-Bissau 832,530,157 835,390,893 967,762,549 822,320,638 858,651,121 536.80 526.52 595.83 494.31 503.83Middle IncomeCommonwealth CountriesBelize 1,338,500,000 1,398,500,000 1,489,000,000 1,572,500,000 1,604,500,000 4,446.61 4,531.83 4,707.85 4,852.50 4,834.29Botswana 10,106,837,286 13,746,712,706 15,292,424,757 14,537,000,000 14,788,476,190 5,178.44 6,980.36 7,697.40 7,254.56 7,316.88Dominica 482,592,593 475,185,185 491,481,482 495,555,556 504,814,815 6,797.46 6,677.04 6,883.40 6,913.06 7,011.02Fiji 2,925,499,821 3,225,095,136 3,753,485,389 4,035,420,973 4,027,913,544 3,431.76 3,747.67 4,324.69 4,613.27 4,571.64Grenada 771,481,468 771,111,098 778,518,505 801,481,467 834,074,059 7,397.04 7,366.58 7,409.24 7,598.21 7,876.28Guyana 2,025,565,089 2,259,288,396 2,576,602,497 2,851,154,076 3,075,733,571 2,593.37 2,873.95 3,257.88 3,584.69 3,846.53Jamaica 12,125,023,181 13,230,844,040 14,433,926,129 14,795,000,000 14,362,262,585 4,521.92 4,917.02 5,346.22 5,463.76 5,289.97Kiribati 127,125,254 150,431,114 172,253,739 174,984,469 168,951,535 1,320.48 1,539.05 1,735.55 1,736.20 1,650.71Lesotho 1,708,772,782 2,175,685,681 2,487,352,968 2,328,196,275 2,229,735,839 858.73 1,083.01 1,225.59 1,134.85 1,074.85Maldives 1,984,639,641 2,134,104,884 2,162,990,126 2,113,179,304 2,299,843,167 6,208.60 6,552.48 6,515.74 6,243.84 6,665.77Mauritius 8,834,661,043 9,718,331,363 11,252,405,860 11,442,000,000 11,938,403,909 6,928.97 7,586.97 8,749.58 8,861.80 9,209.58Namibia 8,724,107,049 11,141,417,478 12,451,760,766 13,399,000,000 12,579,618,856 4,070.03 5,113.16 5,614.93 5,930.52 5,461.53Nauru – – – – – – – – – –Papua New Guinea 7,914,594,203 9,480,047,959 12,393,604,089 15,653,921,367 15,289,000,000 1,180.43 1,382.14 1,767.24 2,184.16 2,088.35Saint Lucia 1,180,000,000 1,252,222,222 1,295,925,926 1,318,148,148 1,332,222,222 6,735.16 7,058.87 7,228.87 7,287.82 7,308.94Samoa 501,065,927 572,971,727 631,791,994 684,273,267 694,376,559 2,712.80 3,080.01 3,370.83 3,622.62 3,647.47Seychelles 847,424,852 973,355,738 1,059,593,023 1,032,199,341 1,268,018,738 9,707.27 10,842.77 12,117.81 11,689.29 14,219.76Solomon Islands 597,765,363 681,587,105 868,574,141 999,972,421 1,096,396,927 1,160.79 1,294.69 1,614.46 1,819.46 1,953.56St. Vincent and the

Grenadines

674,814,815 681,481,482 677,037,037 694,444,444 725,555,556 6,176.85 6,234.05 6,191.07 6,349.32 6,633.77

Swaziland 3,144,680,749 3,891,563,478 4,145,772,237 4,049,589,166 3,791,304,348 2,679.34 3,261.59 3,420.16 3,289.71 3,034.22Tonga 318,522,296 369,212,478 423,038,017 471,575,497 466,259,084 3,075.82 3,546.78 4,046.12 4,493.72 4,426.94Tuvalu 27,101,313 31,824,701 39,313,509 39,875,708 38,134,775 2,763.18 3,238.50 3,993.65 4,044.19 3,861.36Vanuatu 610,075,807 700,804,286 785,745,262 786,938,335 834,760,110 2,642.93 2,965.75 3,249.86 3,182.61 3,302.54Non-Commonwealth CountriesBhutan 1,264,758,198 1,585,396,256 1,840,841,618 1,861,157,558 1,883,654,335 1,795.15 2,211.34 2,523.67 2,508.90 2,498.39Cabo Verde 1,711,816,593 1,664,310,632 1,864,823,991 1,757,304,419 1,888,123,344 3,524.33 3,413.26 3,801.45 3,554.41 3,784.60Djibouti 1,198,997,305 1,128,611,700 1,239,144,502 1,353,632,942 1,456,344,495 1,458.87 1,353.19 1,463.59 1,574.63 1,668.34Gabon 12,031,268,402 14,569,527,125 18,796,191,833 17,843,815,459 19,343,506,599 7,919.71 9,362.11 11,791.59 10,929.88 11,571.08Marshall Islands 151,560,778 163,200,000 170,700,000 173,000,000 175,000,000 2,895.64 3,112.84 3,251.74 3,291.79 3,324.85Micronesia 277,510,923 294,117,230 310,287,519 326,160,961 335,000,000 2,668.81 2,838.45 3,000.15 3,154.51 3,235.18Montenegro 4,158,135,026 4,114,881,347 4,501,753,898 4,045,813,953 4,427,771,436 6,713.08 6,636.07 7,253.36 6,514.15 7,125.67Palau 198,202,370 197,558,749 217,377,538 232,478,639 247,043,418 9,742.55 9,651.14 10,549.24 11,201.63 11,810.09

São Tomé and Principe 196,473,839 201,037,917 248,286,778 263,328,450 310,684,636 1,134.11 1,127.98 1,355.45 1,399.95 1,609.82Suriname 3,875,409,836 4,368,033,802 4,36,32,19,094 5,01,21,21,212 5,23,09,09,091 7,450.23 8,320.70 8,236.20 9,376.50 9,699.87Timor-Leste 82,67,00,000 934,300,000 1,128,300,000 1,355,000,000 1,615,000,000 787.97 876.12 1,007.06 1,179.33 1,370.67High IncomeCommonwealth CountriesAntigua and Barbuda 1,206,296,296 1,135,555,556 1,127,037,037 1,194,074,074 1,230,000,000 13,977.94 13,017.50 12,785.16 13,406.17 13,668.94Bahamas, The 7,820,420,000 7,888,087,000 7,872,584,000 8,149,004,000 – 22,060.92 21,881.08 21,490.36 21,908.28 –Barbados 4,592,650,000 4,433,700,000 4,368,900,000 4,224,850,000 – 16,460.76 15,812.28 15,503.33 14,917.15 –Brunei Darussalam 10,732,366,286 12,369,708,859 16,691,360,399 16,953,952,625 16,111,135,789 27,211.88 30,880.34 41,059.95 41,126.61 38,563.31Cyprus 23,542,650,736 23,132,450,331 24,851,264,943 22,766,912,960 29,427.91 27,889.04 29,206.51 26,352.27 –Malta 8,099,400,961 8,163,841,060 9,151,793,161 8,740,973,918 – 19,636.01 19,695.26 21,985.34 20,838.88 –Singapore* 192,406,000,000 236,420,000,000 274,065,000,000 286,908,000,000 297,941,000,000 38,576.96 46,569.69 52,870.54 54,007.30 55,182.48St Kitts and Nevis 708,888,889 692,222,222 728,148,148 731,851,852 742,962,963 13,703.37 13,222.46 13,746.17 13,658.03 13,710.08Trinidad and Tobago 193,322,70,662 207,581,91,858 23,676,348,287 23,436,342,520 24,640,839,008 14,617.78 15,630.05 17,760.61 17,523.30 18,372.90Non-Commonwealth CountriesBahrain 22,938,464,723 25,700,000,000 29,000,000,000 30,400,000,000 32,800,000,000 19,251.12 20,545.97 22,466.88 23,039.68 24,612.54Equatorial Guinea 9,380,412,630 11,600,000,000 15,700,000,000 16,500,000,000 15,600,000,000 13,858.90 16,643.14 21,949.62 22,391.46 20,572.34Estonia 19,406,617,022 19,000,000,000 22,500,000,000 22,400,000,000 24,500,000,000 14,542.07 14,295.03 16,982.30 16,887.38 18,478.27Iceland 12,115,441,517 12,600,000,000 14,000,000,000 13,600,000,000 14,600,000,000 38,039.18 39,506.56 44,019.39 42,362.13 45,262.50Qatar 97,798,348,830 125,000,000,000 170,000,000,000 190,000,000,000 202,000,000,000 62,527.64 71,510.19 88,861.04 92,632.68 93,352.02San Marino – – – – – – – – – –

Note: Singapore is a member of the Commonwealth, but is not classified as a small state under the Secretariat’s definition.Sources: World Bank, World Development Indicators 2014, available at: http://databank.worldbank.org (accessed 22 September 2014)

58


Group/Country GDP (Current US$)

GDP per capita (Current US$)

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Low IncomeComoros 535,199,686 543,376,206 610,372,697 595,898,770 657,300,888 803.49 795.48 871.69 830.52 894.39Gambia, The 900,629,373 951,805,801 898,282,866 914,109,100 914,293,769 553.10 566.34 517.75 510.33 494.40Guinea-Bissau 832,530,157 835,390,893 967,762,549 822,320,638 858,651,121 536.80 526.52 595.83 494.31 503.83Middle IncomeCommonwealth CountriesBelize 1,338,500,000 1,398,500,000 1,489,000,000 1,572,500,000 1,604,500,000 4,446.61 4,531.83 4,707.85 4,852.50 4,834.29Botswana 10,106,837,286 13,746,712,706 15,292,424,757 14,537,000,000 14,788,476,190 5,178.44 6,980.36 7,697.40 7,254.56 7,316.88Dominica 482,592,593 475,185,185 491,481,482 495,555,556 504,814,815 6,797.46 6,677.04 6,883.40 6,913.06 7,011.02Fiji 2,925,499,821 3,225,095,136 3,753,485,389 4,035,420,973 4,027,913,544 3,431.76 3,747.67 4,324.69 4,613.27 4,571.64Grenada 771,481,468 771,111,098 778,518,505 801,481,467 834,074,059 7,397.04 7,366.58 7,409.24 7,598.21 7,876.28Guyana 2,025,565,089 2,259,288,396 2,576,602,497 2,851,154,076 3,075,733,571 2,593.37 2,873.95 3,257.88 3,584.69 3,846.53Jamaica 12,125,023,181 13,230,844,040 14,433,926,129 14,795,000,000 14,362,262,585 4,521.92 4,917.02 5,346.22 5,463.76 5,289.97Kiribati 127,125,254 150,431,114 172,253,739 174,984,469 168,951,535 1,320.48 1,539.05 1,735.55 1,736.20 1,650.71Lesotho 1,708,772,782 2,175,685,681 2,487,352,968 2,328,196,275 2,229,735,839 858.73 1,083.01 1,225.59 1,134.85 1,074.85Maldives 1,984,639,641 2,134,104,884 2,162,990,126 2,113,179,304 2,299,843,167 6,208.60 6,552.48 6,515.74 6,243.84 6,665.77Mauritius 8,834,661,043 9,718,331,363 11,252,405,860 11,442,000,000 11,938,403,909 6,928.97 7,586.97 8,749.58 8,861.80 9,209.58Namibia 8,724,107,049 11,141,417,478 12,451,760,766 13,399,000,000 12,579,618,856 4,070.03 5,113.16 5,614.93 5,930.52 5,461.53Nauru – – – – – – – – – –Papua New Guinea 7,914,594,203 9,480,047,959 12,393,604,089 15,653,921,367 15,289,000,000 1,180.43 1,382.14 1,767.24 2,184.16 2,088.35Saint Lucia 1,180,000,000 1,252,222,222 1,295,925,926 1,318,148,148 1,332,222,222 6,735.16 7,058.87 7,228.87 7,287.82 7,308.94Samoa 501,065,927 572,971,727 631,791,994 684,273,267 694,376,559 2,712.80 3,080.01 3,370.83 3,622.62 3,647.47Seychelles 847,424,852 973,355,738 1,059,593,023 1,032,199,341 1,268,018,738 9,707.27 10,842.77 12,117.81 11,689.29 14,219.76Solomon Islands 597,765,363 681,587,105 868,574,141 999,972,421 1,096,396,927 1,160.79 1,294.69 1,614.46 1,819.46 1,953.56St. Vincent and the

Grenadines

674,814,815 681,481,482 677,037,037 694,444,444 725,555,556 6,176.85 6,234.05 6,191.07 6,349.32 6,633.77

Swaziland 3,144,680,749 3,891,563,478 4,145,772,237 4,049,589,166 3,791,304,348 2,679.34 3,261.59 3,420.16 3,289.71 3,034.22Tonga 318,522,296 369,212,478 423,038,017 471,575,497 466,259,084 3,075.82 3,546.78 4,046.12 4,493.72 4,426.94Tuvalu 27,101,313 31,824,701 39,313,509 39,875,708 38,134,775 2,763.18 3,238.50 3,993.65 4,044.19 3,861.36Vanuatu 610,075,807 700,804,286 785,745,262 786,938,335 834,760,110 2,642.93 2,965.75 3,249.86 3,182.61 3,302.54Non-Commonwealth CountriesBhutan 1,264,758,198 1,585,396,256 1,840,841,618 1,861,157,558 1,883,654,335 1,795.15 2,211.34 2,523.67 2,508.90 2,498.39Cabo Verde 1,711,816,593 1,664,310,632 1,864,823,991 1,757,304,419 1,888,123,344 3,524.33 3,413.26 3,801.45 3,554.41 3,784.60Djibouti 1,198,997,305 1,128,611,700 1,239,144,502 1,353,632,942 1,456,344,495 1,458.87 1,353.19 1,463.59 1,574.63 1,668.34Gabon 12,031,268,402 14,569,527,125 18,796,191,833 17,843,815,459 19,343,506,599 7,919.71 9,362.11 11,791.59 10,929.88 11,571.08Marshall Islands 151,560,778 163,200,000 170,700,000 173,000,000 175,000,000 2,895.64 3,112.84 3,251.74 3,291.79 3,324.85Micronesia 277,510,923 294,117,230 310,287,519 326,160,961 335,000,000 2,668.81 2,838.45 3,000.15 3,154.51 3,235.18Montenegro 4,158,135,026 4,114,881,347 4,501,753,898 4,045,813,953 4,427,771,436 6,713.08 6,636.07 7,253.36 6,514.15 7,125.67Palau 198,202,370 197,558,749 217,377,538 232,478,639 247,043,418 9,742.55 9,651.14 10,549.24 11,201.63 11,810.09

São Tomé and Principe 196,473,839 201,037,917 248,286,778 263,328,450 310,684,636 1,134.11 1,127.98 1,355.45 1,399.95 1,609.82Suriname 3,875,409,836 4,368,033,802 4,36,32,19,094 5,01,21,21,212 5,23,09,09,091 7,450.23 8,320.70 8,236.20 9,376.50 9,699.87Timor-Leste 82,67,00,000 934,300,000 1,128,300,000 1,355,000,000 1,615,000,000 787.97 876.12 1,007.06 1,179.33 1,370.67High IncomeCommonwealth CountriesAntigua and Barbuda 1,206,296,296 1,135,555,556 1,127,037,037 1,194,074,074 1,230,000,000 13,977.94 13,017.50 12,785.16 13,406.17 13,668.94Bahamas, The 7,820,420,000 7,888,087,000 7,872,584,000 8,149,004,000 – 22,060.92 21,881.08 21,490.36 21,908.28 –Barbados 4,592,650,000 4,433,700,000 4,368,900,000 4,224,850,000 – 16,460.76 15,812.28 15,503.33 14,917.15 –Brunei Darussalam 10,732,366,286 12,369,708,859 16,691,360,399 16,953,952,625 16,111,135,789 27,211.88 30,880.34 41,059.95 41,126.61 38,563.31Cyprus 23,542,650,736 23,132,450,331 24,851,264,943 22,766,912,960 29,427.91 27,889.04 29,206.51 26,352.27 –Malta 8,099,400,961 8,163,841,060 9,151,793,161 8,740,973,918 – 19,636.01 19,695.26 21,985.34 20,838.88 –Singapore* 192,406,000,000 236,420,000,000 274,065,000,000 286,908,000,000 297,941,000,000 38,576.96 46,569.69 52,870.54 54,007.30 55,182.48St Kitts and Nevis 708,888,889 692,222,222 728,148,148 731,851,852 742,962,963 13,703.37 13,222.46 13,746.17 13,658.03 13,710.08Trinidad and Tobago 193,322,70,662 207,581,91,858 23,676,348,287 23,436,342,520 24,640,839,008 14,617.78 15,630.05 17,760.61 17,523.30 18,372.90Non-Commonwealth CountriesBahrain 22,938,464,723 25,700,000,000 29,000,000,000 30,400,000,000 32,800,000,000 19,251.12 20,545.97 22,466.88 23,039.68 24,612.54Equatorial Guinea 9,380,412,630 11,600,000,000 15,700,000,000 16,500,000,000 15,600,000,000 13,858.90 16,643.14 21,949.62 22,391.46 20,572.34Estonia 19,406,617,022 19,000,000,000 22,500,000,000 22,400,000,000 24,500,000,000 14,542.07 14,295.03 16,982.30 16,887.38 18,478.27Iceland 12,115,441,517 12,600,000,000 14,000,000,000 13,600,000,000 14,600,000,000 38,039.18 39,506.56 44,019.39 42,362.13 45,262.50Qatar 97,798,348,830 125,000,000,000 170,000,000,000 190,000,000,000 202,000,000,000 62,527.64 71,510.19 88,861.04 92,632.68 93,352.02San Marino – – – – – – – – – –


59

Table 2. Growth of Economy

Group/Country Population growth (annual %)

GNI Growth (annual %)

GNI per capita growth (annual %)

GDP growth (annual %)

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Low IncomeNon-Commonwealth CountriesComoros 2.56 2.52 2.48 2.44 2.40 – – – 3.03 3.09 – – – 0.55 0.64 1.81 2.05 2.23 2.96 3.52Gambia, The 3.14 3.16 3.18 3.19 3.19 5.95 6.49 −4.83 6.55 4.79 2.67 3.17 −7.81 3.20 1.50 6.45 6.53 −4.30 6.05 5.65Guinea-Bissau 2.22 2.28 2.34 2.39 2.42 – – – – – – – – – – 3.00 3.47 5.34 −1.45 0.26Middle IncomeCommonwealth CountriesBelize 2.51 2.49 2.46 2.43 2.39 6.30 5.10 3.19 2.79 1.82 3.66 2.52 0.68 0.32 −0.59 0.29 3.85 1.33 4.02 0.69Botswana 0.93 0.90 0.88 0.86 0.86 −4.87 6.96 10.19 5.24 4.87 −5.75 6.01 9.22 4.33 3.97 −7.84 8.59 6.18 4.26 5.90Dominica 0.16 0.24 0.33 0.40 0.44 – – – – – – – – – – −1.19 1.20 0.25 −1.18 −0.77Fiji 1.02 0.94 0.85 0.78 0.72 – – – – – – – – – – −1.27 0.11 1.87 2.20 2.74Grenada 0.35 0.36 0.38 0.39 0.39 – – – – – – – – – – −6.63 −0.48 0.75 −1.80 1.83Guyana 0.68 0.65 0.60 0.57 0.53 – – – – – – – – – – 3.32 4.37 5.44 4.82 5.33Jamaica 0.35 0.35 0.33 0.29 0.27 −14.20 −9.96 −2.65 −3.36 – −14.50 −10.28 −2.98 −3.65 – −4.41 −1.48 1.70 0.72 1.27Kiribati 1.51 1.52 1.53 1.54 1.54 – – – – – – – – – – −0.67 −0.50 2.74 2.81 2.97Lesotho 0.89 0.95 1.02 1.08 1.11 1.64 3.71 −1.71 3.23 – 0.74 2.72 −2.70 2.13 – 3.36 7.09 2.84 6.51 5.90Maldives 1.84 1.87 1.91 1.93 1.93 – – – – – – – – – – −3.64 7.06 6.48 1.33 3.71Mauritius 0.51 0.46 0.40 0.40 0.40 1.80 5.73 – – – 1.28 5.25 – – – 3.01 4.11 3.85 3.23 3.20Namibia 1.54 1.64 1.76 1.87 1.93 −1.73 3.90 7.59 5.42 7.27 −3.23 2.21 5.72 3.47 5.23 −1.46 6.60 6.01 6.69 4.41Nauru – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Papua New Guinea 2.32 2.27 2.22 2.17 2.13 – – – – – – – – – – 5.50 8.00 9.00 8.00 5.40Samoa 0.68 0.71 0.75 0.78 0.78 – – – – – – – – – – −5.13 0.53 1.44 2.94 −0.38Seychelles 0.39 2.79 −2.63 0.98 0.98 – – – 3.28 6.13 – – – 2.28 5.10 −1.11 5.64 5.01 2.90 3.50Solomon Islands 2.24 2.21 2.17 2.13 2.09 – – – – – – – – – – −4.73 7.82 10.70 4.86 2.95Saint Lucia 1.42 1.25 1.05 0.89 0.77 – – – – – – – – – – −0.07 −0.73 1.40 −1.28 −0.53St Vincent and the Grenadines 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.01 0.00 – – – – – – – – – – −2.14 −3.30 −0.37 1.59 2.83Swaziland 1.70 1.65 1.58 1.54 1.49 −1.21 2.00 −4.71 −0.01 – −2.87 0.34 −6.20 −1.54 – 1.27 1.87 −0.66 1.92 2.79Tonga 0.59 0.52 0.44 0.37 0.36 – – – – – – – – – – 3.24 3.33 2.88 0.85 0.50Tuvalu 0.20 0.19 0.17 0.16 0.16 – – – – – – – – – – −4.43 −2.73 8.45 0.17 1.10Vanuatu 2.38 2.34 2.29 2.24 2.20 – – – −1.24 2.25 – – – −3.43 0.03 3.31 1.63 1.20 1.80 2.80Non-Commonwealth CountriesBhutan 1.77 1.74 1.73 1.68 1.62 3.50 5.70 10.47 3.37 3.50 3.84 8.56 6.81 1.65 1.84 6.66 11.73 8.55 4.62 4.98Cabo Verde 0.22 0.39 0.60 0.78 0.91 – – – – – – – – – – −1.27 1.47 3.97 1.24 0.50Djibouti 1.44 1.47 1.50 1.52 1.53 – – – – – – – – – – 5.00 4.45 5.39 3.00 5.00Gabon 2.42 2.41 2.40 2.39 2.37 0.29 6.30 0.80 9.05 – 3.76 −1.60 2.37 6.48 – −2.90 6.70 7.10 5.60 5.89Marshall Islands 0.18 0.17 0.13 0.11 0.15 – – – – – – – – – – −1.50 5.60 0.80 3.27 0.67Micronesia −0.49 −0.35 −0.19 −0.03 0.15 – – – – – – – – – – 0.96 2.53 2.05 0.43 0.65Montenegro 0.12 0.11 0.09 0.07 0.05 7.34 −7.13 1.49 −1.60 3.65 −7.25 1.38 4.88 −1.67 3.60 −5.70 2.50 3.23 −2.50 3.50Palau 0.57 0.62 0.66 0.72 0.79 – – – – – – – – – – −10.75 3.30 5.33 5.70 −0.33São Tomé and Principe 2.92 2.84 2.74 2.65 2.57 – – – – – – – – – – 4.02 4.51 4.94 4.00 4.00Suriname 0.93 0.92 0.91 0.90 0.88 – – – – – – – – – – 3.01 4.22 5.29 3.88 4.44Timor-Leste 1.63 1.63 4.94 2.52 2.52 – – – −7.53 – – – – −9.83 – 12.77 9.49 12.03 8.34 8.11High IncomeCommonwealth CountriesAntigua and Barbuda 1.11 1.08 1.05 1.03 1.02 – – – – – – – – – – −12.03 −7.18 −2.01 3.31 0.65Bahamas, The 1.75 1.68 1.61 1.52 1.45 −1.25 −6.35 0.06 2.44 −1.25 −7.97 −1.61 0.81 −2.74 – −4.18 0.99 1.66 1.83 –Barbados 0.49 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 – – – 0.77 0.89 – – – – – −4.14 0.25 0.76 0.01 –Brunei Darussalam 1.63 1.55 1.47 1.40 1.34 −1.94 −1.74 – – – −3.33 – – – – −1.76 2.60 3.43 0.95 −1.75Cyprus 1.24 1.20 1.16 1.11 1.07 2.79 3.27 0.50 – – 2.38 −3.07 – – – −1.67 1.30 0.40 −2.40 –Malta 0.75 0.49 0.42 0.76 0.91 4.64 −7.38 3.07 – – −8.08 2.56 – – – −2.65 2.71 1.80 1.00 –Singapore* 3.02 1.77 2.09 2.45 1.62 0.41 −0.64 20.10 5.17 1.58 −3.59 18.00 3.00 −0.88 2.15 −0.60 15.24 6.06 2.50 3.85St. Kitts and Nevis 1.21 1.19 1.18 1.15 1.13 – – – – – – – – – – −5.60 −3.28 1.79 −1.23 1.95Trinidad and Tobago 0.46 0.42 0.37 0.33 0.28 3.73 – – – – – – – – – −4.39 0.21 −1.60 1.52 1.60Non-Commonwealth CountriesBahrain 6.55 4.91 3.24 1.92 1.08 – – – – – – – – – – 2.55 4.34 2.10 3.40 5.49Equatorial Guinea 2.82 2.81 2.81 2.80 2.77 −11.31 31.99 −13.57 −3.93 −10.67 28.32 −15.97 −6.59 −13.13 −6.56 −8.06 −1.30 5.00 3.22 −4.89Estonia −0.19 −0.23 −0.30 −0.18 −0.03 −2.37 −12.31 −0.05 9.92 4.54 −12.14 0.18 10.25 4.73 2.44 −14.10 2.56 9.56 3.94 0.83Iceland 0.34 −0.14 0.31 0.53 0.71 −16.10 −4.08 −2.33 7.03 5.69 −4.41 −2.19 6.71 5.13 11.50 −6.56 −4.10 2.66 1.46 3.26Qatar 14.05 11.22 8.81 7.05 5.60 – – – – – – – – – – 11.96 16.73 14.79 2.56 5.55San Marino 0.49 0.53 0.60 0.64 0.64 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –


60

Table 2. Growth of Economy

Group/Country Population growth (annual %)

GNI Growth (annual %)

GNI per capita growth (annual %)

GDP growth (annual %)

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Low IncomeNon-Commonwealth CountriesComoros 2.56 2.52 2.48 2.44 2.40 – – – 3.03 3.09 – – – 0.55 0.64 1.81 2.05 2.23 2.96 3.52Gambia, The 3.14 3.16 3.18 3.19 3.19 5.95 6.49 −4.83 6.55 4.79 2.67 3.17 −7.81 3.20 1.50 6.45 6.53 −4.30 6.05 5.65Guinea-Bissau 2.22 2.28 2.34 2.39 2.42 – – – – – – – – – – 3.00 3.47 5.34 −1.45 0.26Middle IncomeCommonwealth CountriesBelize 2.51 2.49 2.46 2.43 2.39 6.30 5.10 3.19 2.79 1.82 3.66 2.52 0.68 0.32 −0.59 0.29 3.85 1.33 4.02 0.69Botswana 0.93 0.90 0.88 0.86 0.86 −4.87 6.96 10.19 5.24 4.87 −5.75 6.01 9.22 4.33 3.97 −7.84 8.59 6.18 4.26 5.90Dominica 0.16 0.24 0.33 0.40 0.44 – – – – – – – – – – −1.19 1.20 0.25 −1.18 −0.77Fiji 1.02 0.94 0.85 0.78 0.72 – – – – – – – – – – −1.27 0.11 1.87 2.20 2.74Grenada 0.35 0.36 0.38 0.39 0.39 – – – – – – – – – – −6.63 −0.48 0.75 −1.80 1.83Guyana 0.68 0.65 0.60 0.57 0.53 – – – – – – – – – – 3.32 4.37 5.44 4.82 5.33Jamaica 0.35 0.35 0.33 0.29 0.27 −14.20 −9.96 −2.65 −3.36 – −14.50 −10.28 −2.98 −3.65 – −4.41 −1.48 1.70 0.72 1.27Kiribati 1.51 1.52 1.53 1.54 1.54 – – – – – – – – – – −0.67 −0.50 2.74 2.81 2.97Lesotho 0.89 0.95 1.02 1.08 1.11 1.64 3.71 −1.71 3.23 – 0.74 2.72 −2.70 2.13 – 3.36 7.09 2.84 6.51 5.90Maldives 1.84 1.87 1.91 1.93 1.93 – – – – – – – – – – −3.64 7.06 6.48 1.33 3.71Mauritius 0.51 0.46 0.40 0.40 0.40 1.80 5.73 – – – 1.28 5.25 – – – 3.01 4.11 3.85 3.23 3.20Namibia 1.54 1.64 1.76 1.87 1.93 −1.73 3.90 7.59 5.42 7.27 −3.23 2.21 5.72 3.47 5.23 −1.46 6.60 6.01 6.69 4.41Nauru – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Papua New Guinea 2.32 2.27 2.22 2.17 2.13 – – – – – – – – – – 5.50 8.00 9.00 8.00 5.40Samoa 0.68 0.71 0.75 0.78 0.78 – – – – – – – – – – −5.13 0.53 1.44 2.94 −0.38Seychelles 0.39 2.79 −2.63 0.98 0.98 – – – 3.28 6.13 – – – 2.28 5.10 −1.11 5.64 5.01 2.90 3.50Solomon Islands 2.24 2.21 2.17 2.13 2.09 – – – – – – – – – – −4.73 7.82 10.70 4.86 2.95Saint Lucia 1.42 1.25 1.05 0.89 0.77 – – – – – – – – – – −0.07 −0.73 1.40 −1.28 −0.53St Vincent and the Grenadines 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.01 0.00 – – – – – – – – – – −2.14 −3.30 −0.37 1.59 2.83Swaziland 1.70 1.65 1.58 1.54 1.49 −1.21 2.00 −4.71 −0.01 – −2.87 0.34 −6.20 −1.54 – 1.27 1.87 −0.66 1.92 2.79Tonga 0.59 0.52 0.44 0.37 0.36 – – – – – – – – – – 3.24 3.33 2.88 0.85 0.50Tuvalu 0.20 0.19 0.17 0.16 0.16 – – – – – – – – – – −4.43 −2.73 8.45 0.17 1.10Vanuatu 2.38 2.34 2.29 2.24 2.20 – – – −1.24 2.25 – – – −3.43 0.03 3.31 1.63 1.20 1.80 2.80Non-Commonwealth CountriesBhutan 1.77 1.74 1.73 1.68 1.62 3.50 5.70 10.47 3.37 3.50 3.84 8.56 6.81 1.65 1.84 6.66 11.73 8.55 4.62 4.98Cabo Verde 0.22 0.39 0.60 0.78 0.91 – – – – – – – – – – −1.27 1.47 3.97 1.24 0.50Djibouti 1.44 1.47 1.50 1.52 1.53 – – – – – – – – – – 5.00 4.45 5.39 3.00 5.00Gabon 2.42 2.41 2.40 2.39 2.37 0.29 6.30 0.80 9.05 – 3.76 −1.60 2.37 6.48 – −2.90 6.70 7.10 5.60 5.89Marshall Islands 0.18 0.17 0.13 0.11 0.15 – – – – – – – – – – −1.50 5.60 0.80 3.27 0.67Micronesia −0.49 −0.35 −0.19 −0.03 0.15 – – – – – – – – – – 0.96 2.53 2.05 0.43 0.65Montenegro 0.12 0.11 0.09 0.07 0.05 7.34 −7.13 1.49 −1.60 3.65 −7.25 1.38 4.88 −1.67 3.60 −5.70 2.50 3.23 −2.50 3.50Palau 0.57 0.62 0.66 0.72 0.79 – – – – – – – – – – −10.75 3.30 5.33 5.70 −0.33São Tomé and Principe 2.92 2.84 2.74 2.65 2.57 – – – – – – – – – – 4.02 4.51 4.94 4.00 4.00Suriname 0.93 0.92 0.91 0.90 0.88 – – – – – – – – – – 3.01 4.22 5.29 3.88 4.44Timor-Leste 1.63 1.63 4.94 2.52 2.52 – – – −7.53 – – – – −9.83 – 12.77 9.49 12.03 8.34 8.11High IncomeCommonwealth CountriesAntigua and Barbuda 1.11 1.08 1.05 1.03 1.02 – – – – – – – – – – −12.03 −7.18 −2.01 3.31 0.65Bahamas, The 1.75 1.68 1.61 1.52 1.45 −1.25 −6.35 0.06 2.44 −1.25 −7.97 −1.61 0.81 −2.74 – −4.18 0.99 1.66 1.83 –Barbados 0.49 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 – – – 0.77 0.89 – – – – – −4.14 0.25 0.76 0.01 –Brunei Darussalam 1.63 1.55 1.47 1.40 1.34 −1.94 −1.74 – – – −3.33 – – – – −1.76 2.60 3.43 0.95 −1.75Cyprus 1.24 1.20 1.16 1.11 1.07 2.79 3.27 0.50 – – 2.38 −3.07 – – – −1.67 1.30 0.40 −2.40 –Malta 0.75 0.49 0.42 0.76 0.91 4.64 −7.38 3.07 – – −8.08 2.56 – – – −2.65 2.71 1.80 1.00 –Singapore* 3.02 1.77 2.09 2.45 1.62 0.41 −0.64 20.10 5.17 1.58 −3.59 18.00 3.00 −0.88 2.15 −0.60 15.24 6.06 2.50 3.85St. Kitts and Nevis 1.21 1.19 1.18 1.15 1.13 – – – – – – – – – – −5.60 −3.28 1.79 −1.23 1.95Trinidad and Tobago 0.46 0.42 0.37 0.33 0.28 3.73 – – – – – – – – – −4.39 0.21 −1.60 1.52 1.60Non-Commonwealth CountriesBahrain 6.55 4.91 3.24 1.92 1.08 – – – – – – – – – – 2.55 4.34 2.10 3.40 5.49Equatorial Guinea 2.82 2.81 2.81 2.80 2.77 −11.31 31.99 −13.57 −3.93 −10.67 28.32 −15.97 −6.59 −13.13 −6.56 −8.06 −1.30 5.00 3.22 −4.89Estonia −0.19 −0.23 −0.30 −0.18 −0.03 −2.37 −12.31 −0.05 9.92 4.54 −12.14 0.18 10.25 4.73 2.44 −14.10 2.56 9.56 3.94 0.83Iceland 0.34 −0.14 0.31 0.53 0.71 −16.10 −4.08 −2.33 7.03 5.69 −4.41 −2.19 6.71 5.13 11.50 −6.56 −4.10 2.66 1.46 3.26Qatar 14.05 11.22 8.81 7.05 5.60 – – – – – – – – – – 11.96 16.73 14.79 2.56 5.55San Marino 0.49 0.53 0.60 0.64 0.64 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –


61

Table 3. Economic Activity

Group/Country Agriculture (% of GDP)

Industry (% of GDP)

Services (% of GDP)

Tourism, receipts (% of GDP)

Gross Capital Formation (% of GDP)

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Low IncomeNon-Commonwealth CountriesComoros 46.32 – – – 37.08 12.11 – – – 12.52 41.59 – – – 50.40 5.98 6.44 6.88 – – 12.40 – – – –Gambia, The 26.22 28.95 18.89 20.25 – 12.53 12.33 13.46 12.90 – 61.25 58.72 67.65 66.85 – 7.11 8.41 10.24 10.83 – 19.61 21.42 19.21 22.90 –Guinea-Bissau – – – – 43.68 – – – – 13.67 – – – – 42.65 1.44 1.63 – – – 10.06 9.82 10.14 7.48 –Middle IncomeCommonwealth CountriesBelize 12.78 13.21 13.11 – 15.34 21.46 21.64 22.97 – 19.11 65.75 65.15 63.93 – 65.55 19.13 18.88 16.66 19.01 – 19.11 13.41 15.26 – –Botswana 3.27 3.22 2.77 2.93 2.54 30.83 40.14 40.25 35.33 36.92 65.90 56.64 56.99 61.74 60.54 0.52 0.58 0.24 0.21 – 37.89 35.35 38.73 39.19 33.86Dominica 13.88 12.79 13.29 14.86 17.17 14.07 15.19 15.20 15.32 14.04 72.05 72.02 71.51 69.82 68.78 16.37 19.99 22.99 22.20 – 19.64 21.48 22.14 21.53 –Fiji 12.73 12.19 13.35 12.74 12.22 17.83 18.83 18.74 18.20 20.15 69.43 68.98 67.90 69.06 67.63 24.75 25.08 24.86 24.46 – – – – – –Grenada 5.33 5.29 5.61 5.41 5.61 16.95 17.44 17.50 11.11 15.20 77.72 77.27 76.90 83.48 79.19 14.52 14.52 15.03 13.72 – 23.92 21.52 21.97 17.33 –Guyana 23.97 21.03 21.35 21.46 21.92 30.90 33.05 33.74 33.93 32.78 45.13 45.92 44.91 44.61 45.30 1.73 3.54 3.69 2.24 – 26.64 25.40 23.88 24.92 –Jamaica 6.44 6.29 6.60 6.72 – 20.65 20.93 21.17 20.82 – 72.91 72.78 72.23 72.46 – 17.07 15.83 14.24 13.99 – 21.04 20.18 21.40 19.89 –Kiribati 25.56 25.28 – – – 8.48 8.21 – – – 65.96 66.51 – – – 2.12 – – – – – – – – –Lesotho 8.00 9.95 8.93 7.83 – 34.02 31.45 34.30 36.57 – 57.98 58.60 56.77 55.60 – 1.76 1.15 1.17 1.98 – 27.21 29.93 26.48 33.44 –Maldives 4.31 4.32 4.09 4.20 – 15.06 15.54 19.03 22.52 – 80.62 80.14 76.88 73.28 – 74.22 80.27 86.36 88.63 – – – – – –Mauritius 3.79 3.56 3.60 3.47 3.22 27.22 26.25 25.47 24.66 24.29 68.99 70.19 70.94 71.87 72.49 15.73 16.31 16.07 15.54 – 21.30 23.73 25.96 24.54 24.01Namibia 8.85 8.96 9.07 9.44 6.14 30.46 28.65 27.92 30.29 33.36 60.69 62.38 63.01 60.27 60.49 5.86 5.03 5.18 – – 22.09 20.13 25.35 21.80 22.27Nauru – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Papua New Guinea – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 0.03 0.03 0.03 – – – – – – –Samoa 11.77 10.72 10.12 9.87 – 26.39 26.74 27.35 27.89 – 61.84 62.54 62.53 62.24 – 22.95 21.64 21.37 21.63 – – – – – –Seychelles 2.26 2.25 2.23 2.09 2.37 14.03 13.97 14.59 15.42 11.34 83.72 83.78 83.17 82.49 86.28 3.19 2.98 2.93 2.52 – – – – – –Solomon Islands – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 8.36 9.60 9.98 6.69 – – – – – –Saint Lucia 4.23 3.36 3.15 3.60 3.06 17.85 15.96 15.59 14.90 14.38 77.92 80.68 81.26 81.50 82.56 25.08 24.68 24.77 25.41 – 27.92 31.31 33.34 26.16 –St. Vincent and the Grenadines 7.08 7.15 6.48 7.48 7.12 19.88 19.23 19.96 20.50 17.73 73.04 73.62 73.56 72.02 75.15 13.04 12.62 13.59 13.39 – 24.07 25.22 25.78 24.23 –Swaziland 7.88 7.94 7.48 – – 46.14 49.86 47.69 – – 45.98 42.20 44.83 – – 1.27 1.31 – – – 10.35 12.14 8.42 9.43 –Tonga 17.57 18.62 19.32 19.17 – 19.06 20.37 21.61 21.49 – 63.37 61.01 59.08 59.34 – 5.27 – – – – 24.51 30.11 36.08 33.43 –Tuvalu 26.23 28.70 27.59 25.40 – 12.41 5.98 9.50 5.80 8.73 61.37 65.32 62.91 68.81 – – – – – – – – – – –Vanuatu 22.60 23.09 25.24 25.24 – 12.44 13.72 10.69 10.69 8.80 64.95 63.19 64.07 64.07 69.11 35.08 34.53 32.07 36.60 – 39.50 34.58 26.96 – –Non-Commonwealth Countries –Bhutan 18.75 17.49 16.91 18.11 – 43.17 44.55 42.46 41.90 – 38.08 37.96 40.62 39.99 63.22 4.03 4.04 4.13 5.05 – 41.21 52.24 66.14 63.89 69.27Cabo Verde 8.89 8.50 8.26 8.10 – 18.69 17.64 17.35 17.03 – 72.42 73.86 74.39 74.87 – 20.39 23.25 23.49 26.80 – 43.79 47.65 47.51 35.91 –Djibouti – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 100.00 1.33 1.59 1.55 1.51 – – – – – –Gabon 5.36 4.06 3.80 4.02 22.16 53.17 59.44 63.88 64.02 – 41.47 36.50 32.31 31.96 – – – – – – 25.20 29.87 30.84 31.93 33.25Marshall Islands – – – – 27.98 – – – – – – – – – – 2.31 2.02 – – – – – – – –Micronesia 26.77 26.54 28.21 – – 7.48 8.19 9.22 – – 65.75 65.28 62.57 – – 9.73 9.86 8.38 – – – – – – –Montenegro 9.98 9.26 9.49 8.80 9.80 20.08 20.64 18.08 17.94 18.84 69.94 70.11 72.43 73.26 71.36 19.05 18.59 20.57 21.26 – 27.12 22.79 18.19 19.52 19.39Palau 5.48 5.45 5.20 5.17 5.33 8.92 10.41 9.84 7.84 8.25 85.60 84.14 84.96 86.99 86.42 57.01 62.77 73.14 70.54 – – – – – –São Tomé and Principe 17.72 18.64 19.78 – – 17.88 16.92 15.93 – – 64.39 64.44 64.29 – 100.00 4.22 5.52 6.40 5.70 – 48.60 48.44 49.66 46.89 41.71Suriname 10.94 10.44 9.98 9.26 7.01 37.53 38.04 37.86 38.83 48.62 51.53 51.51 52.16 51.91 44.37 1.81 1.58 1.58 1.58 – – – – 5.90 –Timor-Leste 20.52 20.26 16.72 – – 21.29 21.41 26.34 – – 58.20 58.34 56.94 – – 1.94 3.32 2.13 1.55 – 42.95 40.07 64.81 – –High IncomeCommonwealth CountriesAntigua and Barbuda 1.77 2.22 2.46 2.12 2.28 23.79 23.23 19.83 18.46 18.05 74.44 74.55 77.71 79.42 79.66 25.28 26.24 27.68 – – 40.99 36.87 30.29 30.24 –Bahamas, The 2.06 2.33 2.32 2.10 1.98 14.28 16.57 15.89 17.92 18.28 83.67 81.10 81.79 79.98 79.74 25.89 27.37 28.24 29.64 – 26.74 26.63 29.74 33.13 –Barbados 1.62 1.58 1.48 1.47 – 15.48 15.32 14.76 15.67 – 82.90 83.10 83.76 82.86 – 24.43 24.22 – – – 15.04 13.60 14.83 14.25 –Brunei Darussalam 0.91 0.76 0.63 0.72 0.73 65.41 66.77 72.23 71.08 68.24 33.69 32.47 27.14 28.21 31.03 2.37 – – – – 17.56 15.88 13.10 13.60 15.31Cyprus – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 10.51 10.25 11.07 11.90 – 17.34 18.44 – – –Malta 2.05 1.92 – – – 32.91 32.70 – – – 65.04 65.38 – – – 13.79 15.16 16.01 16.60 – 14.75 13.87 12.17 – –Singapore* 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.03 27.87 27.63 26.41 26.67 25.11 72.09 72.33 73.56 73.29 74.86 4.89 6.00 6.60 6.71 – 27.67 27.87 27.28 30.37 29.05St. Kitts and Nevis 1.44 1.63 1.77 1.55 1.68 24.89 23.87 22.78 23.70 25.54 73.66 74.50 75.44 74.75 72.78 11.71 13.00 12.91 12.84 – 42.42 36.30 30.68 28.90 –Trinidad and Tobago 0.62 0.65 0.55 0.62 0.62 55.49 62.72 61.42 57.40 56.53 43.89 36.62 38.03 41.99 42.86 2.83 3.03 2.75 – – – – – – –Non-Commonwealth CountriesBahrain – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 8.17 8.41 6.08 5.74 – 26.14 27.29 16.36 20.31 –Equatorial Guinea – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 6.44 – – – – – 81.57 71.42 60.28 54.43 58.41Estonia 2.48 3.30 4.00 4.14 – 27.19 28.39 29.14 28.95 – 70.34 68.31 66.86 66.91 – 7.45 7.42 7.47 7.10 – 18.72 19.74 26.77 28.18 26.88Iceland 7.31 – – – – 24.17 – – – – 68.52 – – – – 4.54 4.47 5.35 6.37 – 13.87 12.46 14.35 14.84 13.53Qatar – – – – 0.09 – – – – 69.62 – – – – 30.28 – – 2.63 3.80 – 43.91 38.12 31.01 28.75 –San Marino – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

62

Table 3. Economic Activity

Group/Country Agriculture (% of GDP)

Industry (% of GDP)

Services (% of GDP)

Tourism, receipts (% of GDP)

Gross Capital Formation (% of GDP)

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Low IncomeNon-Commonwealth CountriesComoros 46.32 – – – 37.08 12.11 – – – 12.52 41.59 – – – 50.40 5.98 6.44 6.88 – – 12.40 – – – –Gambia, The 26.22 28.95 18.89 20.25 – 12.53 12.33 13.46 12.90 – 61.25 58.72 67.65 66.85 – 7.11 8.41 10.24 10.83 – 19.61 21.42 19.21 22.90 –Guinea-Bissau – – – – 43.68 – – – – 13.67 – – – – 42.65 1.44 1.63 – – – 10.06 9.82 10.14 7.48 –Middle IncomeCommonwealth CountriesBelize 12.78 13.21 13.11 – 15.34 21.46 21.64 22.97 – 19.11 65.75 65.15 63.93 – 65.55 19.13 18.88 16.66 19.01 – 19.11 13.41 15.26 – –Botswana 3.27 3.22 2.77 2.93 2.54 30.83 40.14 40.25 35.33 36.92 65.90 56.64 56.99 61.74 60.54 0.52 0.58 0.24 0.21 – 37.89 35.35 38.73 39.19 33.86Dominica 13.88 12.79 13.29 14.86 17.17 14.07 15.19 15.20 15.32 14.04 72.05 72.02 71.51 69.82 68.78 16.37 19.99 22.99 22.20 – 19.64 21.48 22.14 21.53 –Fiji 12.73 12.19 13.35 12.74 12.22 17.83 18.83 18.74 18.20 20.15 69.43 68.98 67.90 69.06 67.63 24.75 25.08 24.86 24.46 – – – – – –Grenada 5.33 5.29 5.61 5.41 5.61 16.95 17.44 17.50 11.11 15.20 77.72 77.27 76.90 83.48 79.19 14.52 14.52 15.03 13.72 – 23.92 21.52 21.97 17.33 –Guyana 23.97 21.03 21.35 21.46 21.92 30.90 33.05 33.74 33.93 32.78 45.13 45.92 44.91 44.61 45.30 1.73 3.54 3.69 2.24 – 26.64 25.40 23.88 24.92 –Jamaica 6.44 6.29 6.60 6.72 – 20.65 20.93 21.17 20.82 – 72.91 72.78 72.23 72.46 – 17.07 15.83 14.24 13.99 – 21.04 20.18 21.40 19.89 –Kiribati 25.56 25.28 – – – 8.48 8.21 – – – 65.96 66.51 – – – 2.12 – – – – – – – – –Lesotho 8.00 9.95 8.93 7.83 – 34.02 31.45 34.30 36.57 – 57.98 58.60 56.77 55.60 – 1.76 1.15 1.17 1.98 – 27.21 29.93 26.48 33.44 –Maldives 4.31 4.32 4.09 4.20 – 15.06 15.54 19.03 22.52 – 80.62 80.14 76.88 73.28 – 74.22 80.27 86.36 88.63 – – – – – –Mauritius 3.79 3.56 3.60 3.47 3.22 27.22 26.25 25.47 24.66 24.29 68.99 70.19 70.94 71.87 72.49 15.73 16.31 16.07 15.54 – 21.30 23.73 25.96 24.54 24.01Namibia 8.85 8.96 9.07 9.44 6.14 30.46 28.65 27.92 30.29 33.36 60.69 62.38 63.01 60.27 60.49 5.86 5.03 5.18 – – 22.09 20.13 25.35 21.80 22.27Nauru – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Papua New Guinea – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 0.03 0.03 0.03 – – – – – – –Samoa 11.77 10.72 10.12 9.87 – 26.39 26.74 27.35 27.89 – 61.84 62.54 62.53 62.24 – 22.95 21.64 21.37 21.63 – – – – – –Seychelles 2.26 2.25 2.23 2.09 2.37 14.03 13.97 14.59 15.42 11.34 83.72 83.78 83.17 82.49 86.28 3.19 2.98 2.93 2.52 – – – – – –Solomon Islands – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 8.36 9.60 9.98 6.69 – – – – – –Saint Lucia 4.23 3.36 3.15 3.60 3.06 17.85 15.96 15.59 14.90 14.38 77.92 80.68 81.26 81.50 82.56 25.08 24.68 24.77 25.41 – 27.92 31.31 33.34 26.16 –St. Vincent and the Grenadines 7.08 7.15 6.48 7.48 7.12 19.88 19.23 19.96 20.50 17.73 73.04 73.62 73.56 72.02 75.15 13.04 12.62 13.59 13.39 – 24.07 25.22 25.78 24.23 –Swaziland 7.88 7.94 7.48 – – 46.14 49.86 47.69 – – 45.98 42.20 44.83 – – 1.27 1.31 – – – 10.35 12.14 8.42 9.43 –Tonga 17.57 18.62 19.32 19.17 – 19.06 20.37 21.61 21.49 – 63.37 61.01 59.08 59.34 – 5.27 – – – – 24.51 30.11 36.08 33.43 –Tuvalu 26.23 28.70 27.59 25.40 – 12.41 5.98 9.50 5.80 8.73 61.37 65.32 62.91 68.81 – – – – – – – – – – –Vanuatu 22.60 23.09 25.24 25.24 – 12.44 13.72 10.69 10.69 8.80 64.95 63.19 64.07 64.07 69.11 35.08 34.53 32.07 36.60 – 39.50 34.58 26.96 – –Non-Commonwealth Countries –Bhutan 18.75 17.49 16.91 18.11 – 43.17 44.55 42.46 41.90 – 38.08 37.96 40.62 39.99 63.22 4.03 4.04 4.13 5.05 – 41.21 52.24 66.14 63.89 69.27Cabo Verde 8.89 8.50 8.26 8.10 – 18.69 17.64 17.35 17.03 – 72.42 73.86 74.39 74.87 – 20.39 23.25 23.49 26.80 – 43.79 47.65 47.51 35.91 –Djibouti – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 100.00 1.33 1.59 1.55 1.51 – – – – – –Gabon 5.36 4.06 3.80 4.02 22.16 53.17 59.44 63.88 64.02 – 41.47 36.50 32.31 31.96 – – – – – – 25.20 29.87 30.84 31.93 33.25Marshall Islands – – – – 27.98 – – – – – – – – – – 2.31 2.02 – – – – – – – –Micronesia 26.77 26.54 28.21 – – 7.48 8.19 9.22 – – 65.75 65.28 62.57 – – 9.73 9.86 8.38 – – – – – – –Montenegro 9.98 9.26 9.49 8.80 9.80 20.08 20.64 18.08 17.94 18.84 69.94 70.11 72.43 73.26 71.36 19.05 18.59 20.57 21.26 – 27.12 22.79 18.19 19.52 19.39Palau 5.48 5.45 5.20 5.17 5.33 8.92 10.41 9.84 7.84 8.25 85.60 84.14 84.96 86.99 86.42 57.01 62.77 73.14 70.54 – – – – – –São Tomé and Principe 17.72 18.64 19.78 – – 17.88 16.92 15.93 – – 64.39 64.44 64.29 – 100.00 4.22 5.52 6.40 5.70 – 48.60 48.44 49.66 46.89 41.71Suriname 10.94 10.44 9.98 9.26 7.01 37.53 38.04 37.86 38.83 48.62 51.53 51.51 52.16 51.91 44.37 1.81 1.58 1.58 1.58 – – – – 5.90 –Timor-Leste 20.52 20.26 16.72 – – 21.29 21.41 26.34 – – 58.20 58.34 56.94 – – 1.94 3.32 2.13 1.55 – 42.95 40.07 64.81 – –High IncomeCommonwealth CountriesAntigua and Barbuda 1.77 2.22 2.46 2.12 2.28 23.79 23.23 19.83 18.46 18.05 74.44 74.55 77.71 79.42 79.66 25.28 26.24 27.68 – – 40.99 36.87 30.29 30.24 –Bahamas, The 2.06 2.33 2.32 2.10 1.98 14.28 16.57 15.89 17.92 18.28 83.67 81.10 81.79 79.98 79.74 25.89 27.37 28.24 29.64 – 26.74 26.63 29.74 33.13 –Barbados 1.62 1.58 1.48 1.47 – 15.48 15.32 14.76 15.67 – 82.90 83.10 83.76 82.86 – 24.43 24.22 – – – 15.04 13.60 14.83 14.25 –Brunei Darussalam 0.91 0.76 0.63 0.72 0.73 65.41 66.77 72.23 71.08 68.24 33.69 32.47 27.14 28.21 31.03 2.37 – – – – 17.56 15.88 13.10 13.60 15.31Cyprus – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 10.51 10.25 11.07 11.90 – 17.34 18.44 – – –Malta 2.05 1.92 – – – 32.91 32.70 – – – 65.04 65.38 – – – 13.79 15.16 16.01 16.60 – 14.75 13.87 12.17 – –Singapore* 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.03 27.87 27.63 26.41 26.67 25.11 72.09 72.33 73.56 73.29 74.86 4.89 6.00 6.60 6.71 – 27.67 27.87 27.28 30.37 29.05St. Kitts and Nevis 1.44 1.63 1.77 1.55 1.68 24.89 23.87 22.78 23.70 25.54 73.66 74.50 75.44 74.75 72.78 11.71 13.00 12.91 12.84 – 42.42 36.30 30.68 28.90 –Trinidad and Tobago 0.62 0.65 0.55 0.62 0.62 55.49 62.72 61.42 57.40 56.53 43.89 36.62 38.03 41.99 42.86 2.83 3.03 2.75 – – – – – – –Non-Commonwealth CountriesBahrain – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 8.17 8.41 6.08 5.74 – 26.14 27.29 16.36 20.31 –Equatorial Guinea – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 6.44 – – – – – 81.57 71.42 60.28 54.43 58.41Estonia 2.48 3.30 4.00 4.14 – 27.19 28.39 29.14 28.95 – 70.34 68.31 66.86 66.91 – 7.45 7.42 7.47 7.10 – 18.72 19.74 26.77 28.18 26.88Iceland 7.31 – – – – 24.17 – – – – 68.52 – – – – 4.54 4.47 5.35 6.37 – 13.87 12.46 14.35 14.84 13.53Qatar – – – – 0.09 – – – – 69.62 – – – – 30.28 – – 2.63 3.80 – 43.91 38.12 31.01 28.75 –San Marino – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

63

Table 3. Economic Activity (continued)

Group/CountryGross savings

(% of GDP)Household consumption

(% of GDP)Government consumption

(% of GDP)

Unemployment rate (% of total labour force, ILO

estimates)Employment in agriculture

(% of total employment)

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Low IncomeNon-Commonwealth CountriesComoros – – – – – 105.88 – – – – 15.26 – – – – 7.10 7.10 7.10 7.00 – – – – – –Gambia, The 15.16 11.50 17.68 17.75 – 87.45 87.67 89.48 89.57 – 9.29 9.53 9.61 9.54 – 7.70 7.70 7.90 7.70 – – – – – –Guinea-Bissau 3.98 1.50 – – – – – – – – – – – – – 7.50 7.40 7.40 7.50 – – – – – –Middle IncomeCommonwealth CountriesBelize 14.03 15.71 16.09 – 9.92 68.73 69.51 70.76 – – 16.75 16.34 15.76 – – 8.70 8.30 8.40 7.90 – – – – – –Botswana 31.97 32.42 39.70 34.79 39.45 52.45 53.67 48.49 57.62 51.22 21.42 18.38 18.56 19.14 19.70 18.40 17.90 17.80 17.70 – – – – – –Dominica –1.63 4.13 4.12 10.23 –1.90 86.03 81.11 79.96 71.92 – 16.72 16.88 17.09 17.51 – – – – – – – – – – –Fiji – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 8.70 8.60 8.40 8.40 – – – – – –Grenada –3.37 -6.79 –5.66 –8.90 –5.86 84.71 89.07 87.60 92.01 – 15.60 16.67 17.12 15.68 – – – – – – – – – – –Guyana 15.46 14.51 9.54 11.08 – 82.33 87.35 90.75 90.38 – 16.17 15.11 15.45 13.19 – 20.20 21.00 21.00 21.70 – – – – – –Jamaica 12.93 13.40 8.41 8.24 – 80.39 81.96 85.88 86.35 – 16.49 16.09 15.82 16.31 – 11.40 12.40 12.70 13.70 – 20.20 20.20 17.60 18.10 –Kiribati – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Lesotho 25.87 12.43 4.54 28.85 – 100.21 99.23 99.89 91.15 – 39.69 38.20 33.64 40.07 – 25.70 24.00 24.50 26.50 – – – – – –Maldives – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 12.20 11.70 11.50 11.30 – – – – – –Mauritius 14.00 15.54 14.36 14.23 12.68 73.98 73.64 73.44 73.98 73.74 14.08 13.91 13.53 13.35 14.44 7.30 7.70 7.90 7.90 – 9.00 8.70 8.40 7.80 –Namibia 15.44 12.45 21.19 – 17.49 74.37 69.50 64.40 64.75 65.13 22.60 24.49 21.84 23.66 27.46 29.70 22.10 19.80 16.70 – – – 29.80 27.40 –Nauru – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Papua New Guinea – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 2.40 2.40 2.20 2.30 – – – – – –Samoa – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Seychelles – – – – 19.75 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Solomon Islands – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 5.20 4.40 4.30 4.60 – – – – – –Saint Lucia 16.33 16.84 13.04 10.61 16.76 65.74 65.02 71.50 72.23 – 15.16 16.21 15.48 15.89 – – – – – – – – – – –St. Vincent and the Grenadines –5.16 –5.28 –4.48 –5.70 –4.71 87.06 86.02 87.20 89.41 – 17.87 18.93 16.58 16.82 – – – – – – – – – – –Swaziland –3.14 5.46 7.26 – 19.92 93.09 87.02 84.69 – – 13.75 15.49 14.66 – – 22.90 22.80 22.70 22.50 – – – – – –Tonga 6.02 9.14 13.54 5.86 – 105.49 96.59 90.62 93.93 – 19.81 18.06 17.33 18.90 – – – – – – – – – – –Tuvalu – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Vanuatu 32.60 28.57 19.33 – 20.54 50.39 52.62 61.63 – – 17.28 18.89 18.09 – – – – – – – 60.50 – – – –Non-Commonwealth CountriesBhutan 27.05 35.10 39.49 42.10 – 53.90 46.34 43.72 42.92 42.65 21.37 19.98 19.84 18.79 21.11 4.00 3.30 3.10 2.10 – 65.40 59.50 60.10 62.20 –Cabo Verde 33.60 34.60 34.02 31.80 63.91 63.02 62.78 – – 18.18 18.43 18.52 – – 7.80 7.70 7.70 7.60 – – – – – –Djibouti – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Gabon – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 20.20 20.40 20.40 20.30 – – – – – –Marshall Islands – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Micronesia – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Montenegro –3.12 –2.62 0.46 0.86 4.55 83.99 82.18 82.48 83.58 83.15 22.19 23.43 21.50 21.57 17.94 19.10 19.70 19.70 19.60 – 6.50 6.20 5.60 5.70 –Palau – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –São Tomé and Principe 8.50 4.88 7.06 11.50 18.01 77.76 84.73 82.35 79.58 81.02 15.96 14.68 15.41 13.45 13.52 – – – – – – – – – –Suriname – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 13.10 12.90 12.70 12.70 – – – – – –Timor-Leste 193.49 238.05 326.66 – – 68.82 68.14 56.89 – – 102.43 97.86 88.79 – – 5.20 3.90 3.90 4.00 – – 50.60 – – –High IncomeCommonwealth CountriesAntigua and Barbuda 26.99 22.02 19.55 22.83 7.79 51.85 59.53 62.02 57.95 – 19.16 17.35 17.20 17.05 – – – – – – – – – – –Bahamas, The 15.99 13.97 11.95 8.41 11.35 66.34 67.30 69.28 70.07 – 14.72 14.58 14.84 14.91 – 14.20 14.10 13.70 13.60 – 2.90 – 3.70 – –Barbados 8.29 8.39 – – – 68.51 71.76 79.35 81.45 – 19.50 18.82 20.17 16.15 – 10.00 10.80 11.20 11.60 – – 2.80 3.30 2.80 –Brunei Darussalam 50.89 – – – – 22.16 13.14 18.80 18.94 22.70 23.29 22.41 16.99 17.27 18.31 3.50 3.70 3.70 3.80 – – – – – –Cyprus 9.10 8.76 – – – 68.10 68.30 – – – 19.85 19.70 – – – 5.40 6.30 7.90 11.80 – 3.90 3.80 3.80 2.90 –Malta 6.76 9.71 11.67 – – 64.24 61.73 62.51 – – 21.25 20.99 20.53 – – 6.90 6.90 6.50 6.40 – 1.40 1.30 1.10 1.00 –Singapore* 44.48 51.53 50.12 48.08 47.36 38.52 35.52 36.57 37.82 37.74 10.29 10.19 9.74 9.38 10.19 4.30 3.10 2.90 2.80 – 1.10 – – – –St. Kitts and Nevis 18.99 19.19 21.06 20.27 20.55 71.76 72.28 70.54 72.08 – 10.86 11.08 10.73 10.83 – – – – – – – – – – –Trinidad and Tobago – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 5.30 5.90 6.30 5.80 – – – – – –Non-Commonwealth CountriesBahrain 28.59 30.27 27.53 27.63 – 40.91 41.18 38.70 38.30 – 13.98 12.93 13.75 14.60 – 7.60 7.50 7.40 7.40 – – 1.10 – – –Equatorial Guinea – – – – – 17.97 9.58 15.44 – – 5.03 5.26 5.02 5.29 6.89 7.70 7.70 7.60 7.60 – – – – – –Estonia 22.42 22.79 26.75 25.01 – 54.02 52.51 50.32 52.38 52.84 21.74 20.78 19.23 19.21 19.50 13.80 16.90 12.50 10.10 – 4.00 4.20 4.40 4.70 –Iceland 2.41 4.45 8.01 9.51 20.40 51.01 51.49 51.88 53.72 53.60 26.50 25.95 25.39 25.33 25.48 7.20 7.60 7.10 6.00 – 4.80 5.50 5.50 5.50 –Qatar – – 61.62 61.57 – 19.28 13.33 10.68 12.45 – 14.38 12.31 12.43 11.97 – 0.30 0.40 0.60 0.60 – 1.60 – 1.40 1.40 –San Marino – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

64


Group/CountryGross savings

(% of GDP)Household consumption

(% of GDP)Government consumption

(% of GDP)

Unemployment rate (% of total labour force, ILO

estimates)Employment in agriculture

(% of total employment)

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Low IncomeNon-Commonwealth CountriesComoros – – – – – 105.88 – – – – 15.26 – – – – 7.10 7.10 7.10 7.00 – – – – – –Gambia, The 15.16 11.50 17.68 17.75 – 87.45 87.67 89.48 89.57 – 9.29 9.53 9.61 9.54 – 7.70 7.70 7.90 7.70 – – – – – –Guinea-Bissau 3.98 1.50 – – – – – – – – – – – – – 7.50 7.40 7.40 7.50 – – – – – –Middle IncomeCommonwealth CountriesBelize 14.03 15.71 16.09 – 9.92 68.73 69.51 70.76 – – 16.75 16.34 15.76 – – 8.70 8.30 8.40 7.90 – – – – – –Botswana 31.97 32.42 39.70 34.79 39.45 52.45 53.67 48.49 57.62 51.22 21.42 18.38 18.56 19.14 19.70 18.40 17.90 17.80 17.70 – – – – – –Dominica –1.63 4.13 4.12 10.23 –1.90 86.03 81.11 79.96 71.92 – 16.72 16.88 17.09 17.51 – – – – – – – – – – –Fiji – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 8.70 8.60 8.40 8.40 – – – – – –Grenada –3.37 -6.79 –5.66 –8.90 –5.86 84.71 89.07 87.60 92.01 – 15.60 16.67 17.12 15.68 – – – – – – – – – – –Guyana 15.46 14.51 9.54 11.08 – 82.33 87.35 90.75 90.38 – 16.17 15.11 15.45 13.19 – 20.20 21.00 21.00 21.70 – – – – – –Jamaica 12.93 13.40 8.41 8.24 – 80.39 81.96 85.88 86.35 – 16.49 16.09 15.82 16.31 – 11.40 12.40 12.70 13.70 – 20.20 20.20 17.60 18.10 –Kiribati – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Lesotho 25.87 12.43 4.54 28.85 – 100.21 99.23 99.89 91.15 – 39.69 38.20 33.64 40.07 – 25.70 24.00 24.50 26.50 – – – – – –Maldives – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 12.20 11.70 11.50 11.30 – – – – – –Mauritius 14.00 15.54 14.36 14.23 12.68 73.98 73.64 73.44 73.98 73.74 14.08 13.91 13.53 13.35 14.44 7.30 7.70 7.90 7.90 – 9.00 8.70 8.40 7.80 –Namibia 15.44 12.45 21.19 – 17.49 74.37 69.50 64.40 64.75 65.13 22.60 24.49 21.84 23.66 27.46 29.70 22.10 19.80 16.70 – – – 29.80 27.40 –Nauru – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Papua New Guinea – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 2.40 2.40 2.20 2.30 – – – – – –Samoa – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Seychelles – – – – 19.75 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Solomon Islands – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 5.20 4.40 4.30 4.60 – – – – – –Saint Lucia 16.33 16.84 13.04 10.61 16.76 65.74 65.02 71.50 72.23 – 15.16 16.21 15.48 15.89 – – – – – – – – – – –St. Vincent and the Grenadines –5.16 –5.28 –4.48 –5.70 –4.71 87.06 86.02 87.20 89.41 – 17.87 18.93 16.58 16.82 – – – – – – – – – – –Swaziland –3.14 5.46 7.26 – 19.92 93.09 87.02 84.69 – – 13.75 15.49 14.66 – – 22.90 22.80 22.70 22.50 – – – – – –Tonga 6.02 9.14 13.54 5.86 – 105.49 96.59 90.62 93.93 – 19.81 18.06 17.33 18.90 – – – – – – – – – – –Tuvalu – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Vanuatu 32.60 28.57 19.33 – 20.54 50.39 52.62 61.63 – – 17.28 18.89 18.09 – – – – – – – 60.50 – – – –Non-Commonwealth CountriesBhutan 27.05 35.10 39.49 42.10 – 53.90 46.34 43.72 42.92 42.65 21.37 19.98 19.84 18.79 21.11 4.00 3.30 3.10 2.10 – 65.40 59.50 60.10 62.20 –Cabo Verde 33.60 34.60 34.02 31.80 63.91 63.02 62.78 – – 18.18 18.43 18.52 – – 7.80 7.70 7.70 7.60 – – – – – –Djibouti – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Gabon – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 20.20 20.40 20.40 20.30 – – – – – –Marshall Islands – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Micronesia – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Montenegro –3.12 –2.62 0.46 0.86 4.55 83.99 82.18 82.48 83.58 83.15 22.19 23.43 21.50 21.57 17.94 19.10 19.70 19.70 19.60 – 6.50 6.20 5.60 5.70 –Palau – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –São Tomé and Principe 8.50 4.88 7.06 11.50 18.01 77.76 84.73 82.35 79.58 81.02 15.96 14.68 15.41 13.45 13.52 – – – – – – – – – –Suriname – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 13.10 12.90 12.70 12.70 – – – – – –Timor-Leste 193.49 238.05 326.66 – – 68.82 68.14 56.89 – – 102.43 97.86 88.79 – – 5.20 3.90 3.90 4.00 – – 50.60 – – –High IncomeCommonwealth CountriesAntigua and Barbuda 26.99 22.02 19.55 22.83 7.79 51.85 59.53 62.02 57.95 – 19.16 17.35 17.20 17.05 – – – – – – – – – – –Bahamas, The 15.99 13.97 11.95 8.41 11.35 66.34 67.30 69.28 70.07 – 14.72 14.58 14.84 14.91 – 14.20 14.10 13.70 13.60 – 2.90 – 3.70 – –Barbados 8.29 8.39 – – – 68.51 71.76 79.35 81.45 – 19.50 18.82 20.17 16.15 – 10.00 10.80 11.20 11.60 – – 2.80 3.30 2.80 –Brunei Darussalam 50.89 – – – – 22.16 13.14 18.80 18.94 22.70 23.29 22.41 16.99 17.27 18.31 3.50 3.70 3.70 3.80 – – – – – –Cyprus 9.10 8.76 – – – 68.10 68.30 – – – 19.85 19.70 – – – 5.40 6.30 7.90 11.80 – 3.90 3.80 3.80 2.90 –Malta 6.76 9.71 11.67 – – 64.24 61.73 62.51 – – 21.25 20.99 20.53 – – 6.90 6.90 6.50 6.40 – 1.40 1.30 1.10 1.00 –Singapore* 44.48 51.53 50.12 48.08 47.36 38.52 35.52 36.57 37.82 37.74 10.29 10.19 9.74 9.38 10.19 4.30 3.10 2.90 2.80 – 1.10 – – – –St. Kitts and Nevis 18.99 19.19 21.06 20.27 20.55 71.76 72.28 70.54 72.08 – 10.86 11.08 10.73 10.83 – – – – – – – – – – –Trinidad and Tobago – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 5.30 5.90 6.30 5.80 – – – – – –Non-Commonwealth CountriesBahrain 28.59 30.27 27.53 27.63 – 40.91 41.18 38.70 38.30 – 13.98 12.93 13.75 14.60 – 7.60 7.50 7.40 7.40 – – 1.10 – – –Equatorial Guinea – – – – – 17.97 9.58 15.44 – – 5.03 5.26 5.02 5.29 6.89 7.70 7.70 7.60 7.60 – – – – – –Estonia 22.42 22.79 26.75 25.01 – 54.02 52.51 50.32 52.38 52.84 21.74 20.78 19.23 19.21 19.50 13.80 16.90 12.50 10.10 – 4.00 4.20 4.40 4.70 –Iceland 2.41 4.45 8.01 9.51 20.40 51.01 51.49 51.88 53.72 53.60 26.50 25.95 25.39 25.33 25.48 7.20 7.60 7.10 6.00 – 4.80 5.50 5.50 5.50 –Qatar – – 61.62 61.57 – 19.28 13.33 10.68 12.45 – 14.38 12.31 12.43 11.97 – 0.30 0.40 0.60 0.60 – 1.60 – 1.40 1.40 –San Marino – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

65


Group/Country Employment in industry (% of total employment)

Employment in services (% of total employment)

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Low IncomeNon-Commonwealth CountriesComoros – – – – – – – – – –Gambia, The – – – – – – – – – –Guinea-Bissau – – – – – – – – – –Middle IncomeCommonwealth CountriesBelize – – – – – – – – – –Botswana – – – – – – – – – –Dominica – – – – – – – – – –Fiji – – – – – – – – – –Grenada – – – – – – – – – –Guyana – – – – – – – – – –Jamaica 16.60 15.90 16.10 15.50 – 63.20 63.80 66.30 66.50 –Kiribati – – – – – – – – – –Lesotho – – – – – – – – – –Maldives – – – – – – – – – –Mauritius 29.70 28.20 27.60 27.60 – 61.30 63.10 64.00 64.70 –Namibia – – 16.60 13.80 – – – 53.00 58.70 –Nauru – – – – – – – – – –Papua New Guinea – – – – – – – – – –Samoa – – – – – – – – – –Seychelles – – – – – – – – – –Solomon Islands – – – – – – – – – –Saint Lucia – – – – – – – – – –St. Vincent and the Grenadines – – – – – – – – – –Swaziland – – – – – – – – – –Tonga – – – – – – – – – –Tuvalu – – – – – – – – – –Vanuatu 7.00 – – – – 31.10 – – – –Non-Commonwealth CountriesBhutan 6.40 6.70 9.20 8.60 – 28.20 33.80 30.60 29.10 –Cabo Verde – – – – – – – – – –Djibouti – – – – – – – – – –Gabon – – – – – – – – – –Marshall Islands – – – – – – – – – –Micronesia – – – – – – – – – –Montenegro 20.70 20.00 19.00 18.10 – 72.80 73.90 75.50 76.20 –Palau – – – – – – – – – –São Tomé and Príncipe – – – – – – – – – –Suriname – – – – – – – – – –Timor-Leste – 9.20 – – – – 39.80 – – –High IncomeCommonwealth CountriesAntigua and Barbuda – – – – – – – – – –Bahamas, The 16.00 – 12.90 – – 80.80 – 83.00 – –Barbados – 19.60 20.30 19.40 – – 77.60 76.40 72.60 –Brunei Darussalam – – – – – – – – – –Cyprus 21.80 20.40 20.90 20.20 – 74.20 75.80 75.30 76.90 –Malta 24.70 25.20 24.40 22.10 – 73.30 73.20 74.30 76.40 –Singapore* 21.80 – – – – 77.10 – – – –St. Kitts and Nevis – – – – – – – – – –Trinidad and Tobago – – – – – – – – – –Non-Commonwealth CountriesBahrain – 35.30 – – – – 62.40 – – –Equatorial Guinea – – – – – – – – – –Estonia 31.70 30.50 32.50 31.10 – 64.10 65.10 62.90 64.10 –Iceland 19.30 18.30 18.50 18.20 – 75.10 75.70 75.70 75.80 –Qatar 58.40 – 54.20 51.90 – 40.00 – 44.50 46.80 –San Marino – – – – – – – – – –

Note: Singapore is a member of the Commonwealth, but is not classified as a small state under the Secretariat’s definition.Sources: World Bank, World Development Indicators 2014, available at: http://databank.worldbank.org (accessed

25 September 2014)

66

Table 4. Prices

Group/Country Consumer Price Index (2010=100)

Inflation, GDP deflator (annual %)

Real Interest Rate (%)

Average Exchange Rate (LCU per US$)

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Low IncomeNon-Commonwealth CountriesComoros 96.75 100.00 101.77 103.57 105.95 4.56 4.35 4.69 2.59 3.11 5.68 5.89 5.55 7.71 – 354.14 371.46 353.90 382.90 370.53Gambia, The 95.20 100.00 104.80 109.26 – 5.18 4.30 3.72 4.47 4.69 20.75 21.76 23.41 22.52 – 26.64 28.01 29.46 32.08 –Guinea-Bissau 97.54 100.00 105.05 107.28 108.04 1.12 1.72 4.78 −6.71 0.79 – – – – – 472.19 495.28 471.87 510.53 494.04Middle IncomeCommonwealth CountriesBelize 94.72 100.00 96.35 97.61 98.10 −2.55 0.61 5.07 1.53 1.34 17.07 13.19 7.89 10.75 10.10 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00Botswana 93.50 100.00 108.46 116.64 – 3.43 18.92 5.45 1.59 5.91 9.98 −6.28 5.26 9.26 4.04 7.16 6.79 6.84 7.62 8.40Dominica 96.89 100.00 102.39 103.86 103.43 8.00 −2.70 3.17 2.04 2.66 1.87 12.50 5.50 6.87 6.25 2.70 2.70 2.70 2.70 2.70Fiji 94.75 100.00 108.67 112.38 115.65 0.17 8.01 6.80 5.00 −0.05 7.67 −0.48 0.62 1.87 6.16 1.96 1.92 1.79 1.79 1.84Grenada 96.68 100.00 103.03 105.52 105.47 0.04 0.43 0.21 4.83 2.20 10.95 10.10 10.45 4.67 6.92 2.70 2.70 2.70 2.70 2.70Guyana 97.96 100.00 104.98 107.49 – 2.13 6.70 8.37 5.75 2.93 12.15 7.35 5.62 7.67 10.26 203.95 203.64 204.02 204.36 205.39Jamaica 88.80 100.00 107.53 114.95 125.69 11.79 9.88 5.66 5.15 8.26 4.15 9.62 13.10 11.87 8.73 87.89 87.20 85.89 88.75 100.24Kiribati – – – – – 1.92 1.12 −0.89 −1.57 0.56 – – – – – 1.28 1.09 0.97 0.97 1.04Lesotho 96.53 100.00 105.02 111.44 116.93 3.99 2.72 10.26 −0.64 6.41 8.66 8.27 0.15 10.83 3.30 8.47 7.32 7.26 8.21 9.66Maldives 93.80 100.00 112.83 126.52 129.44 8.87 0.44 8.59 1.45 4.95 3.79 9.89 1.48 8.90 5.91 12.80 12.80 14.60 15.36 15.37Mauritius 97.19 100.00 106.53 110.64 114.56 −0.07 1.77 3.97 3.12 3.29 9.33 6.98 4.76 5.38 5.04 31.96 30.78 28.71 30.05 30.70Namibia 95.72 100.00 105.05 111.92 118.18 6.92 3.51 4.56 14.04 5.75 3.93 6.00 3.99 −4.73 2.40 8.47 7.32 7.26 8.21 9.66Nauru – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Papua New Guinea 94.33 100.00 108.44 110.86 – −4.27 9.26 4.59 2.78 −0.18 15.00 1.09 5.95 7.82 10.33 2.76 2.72 2.37 2.08 2.24Samoa 99.23 100.00 105.20 107.35 108.01 3.04 1.41 2.26 1.41 1.15 8.78 9.18 7.53 8.34 8.95 2.73 2.48 2.32 2.29 2.31Seychelles 102.47 100.00 102.56 109.85 114.62 27.50 −3.59 6.36 4.79 4.45 −9.53 16.91 4.54 7.07 7.50 13.61 12.07 12.38 13.70 12.06Solomon Islands 98.96 100.00 107.34 113.69 121.29 7.23 5.89 9.06 5.68 5.73 7.49 8.07 3.77 5.29 4.77 8.06 8.06 7.64 7.36 7.30Saint Lucia 96.85 100.00 102.77 107.06 108.63 −0.28 6.90 2.06 3.04 1.61 10.89 3.48 7.78 6.27 7.35 2.70 2.70 2.70 2.70 2.70St. Vincent and the Grenadines 98.54 100.00 103.19 105.87 106.72 −0.86 4.44 −0.29 0.96 1.60 10.14 4.53 9.45 8.37 7.56 2.70 2.70 2.70 2.70 2.70Swaziland 95.69 100.00 106.11 115.59 122.09 5.48 4.96 6.36 8.36 7.17 5.59 4.56 2.48 0.36 1.24 8.47 7.32 7.26 8.21 9.66Tonga 96.57 100.00 106.26 107.55 108.32 −2.39 3.75 5.78 2.26 0.64 15.22 7.51 5.29 7.59 8.96 2.03 1.91 1.73 1.72 1.77Tuvalu – – – – – 0.69 2.64 1.29 0.87 1.45 – – – – – – – – – –Vanuatu 97.27 100.00 100.86 102.24 103.72 2.32 2.61 2.29 1.86 1.95 3.11 2.81 – – – 106.74 96.91 89.47 92.64 –Non-Commonwealth CountriesBhutan 93.43 100.00 108.85 120.73 129.19 4.85 5.99 9.17 10.65 5.72 8.49 7.56 4.43 3.03 7.84 48.41 45.73 46.67 53.44 58.60Cabo Verde 97.96 100.00 104.47 107.13 108.75 2.17 0.50 2.68 0.65 3.48 8.61 10.48 6.95 9.19 6.80 79.38 83.26 79.32 85.82 83.05Djibouti 96.20 100.00 105.07 108.99 112.77 14.29 −9.88 4.18 6.05 2.46 −2.80 22.40 6.17 – – 177.72 177.72 177.72 177.72 177.72Gabon 98.56 100.00 101.27 103.96 104.46 −16.70 19.04 14.76 −2.74 −0.93 – – – – – 472.19 495.28 471.87 510.53 494.04Marshall Islands – – – – – 0.85 1.97 3.77 −1.86 0.49 – – – – – – – – – –Micronesia – – – – – 5.18 3.37 3.38 4.66 2.05 9.70 11.38 10.61 9.23 12.52 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00Montenegro 99.35 100.00 103.18 – – 2.45 1.58 0.93 −0.14 2.36 6.75 7.82 8.67 9.71 6.87 0.72 0.76 0.72 0.78 0.75Palau – – – – – 4.09 −3.51 4.47 1.18 6.62 – – – – – – – – – –São Tomé and Principe 88.58 100.00 111.94 123.58 132.40 13.55 11.74 12.11 10.34 9.77 15.46 15.34 13.23 14.34 14.94 16208.45 18498.60 17622.94 19068.42 18449.95Suriname 93.51 100.00 117.71 123.61 125.98 6.48 8.16 12.93 11.67 −0.07 4.85 3.17 −1.03 0.07 12.07 2.75 2.75 3.27 3.30 3.30Timor-Leste 93.66 100.00 113.50 126.89 131.12 5.67 3.22 7.80 10.85 10.24 5.20 7.57 3.01 1.23 1.97 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00High IncomeCommonwealth CountriesAntigua and Barbuda 96.74 100.00 103.46 106.95 108.08 1.77 1.41 1.28 2.55 2.35 8.15 9.45 9.51 7.42 7.43 2.70 2.70 2.70 2.70 2.70Bahamas, The 98.67 100.00 103.20 105.24 105.62 −1.04 −0.12 −1.83 1.65 – 6.61 5.63 7.02 3.05 – 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00Barbados 94.50 100.00 109.43 114.39 116.46 5.49 −3.71 −2.20 −3.31 – 3.52 12.88 11.15 12.42 – 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00Brunei Darussalam 99.64 100.00 102.02 102.49 102.88 −22.09 5.31 20.35 −0.05 −3.15 35.42 0.18 −12.34 5.55 8.93 1.45 1.36 1.26 1.25 1.25Cyprus 97.67 100.00 103.29 105.76 105.33 −0.31 1.74 1.96 1.55 – – – – – – – – – – –Malta 98.51 100.00 102.72 105.21 106.65 2.56 2.93 4.93 2.31 – 1.87 1.63 −0.17 2.34 – – – – – –Singapore* 97.28 100.00 105.25 110.02 112.65 3.52 −0.05 0.83 1.47 0.12 1.80 5.43 4.52 3.85 5.25 1.45 1.36 1.26 1.25 1.25St. Kitts and Nevis 99.50 100.00 107.07 108.58 109.37 2.20 0.96 3.34 1.76 −0.43 6.42 7.58 5.90 6.85 9.24 2.70 2.70 2.70 2.70 2.70Trinidad and Tobago 90.46 100.00 105.10 114.84 120.81 −27.63 7.95 16.88 −2.52 3.76 54.68 1.23 −7.62 10.49 3.61 6.32 6.38 6.41 6.43 6.44Non-Commonwealth CountriesBahrain 98.08 100.00 99.64 102.38 105.65 −13.00 7.44 10.63 1.10 2.37 24.07 −0.18 −3.47 4.88 3.48 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.38Equatorial Guinea 92.77 100.00 106.95 113.52 – −30.23 31.26 23.08 9.96 −3.89 – – – – – 472.19 495.28 471.87 510.53 494.04Estonia 97.11 100.00 104.98 109.11 112.15 0.17 0.30 3.00 3.32 4.98 9.20 7.44 3.03 2.35 0.36 11.26 11.81 – – –Iceland 94.88 100.00 104.00 109.39 113.63 8.29 6.92 3.27 2.86 1.79 9.87 3.12 4.28 5.31 6.25 123.64 122.24 115.95 125.08 122.18Qatar 102.49 100.00 101.92 103.82 107.07 −24.22 9.60 18.23 9.07 0.98 41.25 −2.13 −10.77 −3.38 4.09 3.64 3.64 3.64 3.64 3.64San Marino 97.48 100.00 102.01 104.89 106.57 – – – – – – – – – – 0.72 0.76 0.72 0.78 0.75


68

Table 4. Prices

Group/Country Consumer Price Index (2010=100)

Inflation, GDP deflator (annual %)

Real Interest Rate (%)

Average Exchange Rate (LCU per US$)

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Low IncomeNon-Commonwealth CountriesComoros 96.75 100.00 101.77 103.57 105.95 4.56 4.35 4.69 2.59 3.11 5.68 5.89 5.55 7.71 – 354.14 371.46 353.90 382.90 370.53Gambia, The 95.20 100.00 104.80 109.26 – 5.18 4.30 3.72 4.47 4.69 20.75 21.76 23.41 22.52 – 26.64 28.01 29.46 32.08 –Guinea-Bissau 97.54 100.00 105.05 107.28 108.04 1.12 1.72 4.78 −6.71 0.79 – – – – – 472.19 495.28 471.87 510.53 494.04Middle IncomeCommonwealth CountriesBelize 94.72 100.00 96.35 97.61 98.10 −2.55 0.61 5.07 1.53 1.34 17.07 13.19 7.89 10.75 10.10 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00Botswana 93.50 100.00 108.46 116.64 – 3.43 18.92 5.45 1.59 5.91 9.98 −6.28 5.26 9.26 4.04 7.16 6.79 6.84 7.62 8.40Dominica 96.89 100.00 102.39 103.86 103.43 8.00 −2.70 3.17 2.04 2.66 1.87 12.50 5.50 6.87 6.25 2.70 2.70 2.70 2.70 2.70Fiji 94.75 100.00 108.67 112.38 115.65 0.17 8.01 6.80 5.00 −0.05 7.67 −0.48 0.62 1.87 6.16 1.96 1.92 1.79 1.79 1.84Grenada 96.68 100.00 103.03 105.52 105.47 0.04 0.43 0.21 4.83 2.20 10.95 10.10 10.45 4.67 6.92 2.70 2.70 2.70 2.70 2.70Guyana 97.96 100.00 104.98 107.49 – 2.13 6.70 8.37 5.75 2.93 12.15 7.35 5.62 7.67 10.26 203.95 203.64 204.02 204.36 205.39Jamaica 88.80 100.00 107.53 114.95 125.69 11.79 9.88 5.66 5.15 8.26 4.15 9.62 13.10 11.87 8.73 87.89 87.20 85.89 88.75 100.24Kiribati – – – – – 1.92 1.12 −0.89 −1.57 0.56 – – – – – 1.28 1.09 0.97 0.97 1.04Lesotho 96.53 100.00 105.02 111.44 116.93 3.99 2.72 10.26 −0.64 6.41 8.66 8.27 0.15 10.83 3.30 8.47 7.32 7.26 8.21 9.66Maldives 93.80 100.00 112.83 126.52 129.44 8.87 0.44 8.59 1.45 4.95 3.79 9.89 1.48 8.90 5.91 12.80 12.80 14.60 15.36 15.37Mauritius 97.19 100.00 106.53 110.64 114.56 −0.07 1.77 3.97 3.12 3.29 9.33 6.98 4.76 5.38 5.04 31.96 30.78 28.71 30.05 30.70Namibia 95.72 100.00 105.05 111.92 118.18 6.92 3.51 4.56 14.04 5.75 3.93 6.00 3.99 −4.73 2.40 8.47 7.32 7.26 8.21 9.66Nauru – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Papua New Guinea 94.33 100.00 108.44 110.86 – −4.27 9.26 4.59 2.78 −0.18 15.00 1.09 5.95 7.82 10.33 2.76 2.72 2.37 2.08 2.24Samoa 99.23 100.00 105.20 107.35 108.01 3.04 1.41 2.26 1.41 1.15 8.78 9.18 7.53 8.34 8.95 2.73 2.48 2.32 2.29 2.31Seychelles 102.47 100.00 102.56 109.85 114.62 27.50 −3.59 6.36 4.79 4.45 −9.53 16.91 4.54 7.07 7.50 13.61 12.07 12.38 13.70 12.06Solomon Islands 98.96 100.00 107.34 113.69 121.29 7.23 5.89 9.06 5.68 5.73 7.49 8.07 3.77 5.29 4.77 8.06 8.06 7.64 7.36 7.30Saint Lucia 96.85 100.00 102.77 107.06 108.63 −0.28 6.90 2.06 3.04 1.61 10.89 3.48 7.78 6.27 7.35 2.70 2.70 2.70 2.70 2.70St. Vincent and the Grenadines 98.54 100.00 103.19 105.87 106.72 −0.86 4.44 −0.29 0.96 1.60 10.14 4.53 9.45 8.37 7.56 2.70 2.70 2.70 2.70 2.70Swaziland 95.69 100.00 106.11 115.59 122.09 5.48 4.96 6.36 8.36 7.17 5.59 4.56 2.48 0.36 1.24 8.47 7.32 7.26 8.21 9.66Tonga 96.57 100.00 106.26 107.55 108.32 −2.39 3.75 5.78 2.26 0.64 15.22 7.51 5.29 7.59 8.96 2.03 1.91 1.73 1.72 1.77Tuvalu – – – – – 0.69 2.64 1.29 0.87 1.45 – – – – – – – – – –Vanuatu 97.27 100.00 100.86 102.24 103.72 2.32 2.61 2.29 1.86 1.95 3.11 2.81 – – – 106.74 96.91 89.47 92.64 –Non-Commonwealth CountriesBhutan 93.43 100.00 108.85 120.73 129.19 4.85 5.99 9.17 10.65 5.72 8.49 7.56 4.43 3.03 7.84 48.41 45.73 46.67 53.44 58.60Cabo Verde 97.96 100.00 104.47 107.13 108.75 2.17 0.50 2.68 0.65 3.48 8.61 10.48 6.95 9.19 6.80 79.38 83.26 79.32 85.82 83.05Djibouti 96.20 100.00 105.07 108.99 112.77 14.29 −9.88 4.18 6.05 2.46 −2.80 22.40 6.17 – – 177.72 177.72 177.72 177.72 177.72Gabon 98.56 100.00 101.27 103.96 104.46 −16.70 19.04 14.76 −2.74 −0.93 – – – – – 472.19 495.28 471.87 510.53 494.04Marshall Islands – – – – – 0.85 1.97 3.77 −1.86 0.49 – – – – – – – – – –Micronesia – – – – – 5.18 3.37 3.38 4.66 2.05 9.70 11.38 10.61 9.23 12.52 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00Montenegro 99.35 100.00 103.18 – – 2.45 1.58 0.93 −0.14 2.36 6.75 7.82 8.67 9.71 6.87 0.72 0.76 0.72 0.78 0.75Palau – – – – – 4.09 −3.51 4.47 1.18 6.62 – – – – – – – – – –São Tomé and Principe 88.58 100.00 111.94 123.58 132.40 13.55 11.74 12.11 10.34 9.77 15.46 15.34 13.23 14.34 14.94 16208.45 18498.60 17622.94 19068.42 18449.95Suriname 93.51 100.00 117.71 123.61 125.98 6.48 8.16 12.93 11.67 −0.07 4.85 3.17 −1.03 0.07 12.07 2.75 2.75 3.27 3.30 3.30Timor-Leste 93.66 100.00 113.50 126.89 131.12 5.67 3.22 7.80 10.85 10.24 5.20 7.57 3.01 1.23 1.97 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00High IncomeCommonwealth CountriesAntigua and Barbuda 96.74 100.00 103.46 106.95 108.08 1.77 1.41 1.28 2.55 2.35 8.15 9.45 9.51 7.42 7.43 2.70 2.70 2.70 2.70 2.70Bahamas, The 98.67 100.00 103.20 105.24 105.62 −1.04 −0.12 −1.83 1.65 – 6.61 5.63 7.02 3.05 – 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00Barbados 94.50 100.00 109.43 114.39 116.46 5.49 −3.71 −2.20 −3.31 – 3.52 12.88 11.15 12.42 – 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00Brunei Darussalam 99.64 100.00 102.02 102.49 102.88 −22.09 5.31 20.35 −0.05 −3.15 35.42 0.18 −12.34 5.55 8.93 1.45 1.36 1.26 1.25 1.25Cyprus 97.67 100.00 103.29 105.76 105.33 −0.31 1.74 1.96 1.55 – – – – – – – – – – –Malta 98.51 100.00 102.72 105.21 106.65 2.56 2.93 4.93 2.31 – 1.87 1.63 −0.17 2.34 – – – – – –Singapore* 97.28 100.00 105.25 110.02 112.65 3.52 −0.05 0.83 1.47 0.12 1.80 5.43 4.52 3.85 5.25 1.45 1.36 1.26 1.25 1.25St. Kitts and Nevis 99.50 100.00 107.07 108.58 109.37 2.20 0.96 3.34 1.76 −0.43 6.42 7.58 5.90 6.85 9.24 2.70 2.70 2.70 2.70 2.70Trinidad and Tobago 90.46 100.00 105.10 114.84 120.81 −27.63 7.95 16.88 −2.52 3.76 54.68 1.23 −7.62 10.49 3.61 6.32 6.38 6.41 6.43 6.44Non-Commonwealth CountriesBahrain 98.08 100.00 99.64 102.38 105.65 −13.00 7.44 10.63 1.10 2.37 24.07 −0.18 −3.47 4.88 3.48 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.38Equatorial Guinea 92.77 100.00 106.95 113.52 – −30.23 31.26 23.08 9.96 −3.89 – – – – – 472.19 495.28 471.87 510.53 494.04Estonia 97.11 100.00 104.98 109.11 112.15 0.17 0.30 3.00 3.32 4.98 9.20 7.44 3.03 2.35 0.36 11.26 11.81 – – –Iceland 94.88 100.00 104.00 109.39 113.63 8.29 6.92 3.27 2.86 1.79 9.87 3.12 4.28 5.31 6.25 123.64 122.24 115.95 125.08 122.18Qatar 102.49 100.00 101.92 103.82 107.07 −24.22 9.60 18.23 9.07 0.98 41.25 −2.13 −10.77 −3.38 4.09 3.64 3.64 3.64 3.64 3.64San Marino 97.48 100.00 102.01 104.89 106.57 – – – – – – – – – – 0.72 0.76 0.72 0.78 0.75


69

Table 5. Private Sector

Group/Country Domestic credit to private sector (% of GDP)

Startup procedures to register a business

Interest spread (lending rate minus deposit rate, %)

Other taxes payable by businesses (% of commercial profits)

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Low IncomeComoros 15.96 19.04 17.79 20.63 21.74 10.00 10.00 10.00 9.00 8.00 8.63 8.75 8.75 8.75 8.75 – – – 186.50 186.50Gambia 14.76 15.39 16.33 15.60 15.22 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 11.50 12.38 16.25 16.50 14.56 – – – 264.40 264.40Guinea-Bissau 5.61 6.23 11.85 15.30 15.69 17.00 17.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 – – – – – – – – 6.10 6.10Middle IncomeCommonwealth CountriesBelize 66.68 62.32 58.58 56.67 56.91 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 5.71 6.12 6.92 8.03 7.98 – – – 1.40 1.40Botswana 29.39 25.29 27.52 31.68 32.04 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 6.29 5.86 5.85 7.39 7.08 – – – 3.60 3.60Dominica 49.57 55.19 56.70 57.98 56.88 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 6.82 6.19 5.64 5.94 6.02 – – – 3.20 3.20Fiji 87.94 81.29 75.84 75.43 77.90 8.00 8.00 9.00 11.00 11.00 2.94 2.07 3.72 4.55 4.03 – – – 0.20 0.20Grenada 79.36 83.97 84.89 82.64 75.02 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 7.72 7.50 7.57 6.87 6.63 – – – 12.10 12.10Guyana 36.49 37.25 37.88 41.00 43.33 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 12.22 12.27 12.51 12.34 12.37 – – – 2.50 2.60Jamaica 28.59 26.39 26.82 29.01 29.61 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 5.00 9.47 14.11 15.65 14.10 14.06 – – – 5.00 5.00Kiribati – –Lesotho 12.84 13.77 14.88 19.77 21.15 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 8.15 7.54 7.73 7.27 7.07 – – – 2.90 2.90Maldives 63.55 57.83 54.42 47.96 44.70 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 6.50 6.33 6.02 6.75 7.34 – – – 9.30 9.30Mauritius 82.74 87.86 91.42 100.81 108.01 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 0.80 0.53 1.81 2.43 1.69 – – – 7.30 7.30Namibia 49.50 49.76 49.15 47.24 48.98 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 4.88 4.72 4.45 4.44 4.31 – – – 3.10 3.10NauruPapua New Guinea 31.93 31.71 30.38 31.09 34.90 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 7.77 9.06 9.89 10.33 9.80 – – – 8.30 8.30Saint Lucia 111.07 107.58 106.71 112.57 46.84 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 7.33 7.29 6.51 6.44 6.14 – – – 3.10 3.10Samoa 44.37 45.75 47.45 46.53 24.87 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 7.32Seychelles 34.38 8.85Solomon Islands 111.41 10.48St. Vincent and the Grenadines 51.39 51.81 52.92 54.14 52.45 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 6.25 6.31 6.14 6.54 6.71 – – – 3.40 3.40Swaziland 168.81 167.88 169.85 176.43 25.27 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.42Tonga 47.09 39.67 32.31 29.82 28.19 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 7.21 7.51 7.46 5.95 6.93 – – – 1.10 1.10Tuvalu – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Vanuatu 62.98 64.69 67.98 70.05 68.14 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 4.25 3.91 – – 3.75 – – – 3.90 3.90Non-Commonwealth CountriesBhutan 32.37 41.43 47.09 45.36 44.21 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 11.75 12.00 9.50 8.50 – – – – 4.40 4.40Cabo Verde 57.96 61.93 65.74 64.17 62.95 9.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 7.00 8.09 7.93 6.46 6.11 6.35 – – – 0.70 0.70Djibouti 25.68 33.11 30.91 28.93 31.09 11.00 11.00 11.00 11.00 9.00 9.72 9.35 9.10 – – – – – 2.40 2.40Gabon 10.12 8.09 9.22 10.88 13.65 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 7.00 – – – – – – – – 2.30 2.30Marshall Islands – – – – – 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 – – – – – – – – 52.90 52.90Micronesia 21.30 20.79 19.56 19.40 18.61 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 14.09 14.22 13.76 13.90 14.30 – – – 52.00 52.00Montenegro 76.54 66.93 55.82 55.63 53.47 11.00 7.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 5.55 5.83 6.55 6.30 6.48 – – – 0.90 0.90Palau – – – – – 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 – – – – – – – – 0.00 0.00São Tomé and Principe 33.39 38.84 38.11 36.26 31.22 10.00 10.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 19.19 17.76 14.59 13.28 13.90 – – – 3.60 3.60Suriname 24.38 24.02 23.98 24.04 27.36 13.00 13.00 13.00 13.00 13.00 5.28 5.42 5.37 4.95 4.89 – – – 0.00 0.00Timor-Leste 12.52 11.74 11.77 11.81 11.26 11.00 10.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 10.33 10.22 10.20 11.30 11.51 – – – 0.00 0.00High IncomeCommonwealth CountriesAntigua and Barbuda 75.62 80.00 77.35 70.72 66.04 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 6.58 7.63 7.54 7.00 6.91 – – – 5.30 5.30Bahamas, The 84.34 83.38 84.44 81.36 65.16 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 1.72 2.06 2.43 2.74 3.07 – – – 40.50 40.50Barbados 80.57 – – – – – – 8.00 8.00 8.00 6.34 6.03 6.02 6.14 6.19 – – – 3.00 3.00Brunei Darussalam 44.51 40.90 31.21 31.45 – 18.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 4.80 5.03 5.10 5.27 5.22 – – – 0.00 0.00Cyprus 269.72 283.61 296.46 305.09 34.99 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 – – – – – – – – 1.30 1.40Malta 133.65 132.84 129.87 127.93 300.60 – – 11.00 11.00 11.00 – – – 0.50 – 97.74 96.22 106.73 116.20 –Singapore* 97.74 96.22 106.73 116.20 119.32 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 5.09 5.17 5.21 5.24 5.24 – – – 4.70 4.70St. Kitts and Nevis 64.27 67.74 67.10 66.68 128.95 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 4.16 4.02 4.98 4.46 5.04Trinidad and Tobago 40.12 33.21 30.38 31.53 31.13 9.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 7.00 8.52 7.78 6.47 6.21 6.00 – – – 1.80 1.80Non-Commonwealth CountriesBahrain 71.44 67.70 68.91 70.03 69.10 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 6.36 6.02 5.77 4.95 4.88 – – – 0.00 0.00Equatorial Guinea 9.32 9.39 9.50 7.24 10.63 18.00 18.00 18.00 18.00 18.00 – – – – 3.69 – – – 18.70 18.70Estonia 106.38 98.10 83.34 77.36 74.92 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 4.57 6.65 4.85 5.07 – – – 18.90 2.00Iceland 113.63 108.74 97.22 97.21 95.95 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 – – – – – – – – 3.10 2.90Qatar 51.74 44.70 39.28 36.52 39.27 7.00 9.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 2.81 4.37 3.74 3.71 – – – – 0.00 0.00San Marino – – – – – – – – 8.00 8.00 4.78 4.68 4.84 – – – – – 0.30 0.30

Note: Singapore is a member of the Commonwealth, but is not classified as a small state under the Secretariat’s definition.Sources: World Bank, World Development indicators 2014, available at: http://databank.worldbank.org (accessed 17 September 2014)

70

Table 5. Private Sector

Group/Country Domestic credit to private sector (% of GDP)

Startup procedures to register a business

Interest spread (lending rate minus deposit rate, %)

Other taxes payable by businesses (% of commercial profits)

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Low IncomeComoros 15.96 19.04 17.79 20.63 21.74 10.00 10.00 10.00 9.00 8.00 8.63 8.75 8.75 8.75 8.75 – – – 186.50 186.50Gambia 14.76 15.39 16.33 15.60 15.22 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 11.50 12.38 16.25 16.50 14.56 – – – 264.40 264.40Guinea-Bissau 5.61 6.23 11.85 15.30 15.69 17.00 17.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 – – – – – – – – 6.10 6.10Middle IncomeCommonwealth CountriesBelize 66.68 62.32 58.58 56.67 56.91 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 5.71 6.12 6.92 8.03 7.98 – – – 1.40 1.40Botswana 29.39 25.29 27.52 31.68 32.04 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 6.29 5.86 5.85 7.39 7.08 – – – 3.60 3.60Dominica 49.57 55.19 56.70 57.98 56.88 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 6.82 6.19 5.64 5.94 6.02 – – – 3.20 3.20Fiji 87.94 81.29 75.84 75.43 77.90 8.00 8.00 9.00 11.00 11.00 2.94 2.07 3.72 4.55 4.03 – – – 0.20 0.20Grenada 79.36 83.97 84.89 82.64 75.02 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 7.72 7.50 7.57 6.87 6.63 – – – 12.10 12.10Guyana 36.49 37.25 37.88 41.00 43.33 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 12.22 12.27 12.51 12.34 12.37 – – – 2.50 2.60Jamaica 28.59 26.39 26.82 29.01 29.61 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 5.00 9.47 14.11 15.65 14.10 14.06 – – – 5.00 5.00Kiribati – –Lesotho 12.84 13.77 14.88 19.77 21.15 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 8.15 7.54 7.73 7.27 7.07 – – – 2.90 2.90Maldives 63.55 57.83 54.42 47.96 44.70 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 6.50 6.33 6.02 6.75 7.34 – – – 9.30 9.30Mauritius 82.74 87.86 91.42 100.81 108.01 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 0.80 0.53 1.81 2.43 1.69 – – – 7.30 7.30Namibia 49.50 49.76 49.15 47.24 48.98 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 4.88 4.72 4.45 4.44 4.31 – – – 3.10 3.10NauruPapua New Guinea 31.93 31.71 30.38 31.09 34.90 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 7.77 9.06 9.89 10.33 9.80 – – – 8.30 8.30Saint Lucia 111.07 107.58 106.71 112.57 46.84 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 7.33 7.29 6.51 6.44 6.14 – – – 3.10 3.10Samoa 44.37 45.75 47.45 46.53 24.87 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 7.32Seychelles 34.38 8.85Solomon Islands 111.41 10.48St. Vincent and the Grenadines 51.39 51.81 52.92 54.14 52.45 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 6.25 6.31 6.14 6.54 6.71 – – – 3.40 3.40Swaziland 168.81 167.88 169.85 176.43 25.27 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.42Tonga 47.09 39.67 32.31 29.82 28.19 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 7.21 7.51 7.46 5.95 6.93 – – – 1.10 1.10Tuvalu – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Vanuatu 62.98 64.69 67.98 70.05 68.14 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 4.25 3.91 – – 3.75 – – – 3.90 3.90Non-Commonwealth CountriesBhutan 32.37 41.43 47.09 45.36 44.21 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 11.75 12.00 9.50 8.50 – – – – 4.40 4.40Cabo Verde 57.96 61.93 65.74 64.17 62.95 9.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 7.00 8.09 7.93 6.46 6.11 6.35 – – – 0.70 0.70Djibouti 25.68 33.11 30.91 28.93 31.09 11.00 11.00 11.00 11.00 9.00 9.72 9.35 9.10 – – – – – 2.40 2.40Gabon 10.12 8.09 9.22 10.88 13.65 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 7.00 – – – – – – – – 2.30 2.30Marshall Islands – – – – – 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 – – – – – – – – 52.90 52.90Micronesia 21.30 20.79 19.56 19.40 18.61 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 14.09 14.22 13.76 13.90 14.30 – – – 52.00 52.00Montenegro 76.54 66.93 55.82 55.63 53.47 11.00 7.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 5.55 5.83 6.55 6.30 6.48 – – – 0.90 0.90Palau – – – – – 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 – – – – – – – – 0.00 0.00São Tomé and Principe 33.39 38.84 38.11 36.26 31.22 10.00 10.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 19.19 17.76 14.59 13.28 13.90 – – – 3.60 3.60Suriname 24.38 24.02 23.98 24.04 27.36 13.00 13.00 13.00 13.00 13.00 5.28 5.42 5.37 4.95 4.89 – – – 0.00 0.00Timor-Leste 12.52 11.74 11.77 11.81 11.26 11.00 10.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 10.33 10.22 10.20 11.30 11.51 – – – 0.00 0.00High IncomeCommonwealth CountriesAntigua and Barbuda 75.62 80.00 77.35 70.72 66.04 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 6.58 7.63 7.54 7.00 6.91 – – – 5.30 5.30Bahamas, The 84.34 83.38 84.44 81.36 65.16 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 1.72 2.06 2.43 2.74 3.07 – – – 40.50 40.50Barbados 80.57 – – – – – – 8.00 8.00 8.00 6.34 6.03 6.02 6.14 6.19 – – – 3.00 3.00Brunei Darussalam 44.51 40.90 31.21 31.45 – 18.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 4.80 5.03 5.10 5.27 5.22 – – – 0.00 0.00Cyprus 269.72 283.61 296.46 305.09 34.99 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 – – – – – – – – 1.30 1.40Malta 133.65 132.84 129.87 127.93 300.60 – – 11.00 11.00 11.00 – – – 0.50 – 97.74 96.22 106.73 116.20 –Singapore* 97.74 96.22 106.73 116.20 119.32 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 5.09 5.17 5.21 5.24 5.24 – – – 4.70 4.70St. Kitts and Nevis 64.27 67.74 67.10 66.68 128.95 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 4.16 4.02 4.98 4.46 5.04Trinidad and Tobago 40.12 33.21 30.38 31.53 31.13 9.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 7.00 8.52 7.78 6.47 6.21 6.00 – – – 1.80 1.80Non-Commonwealth CountriesBahrain 71.44 67.70 68.91 70.03 69.10 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 6.36 6.02 5.77 4.95 4.88 – – – 0.00 0.00Equatorial Guinea 9.32 9.39 9.50 7.24 10.63 18.00 18.00 18.00 18.00 18.00 – – – – 3.69 – – – 18.70 18.70Estonia 106.38 98.10 83.34 77.36 74.92 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 4.57 6.65 4.85 5.07 – – – 18.90 2.00Iceland 113.63 108.74 97.22 97.21 95.95 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 – – – – – – – – 3.10 2.90Qatar 51.74 44.70 39.28 36.52 39.27 7.00 9.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 2.81 4.37 3.74 3.71 – – – – 0.00 0.00San Marino – – – – – – – – 8.00 8.00 4.78 4.68 4.84 – – – – – 0.30 0.30


71

Table 6. Public Sector

Group/Country Tax revenue (% of GDP)

Compensation of employees (% of expense)

Cash surplus/deficit (% of GDP)

Expense (% of GDP)

Social contributions (% of revenue)

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Low IncomeNon-Commonwealth CountriesComoros – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Guinea-Bissau 15.13 – – – – 28.96 – – – – −4.67 – – – – 17.15 – – – – – – – – –Gambia, The – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Middle IncomeCommonwealth CountriesBelize 22.46 23.57 22.54 22.66 – 40.69 39.50 40.39 41.95 – −1.21 −1.22 −1.45 −0.20 – 25.16 25.25 24.65 22.51 – – – – – –Botswana 27.72 21.96 23.76 27.13 37.66 41.35 42.04 43.44 −12.32 −7.02 −0.41 1.38 39.22 30.81 29.43 30.24 – – – –Dominica 24.60 25.56 23.50 22.62 – 43.57 40.31 42.33 39.88 – −2.16 −6.51 −8.61 −11.53 – 22.14 24.69 24.72 25.26 – – – – – –Fiji – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Grenada 18.24 18.73 19.17 18.63 – 45.90 48.81 52.66 49.60 – −4.92 −2.44 −3.16 −5.53 – 20.00 19.62 20.02 21.17 – – – – – –Guyana – – – – –Jamaica 27.16 26.54 25.70 27.07 – 14.81 16.63 17.71 17.16 – −9.37 −5.78 −5.95 −3.97 – 41.20 35.75 34.80 34.08 – 1.95 2.47 3.08 2.77 –KiribatiLesotho – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Maldives 10.75 10.73 15.49 – – 33.60 29.50 63.09 – – −21.14 −16.29 −8.74 – – 34.50 30.85 28.74 – – – – – – –Mauritius 18.67 18.55 18.43 18.99 – 35.72 35.23 36.43 35.95 – 0.58 −2.37 −1.15 −0.59 – 21.65 22.66 20.88 20.76 – 6.66 7.24 7.25 7.04 –Namibia 30.13 21.99 15.14 – – 43.22 45.76 40.22 – – 1.39 −7.35 −19.73 – – 28.31 28.94 34.90 – – – – – – –NauruPapua New Guinea – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Saint Lucia 24.19 22.96 23.34 22.77 – 46.69 46.54 46.35 43.48 – −2.04 −0.60 −4.62 −6.43 – 20.77 21.39 21.30 23.21 – – – – – –Samoa – 0.02 0.02 0.02 – – 26.33 27.94 29.85 – – −0.01 −0.01 −0.01 – – 0.03 0.03 0.03 – – – – – –SeychellesSolomon IslandsSt. Vincent and the Grenadines 23.74 22.91 22.54 22.97 – 45.13 46.87 46.69 49.68 – −1.70 −2.86 −2.69 −2.05 – 25.78 25.72 27.09 26.07 – – – – – –SwazilandTonga – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Tuvalu – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Vanuatu 16.02 15.50 16.12 – – 54.52 51.83 51.80 – – −0.82 −2.50 −2.35 – – 20.38 22.25 22.21 – – – – – – –Non-Commonwealth CountriesBhutan 9.24 – – – – 35.01 – – – – 0.50 – – – – 23.29 – – – – 0.35 – – – –Cabo Verde 18.42 18.45 19.73 17.80 – 40.49 41.35 47.14 47.52 – −3.54 −8.16 −7.63 −10.15 – 19.76 19.72 22.94 21.99 – 0.13 0.11 0.10 0.04 –Djibouti – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Gabon – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Marshall Islands – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Micronesia – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Montenegro – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Palau – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –São Tomé and Príncipe 14.49 17.40 16.59 14.02 – 38.86 44.14 43.41 47.93 – −17.62 −10.46 −12.62 −12.22 – 20.37 20.62 19.44 17.43 – – – – – –Suriname 17.22 15.66 18.70 19.42 – 39.21 42.98 40.03 35.74 – 0.80 −2.08 −0.80 −1.16 – 23.20 20.86 21.18 22.26 – – – – – –Timor-Leste – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –High IncomeCommonwealth CountriesAntigua and Barbuda 17.61 18.80 18.12 18.74 – 37.19 40.31 36.92 40.77 – −11.00 −1.38 −4.36 −1.35 – 24.00 22.05 23.49 20.83 – – – – – –Bahamas, The 14.36 13.92 16.47 15.67 – 40.31 41.54 38.09 39.16 – −3.13 −3.27 −3.67 −4.15 – 18.18 17.71 19.40 19.06 – – – – – –Barbados 24.03 25.25 – – – 29.06 28.44 – – – −5.73 −7.98 – – – 33.05 35.10 – – – 0.03 0.03 – – –Brunei Darussalam – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Cyprus 25.77 25.87 25.85 25.49 – 36.52 35.38 35.44 34.19 – −6.03 −5.23 −6.26 −6.42 – 41.93 42.43 43.02 44.20 – 22.19 22.35 22.46 23.40 –Malta 27.82 27.01 26.88 27.46 – 32.69 31.40 31.79 31.23 – −3.73 −3.65 −2.68 −3.29 – 43.31 43.13 41.29 42.67 – 18.97 18.80 19.07 18.66 –Singapore* 13.07 12.97 13.36 13.97 – 27.01 30.39 27.17 28.72 – 1.58 7.57 9.25 8.70 – 14.43 12.59 13.02 12.74 – – – – – –St. Kitts and Nevis 20.61 18.35 20.75 20.19 – 42.90 42.16 37.32 40.68 – −0.56 −3.95 2.47 11.25 – 28.48 28.36 30.26 27.66 – – – – – –Trinidad and Tobago 26.83 28.26 – – – 25.57 24.10 – – – −4.96 −1.59 – – – 33.01 33.05 – – – 6.27 5.81 – – –Non-Commonwealth CountriesBahrain 1.36 1.18 1.10 – – 46.93 44.22 41.27 – – −4.38 −4.78 −0.53 – – 19.76 19.47 22.30 – – – – – – –Equatorial Guinea 20.45 – – – – 21.00 – – – – −10.37 – – – – 7.60 – – – – – – – – –Estonia 17.04 16.06 15.73 16.46 – 21.26 20.98 21.28 20.84 – −1.47 −0.03 0.98 −0.05 – 36.09 34.67 31.55 31.27 – 36.39 38.41 36.90 34.98 –Iceland 21.45 21.88 22.23 23.23 – 23.58 22.41 23.36 24.08 – −8.95 −9.22 −5.28 −3.41 – 38.10 39.71 36.28 35.90 – 10.32 13.61 13.57 12.01 –Qatar 19.92 14.65 – – – 32.43 28.21 – – – 15.32 2.94 – – – 19.39 18.72 – – – – – – – –San Marino – – – – – 33.18 34.22 32.65 31.64 – – – – – – – – – – – 29.12 31.59 30.89 29.64 –


72

Table 6. Public Sector

Group/Country Tax revenue (% of GDP)

Compensation of employees (% of expense)

Cash surplus/deficit (% of GDP)

Expense (% of GDP)

Social contributions (% of revenue)

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Low IncomeNon-Commonwealth CountriesComoros – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Guinea-Bissau 15.13 – – – – 28.96 – – – – −4.67 – – – – 17.15 – – – – – – – – –Gambia, The – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Middle IncomeCommonwealth CountriesBelize 22.46 23.57 22.54 22.66 – 40.69 39.50 40.39 41.95 – −1.21 −1.22 −1.45 −0.20 – 25.16 25.25 24.65 22.51 – – – – – –Botswana 27.72 21.96 23.76 27.13 37.66 41.35 42.04 43.44 −12.32 −7.02 −0.41 1.38 39.22 30.81 29.43 30.24 – – – –Dominica 24.60 25.56 23.50 22.62 – 43.57 40.31 42.33 39.88 – −2.16 −6.51 −8.61 −11.53 – 22.14 24.69 24.72 25.26 – – – – – –Fiji – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Grenada 18.24 18.73 19.17 18.63 – 45.90 48.81 52.66 49.60 – −4.92 −2.44 −3.16 −5.53 – 20.00 19.62 20.02 21.17 – – – – – –Guyana – – – – –Jamaica 27.16 26.54 25.70 27.07 – 14.81 16.63 17.71 17.16 – −9.37 −5.78 −5.95 −3.97 – 41.20 35.75 34.80 34.08 – 1.95 2.47 3.08 2.77 –KiribatiLesotho – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Maldives 10.75 10.73 15.49 – – 33.60 29.50 63.09 – – −21.14 −16.29 −8.74 – – 34.50 30.85 28.74 – – – – – – –Mauritius 18.67 18.55 18.43 18.99 – 35.72 35.23 36.43 35.95 – 0.58 −2.37 −1.15 −0.59 – 21.65 22.66 20.88 20.76 – 6.66 7.24 7.25 7.04 –Namibia 30.13 21.99 15.14 – – 43.22 45.76 40.22 – – 1.39 −7.35 −19.73 – – 28.31 28.94 34.90 – – – – – – –NauruPapua New Guinea – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Saint Lucia 24.19 22.96 23.34 22.77 – 46.69 46.54 46.35 43.48 – −2.04 −0.60 −4.62 −6.43 – 20.77 21.39 21.30 23.21 – – – – – –Samoa – 0.02 0.02 0.02 – – 26.33 27.94 29.85 – – −0.01 −0.01 −0.01 – – 0.03 0.03 0.03 – – – – – –SeychellesSolomon IslandsSt. Vincent and the Grenadines 23.74 22.91 22.54 22.97 – 45.13 46.87 46.69 49.68 – −1.70 −2.86 −2.69 −2.05 – 25.78 25.72 27.09 26.07 – – – – – –SwazilandTonga – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Tuvalu – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Vanuatu 16.02 15.50 16.12 – – 54.52 51.83 51.80 – – −0.82 −2.50 −2.35 – – 20.38 22.25 22.21 – – – – – – –Non-Commonwealth CountriesBhutan 9.24 – – – – 35.01 – – – – 0.50 – – – – 23.29 – – – – 0.35 – – – –Cabo Verde 18.42 18.45 19.73 17.80 – 40.49 41.35 47.14 47.52 – −3.54 −8.16 −7.63 −10.15 – 19.76 19.72 22.94 21.99 – 0.13 0.11 0.10 0.04 –Djibouti – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Gabon – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Marshall Islands – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Micronesia – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Montenegro – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Palau – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –São Tomé and Príncipe 14.49 17.40 16.59 14.02 – 38.86 44.14 43.41 47.93 – −17.62 −10.46 −12.62 −12.22 – 20.37 20.62 19.44 17.43 – – – – – –Suriname 17.22 15.66 18.70 19.42 – 39.21 42.98 40.03 35.74 – 0.80 −2.08 −0.80 −1.16 – 23.20 20.86 21.18 22.26 – – – – – –Timor-Leste – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –High IncomeCommonwealth CountriesAntigua and Barbuda 17.61 18.80 18.12 18.74 – 37.19 40.31 36.92 40.77 – −11.00 −1.38 −4.36 −1.35 – 24.00 22.05 23.49 20.83 – – – – – –Bahamas, The 14.36 13.92 16.47 15.67 – 40.31 41.54 38.09 39.16 – −3.13 −3.27 −3.67 −4.15 – 18.18 17.71 19.40 19.06 – – – – – –Barbados 24.03 25.25 – – – 29.06 28.44 – – – −5.73 −7.98 – – – 33.05 35.10 – – – 0.03 0.03 – – –Brunei Darussalam – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Cyprus 25.77 25.87 25.85 25.49 – 36.52 35.38 35.44 34.19 – −6.03 −5.23 −6.26 −6.42 – 41.93 42.43 43.02 44.20 – 22.19 22.35 22.46 23.40 –Malta 27.82 27.01 26.88 27.46 – 32.69 31.40 31.79 31.23 – −3.73 −3.65 −2.68 −3.29 – 43.31 43.13 41.29 42.67 – 18.97 18.80 19.07 18.66 –Singapore* 13.07 12.97 13.36 13.97 – 27.01 30.39 27.17 28.72 – 1.58 7.57 9.25 8.70 – 14.43 12.59 13.02 12.74 – – – – – –St. Kitts and Nevis 20.61 18.35 20.75 20.19 – 42.90 42.16 37.32 40.68 – −0.56 −3.95 2.47 11.25 – 28.48 28.36 30.26 27.66 – – – – – –Trinidad and Tobago 26.83 28.26 – – – 25.57 24.10 – – – −4.96 −1.59 – – – 33.01 33.05 – – – 6.27 5.81 – – –Non-Commonwealth CountriesBahrain 1.36 1.18 1.10 – – 46.93 44.22 41.27 – – −4.38 −4.78 −0.53 – – 19.76 19.47 22.30 – – – – – – –Equatorial Guinea 20.45 – – – – 21.00 – – – – −10.37 – – – – 7.60 – – – – – – – – –Estonia 17.04 16.06 15.73 16.46 – 21.26 20.98 21.28 20.84 – −1.47 −0.03 0.98 −0.05 – 36.09 34.67 31.55 31.27 – 36.39 38.41 36.90 34.98 –Iceland 21.45 21.88 22.23 23.23 – 23.58 22.41 23.36 24.08 – −8.95 −9.22 −5.28 −3.41 – 38.10 39.71 36.28 35.90 – 10.32 13.61 13.57 12.01 –Qatar 19.92 14.65 – – – 32.43 28.21 – – – 15.32 2.94 – – – 19.39 18.72 – – – – – – – –San Marino – – – – – 33.18 34.22 32.65 31.64 – – – – – – – – – – – 29.12 31.59 30.89 29.64 –


73

Table 7.1 Trade

Group/Country Total exports (US $ million)

Total imports (US$ million)

Trade balance (US$ million)

Merchandise trade exports (% of GDP)

Merchandise trade imports (% of GDP)

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Low IncomeNon-Commonwealth CountriesComoros – – – 89 98 – – – 321 370 – – – −232.61 −272.01 2.79 3.79 4.12 4.20 – 39.32 42.85 45.34 50.34 –Gambia, The 278 271 306 328 334 343 319 364 460 459 −65 −48 −58 −132 −126 7.33 3.68 10.55 10.94 – 33.75 29.95 38.26 41.57 –Guinea-Bissau 155 171 – – – 289 299 – – – −134 −128 – – – 14.60 15.15 23.77 15.81 – 24.29 23.53 26.87 30.40 –Middle IncomeCommonwealth CountriesBelize 728 830 944 983 988 782 810 949 990 1,077 −54 20 −5 −7 −89 18.92 21.76 25.24 25.44 – 49.95 50.01 55.78 69.95 –Botswana 3,573 4,913 6,964 6,321 8,149 5,327 6,358 8,052 8,639 8,856 −1,754 −1,445 −1,088 −2,318 −706.25 34.19 34.14 38.46 41.07 – 46.78 41.15 47.55 55.20 –Dominica 150 173 185 160 170 264 265 263 251 249 −114 −92 −78 −91 −79 6.94 7.75 6.13 7.06 – 46.68 45.86 44.03 40.36 –Fiji 1,422 1,820 2,231 2,412 2,266 1,712 2,010 2,452 2,551 2,991 −290 −190 −221 −138 −724.39 21.52 26.09 23.71 23.29 – 49.21 56.07 62.61 60.71 –Grenada 187 184 194 206 210 361 378 391 396 423 −174 −194 −197 −189 −213 3.78 3.24 3.74 4.37 – 36.53 41.07 42.30 41.80 –Guyana 938 1,119 1,427 – – 1,452 1,658 2,204 – – −514 −539 −777 – – 37.65 38.94 43.33 47.35 – 57.30 61.84 68.73 64.89 –Jamaica 4,038 4,004 4,286 4,502 – 6,356 6,454 7,827 7,838 – −2,318 −2,450 −3,541 −3,336 – 10.85 10.03 11.25 10.81 – 41.77 39.49 45.83 45.29 –Kiribati – – – 20 18 – – – 185 187 – – – – −168.95 4.94 2.59 4.99 5.71 – 52.71 48.59 53.26 57.15 –Lesotho 776 925 1,226 1,047 – 2,014 2,416 2,633 2,460 – −1,238 −1,491 −1,407 −1,412 – 42.96 40.34 47.13 47.25 – 108.26 105.71 100.51 111.67 –Maldives 1,712 2,007 2,352 2,352 – 1,480 1,693 2,267 2,373 – 232 314 85 −20 – 8.52 9.25 16.01 14.88 – 48.74 51.12 67.74 73.55 –Mauritius 4,177 4,957 5,848 6,246 6,479 5,111 6,136 7,410 7,634 7,934 −934 −1,179 −1,562 −1,388 −1,455 21.94 23.27 22.80 23.16 – 42.25 45.13 45.76 45.45 –Namibia 3,800 4,923 5,317 5,650 5,640 4,972 5,616 6,310 7,802 8,008 −1,172 −693 −993 – −2,367.76 36.06 36.13 35.39 30.60 – 57.08 49.99 51.08 50.38 –Nauru – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Papua New Guinea 4,577 6,055 7,340 – – 4,711 6,286 7,205 0 – −134 −231 135 – – 55.52 60.57 55.74 41.52 – 40.56 41.67 38.73 35.13 –Samoa 174 204 212 604 614 287 362 397 414 403 −113 −158 −185 190 211 9.18 10.39 8.61 11.12 – 46.01 54.08 54.75 50.49 –Seychelles 850 841 947 222 246 992 1,048 1,168 1,189 1,266 −142 −207 −221 −967 −1,020.20 46.66 41.12 45.59 48.11 – 93.70 66.78 70.78 77.50 –Solomon Islands 235 330 557 932 1,102 344 548 612 651 708 −109 −218 −55 281 393 27.57 32.83 47.81 47.00 – 44.85 59.32 53.68 50.00 –Saint Lucia 544 609 572 635 598 648 787 820 756 684 −104 −178 −248 −121 −86.10 14.06 17.13 12.46 14.41 – 44.10 52.91 53.99 53.10 –St. Vincent and the Grenadines 192 183 183 188 194 388 389 377 402 425 −196 −206 −194 −214 −231 7.27 6.09 5.68 6.34 – 49.42 49.59 49.00 50.40 –Swaziland 1,775 2,063 2,205 2,147 2,096 2,259 2,625 2,818 2,424 2,250 −484 −562 −613 −277 −153.26 52.79 46.25 46.07 46.92 – 56.60 50.37 47.04 48.15 –Tonga 43 59 79 84 – 239 227 277 295 – −196 −168 −198 −211 – 2.46 2.24 3.40 3.39 – 45.43 43.00 45.61 44.53 –Tuvalu – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 1.11 0.94 0.76 0.75 – 51.66 50.28 63.59 62.69 –Vanuatu 303 328 353 384 396 296 368 405 397 425 7 −40 −52 −14 −29 9.29 6.96 8.57 6.99 – 48.21 40.68 38.73 37.49 –Non-Commonwealth Countries 0 0 0 0Bhutan 574 590 746 706 728 682 935 1,305 1,150 1,120 −108 −345 −559 −443 −392 39.20 40.45 36.65 31.70 – 41.86 53.85 57.13 54.80 –Cabo Verde 567 630 782 614 – 1,083 1,114 1,373 919 – −516 −484 −591 −306 – 2.06 2.67 3.68 3.02 – 41.43 44.60 50.81 43.58 –Djibouti 386 406 404 – – 565 478 658 – – −179 −72 −254 – – 6.45 7.54 7.48 7.02 – 37.59 33.13 41.20 42.85 –Gabon – – – 10,453 11,358 – – – 5,769 6,739 – – – – 4,619.17 44.52 59.62 63.84 67.25 – 20.79 20.47 19.68 21.86 –Marshall Islands – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 13.72 19.79 20.50 20.23 – 69.28 82.72 82.02 80.92 –Micronesia – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 8.97 8.50 9.02 10.73 – 61.88 57.80 58.01 64.39 –Montenegro 1,436 1,502 1,930 1,785 1,845 2,714 2,579 2,919 2,783 2,742 −1,278 −1,077 −989 −998 −896 9.32 10.61 14.03 11.66 – 55.63 53.03 56.51 57.77 –Palau – – – 153 155 – – – 177 184 – – – – −29.02 3.03 3.04 2.76 3.01 – 65.59 60.74 55.20 60.22 –São Tomé and Principe 20 24 29 34 34 103 121 147 139 147 −83 −97 −118 −105 −113 4.13 5.42 4.39 4.18 – 52.57 55.79 52.99 53.17 –Suriname 1,689 2,326 2,667 – – 1,676 1,657 2,242 – – 13 669 425 – – 36.17 46.37 56.53 50.88 – 35.87 31.99 37.54 32.92 –Timor-Leste 66 103 105 154 – 1,161 1,343 1,859 1,582 – −1,095 −1,240 −1,754 −1,428 – 1.03 1.78 1.06 0.89 – 35.70 31.91 30.13 27.31 –High IncomeCommonwealth CountriesAntigua and Barbuda 562 524 538 542 529 706 679 641 688 714 −144 −155 −103 −146 −184.72 4.21 4.03 4.98 5.44 – 44.26 44.14 41.80 43.55 –Bahamas, The 3,062 3,196 3,327 1,795 – 3,732 3,773 4,258 2,295 – −670 −577 −931 −501 – 9.09 8.90 10.59 12.27 – 32.42 32.84 37.66 42.34 –Barbados 1,884 2,069 – 13,795 12,270 2,077 2,240 – 5,286 5,234 −193 −171 – – 7,036.00 8.24 9.68 10.88 13.49 – 31.56 35.40 41.31 41.89 –Brunei Darussalam 8,087 – – – – 3717 – – – – 4,370 – – – – 67.09 72.01 74.53 79.63 – 22.82 19.88 17.63 20.35 –Cyprus 9,458 9,517 10,681 – – 10,739 10,961 11,741 – – −1,281 −1,444 −1,060 – – 5.34 6.06 7.32 7.66 – 33.28 37.04 34.92 32.10 –Malta 6,776 7,744 9,110 559,691 567,644 6,919 7,836 8,770 495,335 499,076 −143 −92 340 64,357 68,568 35.28 43.93 47.92 45.20 – 55.28 62.01 68.76 70.49 –Singapore* 370,157 471,701 550,342 257 294 322,564 403,381 476,983 347 377 47,593 68,320 73,359 −90 −83.08 140.24 148.83 149.42 142.34 – 127.74 131.46 133.46 132.35 –St. Kitts and Nevis 175 208 248 3,735 3,532 366 364 353 4,988 4,697 −191 −156 −105 −1,254 −1,165 5.31 4.62 6.16 6.15 – 41.72 38.98 33.87 31.43 –Trinidad and Tobago 9,969 12,094 20,716 13,042 15,561 7,346 6,871 14,777 9,105 9,857 2,623 5,223 5,939 – 5,704.16 47.21 52.90 54.97 55.90 – 35.98 31.21 40.35 40.11 –Non-Commonwealth Countries 0 0Bahrain 15,705 17,880 22,946 22,853 – 11,354 13,095 13,884 14,720 – 4,351 4,785 9,062 8,134 – 51.76 58.22 67.66 67.52 – 44.03 47.68 43.83 49.07 –Equatorial Guinea – – – 15,311 13,782 – – – 10,741 10,653 – – – – 3,129 97.01 86.31 85.90 94.01 – 55.43 49.20 38.18 36.39 –Estonia 12,241 14,915 20,407 20,001 21,418 11,236 13,508 19,018 19,980 21,203 1,005 1,407 1,389 21 215.45 46.62 60.91 74.18 72.07 – 52.25 64.44 78.24 78.96 –Iceland 6,391 7,104 8,290 8,044 8,543 5,350 5,833 7,112 7,153 7,266 1,041 1,271 1,178 891 1,277 33.48 36.65 38.08 37.19 – 29.75 31.19 34.48 35.17 –Qatar – – 121,692 – – – – 43,793 – – – – 77,899 – – 49.09 59.78 67.31 67.65 – 25.48 18.57 17.60 18.95 –San Marino – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

74

Table 7.1 Trade

Group/Country Total exports (US $ million)

Total imports (US$ million)

Trade balance (US$ million)

Merchandise trade exports (% of GDP)

Merchandise trade imports (% of GDP)

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Low IncomeNon-Commonwealth CountriesComoros – – – 89 98 – – – 321 370 – – – −232.61 −272.01 2.79 3.79 4.12 4.20 – 39.32 42.85 45.34 50.34 –Gambia, The 278 271 306 328 334 343 319 364 460 459 −65 −48 −58 −132 −126 7.33 3.68 10.55 10.94 – 33.75 29.95 38.26 41.57 –Guinea-Bissau 155 171 – – – 289 299 – – – −134 −128 – – – 14.60 15.15 23.77 15.81 – 24.29 23.53 26.87 30.40 –Middle IncomeCommonwealth CountriesBelize 728 830 944 983 988 782 810 949 990 1,077 −54 20 −5 −7 −89 18.92 21.76 25.24 25.44 – 49.95 50.01 55.78 69.95 –Botswana 3,573 4,913 6,964 6,321 8,149 5,327 6,358 8,052 8,639 8,856 −1,754 −1,445 −1,088 −2,318 −706.25 34.19 34.14 38.46 41.07 – 46.78 41.15 47.55 55.20 –Dominica 150 173 185 160 170 264 265 263 251 249 −114 −92 −78 −91 −79 6.94 7.75 6.13 7.06 – 46.68 45.86 44.03 40.36 –Fiji 1,422 1,820 2,231 2,412 2,266 1,712 2,010 2,452 2,551 2,991 −290 −190 −221 −138 −724.39 21.52 26.09 23.71 23.29 – 49.21 56.07 62.61 60.71 –Grenada 187 184 194 206 210 361 378 391 396 423 −174 −194 −197 −189 −213 3.78 3.24 3.74 4.37 – 36.53 41.07 42.30 41.80 –Guyana 938 1,119 1,427 – – 1,452 1,658 2,204 – – −514 −539 −777 – – 37.65 38.94 43.33 47.35 – 57.30 61.84 68.73 64.89 –Jamaica 4,038 4,004 4,286 4,502 – 6,356 6,454 7,827 7,838 – −2,318 −2,450 −3,541 −3,336 – 10.85 10.03 11.25 10.81 – 41.77 39.49 45.83 45.29 –Kiribati – – – 20 18 – – – 185 187 – – – – −168.95 4.94 2.59 4.99 5.71 – 52.71 48.59 53.26 57.15 –Lesotho 776 925 1,226 1,047 – 2,014 2,416 2,633 2,460 – −1,238 −1,491 −1,407 −1,412 – 42.96 40.34 47.13 47.25 – 108.26 105.71 100.51 111.67 –Maldives 1,712 2,007 2,352 2,352 – 1,480 1,693 2,267 2,373 – 232 314 85 −20 – 8.52 9.25 16.01 14.88 – 48.74 51.12 67.74 73.55 –Mauritius 4,177 4,957 5,848 6,246 6,479 5,111 6,136 7,410 7,634 7,934 −934 −1,179 −1,562 −1,388 −1,455 21.94 23.27 22.80 23.16 – 42.25 45.13 45.76 45.45 –Namibia 3,800 4,923 5,317 5,650 5,640 4,972 5,616 6,310 7,802 8,008 −1,172 −693 −993 – −2,367.76 36.06 36.13 35.39 30.60 – 57.08 49.99 51.08 50.38 –Nauru – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Papua New Guinea 4,577 6,055 7,340 – – 4,711 6,286 7,205 0 – −134 −231 135 – – 55.52 60.57 55.74 41.52 – 40.56 41.67 38.73 35.13 –Samoa 174 204 212 604 614 287 362 397 414 403 −113 −158 −185 190 211 9.18 10.39 8.61 11.12 – 46.01 54.08 54.75 50.49 –Seychelles 850 841 947 222 246 992 1,048 1,168 1,189 1,266 −142 −207 −221 −967 −1,020.20 46.66 41.12 45.59 48.11 – 93.70 66.78 70.78 77.50 –Solomon Islands 235 330 557 932 1,102 344 548 612 651 708 −109 −218 −55 281 393 27.57 32.83 47.81 47.00 – 44.85 59.32 53.68 50.00 –Saint Lucia 544 609 572 635 598 648 787 820 756 684 −104 −178 −248 −121 −86.10 14.06 17.13 12.46 14.41 – 44.10 52.91 53.99 53.10 –St. Vincent and the Grenadines 192 183 183 188 194 388 389 377 402 425 −196 −206 −194 −214 −231 7.27 6.09 5.68 6.34 – 49.42 49.59 49.00 50.40 –Swaziland 1,775 2,063 2,205 2,147 2,096 2,259 2,625 2,818 2,424 2,250 −484 −562 −613 −277 −153.26 52.79 46.25 46.07 46.92 – 56.60 50.37 47.04 48.15 –Tonga 43 59 79 84 – 239 227 277 295 – −196 −168 −198 −211 – 2.46 2.24 3.40 3.39 – 45.43 43.00 45.61 44.53 –Tuvalu – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 1.11 0.94 0.76 0.75 – 51.66 50.28 63.59 62.69 –Vanuatu 303 328 353 384 396 296 368 405 397 425 7 −40 −52 −14 −29 9.29 6.96 8.57 6.99 – 48.21 40.68 38.73 37.49 –Non-Commonwealth Countries 0 0 0 0Bhutan 574 590 746 706 728 682 935 1,305 1,150 1,120 −108 −345 −559 −443 −392 39.20 40.45 36.65 31.70 – 41.86 53.85 57.13 54.80 –Cabo Verde 567 630 782 614 – 1,083 1,114 1,373 919 – −516 −484 −591 −306 – 2.06 2.67 3.68 3.02 – 41.43 44.60 50.81 43.58 –Djibouti 386 406 404 – – 565 478 658 – – −179 −72 −254 – – 6.45 7.54 7.48 7.02 – 37.59 33.13 41.20 42.85 –Gabon – – – 10,453 11,358 – – – 5,769 6,739 – – – – 4,619.17 44.52 59.62 63.84 67.25 – 20.79 20.47 19.68 21.86 –Marshall Islands – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 13.72 19.79 20.50 20.23 – 69.28 82.72 82.02 80.92 –Micronesia – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 8.97 8.50 9.02 10.73 – 61.88 57.80 58.01 64.39 –Montenegro 1,436 1,502 1,930 1,785 1,845 2,714 2,579 2,919 2,783 2,742 −1,278 −1,077 −989 −998 −896 9.32 10.61 14.03 11.66 – 55.63 53.03 56.51 57.77 –Palau – – – 153 155 – – – 177 184 – – – – −29.02 3.03 3.04 2.76 3.01 – 65.59 60.74 55.20 60.22 –São Tomé and Principe 20 24 29 34 34 103 121 147 139 147 −83 −97 −118 −105 −113 4.13 5.42 4.39 4.18 – 52.57 55.79 52.99 53.17 –Suriname 1,689 2,326 2,667 – – 1,676 1,657 2,242 – – 13 669 425 – – 36.17 46.37 56.53 50.88 – 35.87 31.99 37.54 32.92 –Timor-Leste 66 103 105 154 – 1,161 1,343 1,859 1,582 – −1,095 −1,240 −1,754 −1,428 – 1.03 1.78 1.06 0.89 – 35.70 31.91 30.13 27.31 –High IncomeCommonwealth CountriesAntigua and Barbuda 562 524 538 542 529 706 679 641 688 714 −144 −155 −103 −146 −184.72 4.21 4.03 4.98 5.44 – 44.26 44.14 41.80 43.55 –Bahamas, The 3,062 3,196 3,327 1,795 – 3,732 3,773 4,258 2,295 – −670 −577 −931 −501 – 9.09 8.90 10.59 12.27 – 32.42 32.84 37.66 42.34 –Barbados 1,884 2,069 – 13,795 12,270 2,077 2,240 – 5,286 5,234 −193 −171 – – 7,036.00 8.24 9.68 10.88 13.49 – 31.56 35.40 41.31 41.89 –Brunei Darussalam 8,087 – – – – 3717 – – – – 4,370 – – – – 67.09 72.01 74.53 79.63 – 22.82 19.88 17.63 20.35 –Cyprus 9,458 9,517 10,681 – – 10,739 10,961 11,741 – – −1,281 −1,444 −1,060 – – 5.34 6.06 7.32 7.66 – 33.28 37.04 34.92 32.10 –Malta 6,776 7,744 9,110 559,691 567,644 6,919 7,836 8,770 495,335 499,076 −143 −92 340 64,357 68,568 35.28 43.93 47.92 45.20 – 55.28 62.01 68.76 70.49 –Singapore* 370,157 471,701 550,342 257 294 322,564 403,381 476,983 347 377 47,593 68,320 73,359 −90 −83.08 140.24 148.83 149.42 142.34 – 127.74 131.46 133.46 132.35 –St. Kitts and Nevis 175 208 248 3,735 3,532 366 364 353 4,988 4,697 −191 −156 −105 −1,254 −1,165 5.31 4.62 6.16 6.15 – 41.72 38.98 33.87 31.43 –Trinidad and Tobago 9,969 12,094 20,716 13,042 15,561 7,346 6,871 14,777 9,105 9,857 2,623 5,223 5,939 – 5,704.16 47.21 52.90 54.97 55.90 – 35.98 31.21 40.35 40.11 –Non-Commonwealth Countries 0 0Bahrain 15,705 17,880 22,946 22,853 – 11,354 13,095 13,884 14,720 – 4,351 4,785 9,062 8,134 – 51.76 58.22 67.66 67.52 – 44.03 47.68 43.83 49.07 –Equatorial Guinea – – – 15,311 13,782 – – – 10,741 10,653 – – – – 3,129 97.01 86.31 85.90 94.01 – 55.43 49.20 38.18 36.39 –Estonia 12,241 14,915 20,407 20,001 21,418 11,236 13,508 19,018 19,980 21,203 1,005 1,407 1,389 21 215.45 46.62 60.91 74.18 72.07 – 52.25 64.44 78.24 78.96 –Iceland 6,391 7,104 8,290 8,044 8,543 5,350 5,833 7,112 7,153 7,266 1,041 1,271 1,178 891 1,277 33.48 36.65 38.08 37.19 – 29.75 31.19 34.48 35.17 –Qatar – – 121,692 – – – – 43,793 – – – – 77,899 – – 49.09 59.78 67.31 67.65 – 25.48 18.57 17.60 18.95 –San Marino – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

75

Table 7.1 Trade (continued)

Group/Country Current account balance (% of GDP)

Export Instability Index

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009–2012

Low IncomeNon-Commonwealth CountriesComoros – – – – – –Gambia, The 6.99 5.91 12.22 6.35 – 10.32Guinea-Bissau −5.72 −8.47 – – – 14.41Middle IncomeCommonwealth CountriesBelize −6.19 −3.27 −1.34 −2.11 −4.44 6.63Botswana −8.44 −2.17 −2.12 −7.41 11.97 3.61Dominica −22.64 −17.14 −14.52 −11.09 −13.96 9.50Fiji −4.23 −4.40 −5.20 −1.39 −14.55 4.40Grenada −25.56 −26.27 −26.27 −26.75 −25.47 39.51Guyana −11.38 −6.85 −14.45 −13.85 −14.23 3.89Jamaica −9.30 −7.06 −14.29 −12.87 −9.16 20.95Kiribati – – – – – –Lesotho 3.49 −18.61 −18.51 −25.23 −3.31 5.22Maldives −11.13 −9.19 −20.19 −28.41 −7.66 6.85Mauritius −7.41 −10.35 −13.39 −10.48 −9.89 6.08Namibia −1.40 0.95 −1.19 – −4.12 5.95Nauru – – – – – –Papua New Guinea −7.39 −6.68 −1.39 −14.69 −5.75 5.16Samoa −2.53 −7.57 −10.43 −4.73 −15.81 7.44Seychelles −22.36 −22.03 −26.92 −26.98 −4.49 16.30Solomon Islands −21.53 −30.82 −6.94 0.22 −7.51 2.34Saint Lucia −11.59 −16.19 −18.80 −13.99 −29.64 21.02St. Vincent and the Grenadines −29.24 −30.57 −29.37 −31.08 6.30 36.08Swaziland −13.18 −9.98 −8.17 3.82 – 10.54Tonga −30.93 −21.43 −24.52 −20.22 −3.70 3.11Tuvalu – – – – −3.92 –Vanuatu 1.69 −4.99 −7.33 −6.39 −21.19 10.67Non-Commonwealth CountriesBhutan −5.21 −20.38 −28.59 −20.51 – 7.31Cabo Verde −14.42 −13.39 −16.32 −11.91 – 6.40Djibouti −5.93 4.47 −13.87 −8.99 – 17.46Gabon – – – – −14.70 –Marshall Islands – – – – – –Micronesia – – – – −25.77 –Montenegro −27.66 −23.14 −17.57 −19.01 −3.73 7.36Palau – – – – – –São Tomé and Principe −40.10 −43.56 −42.60 −37.79 −17.02 5.54Suriname 2.87 14.90 5.76 4.75 −19.16 4.92Timor-Leste 144.61 179.32 208.35 202.19 – 5.00High IncomeCommonwealth Countries −1.93Antigua and Barbuda −14.02 −14.72 −10.77 −6.58 0.88 32.51Bahamas, The −10.34 −10.32 −15.28 −18.40 18.31 12.59Barbados −5.65 −4.93 – – −8.19 15.11Brunei Darussalam 37.06 – – – – –Cyprus −10.53 −9.98 −3.25 −6.93 7.78 17.38Malta −8.47 −7.44 −0.53 2.05 – 7.17Singapore* 17.40 26.24 23.83 17.93 8.87 5.62St. Kitts and Nevis −25.41 −20.02 −12.12 −9.67 30.80 6.11Trinidad and Tobago 8.45 20.10 12.24 – – 2.51Non-Commonwealth CountriesBahrain 2.44 2.99 11.18 9.68 – 5.46Equatorial Guinea – – – – – –Estonia 2.88 2.81 1.82 −1.81 – 4.21Iceland −11.59 −8.05 −6.31 −5.45 – 8.47Qatar – – 30.61 32.42 – 8.83San Marino – – – – – –

Note: Singapore is a member of the Commonwealth, but is not classified as a small state under the Secretariat’s definition.Sources: World Bank, World Development Indicators 2014, available at: http://databank.worldbank.org (accessed 22 September

2014)

76

Table 7.2 Composition of Merchandise Exports (% of merchandise exports)

Group/Country Agricultural raw materials Food Fuel Manufactures

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Low IncomeNon-Commonwealth CountriesComoros 0.07 – – – – 72.73 – – – – 0.02 – – – – 27.14 – – – –Gambia, The 1.03 1.52 2.18 – 0.42 53.00 77.49 81.73 54.99 91.98 0.01 0.38 0.00 – 0.00 39.11 10.45 6.86 – 6.44Guinea-Bissau – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Middle IncomeCommonwealth CountriesBelize 0.72 1.45 1.93 1.82 1.15 69.88 60.86 53.50 68.74 76.62 27.97 36.15 42.85 27.37 21.24 1.39 1.38 1.62 2.05 0.96Botswana 0.17 0.19 0.18 0.21 0.09 5.15 5.08 2.24 2.04 2.33 0.32 0.36 0.40 0.58 0.42 77.97 79.54 88.41 88.39 87.58Dominica 0.02 0.01 – 0.04 – 50.79 27.13 – 13.74 – 0.00 0.05 – 0.00 – 40.79 65.99 – 73.97 –Fiji 3.55 4.44 4.50 4.94 6.36 70.18 63.33 64.06 66.02 64.38 0.18 0.10 0.14 0.05 0.03 24.60 30.03 28.60 25.90 25.09Grenada – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Guyana 6.22 5.32 5.34 3.49 3.36 67.67 64.79 60.29 64.87 64.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.89 7.20 12.06 10.31 13.95Jamaica 0.16 0.25 0.15 0.13 0.22 27.06 24.62 22.20 22.49 21.46 17.24 22.69 24.46 23.87 24.03 47.46 40.37 41.93 45.02 44.18Kiribati 4.48 1.33 5.19 – – 69.66 66.95 80.62 87.67 – – – 0.00 0.00 – 23.19 27.57 10.56 10.65 –Lesotho 3.45 – – – – 8.93 – – – – 0.02 – – – – 83.73 – – – –Maldives 0.00 – 0.00 – 0.00 97.66 96.15 96.81 98.17 98.38 0.07 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.05 – 0.05 0.10 0.06 0.05Mauritius 0.93 0.52 0.48 0.36 0.34 32.73 37.20 33.19 36.04 39.39 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 64.23 60.15 64.46 61.73 58.72Namibia 0.39 0.72 0.72 0.89 0.89 24.05 25.25 24.73 27.70 24.13 0.84 1.30 1.32 0.99 1.26 47.22 44.32 45.43 40.93 45.62Nauru – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Papua New Guinea – – 4.83 6.33 – – – 28.82 27.14 – – – 0.61 1.67 – – – 8.44 10.02– –Samoa 0.38 0.42 0.34 0.13 0.39 21.39 21.03 31.57 30.59 31.83 0.07 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.52 69.62 78.27 65.34 65.49 64.44Seychelles – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Solomon Islands 0.51 0.61 50.30 32.60 48.50 32.90 28.52 19.67 17.18 10.15 – 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.06 0.12 0.26 0.01 0.29Saint Lucia – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –St. Vincent and the Grenadines 0.06 0.03 0.02 0.04 – 84.09 82.34 82.37 83.84 – 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 – 14.14 15.71 16.24 13.67 –Swaziland – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Tonga 2.03 2.04 22.21 4.87 – 85.95 88.58 64.18 75.96 – 0.06 0.00 – 0.00 – 10.16 7.56 11.14 16.60 –Tuvalu – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Vanuatu 1.40 1.58 2.83 – – 73.52 83.71 85.29 – – 0.14 0.17 0.07 – – 21.12 10.98 8.22 – –Non-Commonwealth CountriesBhutan 0.11 0.20 0.23 – – 6.09 7.17 8.45 – – 42.47 1.18 1.33 – – 41.08 69.50 68.58 – –Cabo Verde 0.04 – 0.00 0.03 0.02 72.63 81.61 83.75 87.09 86.15 – – 0.00 – – 26.66 17.50 15.31 12.88 13.63Djibouti 0.01 – – – – 0.43 – – – – 6.47 – – – – 90.74 – – – –Gabon 8.88 – – – – 0.76 – – – – 83.13 – – – – 4.19 – – – 11.68Marshall Islands – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Micronesia – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Montenegro – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Palau – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –São Tomé and Principe 0.67 0.67 0.13 0.28 1.90 92.42 94.62 95.96 87.25 85.28 0.00 – 0.00 0.75 – 3.04 4.66 3.73 11.57 –Suriname 0.47 0.49 0.67 – – 2.18 2.38 1.82 – – 4.50 13.02 8.97 – – 1.97 1.91 3.55 – –Timor-Leste – – – – 32.63 – – – – 30.49 – – – – – – – – – 36.69High IncomeCommonwealth CountriesAntigua and Barbuda 0.00 0.00 2.41 0.02 4.22 48.31 50.65 58.69 56.84 37.79 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 45.55 47.57 36.92 40.44 27.00Bahamas, The 0.64 0.48 0.87 0.39 0.55 20.14 25.15 23.51 24.37 25.17 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 69.62 63.35 66.63 68.52 67.79Barbados 0.19 0.45 0.27 0.42 0.44 38.72 32.87 31.50 31.45 35.39 5.18 0.02 7.38 10.81 9.21 52.73 63.98 58.12 55.35 52.72Brunei Darussalam – – – 0.01 0.02 – – – 0.05 0.16 – – – 95.75 96.53 – – – 3.94 3.05Cyprus 1.41 1.67 1.86 2.00 1.77 37.10 34.44 37.72 36.43 37.98 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 50.41 50.15 43.35 43.40 47.70Malta 0.13 0.10 0.11 0.10 0.11 4.68 5.21 3.67 4.67 5.95 1.55 25.66 42.59 45.18 42.48 91.98 67.79 52.65 49.11 50.46Singapore* 0.23 0.29 0.32 0.25 0.30 2.11 1.98 2.15 2.17 2.36 15.37 16.23 19.78 18.51 17.38 74.22 73.13 68.67 69.76 70.62St Kitts and Nevis 0.03 0.04 0.03 – – 9.96 11.53 11.76 – – 0.00 0.00 0.01 – – 89.24 87.23 87.26 – –Trinidad and Tobago 0.02 0.03 – – – 3.24 2.52 – – – 79.00 66.12 – – – 15.27 31.02 – – –Non-Commonwealth Countries −Bahrain 0.01 0.02 0.11 – – 3.42 1.85 1.69 – – 68.60 74.35 71.84 – – 12.58 5.64 4.91 – –Equatorial Guinea – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Estonia 4.31 5.13 4.15 3.87 4.73 10.15 9.90 8.95 9.45 – 16.24 15.58 16.64 15.90 9.96 62.39 62.45 63.67 63.82 68.05Iceland 0.65 0.58 0.68 0.80 0.97 43.46 41.36 42.59 44.58 46.95 0.99 1.03 1.93 2.01 1.60 19.26 14.63 14.00 14.28 12.08Qatar 0.00 0.00 0.00 – – 0.04 0.03 0.01 – – 73.90 76.38 75.02 – – 7.50 5.51 5.07 – –San Marino – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –


78

Table 7.2 Composition of Merchandise Exports (% of merchandise exports)


2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Low IncomeNon-Commonwealth CountriesComoros 0.07 – – – – 72.73 – – – – 0.02 – – – – 27.14 – – – –Gambia, The 1.03 1.52 2.18 – 0.42 53.00 77.49 81.73 54.99 91.98 0.01 0.38 0.00 – 0.00 39.11 10.45 6.86 – 6.44Guinea-Bissau – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Middle IncomeCommonwealth CountriesBelize 0.72 1.45 1.93 1.82 1.15 69.88 60.86 53.50 68.74 76.62 27.97 36.15 42.85 27.37 21.24 1.39 1.38 1.62 2.05 0.96Botswana 0.17 0.19 0.18 0.21 0.09 5.15 5.08 2.24 2.04 2.33 0.32 0.36 0.40 0.58 0.42 77.97 79.54 88.41 88.39 87.58Dominica 0.02 0.01 – 0.04 – 50.79 27.13 – 13.74 – 0.00 0.05 – 0.00 – 40.79 65.99 – 73.97 –Fiji 3.55 4.44 4.50 4.94 6.36 70.18 63.33 64.06 66.02 64.38 0.18 0.10 0.14 0.05 0.03 24.60 30.03 28.60 25.90 25.09Grenada – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Guyana 6.22 5.32 5.34 3.49 3.36 67.67 64.79 60.29 64.87 64.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.89 7.20 12.06 10.31 13.95Jamaica 0.16 0.25 0.15 0.13 0.22 27.06 24.62 22.20 22.49 21.46 17.24 22.69 24.46 23.87 24.03 47.46 40.37 41.93 45.02 44.18Kiribati 4.48 1.33 5.19 – – 69.66 66.95 80.62 87.67 – – – 0.00 0.00 – 23.19 27.57 10.56 10.65 –Lesotho 3.45 – – – – 8.93 – – – – 0.02 – – – – 83.73 – – – –Maldives 0.00 – 0.00 – 0.00 97.66 96.15 96.81 98.17 98.38 0.07 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.05 – 0.05 0.10 0.06 0.05Mauritius 0.93 0.52 0.48 0.36 0.34 32.73 37.20 33.19 36.04 39.39 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 64.23 60.15 64.46 61.73 58.72Namibia 0.39 0.72 0.72 0.89 0.89 24.05 25.25 24.73 27.70 24.13 0.84 1.30 1.32 0.99 1.26 47.22 44.32 45.43 40.93 45.62Nauru – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Papua New Guinea – – 4.83 6.33 – – – 28.82 27.14 – – – 0.61 1.67 – – – 8.44 10.02– –Samoa 0.38 0.42 0.34 0.13 0.39 21.39 21.03 31.57 30.59 31.83 0.07 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.52 69.62 78.27 65.34 65.49 64.44Seychelles – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Solomon Islands 0.51 0.61 50.30 32.60 48.50 32.90 28.52 19.67 17.18 10.15 – 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.06 0.12 0.26 0.01 0.29Saint Lucia – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –St. Vincent and the Grenadines 0.06 0.03 0.02 0.04 – 84.09 82.34 82.37 83.84 – 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 – 14.14 15.71 16.24 13.67 –Swaziland – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Tonga 2.03 2.04 22.21 4.87 – 85.95 88.58 64.18 75.96 – 0.06 0.00 – 0.00 – 10.16 7.56 11.14 16.60 –Tuvalu – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Vanuatu 1.40 1.58 2.83 – – 73.52 83.71 85.29 – – 0.14 0.17 0.07 – – 21.12 10.98 8.22 – –Non-Commonwealth CountriesBhutan 0.11 0.20 0.23 – – 6.09 7.17 8.45 – – 42.47 1.18 1.33 – – 41.08 69.50 68.58 – –Cabo Verde 0.04 – 0.00 0.03 0.02 72.63 81.61 83.75 87.09 86.15 – – 0.00 – – 26.66 17.50 15.31 12.88 13.63Djibouti 0.01 – – – – 0.43 – – – – 6.47 – – – – 90.74 – – – –Gabon 8.88 – – – – 0.76 – – – – 83.13 – – – – 4.19 – – – 11.68Marshall Islands – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Micronesia – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Montenegro – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Palau – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –São Tomé and Principe 0.67 0.67 0.13 0.28 1.90 92.42 94.62 95.96 87.25 85.28 0.00 – 0.00 0.75 – 3.04 4.66 3.73 11.57 –Suriname 0.47 0.49 0.67 – – 2.18 2.38 1.82 – – 4.50 13.02 8.97 – – 1.97 1.91 3.55 – –Timor-Leste – – – – 32.63 – – – – 30.49 – – – – – – – – – 36.69High IncomeCommonwealth CountriesAntigua and Barbuda 0.00 0.00 2.41 0.02 4.22 48.31 50.65 58.69 56.84 37.79 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 45.55 47.57 36.92 40.44 27.00Bahamas, The 0.64 0.48 0.87 0.39 0.55 20.14 25.15 23.51 24.37 25.17 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 69.62 63.35 66.63 68.52 67.79Barbados 0.19 0.45 0.27 0.42 0.44 38.72 32.87 31.50 31.45 35.39 5.18 0.02 7.38 10.81 9.21 52.73 63.98 58.12 55.35 52.72Brunei Darussalam – – – 0.01 0.02 – – – 0.05 0.16 – – – 95.75 96.53 – – – 3.94 3.05Cyprus 1.41 1.67 1.86 2.00 1.77 37.10 34.44 37.72 36.43 37.98 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 50.41 50.15 43.35 43.40 47.70Malta 0.13 0.10 0.11 0.10 0.11 4.68 5.21 3.67 4.67 5.95 1.55 25.66 42.59 45.18 42.48 91.98 67.79 52.65 49.11 50.46Singapore* 0.23 0.29 0.32 0.25 0.30 2.11 1.98 2.15 2.17 2.36 15.37 16.23 19.78 18.51 17.38 74.22 73.13 68.67 69.76 70.62St Kitts and Nevis 0.03 0.04 0.03 – – 9.96 11.53 11.76 – – 0.00 0.00 0.01 – – 89.24 87.23 87.26 – –Trinidad and Tobago 0.02 0.03 – – – 3.24 2.52 – – – 79.00 66.12 – – – 15.27 31.02 – – –Non-Commonwealth Countries −Bahrain 0.01 0.02 0.11 – – 3.42 1.85 1.69 – – 68.60 74.35 71.84 – – 12.58 5.64 4.91 – –Equatorial Guinea – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Estonia 4.31 5.13 4.15 3.87 4.73 10.15 9.90 8.95 9.45 – 16.24 15.58 16.64 15.90 9.96 62.39 62.45 63.67 63.82 68.05Iceland 0.65 0.58 0.68 0.80 0.97 43.46 41.36 42.59 44.58 46.95 0.99 1.03 1.93 2.01 1.60 19.26 14.63 14.00 14.28 12.08Qatar 0.00 0.00 0.00 – – 0.04 0.03 0.01 – – 73.90 76.38 75.02 – – 7.50 5.51 5.07 – –San Marino – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –


79

Table 7.3 Composition of Merchandise Imports (% of merchandise imports)


2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Low IncomeNon-Commonwealth CountriesComoros 0.59 – – – – 38.18 – – – – 0.43 – – – – 60.40 – – – –Gambia, The 1.28 0.73 0.70 – 0.84 34.27 35.16 32.16 – 37.32 15.61 20.47 22.02 – 23.59 48.14 42.93 43.05 – 37.38Guinea-Bissau – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Middle Income –Commonwealth CountriesBelize 0.77 0.87 0.90 0.66 0.89 14.86 16.54 12.50 14.06 14.08 15.78 16.42 17.31 16.31 15.22 55.96 61.03 41.26 44.34 46.69Botswana 0.88 0.83 0.71 0.70 0.55 13.06 12.36 10.45 8.95 10.07 13.25 14.66 16.39 16.20 17.25 69.54 68.47 70.38 71.71 69.11Dominica 1.56 2.66 – 1.98 – 22.06 22.47 – 24.93 – 15.66 17.32 – 22.16 – 59.56 57.07 – 50.20 –Fiji 0.33 0.28 0.24 0.33 0.46 20.59 18.43 20.85 21.05 15.91 25.71 31.79 29.84 30.10 23.40 51.91 47.94 47.51 46.52 58.62Grenada 1.75 – – – – 24.09 – – – – 14.52 – – – – 58.80 – – – –Guyana 0.44 0.45 0.36 0.42 0.41 14.33 14.80 14.53 14.57 15.57 25.72 29.85 29.32 26.48 27.41 58.80 54.13 55.14 57.83 56.05Jamaica 0.92 1.03 0.80 0.61 0.79 18.11 17.67 16.73 16.59 17.40 27.62 30.37 35.93 36.28 36.37 50.51 48.66 45.08 44.37 43.18Kiribati 0.80 1.00 0.82 0.78 – 42.29 40.70 45.11 33.71 – 16.26 24.76 19.27 16.45 – 39.67 32.00 29.16 46.95 –Lesotho 1.76 – – – – 28.14 – – – – 10.83 – – – – 56.94 – – – –Maldives 2.09 2.20 1.59 1.99 1.79 22.22 22.35 20.96 21.18 22.50 20.65 22.98 24.90 31.29 29.03 52.78 50.24 50.55 43.34 44.90Mauritius 2.36 2.17 3.00 1.99 2.18 21.61 21.09 21.31 21.58 22.12 15.79 19.28 21.67 20.97 21.78 59.13 56.39 52.91 54.22 52.81Namibia 0.54 0.63 0.66 0.61 0.56 14.77 14.88 14.08 12.98 13.04 7.81 9.22 9.10 12.09 10.04 74.36 72.56 72.27 66.95 67.23Nauru – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Papua New Guinea – – 0.42 0.41 – – – 11.56 11.03 – – – 8.94 17.06 – – – 75.94 69.65 –Samoa 2.17 2.30 2.28 2.48 2.73 30.09 24.53 26.08 25.75 27.29 18.58 17.56 21.24 22.71 21.99 32.12 54.04 49.03 45.66 46.09Seychelles – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Solomon Islands 0.30 0.44 0.62 0.67 0.59 27.83 18.21 17.84 18.32 17.65 21.28 16.94 18.95 26.88 29.86 18.53 19.90 22.00 18.60 18.48Saint Lucia – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –St. Vincent and the Grenadines 1.77 1.87 1.31 1.43 – 23.52 22.16 24.18 24.65 – 18.17 21.92 27.57 28.51 – 55.76 53.33 46.29 44.88 –Swaziland – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Tonga 1.57 2.19 1.45 1.53 – 33.72 29.14 29.81 29.02 – 20.39 22.78 23.56 23.74 – 39.57 44.77 43.98 45.04 –Tuvalu – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Vanuatu 0.94 1.34 1.25 – – 20.22 23.17 24.96 – – 12.84 13.51 18.24 – – 62.66 58.58 52.23 – –Non-Commonwealth CountriesBhutan 2.62 2.24 3.03 – – 14.58 11.47 10.95 – – 17.53 15.24 15.16 – – 57.72 60.82 62.66 – –Cabo Verde 1.27 1.31 1.01 1.08 1.19 29.44 27.75 25.40 27.94 32.14 11.59 11.94 19.25 14.60 21.25 56.46 57.83 53.74 55.41 –Djibouti 0.58 – – – – 29.32 – – – – 6.46 – – – – 62.44 – – – 44.90Gabon 0.43 – – – – 17.14 – – – – 7.34 – – – 73.81 – – – –Marshall Islands – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Micronesia – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Montenegro – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Palau – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –São Tomé and Principe 0.86 0.77 0.83 0.79 0.87 35.91 29.83 32.41 30.36 30.63 15.42 16.10 15.97 25.75 26.24 46.57 51.97 48.85 42.19 41.02Suriname 0.10 0.09 0.07 – – 14.26 15.17 14.35 – – 15.64 18.95 23.40 – – 68.76 63.62 60.45 –Timor-Leste – – – – 6.26 – – – – 14.36 – – – – 27.97 – – – – 47.51High IncomeCommonwealth CountriesAntigua and Barbuda 1.15 1.17 1.21 1.86 1.67 17.60 21.35 23.92 37.34 35.59 0.52 0.51 0.62 0.88 1.05 41.64 48.29 38.32 58.97 60.67Bahamas, The 1.85 1.80 1.28 1.33 1.46 18.37 17.53 15.86 15.88 16.11 20.64 24.01 27.28 23.99 21.61 54.47 52.91 51.23 54.33 56.00Barbados 1.95 1.77 1.25 1.10 1.12 20.63 24.91 18.59 19.00 19.62 13.37 1.65 27.30 30.97 27.31 62.61 70.01 51.62 47.87 50.76Brunei Darussalam – – – 0.15 0.20 – – – 14.04 15.03 – – – 9.64 7.52 – – – 72.58 75.15Cyprus 0.85 0.77 0.73 0.74 0.75 15.48 14.84 15.74 17.49 20.03 17.57 20.16 25.10 30.18 28.95 65.04 61.60 56.55 50.34 49.59Malta 0.71 0.53 0.30 0.30 0.31 15.57 10.81 9.35 9.48 10.36 10.66 24.68 36.61 45.49 39.45 72.08 63.19 53.12 44.22 49.26Singapore* 0.31 0.35 0.39 0.36 0.36 3.29 3.19 3.39 3.32 3.48 24.24 26.43 32.69 32.72 31.49 66.81 65.70 60.49 60.20 61.47St Kitts and Nevis 2.08 1.88 1.87 – – 20.96 19.71 23.70 – – 4.27 3.67 2.79 – – 71.86 73.64 70.64 – –Trinidad and Tobago 0.57 0.65 – – – 10.06 11.19 – – – 33.00 33.37 – – – 53.38 49.81 – – –Non-Commonwealth CountriesBahrain 0.50 0.51 0.56 – – 7.97 7.57 8.27 – – 44.74 38.03 43.93 – – 43.73 41.50 38.05 – –Equatorial Guinea – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 13.91 – – – – –Estonia 1.98 2.23 1.93 1.86 2.26 12.51 11.39 9.96 9.26 10.34 18.67 16.41 17.59 17.65 19.10 59.95 63.84 64.18 63.22 64.65Iceland 0.85 1.23 1.04 0.89 1.02 11.52 10.96 10.51 10.33 10.52 12.47 13.12 14.50 15.06 1.01 73.41 71.75 70.29 71.05 66.63Qatar – 0.50 – – 0.47 – 8.24 – – 9.12 – 0.92 – – – – 83.93 – – 82.85San Marino – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –


80

Table 7.3 Composition of Merchandise Imports (% of merchandise imports)


2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Low IncomeNon-Commonwealth CountriesComoros 0.59 – – – – 38.18 – – – – 0.43 – – – – 60.40 – – – –Gambia, The 1.28 0.73 0.70 – 0.84 34.27 35.16 32.16 – 37.32 15.61 20.47 22.02 – 23.59 48.14 42.93 43.05 – 37.38Guinea-Bissau – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Middle Income –Commonwealth CountriesBelize 0.77 0.87 0.90 0.66 0.89 14.86 16.54 12.50 14.06 14.08 15.78 16.42 17.31 16.31 15.22 55.96 61.03 41.26 44.34 46.69Botswana 0.88 0.83 0.71 0.70 0.55 13.06 12.36 10.45 8.95 10.07 13.25 14.66 16.39 16.20 17.25 69.54 68.47 70.38 71.71 69.11Dominica 1.56 2.66 – 1.98 – 22.06 22.47 – 24.93 – 15.66 17.32 – 22.16 – 59.56 57.07 – 50.20 –Fiji 0.33 0.28 0.24 0.33 0.46 20.59 18.43 20.85 21.05 15.91 25.71 31.79 29.84 30.10 23.40 51.91 47.94 47.51 46.52 58.62Grenada 1.75 – – – – 24.09 – – – – 14.52 – – – – 58.80 – – – –Guyana 0.44 0.45 0.36 0.42 0.41 14.33 14.80 14.53 14.57 15.57 25.72 29.85 29.32 26.48 27.41 58.80 54.13 55.14 57.83 56.05Jamaica 0.92 1.03 0.80 0.61 0.79 18.11 17.67 16.73 16.59 17.40 27.62 30.37 35.93 36.28 36.37 50.51 48.66 45.08 44.37 43.18Kiribati 0.80 1.00 0.82 0.78 – 42.29 40.70 45.11 33.71 – 16.26 24.76 19.27 16.45 – 39.67 32.00 29.16 46.95 –Lesotho 1.76 – – – – 28.14 – – – – 10.83 – – – – 56.94 – – – –Maldives 2.09 2.20 1.59 1.99 1.79 22.22 22.35 20.96 21.18 22.50 20.65 22.98 24.90 31.29 29.03 52.78 50.24 50.55 43.34 44.90Mauritius 2.36 2.17 3.00 1.99 2.18 21.61 21.09 21.31 21.58 22.12 15.79 19.28 21.67 20.97 21.78 59.13 56.39 52.91 54.22 52.81Namibia 0.54 0.63 0.66 0.61 0.56 14.77 14.88 14.08 12.98 13.04 7.81 9.22 9.10 12.09 10.04 74.36 72.56 72.27 66.95 67.23Nauru – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Papua New Guinea – – 0.42 0.41 – – – 11.56 11.03 – – – 8.94 17.06 – – – 75.94 69.65 –Samoa 2.17 2.30 2.28 2.48 2.73 30.09 24.53 26.08 25.75 27.29 18.58 17.56 21.24 22.71 21.99 32.12 54.04 49.03 45.66 46.09Seychelles – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Solomon Islands 0.30 0.44 0.62 0.67 0.59 27.83 18.21 17.84 18.32 17.65 21.28 16.94 18.95 26.88 29.86 18.53 19.90 22.00 18.60 18.48Saint Lucia – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –St. Vincent and the Grenadines 1.77 1.87 1.31 1.43 – 23.52 22.16 24.18 24.65 – 18.17 21.92 27.57 28.51 – 55.76 53.33 46.29 44.88 –Swaziland – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Tonga 1.57 2.19 1.45 1.53 – 33.72 29.14 29.81 29.02 – 20.39 22.78 23.56 23.74 – 39.57 44.77 43.98 45.04 –Tuvalu – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Vanuatu 0.94 1.34 1.25 – – 20.22 23.17 24.96 – – 12.84 13.51 18.24 – – 62.66 58.58 52.23 – –Non-Commonwealth CountriesBhutan 2.62 2.24 3.03 – – 14.58 11.47 10.95 – – 17.53 15.24 15.16 – – 57.72 60.82 62.66 – –Cabo Verde 1.27 1.31 1.01 1.08 1.19 29.44 27.75 25.40 27.94 32.14 11.59 11.94 19.25 14.60 21.25 56.46 57.83 53.74 55.41 –Djibouti 0.58 – – – – 29.32 – – – – 6.46 – – – – 62.44 – – – 44.90Gabon 0.43 – – – – 17.14 – – – – 7.34 – – – 73.81 – – – –Marshall Islands – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Micronesia – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Montenegro – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Palau – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –São Tomé and Principe 0.86 0.77 0.83 0.79 0.87 35.91 29.83 32.41 30.36 30.63 15.42 16.10 15.97 25.75 26.24 46.57 51.97 48.85 42.19 41.02Suriname 0.10 0.09 0.07 – – 14.26 15.17 14.35 – – 15.64 18.95 23.40 – – 68.76 63.62 60.45 –Timor-Leste – – – – 6.26 – – – – 14.36 – – – – 27.97 – – – – 47.51High IncomeCommonwealth CountriesAntigua and Barbuda 1.15 1.17 1.21 1.86 1.67 17.60 21.35 23.92 37.34 35.59 0.52 0.51 0.62 0.88 1.05 41.64 48.29 38.32 58.97 60.67Bahamas, The 1.85 1.80 1.28 1.33 1.46 18.37 17.53 15.86 15.88 16.11 20.64 24.01 27.28 23.99 21.61 54.47 52.91 51.23 54.33 56.00Barbados 1.95 1.77 1.25 1.10 1.12 20.63 24.91 18.59 19.00 19.62 13.37 1.65 27.30 30.97 27.31 62.61 70.01 51.62 47.87 50.76Brunei Darussalam – – – 0.15 0.20 – – – 14.04 15.03 – – – 9.64 7.52 – – – 72.58 75.15Cyprus 0.85 0.77 0.73 0.74 0.75 15.48 14.84 15.74 17.49 20.03 17.57 20.16 25.10 30.18 28.95 65.04 61.60 56.55 50.34 49.59Malta 0.71 0.53 0.30 0.30 0.31 15.57 10.81 9.35 9.48 10.36 10.66 24.68 36.61 45.49 39.45 72.08 63.19 53.12 44.22 49.26Singapore* 0.31 0.35 0.39 0.36 0.36 3.29 3.19 3.39 3.32 3.48 24.24 26.43 32.69 32.72 31.49 66.81 65.70 60.49 60.20 61.47St Kitts and Nevis 2.08 1.88 1.87 – – 20.96 19.71 23.70 – – 4.27 3.67 2.79 – – 71.86 73.64 70.64 – –Trinidad and Tobago 0.57 0.65 – – – 10.06 11.19 – – – 33.00 33.37 – – – 53.38 49.81 – – –Non-Commonwealth CountriesBahrain 0.50 0.51 0.56 – – 7.97 7.57 8.27 – – 44.74 38.03 43.93 – – 43.73 41.50 38.05 – –Equatorial Guinea – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 13.91 – – – – –Estonia 1.98 2.23 1.93 1.86 2.26 12.51 11.39 9.96 9.26 10.34 18.67 16.41 17.59 17.65 19.10 59.95 63.84 64.18 63.22 64.65Iceland 0.85 1.23 1.04 0.89 1.02 11.52 10.96 10.51 10.33 10.52 12.47 13.12 14.50 15.06 1.01 73.41 71.75 70.29 71.05 66.63Qatar – 0.50 – – 0.47 – 8.24 – – 9.12 – 0.92 – – – – 83.93 – – 82.85San Marino – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –


81

Table 8. Aid Depedency

Group/Country Net ODA received per capita (current US$)

External debt stock (% of GNI)

Total debt service (% of GNI)

Total debt (% of revenue)

Interest payment (% of revenue)

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Low IncomeNon-Commonwealth CountriesComoros 75.74 98.41 74.03 95.71 111.44 53.93 51.85 45.67 42.19 22.28 2.22 0.79 0.65 2.00 0.08 – – – – – – – – – –Gambia, The 78.29 71.52 77.87 77.49 59.92 58.01 55.54 54.84 58.65 58.95 2.17 2.50 2.91 2.75 3.10 65.06 – – – – 15.18 – – – –Guinea-Bissau 94.49 79.03 73.68 47.41 60.80 139.73 135.24 29.32 31.19 32.34 1.24 2.09 0.53 0.84 0.16 – – – – – – – – – –Middle IncomeCommonwealth CountriesBelize 91.56 80.23 71.33 77.70 149.29 102.43 103.78 95.38 – 80.53 9.54 9.15 8.73 7.78 8.99 81.91 80.09 76.77 74.54 – 13.37 13.28 12.21 7.04 –Botswana 143.03 79.29 60.48 36.86 53.62 16.94 13.13 15.16 17.75 16.62 0.48 0.57 0.48 0.36 1.27 – 20.12 20.36 19.04 – 1.24 1.64 1.53 1.61 –Dominica 506.37 455.97 343.69 357.96 276.10 57.66 53.64 55.79 61.47 59.38 4.43 3.32 3.46 4.12 3.73 – – – – – 3.42 5.37 6.32 12.33 –Fiji 83.27 88.78 91.01 122.71 103.17 18.68 18.05 23.27 19.11 20.68 0.89 0.72 5.28 1.04 1.16 – – – – – – – – – –Grenada 458.41 323.28 116.39 72.52 94.62 80.69 79.22 75.74 78.61 72.63 3.30 3.66 3.41 1.99 4.43 – – – – – 10.51 9.24 10.62 16.47 –Guyana 221.94 212.47 200.75 143.90 127.41 58.33 65.37 71.88 69.28 74.92 1.01 1.39 1.78 5.34 2.58 – – – – – – – – – –Jamaica 55.68 52.49 14.91 7.77 25.90 97.17 111.39 103.14 99.49 100.60 12.97 9.31 11.79 12.51 8.79 – – – – – 53.97 34.79 31.93 32.80 –Kiribati 281.91 233.47 644.13 641.56 629.70 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 1.31 2.33 4.57 –Lesotho 61.51 127.55 130.43 137.79 154.26 35.74 29.62 27.82 31.26 30.93 1.81 1.33 1.40 1.34 1.41 – – – – – – – – – –Maldives 103.86 340.04 134.92 171.40 66.40 57.54 55.48 53.89 54.51 42.02 5.47 4.65 5.19 5.14 3.66 54.59 66.56 73.49 – – 10.80 10.40 7.75 – –Mauritius 121.54 97.80 144.11 137.77 117.84 11.12 12.45 27.66 42.05 91.36 1.62 1.33 1.67 1.61 28.42 37.77 37.87 36.36 37.23 – 11.68 10.61 8.53 8.11 –Namibia 151.87 117.69 131.04 117.23 113.63 – – – – – – – – – – 24.27 32.54 35.42 – – 4.98 4.91 6.88 – –Nauru – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Papua New Guinea 61.40 74.56 87.12 92.76 89.64 22.75 64.40 104.84 153.94 148.43 6.91 8.76 9.86 3.21 30.34 – – – – – – – – – –Samoa 418.56 792.78 521.90 638.84 620.47 53.40 58.68 60.60 66.03 67.25 1.81 1.92 1.97 2.06 1.93 – – – – – – 3.06 2.89 2.97 –Seychelles 260.72 624.26 252.74 400.10 284.84 213.13 160.54 176.30 205.58 222.43 7.67 5.23 3.43 4.53 4.46 100.34 75.28 79.30 80.21 – 16.35 14.79 7.71 10.32 –Solomon Islands 399.74 646.77 620.90 554.91 513.73 36.45 41.60 38.24 32.62 21.24 2.31 4.07 2.22 3.32 4.60 – – – – – – – – – –Saint Lucia 233.85 231.97 197.41 148.39 133.43 38.61 49.97 37.73 40.33 37.22 3.82 3.81 3.53 3.27 2.86 – – – – – 11.27 11.04 11.77 14.78 –St. Vincent and the Grenadines 281.56 154.14 163.41 78.26 69.21 33.57 40.89 41.70 38.08 40.56 4.71 4.70 4.56 4.85 4.00 – – – – – 9.39 10.52 9.22 8.89 –Swaziland 47.74 76.65 103.04 71.61 92.78 15.99 19.90 17.07 13.32 13.13 1.45 1.14 1.09 1.34 0.88 – – – – – – – – – –Tonga 378.92 676.77 897.05 745.75 762.99 35.36 41.23 43.43 40.91 41.56 1.19 1.35 1.37 1.31 1.36 – – – – – – – – – –Tuvalu 1781.20 1356.47 3941.49 2483.77 2702.51 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Vanuatu 447.03 458.36 381.13 410.17 358.40 26.47 25.52 26.34 48.16 16.67 0.97 0.88 0.83 1.18 0.95 – – – – – 1.88 2.00 2.68 – –Non-Commonwealth CountriesBhutan 177.96 182.72 195.28 217.41 – 62.44 60.60 60.62 87.12 – 6.19 5.56 4.68 7.17 – 56.78 – – – – 8.41 – – – –Cabo Verde 402.71 672.46 514.07 497.86 487.82 46.66 56.27 56.26 67.88 80.94 2.01 2.25 2.20 2.09 2.19 – – – – – 5.16 5.80 6.10 8.40 –Djibouti 202.84 158.55 167.43 170.52 175.21 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Gabon 50.82 66.83 45.51 44.84 54.36 21.00 19.77 17.07 17.31 24.95 3.66 3.35 2.34 2.44 6.51 – – – – – – – – – –Marshall Islands 1121.49 1728.66 1572.72 1446.29 1781.55 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Micronesia 1163.27 1208.37 1296.89 1112.63 1380.80 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Montenegro 121.13 129.47 202.60 166.19 204.91 53.96 40.50 54.86 68.25 65.47 1.65 2.40 4.69 6.53 8.13 – – – – – – – – – –Palau 1737.61 1285.30 1372.42 722.75 1686.11 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –São Tomé and Principe 176.11 276.61 395.19 259.39 268.14 81.37 90.14 93.13 76.42 69.56 1.02 0.78 0.63 0.81 1.94 – – – – – 2.31 1.11 1.35 1.83 –Suriname 206.30 273.35 249.25 246.37 55.43 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 4.53 3.97 3.95 3.33 –Timor-Leste 301.90 199.10 170.93 74.08 218.53 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –High IncomeCommonwealth CountriesAntigua and Barbuda 65.35 218.61 173.90 26.38 17.34 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 16.04 10.61 12.48 12.37 –Bahamas, The – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 39.45 43.11 45.13 47.93 – 11.71 13.82 14.72 13.05 –Barbados 42.87 57.78 – – – – – – – – – – – – – 84.47 96.76 – – – 17.00 20.27 – – –Brunei Darussalam – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Cyprus – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 97.57 102.43 113.58 130.97 – 6.10 5.20 5.71 7.82 –Malta – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 81.94 82.94 84.13 87.33 – 7.99 7.67 7.87 7.87 –Singapore* – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 107.34 102.90 106.81 110.90 – 0.07 0.01 0.01 0.00 –St. Kitts and Nevis 99.17 218.14 303.00 408.89 541.05 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 20.40 23.32 17.51 14.05 –Trinidad and Tobago 5.17 3.26 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 8.41 7.07 – – –Non-Commonwealth CountriesBahrain – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 15.63 30.31 35.61 – – 2.93 4.16 4.06 – –Equatorial Guinea 0.35 0.88 0.20 0.13 7.58 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 0.03 – – – –Estonia – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 8.95 9.11 6.64 10.49 – 0.25 0.17 0.20 0.29 –Iceland – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 105.32 111.54 118.04 117.55 – 20.65 16.61 15.35 15.96 –Qatar – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 2.13 3.56 – – –San Marino – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 1.15 0.88 0.93 0.92 –

82

Table 8. Aid Depedency

Group/Country Net ODA received per capita (current US$)

External debt stock (% of GNI)

Total debt service (% of GNI)

Total debt (% of revenue)

Interest payment (% of revenue)

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Low IncomeNon-Commonwealth CountriesComoros 75.74 98.41 74.03 95.71 111.44 53.93 51.85 45.67 42.19 22.28 2.22 0.79 0.65 2.00 0.08 – – – – – – – – – –Gambia, The 78.29 71.52 77.87 77.49 59.92 58.01 55.54 54.84 58.65 58.95 2.17 2.50 2.91 2.75 3.10 65.06 – – – – 15.18 – – – –Guinea-Bissau 94.49 79.03 73.68 47.41 60.80 139.73 135.24 29.32 31.19 32.34 1.24 2.09 0.53 0.84 0.16 – – – – – – – – – –Middle IncomeCommonwealth CountriesBelize 91.56 80.23 71.33 77.70 149.29 102.43 103.78 95.38 – 80.53 9.54 9.15 8.73 7.78 8.99 81.91 80.09 76.77 74.54 – 13.37 13.28 12.21 7.04 –Botswana 143.03 79.29 60.48 36.86 53.62 16.94 13.13 15.16 17.75 16.62 0.48 0.57 0.48 0.36 1.27 – 20.12 20.36 19.04 – 1.24 1.64 1.53 1.61 –Dominica 506.37 455.97 343.69 357.96 276.10 57.66 53.64 55.79 61.47 59.38 4.43 3.32 3.46 4.12 3.73 – – – – – 3.42 5.37 6.32 12.33 –Fiji 83.27 88.78 91.01 122.71 103.17 18.68 18.05 23.27 19.11 20.68 0.89 0.72 5.28 1.04 1.16 – – – – – – – – – –Grenada 458.41 323.28 116.39 72.52 94.62 80.69 79.22 75.74 78.61 72.63 3.30 3.66 3.41 1.99 4.43 – – – – – 10.51 9.24 10.62 16.47 –Guyana 221.94 212.47 200.75 143.90 127.41 58.33 65.37 71.88 69.28 74.92 1.01 1.39 1.78 5.34 2.58 – – – – – – – – – –Jamaica 55.68 52.49 14.91 7.77 25.90 97.17 111.39 103.14 99.49 100.60 12.97 9.31 11.79 12.51 8.79 – – – – – 53.97 34.79 31.93 32.80 –Kiribati 281.91 233.47 644.13 641.56 629.70 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 1.31 2.33 4.57 –Lesotho 61.51 127.55 130.43 137.79 154.26 35.74 29.62 27.82 31.26 30.93 1.81 1.33 1.40 1.34 1.41 – – – – – – – – – –Maldives 103.86 340.04 134.92 171.40 66.40 57.54 55.48 53.89 54.51 42.02 5.47 4.65 5.19 5.14 3.66 54.59 66.56 73.49 – – 10.80 10.40 7.75 – –Mauritius 121.54 97.80 144.11 137.77 117.84 11.12 12.45 27.66 42.05 91.36 1.62 1.33 1.67 1.61 28.42 37.77 37.87 36.36 37.23 – 11.68 10.61 8.53 8.11 –Namibia 151.87 117.69 131.04 117.23 113.63 – – – – – – – – – – 24.27 32.54 35.42 – – 4.98 4.91 6.88 – –Nauru – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Papua New Guinea 61.40 74.56 87.12 92.76 89.64 22.75 64.40 104.84 153.94 148.43 6.91 8.76 9.86 3.21 30.34 – – – – – – – – – –Samoa 418.56 792.78 521.90 638.84 620.47 53.40 58.68 60.60 66.03 67.25 1.81 1.92 1.97 2.06 1.93 – – – – – – 3.06 2.89 2.97 –Seychelles 260.72 624.26 252.74 400.10 284.84 213.13 160.54 176.30 205.58 222.43 7.67 5.23 3.43 4.53 4.46 100.34 75.28 79.30 80.21 – 16.35 14.79 7.71 10.32 –Solomon Islands 399.74 646.77 620.90 554.91 513.73 36.45 41.60 38.24 32.62 21.24 2.31 4.07 2.22 3.32 4.60 – – – – – – – – – –Saint Lucia 233.85 231.97 197.41 148.39 133.43 38.61 49.97 37.73 40.33 37.22 3.82 3.81 3.53 3.27 2.86 – – – – – 11.27 11.04 11.77 14.78 –St. Vincent and the Grenadines 281.56 154.14 163.41 78.26 69.21 33.57 40.89 41.70 38.08 40.56 4.71 4.70 4.56 4.85 4.00 – – – – – 9.39 10.52 9.22 8.89 –Swaziland 47.74 76.65 103.04 71.61 92.78 15.99 19.90 17.07 13.32 13.13 1.45 1.14 1.09 1.34 0.88 – – – – – – – – – –Tonga 378.92 676.77 897.05 745.75 762.99 35.36 41.23 43.43 40.91 41.56 1.19 1.35 1.37 1.31 1.36 – – – – – – – – – –Tuvalu 1781.20 1356.47 3941.49 2483.77 2702.51 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Vanuatu 447.03 458.36 381.13 410.17 358.40 26.47 25.52 26.34 48.16 16.67 0.97 0.88 0.83 1.18 0.95 – – – – – 1.88 2.00 2.68 – –Non-Commonwealth CountriesBhutan 177.96 182.72 195.28 217.41 – 62.44 60.60 60.62 87.12 – 6.19 5.56 4.68 7.17 – 56.78 – – – – 8.41 – – – –Cabo Verde 402.71 672.46 514.07 497.86 487.82 46.66 56.27 56.26 67.88 80.94 2.01 2.25 2.20 2.09 2.19 – – – – – 5.16 5.80 6.10 8.40 –Djibouti 202.84 158.55 167.43 170.52 175.21 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Gabon 50.82 66.83 45.51 44.84 54.36 21.00 19.77 17.07 17.31 24.95 3.66 3.35 2.34 2.44 6.51 – – – – – – – – – –Marshall Islands 1121.49 1728.66 1572.72 1446.29 1781.55 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Micronesia 1163.27 1208.37 1296.89 1112.63 1380.80 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Montenegro 121.13 129.47 202.60 166.19 204.91 53.96 40.50 54.86 68.25 65.47 1.65 2.40 4.69 6.53 8.13 – – – – – – – – – –Palau 1737.61 1285.30 1372.42 722.75 1686.11 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –São Tomé and Principe 176.11 276.61 395.19 259.39 268.14 81.37 90.14 93.13 76.42 69.56 1.02 0.78 0.63 0.81 1.94 – – – – – 2.31 1.11 1.35 1.83 –Suriname 206.30 273.35 249.25 246.37 55.43 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 4.53 3.97 3.95 3.33 –Timor-Leste 301.90 199.10 170.93 74.08 218.53 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –High IncomeCommonwealth CountriesAntigua and Barbuda 65.35 218.61 173.90 26.38 17.34 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 16.04 10.61 12.48 12.37 –Bahamas, The – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 39.45 43.11 45.13 47.93 – 11.71 13.82 14.72 13.05 –Barbados 42.87 57.78 – – – – – – – – – – – – – 84.47 96.76 – – – 17.00 20.27 – – –Brunei Darussalam – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Cyprus – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 97.57 102.43 113.58 130.97 – 6.10 5.20 5.71 7.82 –Malta – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 81.94 82.94 84.13 87.33 – 7.99 7.67 7.87 7.87 –Singapore* – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 107.34 102.90 106.81 110.90 – 0.07 0.01 0.01 0.00 –St. Kitts and Nevis 99.17 218.14 303.00 408.89 541.05 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 20.40 23.32 17.51 14.05 –Trinidad and Tobago 5.17 3.26 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 8.41 7.07 – – –Non-Commonwealth CountriesBahrain – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 15.63 30.31 35.61 – – 2.93 4.16 4.06 – –Equatorial Guinea 0.35 0.88 0.20 0.13 7.58 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 0.03 – – – –Estonia – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 8.95 9.11 6.64 10.49 – 0.25 0.17 0.20 0.29 –Iceland – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 105.32 111.54 118.04 117.55 – 20.65 16.61 15.35 15.96 –Qatar – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 2.13 3.56 – – –San Marino – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 1.15 0.88 0.93 0.92 –

83

Table 8. Aid Depedency (continued)

Group/Country Net ODA received (% of imports of goods, services and

primary income)

Total debt service (% of exports of goods, services and

primary income)

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Low IncomeNon-Commonwealth CountriesComoros – – – – – 15.56 14.63 4.72 3.84 – –Gambia, The 35.19 35.21 34.39 29.68 – 5.10 6.53 8.09 7.90 7.09 –Guinea-Bissau 47.44 39.85 – – – 5.65 6.22 9.49 – – –Middle IncomeCommonwealth CountriesBelize 3.08 2.55 2.14 2.19 4.10 1.27 1.18 1.45 1.02 0.80 12.75Botswana 4.99 2.35 1.39 0.79 1.32 16.16 16.30 14.57 13.29 11.29 2.23Dominica 12.63 11.59 8.83 9.57 7.43 11.59 13.30 8.64 8.75 10.01 10.75Fiji 3.98 3.49 2.96 3.86 2.92 1.26 1.88 1.28 – – 1.88Grenada 11.06 7.96 2.86 1.75 2.20 9.96 11.97 14.01 12.78 7.66 16.47Guyana 11.49 9.77 7.01 4.48 4.31 2.55 2.07 2.67 3.09 8.74 4.89Jamaica 2.06 1.96 0.47 0.24 0.86 19.26 34.76 27.92 36.35 38.18 25.94Kiribati – – – – – – – – – – –Lesotho 5.72 9.35 8.74 9.09 13.60 2.23 2.60 2.07 2.02 2.31 2.78Maldives 1.89 5.51 1.73 2.14 0.84 4.88 5.45 4.21 3.97 3.81 2.52Mauritius 2.81 1.10 2.15 1.99 1.59 2.97 3.08 1.29 2.69 2.43 42.00Namibia 5.97 4.04 4.09 – 3.28 – – – – – –Nauru – – – – – – – – – – –Papua New Guinea 7.65 7.39 7.84 7.17 – 15.56 11.74 13.31 – – –Samoa 24.18 38.17 22.53 26.43 25.45 4.17 4.70 5.05 5.47 5.32 6.10Seychelles 2.17 5.24 1.77 2.82 1.90 90.16 94.49 68.71 44.70 64.31 5.70Solomon Islands 41.80 49.32 43.27 40.06 38.58 5.23 4.04 5.95 2.62 4.48 7.37St. Lucia 5.77 4.87 4.15 3.32 3.29 10.64 7.74 7.37 7.66 6.94 5.94St. Vincent and the Grenadines 7.42 4.07 4.48 2.01 1.71 13.35 15.13 16.07 15.76 16.62 13.55Swaziland 2.10 2.99 3.82 2.77 3.94 2.67 2.15 1.90 1.87 2.21 1.33Tonga 15.99 30.29 33.26 28.49 – 9.25 7.44 9.18 9.08 7.83 –Tuvalu – – – – – – – – – – –Vanuatu 29.87 25.62 19.78 21.09 19.79 1.50 1.72 1.63 1.60 2.13 1.86Non-Commonwealth CountriesBhutan 17.06 12.80 9.99 12.01 – 11.89 12.77 13.47 10.82 17.83 –Cabo Verde 17.02 27.17 17.28 19.45 20.15 4.25 5.69 5.56 4.95 4.56 4.58Djibouti 28.75 26.78 20.65 20.92 16.65 8.41 8.54 8.07 8.57 8.78 8.24Gabon – – – – – – – – – – –Marshall Islands – – – – – – – – – – –Micronesia – – – – – – – – – – –Montenegro 2.56 2.84 3.99 3.54 4.33 3.42 4.13 5.69 9.69 13.60 17.22Palau – – – – – – – – – – –São Tomé and Principe 29.15 40.15 48.46 33.79 29.45 11.52 9.44 5.95 5.04 6.86 11.01Suriname 9.23 5.85 3.59 1.52 1.05 – – – – – –Timor-Leste 18.36 21.58 14.95 16.93 21.26 – – – – – –High IncomeCommonwealth CountriesAntigua and Barbuda 0.73 2.64 2.21 0.35 0.20 – – – – – –Bahamas, The – – – – – – – – – – –Barbados 0.47 0.63 – – – – – – – – –Brunei Darussalam – – – – – – – – – – –Cyprus – – – – – – – – – – –Malta – – – – – – – – – – –Singapore* – – – – – – – – – – –St. Kitts and Nevis 1.25 2.85 4.13 5.85 7.38 – – – – – –Trinidad and Tobago 0.08 0.05 – – – – – – – – –Non-Commonwealth CountriesBahrain – – – – – – – – – – –Equatorial Guinea – – – – – – – – – – –Estonia – – – – – – – – – – –Iceland – – – – – – – – – – –Qatar – – – – – – – – – – –San Marino – – – – – – – – – – –

Note: Singapore is a member of the Commonwealth, but is not classified as a small state under the Secretariat’s definition.

84

Table 9. Energy and the Environment

Group/Country Carbon dioxide emissions per capitaa (metric tons)

Total electricity net consumptiona (billion kWh)

Energy imports net (% of total energy use)

Fossil fuel energy consumption (% of total)

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Low IncomeNon-Commonwealth CountriesComoros 0.22 0.18 0.21 – – 0.04 0.04 0.04 – – – – – – – – – – –Gambia, The 0.26 0.27 0.24 – – 0.21 0.21 0.21 – – – – – – – – – – –Guinea-Bissau 0.27 0.26 0.29 – – 0.06 0.06 0.05 – – – – – – – – – – –Middle IncomeCommonwealth CountriesBelize 1.52 1.49 1.67 – – 0.62 0.58 0.57 – – – – – – – – – – –Botswana 2.17 2.49 1.86 – – 0.98 0.99 0.93 – – 53.72 51.56 55.81 – 64.51 67.12 65.38 – –Dominica 1.78 1.78 1.94 – – 0.08 0.09 0.10 – – – – – – – – – – –Fiji 1.57 1.52 1.64 – – 0.75 0.81 0.78 – – – – – – – – – – –Grenada 2.53 2.50 2.48 – – 0.18 0.18 0.18 – – – – – – – – – – –Guyana 2.18 2.18 2.25 – – 0.46 0.53 0.52 – – – – – – – – – – –Jamaica 3.27 3.22 3.33 – – 4.77 3.01 3.80 – – 82.33 83.61 82.10 – 82.33 83.61 82.10 – –Kiribati 0.64 0.63 0.59 – – 0.02 0.02 0.02 – – – – – – – – – – –Lesotho 0.12 0.29 0.23 – – 0.71 0.77 0.90 – – – – – – – – – – –Maldives 2.68 2.68 2.71 – – 0.26 0.22 0.25 – – – – – – – – – – –Mauritius 3.38 3.57 3.88 – – 2.26 2.36 2.44 – – – – – – – – – – –Namibia 1.71 1.57 1.50 – – 3.50 3.35 3.59 – – 78.18 79.58 78.98 – 66.35 67.08 65.97 – –Nauru 19.70 19.58 18.10 – – 0.03 0.03 0.02 – – – – – – – – – – –Papua New Guinea 0.54 0.54 0.53 – – 3.10 3.15 3.09 – – – – – – – – – – –Samoa 0.88 0.88 0.76 – – 0.11 0.11 0.11 – – – – – – – – – – –Seychelles 13.40 11.11 12.20 – – 0.24 0.26 0.28 – – – – – – – – – – –Solomon Islands 0.35 0.38 0.36 – – 0.07 0.08 0.08 – – – – – – – – – – –Saint Lucia 2.58 2.56 2.63 – – 0.32 0.33 0.34 – – – – – – – – – – –St. Vincent and the Grenadines 1.87 1.88 1.91 – – 0.12 0.13 0.13 – – – – – – – – – – –Swaziland 0.73 0.73 0.75 – – 1.35 1.37 1.29 – – – – – – – – – – –Tonga 1.77 1.76 1.46 – – 0.05 0.05 0.04 – – – – – – – – – – –Tuvalu – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Vanuatu 0.52 0.51 0.59 – – 0.05 0.05 0.05 – – – – – – – – – – –Non-Commonwealth CountriesBhutan 0.48 0.48 0.47 – – 1.43 1.82 1.50 – – – – – – – – – – –Cabo Verde 0.76 0.75 0.83 – – 0.26 0.28 0.29 – – – – – – – – – – –Djibouti 1.60 1.57 1.52 – – 0.30 0.31 0.31 – – – – – – – – – – –Gabon 2.81 2.94 3.02 – – 1.46 1.44 1.38 – – −605.66 −622.02 −614.84 – 38.44 39.56 38.87 – –Marshall Islands – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Micronesia – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Montenegro 2.31 3.04 3.27 – – 2.96 3.25 3.47 – – 38.22 24.08 32.95 – 50.36 60.51 60.19 – –Palau – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –São Tomé and Principe 0.78 0.77 0.84 – – 0.05 0.05 0.06 – – – – – – – – – – –Suriname 3.81 3.68 4.22 – – 1.44 1.43 1.48 – – – – – – – – – – –Timor-Leste 0.18 0.18 0.19 – – 0.00 0.00 0.00 – – – – – – – – – – –High IncomeCommonwealth CountriesAntigua and Barbuda 7.78 7.68 8.32 – – 0.29 0.28 0.29 – – – – – – – – – – –Bahamas, The 11.72 11.61 15.11 – – 1.87 1.95 2.04 – – – – – – – – – – –Barbados 5.31 4.93 5.03 – – 0.98 0.99 0.93 – – – – – – – – – – –Brunei Darussalam 18.93 21.39 21.54 – – 3.18 3.20 3.23 – – −522.43 −473.19 −387.83 – 38.44 39.56 38.87 – –Cyprus 8.50 8.04 8.48 – – 4.65 4.79 4.41 – – 96.70 96.35 95.96 – – – – – –Malta 16.49 19.68 16.73 – – 1.70 1.60 1.81 – – 99.80 99.65 94.41 – – – – – –Singapore* 38.20 44.48 40.48 – – 37.94 41.29 41.98 – – 97.10 97.54 97.21 – 50.36 60.51 60.19 – –St. Kitts and Nevis 5.46 5.41 6.02 – – 0.12 0.13 0.13 – – – – – – – – – – –Trinidad and Tobago 38.89 42.57 42.42 – – 7.10 7.42 7.93 – – −113.32 −106.69 −101.57 – – – – – –Non-Commonwealth CountriesBahrain 26.40 25.93 24.45 – – 10.06 11.59 12.12 – – −87.89 −87.13 −90.21 – – – – – –Equatorial Guinea 8.54 8.42 7.83 – – 0.09 0.09 0.09 – – – – – – – – – – –Estonia 12.42 14.98 15.79 – – 7.48 7.95 7.68 – – 12.46 11.45 10.09 11.60 83.36 88.35 89.29 88.15 –Iceland 10.97 10.58 12.24 – – 16.20 16.23 16.58 – – 18.24 17.51 16.17 15.27 18.24 17.51 16.17 15.27 –Qatar 43.60 39.68 34.86 – – 21.19 24.69 28.24 – – −471.18 −515.55 −534.60 – 100.00 100.00 100.00 – –San Marino – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

Note: Singapore is a member of the Commonwealth, but is not classified as a small state under the Secretariat’s definition.a U.S Energy Information Adminstration 2014, available at: www.eia.gov/cfapps/ipdbproject/IEDIndex3.cfm?tid=90

&pid=44&aid=8 (accessed 14 September 2014).Sources: World Bank, World Development Indicators 2014, available at: http://databank.worldbank.org; EIA International Energy

Statistics (accessed 14 September 2014)

86

Table 9. Energy and the Environment

Group/Country Carbon dioxide emissions per capitaa (metric tons)

Total electricity net consumptiona (billion kWh)

Energy imports net (% of total energy use)

Fossil fuel energy consumption (% of total)

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Low IncomeNon-Commonwealth CountriesComoros 0.22 0.18 0.21 – – 0.04 0.04 0.04 – – – – – – – – – – –Gambia, The 0.26 0.27 0.24 – – 0.21 0.21 0.21 – – – – – – – – – – –Guinea-Bissau 0.27 0.26 0.29 – – 0.06 0.06 0.05 – – – – – – – – – – –Middle IncomeCommonwealth CountriesBelize 1.52 1.49 1.67 – – 0.62 0.58 0.57 – – – – – – – – – – –Botswana 2.17 2.49 1.86 – – 0.98 0.99 0.93 – – 53.72 51.56 55.81 – 64.51 67.12 65.38 – –Dominica 1.78 1.78 1.94 – – 0.08 0.09 0.10 – – – – – – – – – – –Fiji 1.57 1.52 1.64 – – 0.75 0.81 0.78 – – – – – – – – – – –Grenada 2.53 2.50 2.48 – – 0.18 0.18 0.18 – – – – – – – – – – –Guyana 2.18 2.18 2.25 – – 0.46 0.53 0.52 – – – – – – – – – – –Jamaica 3.27 3.22 3.33 – – 4.77 3.01 3.80 – – 82.33 83.61 82.10 – 82.33 83.61 82.10 – –Kiribati 0.64 0.63 0.59 – – 0.02 0.02 0.02 – – – – – – – – – – –Lesotho 0.12 0.29 0.23 – – 0.71 0.77 0.90 – – – – – – – – – – –Maldives 2.68 2.68 2.71 – – 0.26 0.22 0.25 – – – – – – – – – – –Mauritius 3.38 3.57 3.88 – – 2.26 2.36 2.44 – – – – – – – – – – –Namibia 1.71 1.57 1.50 – – 3.50 3.35 3.59 – – 78.18 79.58 78.98 – 66.35 67.08 65.97 – –Nauru 19.70 19.58 18.10 – – 0.03 0.03 0.02 – – – – – – – – – – –Papua New Guinea 0.54 0.54 0.53 – – 3.10 3.15 3.09 – – – – – – – – – – –Samoa 0.88 0.88 0.76 – – 0.11 0.11 0.11 – – – – – – – – – – –Seychelles 13.40 11.11 12.20 – – 0.24 0.26 0.28 – – – – – – – – – – –Solomon Islands 0.35 0.38 0.36 – – 0.07 0.08 0.08 – – – – – – – – – – –Saint Lucia 2.58 2.56 2.63 – – 0.32 0.33 0.34 – – – – – – – – – – –St. Vincent and the Grenadines 1.87 1.88 1.91 – – 0.12 0.13 0.13 – – – – – – – – – – –Swaziland 0.73 0.73 0.75 – – 1.35 1.37 1.29 – – – – – – – – – – –Tonga 1.77 1.76 1.46 – – 0.05 0.05 0.04 – – – – – – – – – – –Tuvalu – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Vanuatu 0.52 0.51 0.59 – – 0.05 0.05 0.05 – – – – – – – – – – –Non-Commonwealth CountriesBhutan 0.48 0.48 0.47 – – 1.43 1.82 1.50 – – – – – – – – – – –Cabo Verde 0.76 0.75 0.83 – – 0.26 0.28 0.29 – – – – – – – – – – –Djibouti 1.60 1.57 1.52 – – 0.30 0.31 0.31 – – – – – – – – – – –Gabon 2.81 2.94 3.02 – – 1.46 1.44 1.38 – – −605.66 −622.02 −614.84 – 38.44 39.56 38.87 – –Marshall Islands – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Micronesia – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Montenegro 2.31 3.04 3.27 – – 2.96 3.25 3.47 – – 38.22 24.08 32.95 – 50.36 60.51 60.19 – –Palau – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –São Tomé and Principe 0.78 0.77 0.84 – – 0.05 0.05 0.06 – – – – – – – – – – –Suriname 3.81 3.68 4.22 – – 1.44 1.43 1.48 – – – – – – – – – – –Timor-Leste 0.18 0.18 0.19 – – 0.00 0.00 0.00 – – – – – – – – – – –High IncomeCommonwealth CountriesAntigua and Barbuda 7.78 7.68 8.32 – – 0.29 0.28 0.29 – – – – – – – – – – –Bahamas, The 11.72 11.61 15.11 – – 1.87 1.95 2.04 – – – – – – – – – – –Barbados 5.31 4.93 5.03 – – 0.98 0.99 0.93 – – – – – – – – – – –Brunei Darussalam 18.93 21.39 21.54 – – 3.18 3.20 3.23 – – −522.43 −473.19 −387.83 – 38.44 39.56 38.87 – –Cyprus 8.50 8.04 8.48 – – 4.65 4.79 4.41 – – 96.70 96.35 95.96 – – – – – –Malta 16.49 19.68 16.73 – – 1.70 1.60 1.81 – – 99.80 99.65 94.41 – – – – – –Singapore* 38.20 44.48 40.48 – – 37.94 41.29 41.98 – – 97.10 97.54 97.21 – 50.36 60.51 60.19 – –St. Kitts and Nevis 5.46 5.41 6.02 – – 0.12 0.13 0.13 – – – – – – – – – – –Trinidad and Tobago 38.89 42.57 42.42 – – 7.10 7.42 7.93 – – −113.32 −106.69 −101.57 – – – – – –Non-Commonwealth CountriesBahrain 26.40 25.93 24.45 – – 10.06 11.59 12.12 – – −87.89 −87.13 −90.21 – – – – – –Equatorial Guinea 8.54 8.42 7.83 – – 0.09 0.09 0.09 – – – – – – – – – – –Estonia 12.42 14.98 15.79 – – 7.48 7.95 7.68 – – 12.46 11.45 10.09 11.60 83.36 88.35 89.29 88.15 –Iceland 10.97 10.58 12.24 – – 16.20 16.23 16.58 – – 18.24 17.51 16.17 15.27 18.24 17.51 16.17 15.27 –Qatar 43.60 39.68 34.86 – – 21.19 24.69 28.24 – – −471.18 −515.55 −534.60 – 100.00 100.00 100.00 – –San Marino – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

Note: Singapore is a member of the Commonwealth, but is not classified as a small state under the Secretariat’s definition.a U.S Energy Information Adminstration 2014, available at: www.eia.gov/cfapps/ipdbproject/IEDIndex3.cfm?tid=90

&pid=44&aid=8 (accessed 14 September 2014).Sources: World Bank, World Development Indicators 2014, available at: http://databank.worldbank.org; EIA International Energy

Statistics (accessed 14 September 2014)

87

Table 10. Agriculture and Forestry

Group/Country Forest area (% of land area)

Arable land (% of land area)

Agriculture (value added, annual % growth)

Food Production Index (2004−6 = 100)

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Low IncomeNon-Commonwealth CountriesComoros 1.83 1.61 1.40 1.18 – 42.99 45.14 46.75 47.29 – −3.14 −0.71 4.10 4.10 4.10 107.58 113.32 109.05 111.70 112.92Gambia, The 47.25 47.43 47.61 47.79 – 42.29 44.47 44.47 43.48 – 11.73 11.19 −24.21 6.21 −1.75 120.68 135.46 86.62 107.22 97.36Guinea-Bissau 72.26 71.91 71.55 71.19 – 9.96 10.67 10.67 10.67 – 3.08 0.18 8.71 −0.14 0.36 121.88 121.86 128.31 137.71 140.74Middle IncomeCommonwealth CountriesBelize 61.49 61.07 60.65 60.23 – 3.20 3.29 3.29 3.42 – 2.48 6.86 −4.34 6.83 5.62 92.69 91.76 85.39 101.89 102.17Botswana 20.24 20.03 19.82 19.61 – 0.56 0.46 0.46 0.50 – 6.37 16.71 −22.89 10.16 1.98 112.69 123.83 142.72 130.00 129.96Dominica 59.91 59.55 59.19 58.80 – 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 – 1.72 −8.47 7.41 7.76 1.60 112.20 108.78 106.58 110.68 110.00Fiji 55.32 55.51 55.69 55.87 – 9.17 9.17 9.17 9.03 – −8.09 −2.65 8.15 3.50 5.55 86.66 81.93 92.39 84.52 85.81Grenada 49.97 49.97 49.97 49.97 – 8.82 8.82 8.82 8.82 – 12.12 −6.54 −1.57 4.14 8.40 85.31 89.49 93.52 96.11 96.29Guyana 77.24 77.24 77.24 77.24 – 2.13 2.13 2.13 2.13 – 1.89 1.79 3.47 3.18 3.45 106.39 108.11 114.16 113.54 129.94Jamaica 31.17 31.13 31.09 31.05 – 11.08 11.08 11.08 11.08 – 14.59 −0.26 10.29 2.53 – 98.90 98.68 103.37 106.51 106.08Kiribati 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 – 2.47 2.47 2.47 2.47 – −1.27 – – – – 116.27 117.53 116.24 119.79 120.81Lesotho 1.44 1.45 1.46 1.46 – 11.03 10.61 10.14 9.27 – −5.06 17.03 −3.05 0.84 – 93.96 111.20 109.03 98.65 111.73Maldives 17.23 17.24 17.25 3.00 – 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 – −2.47 −0.87 1.05 4.85 – 77.69 71.51 70.12 65.92 63.53Mauritius 3.00 3.00 3.00 17.26 – 39.41 39.41 38.42 37.44 – 9.10 −0.80 4.10 −0.20 0.40 100.70 98.53 98.10 95.77 93.79Namibia 8.94 8.85 8.76 8.67 – 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 – 17.70 4.85 −1.33 1.96 −16.86 90.61 90.83 89.19 92.29 90.78Nauru – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Papua New Guinea 63.75 63.43 63.12 62.80 – 0.66 0.66 0.66 0.66 – – – – – – 113.93 112.25 117.26 117.94 118.18Samoa 60.42 60.42 60.42 60.42 – 2.79 2.83 2.83 2.83 – −10.79 −2.61 2.46 −7.15 −2.41 106.30 105.49 105.70 113.87 110.27Seychelles 88.48 88.48 88.48 88.48 – 2.17 2.17 2.17 2.17 – −16.49 −6.21 3.51 −3.77 30.35 93.45 94.38 105.45 108.87 114.01Solomon Islands 79.26 79.06 78.86 78.66 – 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.68 – – – – – – 107.33 110.35 111.68 114.75 117.89Saint Lucia 77.05 77.05 77.05 77.05 – 4.92 4.92 4.92 4.92 – −4.32 −29.43 −11.81 13.55 0.29 111.45 90.52 70.15 71.32 70.96St. Vincent and the Grenadines 68.26 68.46 68.67 68.87 – 12.82 12.82 12.82 12.82 – 14.96 −17.83 −0.16 1.00 6.36 97.63 107.24 99.48 103.48 105.26Swaziland 32.48 32.73 32.99 33.24 – 10.17 10.17 10.17 10.17 – −0.95 3.31 2.57 – – 101.62 103.86 105.88 111.66 112.48Tonga 12.50 12.50 12.50 12.50 – 22.22 22.22 22.22 22.22 – −1.36 0.50 1.99 0.49 – 140.87 136.75 131.69 131.10 132.32Tuvalu 33.33 33.33 33.33 33.33 – – – – – – 3.37 14.41 0.35 −6.30 −3.65 109.98 110.65 104.43 105.61 107.81Vanuatu 36.10 36.10 36.10 36.10 – 1.64 1.64 1.64 1.64 – 0.66 4.81 6.07 2.22 4.78 104.12 132.41 127.44 130.02 137.96Non-Commonwealth CountriesBhutan 84.34 84.62 84.90 85.80 – 2.52 2.62 2.62 2.62 – 2.66 0.85 2.41 2.25 2.95 89.22 94.57 110.17 100.31 97.13Cabo Verde 21.04 21.04 21.04 21.26 – 11.66 11.66 11.66 11.66 – – – – – – 112.88 113.69 87.39 90.16 88.62Djibouti 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 – 0.06 0.07 0.09 0.09 – – – – – – 126.54 118.55 132.33 134.50 134.40Gabon 85.38 85.38 85.38 85.38 – 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 – 2.95 −7.76 5.16 5.00 – 109.69 115.08 116.45 119.86 120.91Marshall Islands 70.22 70.22 70.22 70.22 – 11.11 11.11 11.11 11.11 – – – – – – 184.16 174.90 97.12 97.94 102.88Micronesia 91.57 91.61 91.66 91.69 – 2.86 2.86 2.86 2.86 – −0.87 0.70 4.54 – – 95.63 98.05 93.43 98.87 101.56Montenegro 40.37 40.37 40.37 40.37 – 12.86 12.79 12.86 12.79 – 1.83 −1.35 11.17 −10.48 16.12 93.00 90.22 102.75 90.04 95.09Palau 87.61 87.61 87.61 87.61 – 2.17 2.17 2.17 2.17 – −15.09 −5.70 0.01 0.08 −0.42 – – – – –São Tomé and Principe 28.13 28.13 28.13 28.13 – 9.38 8.85 9.06 9.06 – – – – – – 104.91 103.62 101.80 103.85 113.06Suriname 94.63 94.60 94.58 94.56 – 0.37 0.38 0.39 0.38 – 30.49 2.82 4.31 10.14 −8.87 123.78 145.48 142.08 141.01 154.49Timor-Leste 50.65 49.90 49.15 48.39 – 10.76 10.09 10.09 10.76 – 8.29 −2.55 −18.32 14.74 – 132.95 125.77 113.79 133.05 120.92High IncomeCommonwealth CountriesAntigua and Barbuda 22.27 22.27 22.27 22.27 – 9.09 9.09 9.09 9.09 – −14.06 1.69 13.55 2.44 3.21 105.09 88.85 91.74 89.17 88.90Bahamas, The 51.45 51.45 51.45 51.45 – 0.80 0.90 0.90 0.80 – 3.73 3.67 −8.51 5.64 −17.15 104.24 126.09 129.00 132.05 133.85Barbados 19.44 19.44 19.44 19.44 – 30.23 25.58 27.91 25.58 – 2.84 −6.11 −6.30 −3.36 – 99.30 92.27 93.33 96.85 97.17Brunei Darussalam 72.45 72.11 71.76 71.42 – 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.76 – 5.71 −5.86 4.57 11.84 −6.46 132.31 139.60 148.56 153.81 167.24Cyprus 18.74 18.74 18.75 18.76 – 9.40 8.89 9.07 9.90 – – – – – – 85.28 84.40 87.67 83.03 81.40Malta 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 – 25.00 28.13 28.13 28.13 – 7.28 −2.94 – – – 96.75 98.62 95.11 90.93 91.58Singapore* 3.29 3.29 3.29 3.29 – 0.86 0.91 0.90 0.90 – 3.86 2.42 3.80 1.22 −2.33 91.87 92.30 101.11 105.08 112.05St Kitts and Nevis 42.31 42.31 42.31 42.31 – 15.38 17.31 19.23 19.23 – −10.61 2.42 11.40 −9.39 6.40 35.34 34.14 40.51 40.99 41.80Trinidad and Tobago 44.27 44.13 43.99 43.85 – 4.87 4.87 4.87 4.87 – −32.42 76.88 −0.16 −19.15 −3.44 90.45 95.98 93.62 95.37 96.40Non-Commonwealth CountriesBahrain 0.67 0.70 0.71 0.74 – 1.79 1.79 1.79 2.11 – – – – – – 126.36 115.43 165.53 169.41 206.83Equatorial Guinea 58.39 57.97 57.55 57.13 – 4.71 4.63 4.63 4.28 – – – – – – 116.34 112.51 113.50 116.81 118.16Estonia 52.47 52.30 52.13 51.80 – 14.06 15.22 14.91 14.65 – −0.22 10.16 16.36 16.57 −3.92 116.54 115.45 122.65 128.15 133.76Iceland 0.29 0.30 0.31 0.32 – 1.24 1.23 1.23 1.21 – 3.20 −8.39 3.86 3.77 – 109.18 110.45 110.90 114.72 114.21Qatar 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 – 1.21 1.21 1.21 1.12 – −16.97 19.61 5.54 4.38 5.87 116.75 122.07 134.71 135.31 136.74San Marino 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 – 16.67 16.67 16.67 16.67 – – – – – – – – – – –


88

Table 10. Agriculture and Forestry

Group/Country Forest area (% of land area)

Arable land (% of land area)

Agriculture (value added, annual % growth)

Food Production Index (2004−6 = 100)

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Low IncomeNon-Commonwealth CountriesComoros 1.83 1.61 1.40 1.18 – 42.99 45.14 46.75 47.29 – −3.14 −0.71 4.10 4.10 4.10 107.58 113.32 109.05 111.70 112.92Gambia, The 47.25 47.43 47.61 47.79 – 42.29 44.47 44.47 43.48 – 11.73 11.19 −24.21 6.21 −1.75 120.68 135.46 86.62 107.22 97.36Guinea-Bissau 72.26 71.91 71.55 71.19 – 9.96 10.67 10.67 10.67 – 3.08 0.18 8.71 −0.14 0.36 121.88 121.86 128.31 137.71 140.74Middle IncomeCommonwealth CountriesBelize 61.49 61.07 60.65 60.23 – 3.20 3.29 3.29 3.42 – 2.48 6.86 −4.34 6.83 5.62 92.69 91.76 85.39 101.89 102.17Botswana 20.24 20.03 19.82 19.61 – 0.56 0.46 0.46 0.50 – 6.37 16.71 −22.89 10.16 1.98 112.69 123.83 142.72 130.00 129.96Dominica 59.91 59.55 59.19 58.80 – 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 – 1.72 −8.47 7.41 7.76 1.60 112.20 108.78 106.58 110.68 110.00Fiji 55.32 55.51 55.69 55.87 – 9.17 9.17 9.17 9.03 – −8.09 −2.65 8.15 3.50 5.55 86.66 81.93 92.39 84.52 85.81Grenada 49.97 49.97 49.97 49.97 – 8.82 8.82 8.82 8.82 – 12.12 −6.54 −1.57 4.14 8.40 85.31 89.49 93.52 96.11 96.29Guyana 77.24 77.24 77.24 77.24 – 2.13 2.13 2.13 2.13 – 1.89 1.79 3.47 3.18 3.45 106.39 108.11 114.16 113.54 129.94Jamaica 31.17 31.13 31.09 31.05 – 11.08 11.08 11.08 11.08 – 14.59 −0.26 10.29 2.53 – 98.90 98.68 103.37 106.51 106.08Kiribati 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 – 2.47 2.47 2.47 2.47 – −1.27 – – – – 116.27 117.53 116.24 119.79 120.81Lesotho 1.44 1.45 1.46 1.46 – 11.03 10.61 10.14 9.27 – −5.06 17.03 −3.05 0.84 – 93.96 111.20 109.03 98.65 111.73Maldives 17.23 17.24 17.25 3.00 – 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 – −2.47 −0.87 1.05 4.85 – 77.69 71.51 70.12 65.92 63.53Mauritius 3.00 3.00 3.00 17.26 – 39.41 39.41 38.42 37.44 – 9.10 −0.80 4.10 −0.20 0.40 100.70 98.53 98.10 95.77 93.79Namibia 8.94 8.85 8.76 8.67 – 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 – 17.70 4.85 −1.33 1.96 −16.86 90.61 90.83 89.19 92.29 90.78Nauru – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Papua New Guinea 63.75 63.43 63.12 62.80 – 0.66 0.66 0.66 0.66 – – – – – – 113.93 112.25 117.26 117.94 118.18Samoa 60.42 60.42 60.42 60.42 – 2.79 2.83 2.83 2.83 – −10.79 −2.61 2.46 −7.15 −2.41 106.30 105.49 105.70 113.87 110.27Seychelles 88.48 88.48 88.48 88.48 – 2.17 2.17 2.17 2.17 – −16.49 −6.21 3.51 −3.77 30.35 93.45 94.38 105.45 108.87 114.01Solomon Islands 79.26 79.06 78.86 78.66 – 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.68 – – – – – – 107.33 110.35 111.68 114.75 117.89Saint Lucia 77.05 77.05 77.05 77.05 – 4.92 4.92 4.92 4.92 – −4.32 −29.43 −11.81 13.55 0.29 111.45 90.52 70.15 71.32 70.96St. Vincent and the Grenadines 68.26 68.46 68.67 68.87 – 12.82 12.82 12.82 12.82 – 14.96 −17.83 −0.16 1.00 6.36 97.63 107.24 99.48 103.48 105.26Swaziland 32.48 32.73 32.99 33.24 – 10.17 10.17 10.17 10.17 – −0.95 3.31 2.57 – – 101.62 103.86 105.88 111.66 112.48Tonga 12.50 12.50 12.50 12.50 – 22.22 22.22 22.22 22.22 – −1.36 0.50 1.99 0.49 – 140.87 136.75 131.69 131.10 132.32Tuvalu 33.33 33.33 33.33 33.33 – – – – – – 3.37 14.41 0.35 −6.30 −3.65 109.98 110.65 104.43 105.61 107.81Vanuatu 36.10 36.10 36.10 36.10 – 1.64 1.64 1.64 1.64 – 0.66 4.81 6.07 2.22 4.78 104.12 132.41 127.44 130.02 137.96Non-Commonwealth CountriesBhutan 84.34 84.62 84.90 85.80 – 2.52 2.62 2.62 2.62 – 2.66 0.85 2.41 2.25 2.95 89.22 94.57 110.17 100.31 97.13Cabo Verde 21.04 21.04 21.04 21.26 – 11.66 11.66 11.66 11.66 – – – – – – 112.88 113.69 87.39 90.16 88.62Djibouti 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 – 0.06 0.07 0.09 0.09 – – – – – – 126.54 118.55 132.33 134.50 134.40Gabon 85.38 85.38 85.38 85.38 – 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 – 2.95 −7.76 5.16 5.00 – 109.69 115.08 116.45 119.86 120.91Marshall Islands 70.22 70.22 70.22 70.22 – 11.11 11.11 11.11 11.11 – – – – – – 184.16 174.90 97.12 97.94 102.88Micronesia 91.57 91.61 91.66 91.69 – 2.86 2.86 2.86 2.86 – −0.87 0.70 4.54 – – 95.63 98.05 93.43 98.87 101.56Montenegro 40.37 40.37 40.37 40.37 – 12.86 12.79 12.86 12.79 – 1.83 −1.35 11.17 −10.48 16.12 93.00 90.22 102.75 90.04 95.09Palau 87.61 87.61 87.61 87.61 – 2.17 2.17 2.17 2.17 – −15.09 −5.70 0.01 0.08 −0.42 – – – – –São Tomé and Principe 28.13 28.13 28.13 28.13 – 9.38 8.85 9.06 9.06 – – – – – – 104.91 103.62 101.80 103.85 113.06Suriname 94.63 94.60 94.58 94.56 – 0.37 0.38 0.39 0.38 – 30.49 2.82 4.31 10.14 −8.87 123.78 145.48 142.08 141.01 154.49Timor-Leste 50.65 49.90 49.15 48.39 – 10.76 10.09 10.09 10.76 – 8.29 −2.55 −18.32 14.74 – 132.95 125.77 113.79 133.05 120.92High IncomeCommonwealth CountriesAntigua and Barbuda 22.27 22.27 22.27 22.27 – 9.09 9.09 9.09 9.09 – −14.06 1.69 13.55 2.44 3.21 105.09 88.85 91.74 89.17 88.90Bahamas, The 51.45 51.45 51.45 51.45 – 0.80 0.90 0.90 0.80 – 3.73 3.67 −8.51 5.64 −17.15 104.24 126.09 129.00 132.05 133.85Barbados 19.44 19.44 19.44 19.44 – 30.23 25.58 27.91 25.58 – 2.84 −6.11 −6.30 −3.36 – 99.30 92.27 93.33 96.85 97.17Brunei Darussalam 72.45 72.11 71.76 71.42 – 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.76 – 5.71 −5.86 4.57 11.84 −6.46 132.31 139.60 148.56 153.81 167.24Cyprus 18.74 18.74 18.75 18.76 – 9.40 8.89 9.07 9.90 – – – – – – 85.28 84.40 87.67 83.03 81.40Malta 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 – 25.00 28.13 28.13 28.13 – 7.28 −2.94 – – – 96.75 98.62 95.11 90.93 91.58Singapore* 3.29 3.29 3.29 3.29 – 0.86 0.91 0.90 0.90 – 3.86 2.42 3.80 1.22 −2.33 91.87 92.30 101.11 105.08 112.05St Kitts and Nevis 42.31 42.31 42.31 42.31 – 15.38 17.31 19.23 19.23 – −10.61 2.42 11.40 −9.39 6.40 35.34 34.14 40.51 40.99 41.80Trinidad and Tobago 44.27 44.13 43.99 43.85 – 4.87 4.87 4.87 4.87 – −32.42 76.88 −0.16 −19.15 −3.44 90.45 95.98 93.62 95.37 96.40Non-Commonwealth CountriesBahrain 0.67 0.70 0.71 0.74 – 1.79 1.79 1.79 2.11 – – – – – – 126.36 115.43 165.53 169.41 206.83Equatorial Guinea 58.39 57.97 57.55 57.13 – 4.71 4.63 4.63 4.28 – – – – – – 116.34 112.51 113.50 116.81 118.16Estonia 52.47 52.30 52.13 51.80 – 14.06 15.22 14.91 14.65 – −0.22 10.16 16.36 16.57 −3.92 116.54 115.45 122.65 128.15 133.76Iceland 0.29 0.30 0.31 0.32 – 1.24 1.23 1.23 1.21 – 3.20 −8.39 3.86 3.77 – 109.18 110.45 110.90 114.72 114.21Qatar 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 – 1.21 1.21 1.21 1.12 – −16.97 19.61 5.54 4.38 5.87 116.75 122.07 134.71 135.31 136.74San Marino 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 – 16.67 16.67 16.67 16.67 – – – – – – – – – – –


89

Table 11. Poverty

Group/Country Poverty headcount ratio at $1.25 a day

(PPP, % of population)

Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty line

(PPP, % of population)Poverty gap at $1.25 a day

(%)Poverty gap at national poverty

line (%)Crude Birth Rate

(per 1,000 people)

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Low IncomeNon-Commonwealth CountriesComoros – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 37.61 37.06 36.47 35.86 35.25Gambia, The – – – – – – 48.4 – – – – – – – – – 27.9 – – – 43.49 43.35 43.18 42.98 42.73Guinea-Bissau – – – – – – 69.3 – – – – – – – – – – – – – 38.93 38.59 38.22 37.85 37.47Middle IncomeCommonwealth CountriesBelize – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 24.80 24.44 24.10 23.76 23.41Botswana – – – – – 19.3 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 24.53 24.30 24.06 23.81 23.56Dominica – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 13.11 – – –Fiji 5.88 – – – – 35.2 – – – – 1.14 – – – – 9.9 – – – – 21.90 21.56 21.20 20.82 20.44Grenada – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 19.39 19.46 19.46 19.42 19.31Guyana – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 21.96 21.59 21.14 20.68 20.26Jamaica – – – – – 16.5 17.6 – 19.9 – – – – – – – – – – – 15.96 15.05 14.69 14.53 13.54Kiribati – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 23.54 23.41 23.34 23.29 23.26Lesotho – – – – – – 57.1 – – – – – – – – – 29.5 – – – 28.03 27.90 27.78 27.64 27.47Maldives – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 22.05 22.24 22.29 22.20 21.96Mauritius – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 12.00 11.70 11.40 11.40 10.90Namibia – – – – – 28.7 – – – – – – – – – 8.8 – – – – 27.47 27.08 26.71 26.36 26.03Nauru – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Papua New Guinea – – – – – 39.9 – – – – – – – – – 15.7 – – – – 30.72 30.23 29.76 29.31 28.88Samoa – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 28.43 27.93 27.37 26.78 26.20Seychelles – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 18.10 16.80 18.60 18.60 18.60Solomon Islands – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 33.25 32.70 32.09 31.45 30.82Saint Lucia – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 16.62 16.34 16.03 15.72 15.43St. Vincent and the Grenadines – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 17.33 17.10 16.85 16.58 16.30Swaziland – 40.63 – – – 63 – – – – – 16 – – – 30.4 – – – – 31.05 30.82 30.53 30.21 29.87Tonga – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 27.65 27.18 26.64 26.06 25.48Tuvalu – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Vanuatu – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 27.74 27.45 27.18 26.91 26.63Non-Commonwealth CountriesBhutan – – – 1.66 – – – – 12 – – – – 0.26 – – – – 2.6 – 20.88 20.52 20.20 19.88 19.56Cabo Verde – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 21.30 20.93 20.63 20.37 20.12Djibouti – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 28.59 28.39 28.12 27.82 27.48Gabon – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 32.83 32.69 32.49 32.22 31.89Marshall Islands – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Micronesia – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 23.99 23.73 23.59 23.54 23.55Montenegro 0 0 – – – 6.8 6.6 9.3 11.3 – 0 0 – – – 1.4 1.1 2 2.8 – 12.21 12.06 11.90 11.75 11.62Palau – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 13.10São Tomé and Principe – – – – – 61.7 – – – – – – – – – 23 – – – – 36.83 36.23 35.52 34.74 33.93Suriname – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 18.71 18.45 18.20 17.97 17.74Timor-Leste – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 36.75 36.45 36.15 35.91 35.76High IncomeCommonwealth CountriesAntigua and Barbuda – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 17.22 16.97 16.76 16.60 16.45Bahamas, The – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 15.54 15.53 15.48 15.40 15.32Barbados – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 12.91 12.86 12.80 12.74 12.68Brunei Darussalam – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 17.28 16.79 16.34 15.92 15.54Cyprus – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 11.72 11.67 11.61 11.54 11.48Malta – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 9.80 9.40 10.00 9.80 9.50Singapore* – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 9.90 9.30 9.50 10.10 9.30St. Kitts and Nevis – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Trinidad and Tobago – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 15.25 15.13 14.96 14.72 14.45Non-Commonwealth CountriesBahrain – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 16.63 16.27 15.92 15.58 15.21Equatorial Guinea – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 36.99 36.65 36.25 35.82 35.36Estonia – – – – – 15.8 17.5 17.5 18.6 – – – – – – – – – – – 11.80 11.80 11.00 10.60 10.30Iceland – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 15.80 15.40 14.10 14.10 13.40Qatar – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 12.09 11.68 11.39 11.18 10.98San Marino – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 10.70 10.50 10.20 9.90 –

90

Table 11. Poverty

Group/Country Poverty headcount ratio at $1.25 a day

(PPP, % of population)

Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty line

(PPP, % of population)Poverty gap at $1.25 a day

(%)Poverty gap at national poverty

line (%)Crude Birth Rate

(per 1,000 people)

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Low IncomeNon-Commonwealth CountriesComoros – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 37.61 37.06 36.47 35.86 35.25Gambia, The – – – – – – 48.4 – – – – – – – – – 27.9 – – – 43.49 43.35 43.18 42.98 42.73Guinea-Bissau – – – – – – 69.3 – – – – – – – – – – – – – 38.93 38.59 38.22 37.85 37.47Middle IncomeCommonwealth CountriesBelize – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 24.80 24.44 24.10 23.76 23.41Botswana – – – – – 19.3 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 24.53 24.30 24.06 23.81 23.56Dominica – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 13.11 – – –Fiji 5.88 – – – – 35.2 – – – – 1.14 – – – – 9.9 – – – – 21.90 21.56 21.20 20.82 20.44Grenada – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 19.39 19.46 19.46 19.42 19.31Guyana – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 21.96 21.59 21.14 20.68 20.26Jamaica – – – – – 16.5 17.6 – 19.9 – – – – – – – – – – – 15.96 15.05 14.69 14.53 13.54Kiribati – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 23.54 23.41 23.34 23.29 23.26Lesotho – – – – – – 57.1 – – – – – – – – – 29.5 – – – 28.03 27.90 27.78 27.64 27.47Maldives – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 22.05 22.24 22.29 22.20 21.96Mauritius – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 12.00 11.70 11.40 11.40 10.90Namibia – – – – – 28.7 – – – – – – – – – 8.8 – – – – 27.47 27.08 26.71 26.36 26.03Nauru – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Papua New Guinea – – – – – 39.9 – – – – – – – – – 15.7 – – – – 30.72 30.23 29.76 29.31 28.88Samoa – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 28.43 27.93 27.37 26.78 26.20Seychelles – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 18.10 16.80 18.60 18.60 18.60Solomon Islands – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 33.25 32.70 32.09 31.45 30.82Saint Lucia – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 16.62 16.34 16.03 15.72 15.43St. Vincent and the Grenadines – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 17.33 17.10 16.85 16.58 16.30Swaziland – 40.63 – – – 63 – – – – – 16 – – – 30.4 – – – – 31.05 30.82 30.53 30.21 29.87Tonga – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 27.65 27.18 26.64 26.06 25.48Tuvalu – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Vanuatu – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 27.74 27.45 27.18 26.91 26.63Non-Commonwealth CountriesBhutan – – – 1.66 – – – – 12 – – – – 0.26 – – – – 2.6 – 20.88 20.52 20.20 19.88 19.56Cabo Verde – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 21.30 20.93 20.63 20.37 20.12Djibouti – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 28.59 28.39 28.12 27.82 27.48Gabon – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 32.83 32.69 32.49 32.22 31.89Marshall Islands – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Micronesia – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 23.99 23.73 23.59 23.54 23.55Montenegro 0 0 – – – 6.8 6.6 9.3 11.3 – 0 0 – – – 1.4 1.1 2 2.8 – 12.21 12.06 11.90 11.75 11.62Palau – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 13.10São Tomé and Principe – – – – – 61.7 – – – – – – – – – 23 – – – – 36.83 36.23 35.52 34.74 33.93Suriname – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 18.71 18.45 18.20 17.97 17.74Timor-Leste – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 36.75 36.45 36.15 35.91 35.76High IncomeCommonwealth CountriesAntigua and Barbuda – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 17.22 16.97 16.76 16.60 16.45Bahamas, The – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 15.54 15.53 15.48 15.40 15.32Barbados – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 12.91 12.86 12.80 12.74 12.68Brunei Darussalam – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 17.28 16.79 16.34 15.92 15.54Cyprus – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 11.72 11.67 11.61 11.54 11.48Malta – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 9.80 9.40 10.00 9.80 9.50Singapore* – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 9.90 9.30 9.50 10.10 9.30St. Kitts and Nevis – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Trinidad and Tobago – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 15.25 15.13 14.96 14.72 14.45Non-Commonwealth CountriesBahrain – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 16.63 16.27 15.92 15.58 15.21Equatorial Guinea – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 36.99 36.65 36.25 35.82 35.36Estonia – – – – – 15.8 17.5 17.5 18.6 – – – – – – – – – – – 11.80 11.80 11.00 10.60 10.30Iceland – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 15.80 15.40 14.10 14.10 13.40Qatar – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 12.09 11.68 11.39 11.18 10.98San Marino – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 10.70 10.50 10.20 9.90 –

91

Table 11. Poverty (continued)

Group/Country Crude Death Rate (per 1,000 people)

Prevalence of undernourishment (% of population)

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Low IncomeNon-Commonwealth CountriesComoros 9.33 9.19 9.04 8.90 8.77 62.5 65.4 65.9 65.3 –Gambia, The 10.28 10.12 9.96 9.81 9.67 12 13 14.4 16 –Guinea-Bissau 13.22 13.05 12.87 12.70 12.54 14.4 12.3 10.3 10.1 –Middle IncomeCommonwealth CountriesBelize 4.65 4.59 4.54 4.50 4.47 5.9 5.9 5.9 6.1 6.5Botswana 17.35 17.36 17.29 17.15 16.94 31.8 30.4 28.8 27.4 26.6Dominica – 8.26 – – – – – – – –Fiji 6.58 6.63 6.68 6.74 6.80 5 5 5 5 5Grenada 7.63 7.58 7.53 7.48 7.44 – – – – –Guyana 7.22 7.03 6.88 6.76 6.69 11.7 11.9 11.6 10.9 10Jamaica 7.03 7.99 6.27 6.28 5.70 7.8 7.9 7.9 7.9 7.9Kiribati 6.15 6.10 6.05 6.01 5.98 5 5 5 5 5Lesotho 16.57 16.03 15.58 15.23 14.96 11.3 11.3 11.3 11.3 11.5Maldives 3.52 3.48 3.44 3.41 3.38 11.5 9.8 8.4 7.2 6.2Mauritius 7.20 7.10 7.10 7.10 7.50 5.1 5 5 5 5Namibia 8.27 7.83 7.52 7.31 7.17 34.3 37.6 39 38.7 37.2Nauru – – – – – – – – – –Papua New Guinea 7.83 7.77 7.74 7.71 7.70 – – – – –Samoa 5.64 5.58 5.52 5.46 5.41 5 5 5 5 5Seychelles 7.80 7.40 7.90 7.40 7.40 – – – – –Solomon Islands 6.18 6.09 6.01 5.93 5.85 11 10.9 10.9 11.5 12.5Saint Lucia 6.68 6.79 6.93 7.07 7.19 – – – – –St. Vincent and the Grenadines 7.22 7.19 7.18 7.19 7.21 7.3 6.8 6.3 6 5.7Swaziland 14.66 14.45 14.32 14.27 14.29 22.6 23.6 24.2 24.9 26.1Tonga 6.16 6.13 6.10 6.07 6.04 – – – – –Tuvalu – – – – – – – – – –Vanuatu 4.94 4.88 4.83 4.79 4.75 5.9 6 6.3 6.7 7.2Non-Commonwealth CountriesBhutan 6.76 6.67 6.60 6.55 6.50 – – – – –Cabo Verde 5.21 5.17 5.14 5.12 5.09 12.6 12.3 11.5 10.6 9.9Djibouti 9.42 9.25 9.07 8.90 8.74 24.3 23.1 22.3 20.8 18.9Gabon 9.87 9.65 9.45 9.25 9.07 5 5 5 5 5Marshall Islands – – – – – – – – – –Micronesia 6.27 6.25 6.23 6.21 6.19 – – – – –Montenegro 10.12 10.18 10.25 10.35 10.45 – – – – –Palau – – – – 11.00 – – – – –São Tomé and Principe 7.24 7.12 7.01 6.92 6.83 8.1 7.8 7.5 7.2 6.8Suriname 7.24 7.23 7.24 7.25 7.27 9.5 8.7 8.3 8.3 8.4Timor-Leste 6.50 6.29 6.09 5.89 5.72 32.6 32.1 31.2 30.1 28.8High IncomeCommonwealth CountriesAntigua and Barbuda 6.31 6.27 6.22 6.17 6.13 – – – – –Bahamas, The 5.84 5.90 5.96 6.02 6.09 – – – – –Barbados 9.38 9.29 9.21 9.15 9.10 5 5 5 5 5Brunei Darussalam 2.92 2.97 3.02 3.07 3.13 5 5 5 5 5Cyprus 6.84 6.86 6.88 6.91 6.94 – – – – –Malta 7.80 7.30 7.80 8.10 7.60 – – – – –Singapore* 4.30 4.40 4.50 4.50 4.60 – – – – –St. Kitts and Nevis – – – – – – – – – –Trinidad and Tobago 9.07 9.20 9.34 9.48 9.63 10.4 10.2 9.9 9.4 9Non-Commonwealth CountriesBahrain 2.32 2.31 2.30 2.30 2.31 – – – – –Equatorial Guinea 14.60 14.22 13.85 13.51 13.19 – – – – –Estonia 12.00 11.80 11.40 11.60 11.60 – – – – –Iceland 6.30 6.40 6.20 6.10 6.70 – – – – –Qatar 1.51 1.46 1.43 1.40 1.38 – – – – –San Marino 6.30 6.60 6.90 7.20 – – – – – –


2014)

92

Table 12. Health

Group / Country Health expenditure total (% of GDP)

Life expectancy at birth (years)

Mortality rate, under5 years old (per 1,000 live births)

Births attended by skilled health staff (% of total)

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Low IncomeNon-Commonwealth CountriesComoros 3.81 3.45 3.57 4.54 5.76 59.98 60.20 60.43 60.64 60.86 88.20 85.50 82.80 80.20 77.90 – – – 82.20 –Gambia, The 4.47 4.71 4.68 5.01 5.95 57.88 58.13 58.37 58.61 58.83 84.60 81.70 79.00 76.40 73.80 – 56.60 – – –Guinea-Bissau 6.76 7.07 6.28 5.86 5.50 53.32 53.56 53.80 54.03 54.27 140.00 135.90 131.70 127.90 123.90 – 43.00 – – –Middle IncomeCommonwealth CountriesBelize 5.79 5.84 5.60 5.35 5.43 73.04 73.27 73.49 73.70 73.90 18.90 18.30 17.70 17.20 16.70 – 94.30 96.20 – –Botswana 6.14 5.64 5.25 5.54 5.43 46.30 46.44 46.67 46.99 47.41 55.40 52.40 50.70 47.80 46.60 – – – – –Dominica 5.23 5.90 5.85 5.77 5.95 – – – – – 12.80 12.40 12.10 11.70 11.40 – – – 100.00 –Fiji 4.18 4.12 3.94 3.98 4.13 69.20 69.38 69.56 69.74 69.92 23.60 23.70 23.80 23.80 23.60 – 99.70 – 99.30 99.60Grenada 6.24 6.36 6.41 6.20 6.34 72.18 72.34 72.48 72.61 72.74 13.20 12.80 12.50 12.20 11.80 – – – 99.00 –Guyana 7.27 6.55 6.80 6.56 6.50 65.51 65.70 65.88 66.05 66.21 40.80 39.80 38.70 37.60 36.60 91.90 – – – –Jamaica 5.16 5.28 5.20 5.57 5.82 72.59 72.85 73.08 73.28 73.47 18.80 18.30 17.80 17.20 16.60 – – 99.10 – –Kiribati 10.84 10.55 10.45 10.18 10.08 67.56 67.88 68.21 68.53 68.85 63.70 62.50 61.10 59.70 58.20 79.80 – – – –Lesotho 9.82 10.91 11.90 12.15 11.48 46.63 47.48 48.22 48.84 49.33 113.10 108.60 102.30 99.60 98.00 61.50 – – – –Maldives 7.64 5.79 8.06 11.37 10.81 76.35 76.79 77.19 77.57 77.94 14.40 13.00 11.80 10.70 9.90 94.80 – 98.80 – –Mauritius 4.97 5.23 5.02 4.76 4.82 72.88 72.97 73.27 73.57 74.46 15.50 15.20 14.90 14.60 14.30 – – – – –Namibia 8.14 7.96 8.58 7.95 7.74 61.44 62.48 63.28 63.88 64.34 58.80 55.70 52.60 50.60 49.80 – – – – –Nauru – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Papua New Guinea 3.79 3.54 3.46 4.45 4.49 61.82 62.01 62.16 62.30 62.43 68.40 66.70 64.80 63.10 61.40 – – – – –Samoa 5.67 6.40 6.79 6.69 7.51 72.12 72.41 72.70 72.98 73.26 18.70 18.60 18.50 18.40 18.10 80.80 – – – –Seychelles 2.64 3.58 3.40 4.49 4.03 73.03 73.20 72.72 72.72 74.23 14.20 14.30 14.30 14.30 14.20 – – – – –Solomon Islands 7.88 7.33 5.05 5.53 5.13 66.83 67.07 67.29 67.51 67.72 33.40 32.60 31.90 31.00 30.10 – – – – –Saint Lucia 8.04 7.51 7.17 7.87 8.50 74.23 74.41 74.55 74.67 74.79 15.90 15.60 15.20 14.90 14.50 – – – 98.70 –St. Vincent and the Grenadines 5.13 4.71 4.99 5.35 5.20 72.05 72.18 72.30 72.40 72.50 20.90 20.50 20.00 19.50 19.00 – – – 99.20 –Swaziland 8.48 7.96 7.97 8.05 8.44 47.89 48.35 48.66 48.85 48.94 108.00 94.00 86.90 81.70 80.00 – 82.00 – – –Tonga 4.60 4.55 4.02 4.44 4.71 72.03 72.18 72.34 72.49 72.64 13.80 13.30 12.90 12.50 12.10 – 98.40 – 98.00 –Tuvalu 12.85 16.79 18.45 14.95 19.72 – – – – – 33.00 32.00 31.10 30.10 29.20 – – – – –Vanuatu 3.90 4.68 3.83 3.63 3.85 70.55 70.84 71.13 71.41 71.69 19.00 18.50 18.00 17.50 16.90 – – – – 89.40Non-Commonwealth CountriesBhutan 5.58 5.17 4.75 3.61 3.59 66.51 67.00 67.46 67.89 68.30 45.20 42.50 40.10 38.00 36.20 – 64.50 – – –Cabo Verde 4.24 4.85 4.60 4.60 4.35 73.49 73.86 74.21 74.54 74.87 28.20 27.80 27.30 26.70 26.00 – – – – –Djibouti 8.29 8.78 8.68 8.81 8.87 59.78 60.29 60.80 61.30 61.79 78.30 76.10 73.80 71.70 69.60 – – – 87.40 –Gabon 3.67 3.49 3.52 3.65 3.81 61.85 62.29 62.69 63.07 63.44 66.10 63.50 60.60 57.80 56.10 – – – 89.30 –Marshall Islands 17.49 16.03 16.02 15.62 16.53 – – – – – 39.30 39.00 38.70 38.20 37.50 – 99.00 – – –Micronesia 13.42 13.83 13.71 12.81 12.59 68.50 68.62 68.74 68.85 68.96 41.40 40.20 38.90 37.60 36.40 100.00 – – – –Montenegro 6.07 6.90 6.92 7.25 6.49 74.27 74.42 74.54 74.65 74.76 7.50 6.80 6.20 5.70 5.30 100.00 – – – –Palau 8.40 9.65 9.00 9.50 9.89 – – – – – 20.00 19.30 18.70 18.10 17.50 – 100.00 – – –São Tomé and Principe 7.51 7.07 7.61 7.88 6.90 65.67 65.85 66.00 66.13 66.26 59.00 56.70 54.60 52.80 51.00 81.70 – – – –Suriname 6.82 6.49 6.69 4.84 4.76 70.07 70.34 70.58 70.81 71.03 25.90 25.10 24.30 23.60 22.80 – 91.20 – – –Timor-Leste 1.35 0.93 0.72 1.41 1.27 65.39 65.94 66.49 67.02 67.52 64.40 61.60 59.00 56.80 54.60 – 29.30 – – –High IncomeCommonwealth CountriesAntigua and Barbuda 4.90 5.64 5.66 5.42 4.87 75.16 75.33 75.50 75.67 75.83 10.60 10.30 9.90 9.60 9.30 – – – 100.00 –Bahamas, The 7.43 7.41 7.63 7.32 7.26 74.42 74.59 74.75 74.91 75.07 14.30 13.90 13.60 13.30 12.90 – – 99.00 – –Barbados 6.23 6.19 6.49 6.76 6.78 74.64 74.80 74.97 75.13 75.30 15.00 14.80 14.70 14.60 14.40 – – – 100.00 –Brunei Darussalam 2.82 2.73 2.25 2.30 2.52 77.80 77.99 78.18 78.37 78.57 9.10 9.30 9.40 9.70 9.90 99.90 – – – –Cyprus 7.40 7.16 7.35 7.33 7.37 79.15 79.31 79.47 79.64 79.80 4.00 3.90 3.80 3.70 3.60 – – – – –Malta 8.35 8.30 9.73 8.69 8.70 80.24 81.40 80.75 80.75 80.75 6.50 6.40 6.30 6.20 6.10 – – – – –Singapore* 4.26 3.94 3.94 4.23 4.55 81.24 81.54 81.74 82.14 82.35 2.80 2.80 2.80 2.80 2.80 – – – – –St. Kitts and Nevis 5.00 5.50 5.97 6.44 6.28 – – – – – 11.70 11.30 10.90 10.60 10.20 – – – 100.00 –Trinidad and Tobago 6.12 5.20 5.30 5.52 5.29 69.48 69.60 69.71 69.82 69.93 24.10 23.40 22.70 21.90 21.30 – – – 100.00 –Non-Commonwealth CountriesBahrain 4.49 4.26 3.83 4.44 4.87 76.12 76.26 76.40 76.54 76.67 8.50 7.80 7.20 6.60 6.10 99.50 – – – –Equatorial Guinea 5.30 3.83 3.29 3.43 3.47 50.97 51.53 52.08 52.61 53.11 109.10 105.60 102.30 99.00 95.80 – – 68.30 – –Estonia 6.93 6.25 5.83 5.87 5.72 74.82 75.43 76.23 76.43 76.42 5.00 4.50 4.10 3.70 3.40 – – – – –Iceland 9.64 9.29 9.05 9.04 9.06 81.75 81.90 82.36 82.92 83.12 2.50 2.40 2.30 2.20 2.10 – – – – –Qatar 2.63 2.09 1.94 2.16 2.19 78.00 78.15 78.30 78.45 78.61 9.20 9.00 8.70 8.40 8.20 100.00 – – – –San Marino 4.88 5.23 5.55 6.54 6.49 83.00 83.16 83.32 – – 3.60 3.40 3.30 3.20 3.10 – – – – –

94

Table 12. Health

Group / Country Health expenditure total (% of GDP)

Life expectancy at birth (years)

Mortality rate, under5 years old (per 1,000 live births)

Births attended by skilled health staff (% of total)

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Low IncomeNon-Commonwealth CountriesComoros 3.81 3.45 3.57 4.54 5.76 59.98 60.20 60.43 60.64 60.86 88.20 85.50 82.80 80.20 77.90 – – – 82.20 –Gambia, The 4.47 4.71 4.68 5.01 5.95 57.88 58.13 58.37 58.61 58.83 84.60 81.70 79.00 76.40 73.80 – 56.60 – – –Guinea-Bissau 6.76 7.07 6.28 5.86 5.50 53.32 53.56 53.80 54.03 54.27 140.00 135.90 131.70 127.90 123.90 – 43.00 – – –Middle IncomeCommonwealth CountriesBelize 5.79 5.84 5.60 5.35 5.43 73.04 73.27 73.49 73.70 73.90 18.90 18.30 17.70 17.20 16.70 – 94.30 96.20 – –Botswana 6.14 5.64 5.25 5.54 5.43 46.30 46.44 46.67 46.99 47.41 55.40 52.40 50.70 47.80 46.60 – – – – –Dominica 5.23 5.90 5.85 5.77 5.95 – – – – – 12.80 12.40 12.10 11.70 11.40 – – – 100.00 –Fiji 4.18 4.12 3.94 3.98 4.13 69.20 69.38 69.56 69.74 69.92 23.60 23.70 23.80 23.80 23.60 – 99.70 – 99.30 99.60Grenada 6.24 6.36 6.41 6.20 6.34 72.18 72.34 72.48 72.61 72.74 13.20 12.80 12.50 12.20 11.80 – – – 99.00 –Guyana 7.27 6.55 6.80 6.56 6.50 65.51 65.70 65.88 66.05 66.21 40.80 39.80 38.70 37.60 36.60 91.90 – – – –Jamaica 5.16 5.28 5.20 5.57 5.82 72.59 72.85 73.08 73.28 73.47 18.80 18.30 17.80 17.20 16.60 – – 99.10 – –Kiribati 10.84 10.55 10.45 10.18 10.08 67.56 67.88 68.21 68.53 68.85 63.70 62.50 61.10 59.70 58.20 79.80 – – – –Lesotho 9.82 10.91 11.90 12.15 11.48 46.63 47.48 48.22 48.84 49.33 113.10 108.60 102.30 99.60 98.00 61.50 – – – –Maldives 7.64 5.79 8.06 11.37 10.81 76.35 76.79 77.19 77.57 77.94 14.40 13.00 11.80 10.70 9.90 94.80 – 98.80 – –Mauritius 4.97 5.23 5.02 4.76 4.82 72.88 72.97 73.27 73.57 74.46 15.50 15.20 14.90 14.60 14.30 – – – – –Namibia 8.14 7.96 8.58 7.95 7.74 61.44 62.48 63.28 63.88 64.34 58.80 55.70 52.60 50.60 49.80 – – – – –Nauru – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Papua New Guinea 3.79 3.54 3.46 4.45 4.49 61.82 62.01 62.16 62.30 62.43 68.40 66.70 64.80 63.10 61.40 – – – – –Samoa 5.67 6.40 6.79 6.69 7.51 72.12 72.41 72.70 72.98 73.26 18.70 18.60 18.50 18.40 18.10 80.80 – – – –Seychelles 2.64 3.58 3.40 4.49 4.03 73.03 73.20 72.72 72.72 74.23 14.20 14.30 14.30 14.30 14.20 – – – – –Solomon Islands 7.88 7.33 5.05 5.53 5.13 66.83 67.07 67.29 67.51 67.72 33.40 32.60 31.90 31.00 30.10 – – – – –Saint Lucia 8.04 7.51 7.17 7.87 8.50 74.23 74.41 74.55 74.67 74.79 15.90 15.60 15.20 14.90 14.50 – – – 98.70 –St. Vincent and the Grenadines 5.13 4.71 4.99 5.35 5.20 72.05 72.18 72.30 72.40 72.50 20.90 20.50 20.00 19.50 19.00 – – – 99.20 –Swaziland 8.48 7.96 7.97 8.05 8.44 47.89 48.35 48.66 48.85 48.94 108.00 94.00 86.90 81.70 80.00 – 82.00 – – –Tonga 4.60 4.55 4.02 4.44 4.71 72.03 72.18 72.34 72.49 72.64 13.80 13.30 12.90 12.50 12.10 – 98.40 – 98.00 –Tuvalu 12.85 16.79 18.45 14.95 19.72 – – – – – 33.00 32.00 31.10 30.10 29.20 – – – – –Vanuatu 3.90 4.68 3.83 3.63 3.85 70.55 70.84 71.13 71.41 71.69 19.00 18.50 18.00 17.50 16.90 – – – – 89.40Non-Commonwealth CountriesBhutan 5.58 5.17 4.75 3.61 3.59 66.51 67.00 67.46 67.89 68.30 45.20 42.50 40.10 38.00 36.20 – 64.50 – – –Cabo Verde 4.24 4.85 4.60 4.60 4.35 73.49 73.86 74.21 74.54 74.87 28.20 27.80 27.30 26.70 26.00 – – – – –Djibouti 8.29 8.78 8.68 8.81 8.87 59.78 60.29 60.80 61.30 61.79 78.30 76.10 73.80 71.70 69.60 – – – 87.40 –Gabon 3.67 3.49 3.52 3.65 3.81 61.85 62.29 62.69 63.07 63.44 66.10 63.50 60.60 57.80 56.10 – – – 89.30 –Marshall Islands 17.49 16.03 16.02 15.62 16.53 – – – – – 39.30 39.00 38.70 38.20 37.50 – 99.00 – – –Micronesia 13.42 13.83 13.71 12.81 12.59 68.50 68.62 68.74 68.85 68.96 41.40 40.20 38.90 37.60 36.40 100.00 – – – –Montenegro 6.07 6.90 6.92 7.25 6.49 74.27 74.42 74.54 74.65 74.76 7.50 6.80 6.20 5.70 5.30 100.00 – – – –Palau 8.40 9.65 9.00 9.50 9.89 – – – – – 20.00 19.30 18.70 18.10 17.50 – 100.00 – – –São Tomé and Principe 7.51 7.07 7.61 7.88 6.90 65.67 65.85 66.00 66.13 66.26 59.00 56.70 54.60 52.80 51.00 81.70 – – – –Suriname 6.82 6.49 6.69 4.84 4.76 70.07 70.34 70.58 70.81 71.03 25.90 25.10 24.30 23.60 22.80 – 91.20 – – –Timor-Leste 1.35 0.93 0.72 1.41 1.27 65.39 65.94 66.49 67.02 67.52 64.40 61.60 59.00 56.80 54.60 – 29.30 – – –High IncomeCommonwealth CountriesAntigua and Barbuda 4.90 5.64 5.66 5.42 4.87 75.16 75.33 75.50 75.67 75.83 10.60 10.30 9.90 9.60 9.30 – – – 100.00 –Bahamas, The 7.43 7.41 7.63 7.32 7.26 74.42 74.59 74.75 74.91 75.07 14.30 13.90 13.60 13.30 12.90 – – 99.00 – –Barbados 6.23 6.19 6.49 6.76 6.78 74.64 74.80 74.97 75.13 75.30 15.00 14.80 14.70 14.60 14.40 – – – 100.00 –Brunei Darussalam 2.82 2.73 2.25 2.30 2.52 77.80 77.99 78.18 78.37 78.57 9.10 9.30 9.40 9.70 9.90 99.90 – – – –Cyprus 7.40 7.16 7.35 7.33 7.37 79.15 79.31 79.47 79.64 79.80 4.00 3.90 3.80 3.70 3.60 – – – – –Malta 8.35 8.30 9.73 8.69 8.70 80.24 81.40 80.75 80.75 80.75 6.50 6.40 6.30 6.20 6.10 – – – – –Singapore* 4.26 3.94 3.94 4.23 4.55 81.24 81.54 81.74 82.14 82.35 2.80 2.80 2.80 2.80 2.80 – – – – –St. Kitts and Nevis 5.00 5.50 5.97 6.44 6.28 – – – – – 11.70 11.30 10.90 10.60 10.20 – – – 100.00 –Trinidad and Tobago 6.12 5.20 5.30 5.52 5.29 69.48 69.60 69.71 69.82 69.93 24.10 23.40 22.70 21.90 21.30 – – – 100.00 –Non-Commonwealth CountriesBahrain 4.49 4.26 3.83 4.44 4.87 76.12 76.26 76.40 76.54 76.67 8.50 7.80 7.20 6.60 6.10 99.50 – – – –Equatorial Guinea 5.30 3.83 3.29 3.43 3.47 50.97 51.53 52.08 52.61 53.11 109.10 105.60 102.30 99.00 95.80 – – 68.30 – –Estonia 6.93 6.25 5.83 5.87 5.72 74.82 75.43 76.23 76.43 76.42 5.00 4.50 4.10 3.70 3.40 – – – – –Iceland 9.64 9.29 9.05 9.04 9.06 81.75 81.90 82.36 82.92 83.12 2.50 2.40 2.30 2.20 2.10 – – – – –Qatar 2.63 2.09 1.94 2.16 2.19 78.00 78.15 78.30 78.45 78.61 9.20 9.00 8.70 8.40 8.20 100.00 – – – –San Marino 4.88 5.23 5.55 6.54 6.49 83.00 83.16 83.32 – – 3.60 3.40 3.30 3.20 3.10 – – – – –

95

Table 12. Health

Group / Country Prevalence of HIV, total (% of population ages 15–49)

Improved sanitation facilities (% of population with access)

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Low IncomeNon-Commonwealth CountriesComoros – – – – – 35.40 35.40 – – –Gambia, The 1.40 1.30 1.30 1.20 1.20 60.30 60.20 60.20 60.20 –Guinea-Bissau 3.90 3.90 3.90 3.80 3.70 17.80 18.40 19.00 19.70 –Middle IncomeCommonwealth CountriesBelize 1.60 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 88.60 89.20 89.90 90.50 –Botswana 23.60 23.20 22.80 22.40 21.90 62.70 63.80 64.00 64.30 –Dominica – – – – – – – – – –Fiji 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 87.00 87.10 87.10 87.20 –Grenada – – – – – 98.00 98.00 98.00 98.00 –Guyana 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.40 1.40 82.80 83.20 83.60 83.60 –Jamaica 1.90 1.90 1.80 1.80 1.80 80.10 80.20 80.20 80.20 –Kiribati – – – – – 38.30 38.80 39.20 39.70 –Lesotho 22.50 22.70 22.80 22.90 22.90 28.20 28.70 29.20 29.60 –Maldives 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 95.80 97.30 98.80 98.70 –Mauritius 1.30 1.30 1.20 1.20 1.10 90.40 90.50 90.60 90.80 –Namibia 15.00 14.80 14.60 14.50 14.30 31.10 31.50 31.80 32.20 –Nauru – – – – – – – – – –Papua New Guinea 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70 18.70 18.70 18.70 18.70 –Samoa – – – – – 91.70 91.70 91.60 91.60 –Seychelles – – – – – 97.10 97.10 97.10 97.10 –Solomon Islands – – – – – 27.90 28.20 28.50 28.80 –Saint Lucia – – – – – 65.30 65.30 65.20 – –St. Vincent and the Grenadines – – – – – – – – – –Swaziland 26.80 27.10 27.40 27.40 27.40 56.00 56.50 57.00 57.50 –Tonga – – – – – 91.90 91.70 91.50 91.30 –Tuvalu – – – – – 83.20 83.20 83.30 83.30 –Vanuatu – – – – – 54.90 56.40 57.80 57.90 –Non-Commonwealth CountriesBhutan 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 43.90 44.90 45.90 46.90 –Cabo Verde 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 59.90 61.60 63.30 64.90 –Djibouti 1.60 1.40 1.20 1.10 0.90 61.40 61.40 61.30 61.40 –Gabon 4.90 4.60 4.30 4.10 3.90 40.70 40.90 41.20 41.40 –Marshall Islands – – – – – 74.70 75.20 75.70 76.20 –Micronesia – – – – – 51.20 53.20 55.20 57.20 –Montenegro – – – – – 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 –Palau – – – – – 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 –São Tomé and Principe 1.10 1.00 0.80 0.70 0.60 31.80 33.10 34.30 34.40 –Suriname 1.00 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 80.40 80.40 80.30 80.30 –Timor-Leste – – – – – 38.30 38.50 38.70 38.90 –High IncomeCommonwealth CountriesAntigua and Barbuda – – – – – 91.40 91.40 91.40 – –Bahamas, The 3.40 3.40 3.40 3.30 3.20 91.20 91.40 91.70 92.00 –Barbados 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 – – – – –Brunei Darussalam – – – – – – – – – –Cyprus 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 –Malta – – – – – 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 –Singapore* – – – – – 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 –St. Kitts and Nevis – – – – – – – – – –Trinidad and Tobago 1.70 1.70 1.70 1.70 1.70 92.10 92.10 92.10 92.10 –Non-Commonwealth CountriesBahrain – – – – – 99.20 99.20 99.20 99.20 –Equatorial Guinea – – – – – – – – – –Estonia 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.30 1.30 95.20 95.20 95.20 95.20 –Iceland – – – – – 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 –Qatar – – – – – 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 –San Marino – – – – – – – – – –


96

Table 13. Education

Group/Country Literacy rates (% of people aged 15 and above)

Adjusted savings: education expenditure (% of GNI)

Primary school enrollment (% gross)

Secondary school enrollment (% gross)

Tertiary school enrollment (% gross)

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Low IncomeNon-Commonwealth CountriesComoros – – – 75.94 – 4.19 4.19 4.19 4.19 4.19 – – 106.16 – 102.96 – – – – 63.87 7.47 8.27 10.11 9.86 9.92Gambia, The – – – 52.00 – 1.99 2.46 2.68 2.47 2.50 90.59 85.15 82.45 85.21 86.57 58.84 57.49 – – – 1.19 2.17 3.42 – –Guinea-Bissau – – – 56.74 – 2.29 2.29 2.29 2.29 2.30 – 116.22 – – – – – – – – – – – – –Middle IncomeCommonwealth CountriesBelize – – – – – 6.58 6.88 7.18 7.18 6.70 121.62 120.61 118.82 120.78 117.73 79.39 80.52 81.14 84.01 86.05 22.87 22.58 22.86 25.79 25.92Botswana – – – 86.73 – 9.33 9.33 9.33 9.33 9.30 106.01 – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Dominica – – – – – 4.96 4.96 4.96 4.96 5.00 104.73 108.81 114.04 119.01 118.27 100.63 96.93 96.73 – – – – – – –Fiji – – – – – 4.72 4.47 4.21 4.21 4.30 104.74 – 104.51 104.64 – 86.49 – 90.47 88.25 – – – – – –Grenada – – – – – 3.72 3.72 3.72 3.72 3.70 104.58 103.37 – – – 100.79 107.80 – – – 52.77 – – – –Guyana 84.99 – – – – 3.14 3.38 3.14 2.95 3.00 85.15 82.67 79.97 75.11 – 96.75 99.39 105.41 100.98 – 10.36 11.49 12.17 12.91 –Jamaica – – – 87.48 – 6.03 6.03 6.03 6.03 6.30 – – – 92.60 92.29 95.62 91.04 88.60 – 77.80 25.22 28.93 28.22 30.82 28.74Kiribati – – – – – – – – – 6.10 116.41 – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Lesotho 75.80 – – – – 9.75 9.75 9.75 9.75 9.80 109.36 110.47 110.99 111.00 108.03 46.87 50.40 52.04 53.29 – – – – 10.83 –Maldives – – – – – 4.97 4.97 4.97 4.97 6.70 98.30 – – – – – – – – – – – – –Mauritius – – 89.25 – – 3.28 3.38 3.22 3.22 3.20 106.92 107.25 107.63 108.17 107.82 92.48 93.19 94.38 95.85 – 32.19 34.73 36.71 39.86 41.21Namibia – – – – – 8.17 8.40 8.40 8.40 8.30 108.11 107.48 – 109.46 – – – – – – – – – – –Nauru – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Papua New Guinea – – – 62.88 – – – – 6.90 6.90 – – – 114.23 – – – – 40.16 – – – – – –Samoa – – – 98.86 – 4.80 4.80 4.80 4.80 4.80 106.41 110.76 106.53 105.16 – 86.13 87.66 86.37 85.71 – – – – – –Seychelles – – – 91.84 – 3.82 3.62 3.43 3.43 3.40 104.62 106.22 106.94 107.67 – 104.52 101.71 101.34 79.51 – – – 2.55 1.33 –Solomon Islands – – – – – 3.83 3.83 3.83 3.83 8.90 – 143.72 144.43 140.98 114.36 – 48.63 47.88 48.44 – – – – – –Saint Lucia – – – – – 4.40 4.21 4.37 4.23 4.10 94.64 92.28 90.19 – – 95.45 95.21 94.64 91.10 88.39 17.65 12.49 16.34 10.18 13.85St. Vincent and the Grenadines – – – – – 4.54 4.54 4.54 4.54 4.50 105.98 105.04 99.64 105.30 105.24 109.48 107.54 103.55 100.95 102.90 – – – – –Swaziland – 83.10 – – – 7.55 8.17 8.79 8.79 8.80 110.81 115.77 115.01 114.36 – 53.99 57.97 59.92 60.69 – – – 5.96 – 5.33Tonga – – 99.39 – – 2.93 2.93 2.93 2.93 2.90 107.78 108.03 108.37 110.08 – 103.64 103.95 104.34 90.94 – – – – – –Tuvalu – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 88.31 – – – – 83.73 – – – – –Vanuatu – – – 83.36 – 5.02 5.02 5.02 5.02 5.00 113.63 122.49 – – – – 59.53 – – – – – – – –Non-Commonwealth CountriesBhutan – – – – – 4.03 3.04 3.37 3.40 3.40 107.75 110.49 112.18 112.33 106.61 61.81 66.25 69.69 73.94 77.70 6.28 7.00 8.74 9.43 –Cabo Verde – – – 85.33 – 5.06 4.92 4.86 5.00 5.00 111.06 111.13 111.54 111.95 112.14 85.27 87.76 90.41 92.74 92.74 15.11 17.98 20.62 20.61 22.85Djibouti – – – – – – – – – – 61.82 – 67.43 69.54 68.19 33.31 – 39.72 43.83 46.17 3.41 3.41 4.92 – –Gabon – – – 82.28 – 3.06 3.06 3.06 3.10 3.10 – – 164.86 – – – – – – – – – – – –Marshall Islands – – – – – 6.51 6.51 6.51 6.50 6.50 107.65 – 105.40 – – 102.89 – – – – – – – 42.86 –Micronesia – – – – – – – – 23.63 23.63 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Montenegro – – 98.44 – – – – – – – 115.91 111.16 100.50 100.95 – 96.29 98.57 91.04 90.90 – 51.79 55.53 – – –Palau – – – – 99.52 – – – – – – – – – 102.29 – – – – 88.75 – – – – 46.15São Tomé and Principe – – – – – 7.51 7.66 7.66 7.70 7.70 132.04 128.14 127.84 118.26 116.59 50.49 52.08 60.90 71.48 80.35 3.89 4.20 – 7.67 –Suriname – 94.68 – – – – – – 3.44 3.44 113.20 – 114.40 – 112.82 74.88 – 85.36 – 76.01 – – – – –Timor-Leste – 58.31 – – – 2.13 2.81 1.99 1.70 – 106.12 116.52 124.95 – – 56.70 54.71 56.62 – – 16.46 17.74 – – –High IncomeCommonwealth CountriesAntigua and Barbuda – – – 98.95 – 2.25 2.25 2.25 2.10 2.10 102.79 103.40 100.68 97.89 – 108.54 106.22 106.12 105.39 – 14.81 16.23 14.37 23.49 –Bahamas, The – – – – – 3.84 3.84 3.84 3.84 3.84 107.41 107.96 – – – 93.25 92.86 – – – – – – – –Barbados – – – – – 7.37 7.23 7.23 5.40 – 105.48 105.68 105.29 – – 101.67 101.50 104.66 – – 70.45 64.81 60.84 – –Brunei Darussalam – – – 95.39 – 2.19 2.03 2.03 – – 104.24 101.02 98.32 95.46 94.41 99.20 100.68 103.02 107.85 105.91 19.19 17.60 19.72 24.34 –Cyprus – – 98.68 – – 6.78 6.70 6.70 6.70 6.70 105.36 101.62 101.20 100.18 – 98.39 91.44 92.83 95.30 – 52.00 48.31 46.54 45.86 –Malta – – – – – 5.65 6.96 6.96 7.00 7.00 90.85 95.24 94.76 95.79 – – 99.05 87.14 86.29 – 34.11 36.48 39.60 41.21 –Singapore* – 95.86 96.18 96.37 – 2.91 3.02 2.87 2.90 2.80 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –St. Kitts and Nevis – – – – – 3.30 3.30 3.30 3.30 3.30 94.26 93.47 90.23 87.89 84.66 98.61 97.51 94.48 – 101.20 – – – – –Trinidad and Tobago – – – 98.81 – 2.87 2.87 2.87 2.90 2.90 106.45 106.10 – – – – – – – – – – – – –Non-Commonwealth CountriesBahrain – 94.56 – – – 3.03 3.03 3.03 3.00 – – – – – – 93.56 96.44 103.66 95.51 – – 36.87 36.55 33.46 –Equatorial Guinea – – – 94.51 – 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.00 1.00 85.86 87.07 87.36 90.73 – – – – – – – – – –Estonia – – 99.86 – – 5.36 5.60 5.60 4.80 4.80 98.99 98.45 97.66 98.11 – 107.29 109.11 109.37 107.06 – 69.21 71.65 – 76.68 –Iceland – – – – – 8.96 8.64 8.64 8.60 8.60 99.31 98.84 98.55 98.11 – 108.14 109.45 108.55 111.99 – 74.46 78.47 80.94 81.36 –Qatar 94.72 96.28 96.41 96.68 – 1.82 1.82 1.82 1.80 1.80 – – – – – 95.78 104.29 111.62 – – 10.09 10.00 11.69 12.15 14.26San Marino – – – – – 3.55 3.55 3.55 3.55 – 92.95 94.37 91.94 93.30 – 95.57 97.21 94.95 – – – 64.84 64.30 – –

98

Table 13. Education

Group/Country Literacy rates (% of people aged 15 and above)

Adjusted savings: education expenditure (% of GNI)

Primary school enrollment (% gross)

Secondary school enrollment (% gross)

Tertiary school enrollment (% gross)

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Low IncomeNon-Commonwealth CountriesComoros – – – 75.94 – 4.19 4.19 4.19 4.19 4.19 – – 106.16 – 102.96 – – – – 63.87 7.47 8.27 10.11 9.86 9.92Gambia, The – – – 52.00 – 1.99 2.46 2.68 2.47 2.50 90.59 85.15 82.45 85.21 86.57 58.84 57.49 – – – 1.19 2.17 3.42 – –Guinea-Bissau – – – 56.74 – 2.29 2.29 2.29 2.29 2.30 – 116.22 – – – – – – – – – – – – –Middle IncomeCommonwealth CountriesBelize – – – – – 6.58 6.88 7.18 7.18 6.70 121.62 120.61 118.82 120.78 117.73 79.39 80.52 81.14 84.01 86.05 22.87 22.58 22.86 25.79 25.92Botswana – – – 86.73 – 9.33 9.33 9.33 9.33 9.30 106.01 – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Dominica – – – – – 4.96 4.96 4.96 4.96 5.00 104.73 108.81 114.04 119.01 118.27 100.63 96.93 96.73 – – – – – – –Fiji – – – – – 4.72 4.47 4.21 4.21 4.30 104.74 – 104.51 104.64 – 86.49 – 90.47 88.25 – – – – – –Grenada – – – – – 3.72 3.72 3.72 3.72 3.70 104.58 103.37 – – – 100.79 107.80 – – – 52.77 – – – –Guyana 84.99 – – – – 3.14 3.38 3.14 2.95 3.00 85.15 82.67 79.97 75.11 – 96.75 99.39 105.41 100.98 – 10.36 11.49 12.17 12.91 –Jamaica – – – 87.48 – 6.03 6.03 6.03 6.03 6.30 – – – 92.60 92.29 95.62 91.04 88.60 – 77.80 25.22 28.93 28.22 30.82 28.74Kiribati – – – – – – – – – 6.10 116.41 – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Lesotho 75.80 – – – – 9.75 9.75 9.75 9.75 9.80 109.36 110.47 110.99 111.00 108.03 46.87 50.40 52.04 53.29 – – – – 10.83 –Maldives – – – – – 4.97 4.97 4.97 4.97 6.70 98.30 – – – – – – – – – – – – –Mauritius – – 89.25 – – 3.28 3.38 3.22 3.22 3.20 106.92 107.25 107.63 108.17 107.82 92.48 93.19 94.38 95.85 – 32.19 34.73 36.71 39.86 41.21Namibia – – – – – 8.17 8.40 8.40 8.40 8.30 108.11 107.48 – 109.46 – – – – – – – – – – –Nauru – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Papua New Guinea – – – 62.88 – – – – 6.90 6.90 – – – 114.23 – – – – 40.16 – – – – – –Samoa – – – 98.86 – 4.80 4.80 4.80 4.80 4.80 106.41 110.76 106.53 105.16 – 86.13 87.66 86.37 85.71 – – – – – –Seychelles – – – 91.84 – 3.82 3.62 3.43 3.43 3.40 104.62 106.22 106.94 107.67 – 104.52 101.71 101.34 79.51 – – – 2.55 1.33 –Solomon Islands – – – – – 3.83 3.83 3.83 3.83 8.90 – 143.72 144.43 140.98 114.36 – 48.63 47.88 48.44 – – – – – –Saint Lucia – – – – – 4.40 4.21 4.37 4.23 4.10 94.64 92.28 90.19 – – 95.45 95.21 94.64 91.10 88.39 17.65 12.49 16.34 10.18 13.85St. Vincent and the Grenadines – – – – – 4.54 4.54 4.54 4.54 4.50 105.98 105.04 99.64 105.30 105.24 109.48 107.54 103.55 100.95 102.90 – – – – –Swaziland – 83.10 – – – 7.55 8.17 8.79 8.79 8.80 110.81 115.77 115.01 114.36 – 53.99 57.97 59.92 60.69 – – – 5.96 – 5.33Tonga – – 99.39 – – 2.93 2.93 2.93 2.93 2.90 107.78 108.03 108.37 110.08 – 103.64 103.95 104.34 90.94 – – – – – –Tuvalu – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 88.31 – – – – 83.73 – – – – –Vanuatu – – – 83.36 – 5.02 5.02 5.02 5.02 5.00 113.63 122.49 – – – – 59.53 – – – – – – – –Non-Commonwealth CountriesBhutan – – – – – 4.03 3.04 3.37 3.40 3.40 107.75 110.49 112.18 112.33 106.61 61.81 66.25 69.69 73.94 77.70 6.28 7.00 8.74 9.43 –Cabo Verde – – – 85.33 – 5.06 4.92 4.86 5.00 5.00 111.06 111.13 111.54 111.95 112.14 85.27 87.76 90.41 92.74 92.74 15.11 17.98 20.62 20.61 22.85Djibouti – – – – – – – – – – 61.82 – 67.43 69.54 68.19 33.31 – 39.72 43.83 46.17 3.41 3.41 4.92 – –Gabon – – – 82.28 – 3.06 3.06 3.06 3.10 3.10 – – 164.86 – – – – – – – – – – – –Marshall Islands – – – – – 6.51 6.51 6.51 6.50 6.50 107.65 – 105.40 – – 102.89 – – – – – – – 42.86 –Micronesia – – – – – – – – 23.63 23.63 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Montenegro – – 98.44 – – – – – – – 115.91 111.16 100.50 100.95 – 96.29 98.57 91.04 90.90 – 51.79 55.53 – – –Palau – – – – 99.52 – – – – – – – – – 102.29 – – – – 88.75 – – – – 46.15São Tomé and Principe – – – – – 7.51 7.66 7.66 7.70 7.70 132.04 128.14 127.84 118.26 116.59 50.49 52.08 60.90 71.48 80.35 3.89 4.20 – 7.67 –Suriname – 94.68 – – – – – – 3.44 3.44 113.20 – 114.40 – 112.82 74.88 – 85.36 – 76.01 – – – – –Timor-Leste – 58.31 – – – 2.13 2.81 1.99 1.70 – 106.12 116.52 124.95 – – 56.70 54.71 56.62 – – 16.46 17.74 – – –High IncomeCommonwealth CountriesAntigua and Barbuda – – – 98.95 – 2.25 2.25 2.25 2.10 2.10 102.79 103.40 100.68 97.89 – 108.54 106.22 106.12 105.39 – 14.81 16.23 14.37 23.49 –Bahamas, The – – – – – 3.84 3.84 3.84 3.84 3.84 107.41 107.96 – – – 93.25 92.86 – – – – – – – –Barbados – – – – – 7.37 7.23 7.23 5.40 – 105.48 105.68 105.29 – – 101.67 101.50 104.66 – – 70.45 64.81 60.84 – –Brunei Darussalam – – – 95.39 – 2.19 2.03 2.03 – – 104.24 101.02 98.32 95.46 94.41 99.20 100.68 103.02 107.85 105.91 19.19 17.60 19.72 24.34 –Cyprus – – 98.68 – – 6.78 6.70 6.70 6.70 6.70 105.36 101.62 101.20 100.18 – 98.39 91.44 92.83 95.30 – 52.00 48.31 46.54 45.86 –Malta – – – – – 5.65 6.96 6.96 7.00 7.00 90.85 95.24 94.76 95.79 – – 99.05 87.14 86.29 – 34.11 36.48 39.60 41.21 –Singapore* – 95.86 96.18 96.37 – 2.91 3.02 2.87 2.90 2.80 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –St. Kitts and Nevis – – – – – 3.30 3.30 3.30 3.30 3.30 94.26 93.47 90.23 87.89 84.66 98.61 97.51 94.48 – 101.20 – – – – –Trinidad and Tobago – – – 98.81 – 2.87 2.87 2.87 2.90 2.90 106.45 106.10 – – – – – – – – – – – – –Non-Commonwealth CountriesBahrain – 94.56 – – – 3.03 3.03 3.03 3.00 – – – – – – 93.56 96.44 103.66 95.51 – – 36.87 36.55 33.46 –Equatorial Guinea – – – 94.51 – 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.00 1.00 85.86 87.07 87.36 90.73 – – – – – – – – – –Estonia – – 99.86 – – 5.36 5.60 5.60 4.80 4.80 98.99 98.45 97.66 98.11 – 107.29 109.11 109.37 107.06 – 69.21 71.65 – 76.68 –Iceland – – – – – 8.96 8.64 8.64 8.60 8.60 99.31 98.84 98.55 98.11 – 108.14 109.45 108.55 111.99 – 74.46 78.47 80.94 81.36 –Qatar 94.72 96.28 96.41 96.68 – 1.82 1.82 1.82 1.80 1.80 – – – – – 95.78 104.29 111.62 – – 10.09 10.00 11.69 12.15 14.26San Marino – – – – – 3.55 3.55 3.55 3.55 – 92.95 94.37 91.94 93.30 – 95.57 97.21 94.95 – – – 64.84 64.30 – –

99

Table 13. Education (continued)

Group/Country Gross Completion Rate (primary) (% gross)

Gross Completion Rate (lower secondary) (% gross)

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Low IncomeNon-Commonwealth CountriesComoros – – – – – – – – – –Gambia, The 80.54 73.78 69.27 70.33 – 38.07 38.32 40.93 41.76 –Guinea-Bissau – 63.98 – – – – 26.61 – – –Middle IncomeCommonwealth CountriesBelize 107.41 108.30 111.48 116.06 – 57.44 58.87 61.55 64.28 –Botswana 94.67 – – – – – – – – –Dominica 85.25 82.59 92.51 103.96 – 144.73 132.74 130.29 123.70 –Fiji 105.00 – 103.32 103.62 – 84.74 – 88.05 82.90 –Grenada 121.13 111.53 – – – 123.96 – – – –Guyana 98.61 90.67 91.60 85.26 – 70.81 66.95 – – –Jamaica – – – – – 125.76 119.05 116.77 – –Kiribati – – – – – – – – – –Lesotho 71.37 73.11 72.61 72.47 – 37.54 40.95 – 41.39 –Maldives 109.87 – – – – – – – – –Mauritius 98.54 103.55 102.26 99.34 – 103.01 99.70 106.69 109.67 –Namibia 84.25 81.23 – 85.37 – 56.50 54.60 – 54.62 –Nauru – – – – – – – –Papua New Guinea – – – 78.13 – – – – 51.99 –Samoa 104.62 106.49 104.17 102.41 – 93.14 93.39 88.00 84.84 –Seychelles 103.26 105.22 104.53 – – 113.37 114.95 111.70 – –Solomon Islands – 85.14 85.86 85.42 – – – 50.49 50.21 –Saint Lucia 96.29 89.62 92.34 91.63 – 133.06 117.91 108.32 102.30 –St. Vincent and the Grenadines – 94.11 87.68 98.94 – – 131.82 110.61 105.42 –Swaziland 72.18 76.68 76.84 – – 43.14 44.94 42.58 – –Tonga – – – 98.63 – – – – – –Tuvalu – – – – – – – – – –Vanuatu 84.40 83.63 – – – – 42.23 – – –Non-Commonwealth CountriesBhutan 83.97 90.36 91.55 101.26 – 62.36 73.95 74.30 75.44 –Cabo Verde 95.45 100.15 96.86 99.04 – 86.04 84.32 92.63 90.00 –Djibouti – – 52.48 – 51.95 30.08 – 45.86 43.02 38.09Gabon – – – – – – – – – –Marshall Islands 109.12 – 99.75 – – 66.99 – 89.96 – –Micronesia – – – – – – – – – –Montenegro – – 75.14 100.97 – – – 87.04 104.38 –Palau – – – – – – – – – –São Tomé and Príncipe 87.11 88.48 117.41 – 104.03 – 21.27 31.47 – 55.56Suriname 86.15 – 87.75 – – 34.06 – 36.54 – –Timor-Leste 65.38 63.44 71.05 – – 57.23 56.37 56.91 – –High IncomeCommonwealth CountriesAntigua and Barbuda 95.49 102.32 99.75 – – 82.27 96.57 – 109.24 –Bahamas, The 100.03 93.16 – – – – 119.71 – – –Barbados 98.53 99.78 103.99 – – 108.99 – – – –Brunei Darussalam 107.05 108.94 109.61 101.94 – 108.86 105.35 107.59 116.12 –Cyprus 103.16 99.32 101.73 100.06 – 130.12 115.92 113.16 102.52 –Malta 87.64 90.75 92.02 87.53 – 126.23 134.43 133.06 120.69 –Singapore* – – – – – – – – – –St. Kitts and Nevis 93.62 88.77 92.96 92.57 – 100.33 96.52 97.24 – –Trinidad and Tobago 95.64 94.83 – – – 95.52 79.85 – – –Non-Commonwealth CountriesBahrain – – – – – 77.46 72.37 73.19 72.27 –Equatorial Guinea 49.27 52.50 51.83 54.79 – – – 21.88 24.95 –Estonia 97.61 96.23 94.29 96.42 – 110.77 101.21 92.80 87.48 –Iceland 99.80 97.73 98.53 – – 108.49 102.22 96.25 – –Qatar – – – – – 71.31 – 67.90 – –San Marino 91.62 101.24 93.50 95.32 – 85.80 79.43 95.54 84.24 –


2014)

100

Table 14. Gender

Group/Country Gender Inequality Index Ratio of female to male primary enrollment (%)

Primary completion rate, female (% of relevant age group)

Primary completion rate, male (% of relevant age group)

Ratio of female to male secondary enrollment (%)Ranking Value (0–1)

2012 2013 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Low IncomeNon-Commonwealth CountriesComoros 124.00 – 0.57 – – – 84.66 90.88 94.39 – – – – 75.77 – – – – 71.94 – – – – 95.81 103.51Gambia, The 135.00 139.00 0.62 0.62 104.12 102.47 103.67 104.30 104.19 82.17 74.75 70.28 70.46 72.08 78.93 72.82 68.26 70.20 68.98 92.65 95.45 94.85 – – –Guinea-Bissau 139.00 – 0.64 – – 93.42 – – – – 56.69 – – – – 71.27 – – – – – – – – –Middle IncomeCommonwealth CountriesBelize 109.00 84.00 0.51 0.44 97.23 97.19 96.74 97.47 96.02 109.71 106.45 113.12 118.02 109.78 105.16 110.10 109.88 114.15 108.52 107.81 108.01 109.44 108.34 104.98 106.35Botswana 100.00 100.00 0.48 0.49 96.55 – – – – 95.29 – – – – 94.05 – – – – 106.47 – – – – –Dominica 81.00 – 0.44 – 96.92 97.81 99.04 97.44 97.95 84.48 81.24 99.49 102.91 102.50 86.00 83.92 85.62 104.99 102.82 104.33 111.63 109.25 107.08 – –Fiji – – – – 98.48 – 100.06 100.92 – 105.16 – 103.03 104.55 – 104.85 – 103.60 102.76 – 107.01 109.44 – 108.20 110.82 –Grenada 36.00 – 0.22 – 94.36 96.58 – – – 113.14 103.21 – – – 128.87 119.55 – – – 90.88 100.10 102.96 – – –Guyana 102.00 113.00 0.49 0.52 107.91 110.20 112.06 113.44 – 102.64 94.94 96.66 90.16 – 95.03 86.94 87.28 81.09 – 108.25 108.46 114.31 115.44 115.38 –Jamaica 59.00 88.00 0.34 0.46 – – – 96.83 94.43 – – – 86.41 84.62 – – – 87.13 87.90 105.19 101.44 106.18 105.65 – 103.83Kiribati 90.00 – 0.46 – 103.59 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 110.71 – – – – –Lesotho 122.00 126.00 0.57 0.56 100.15 98.09 97.16 97.50 98.05 82.43 83.16 81.43 81.59 83.92 60.54 63.26 63.95 63.51 64.43 137.83 141.48 142.24 141.16 139.86 –Maldives 94.00 49.00 0.47 0.28 97.35 – – – – 104.41 – – – – 115.02 – – – – – – – – – –Mauritius – 72.00 – 0.38 99.00 98.86 98.95 98.63 99.30 98.59 103.24 102.25 100.29 103.01 98.50 103.86 102.27 98.41 100.09 102.91 103.64 103.89 104.01 104.18 –Namibia 89.00 87.00 0.46 0.45 97.86 97.56 – 96.87 – 87.98 84.64 – 88.03 – 80.53 77.84 – 82.72 – – – – – – –Nauru – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Papua New Guinea 102.00 135.00 0.49 0.62 – – – 91.23 – – – – 71.95 – – – – 83.89 – – – – – 75.51 –Samoa 99.00 111.00 0.48 0.52 96.99 98.59 100.07 99.75 – 101.29 106.39 106.88 99.86 – 107.68 106.57 101.63 104.82 – – 115.20 113.77 113.88 110.96 –Seychelles 33.00 – 0.18 – 103.88 103.91 105.06 – – 104.21 104.82 107.68 – – 102.37 105.60 101.56 – – 109.18 108.18 105.01 109.42 100.66 –Solomon Islands – – – – – 97.32 97.02 98.15 98.63 – – 86.53 86.07 86.25 – – 85.22 84.81 86.33 – – 86.19 91.14 94.45 –Saint Lucia 83.00 – 0.44 – 96.53 96.05 97.54 96.74 – 92.96 87.15 92.25 93.37 – 99.63 92.10 92.43 89.90 – 104.71 103.22 98.83 97.23 98.51 99.97St Vincent and the Grenadines 59.00 – 0.34 – 93.48 93.06 97.04 96.26 94.89 – 91.59 93.29 97.85 103.68 – 96.59 82.19 100.00 111.21 111.72 103.82 102.43 93.19 96.18 95.56Swaziland 132.00 115.00 0.61 0.53 92.08 91.80 89.77 91.69 – 72.28 77.94 77.56 79.07 – 72.08 75.43 76.13 75.98 – – 101.08 99.95 97.20 98.82 –Tonga 79.00 90.00 0.43 0.46 98.37 98.08 98.60 99.13 – – – – 99.59 – – – – 97.77 – 103.46 128.35 106.78 96.73 104.10 –Tuvalu – – – – – – – – 98.48 – – – – – – – – – 74.19 – – – – – 117.38Vanuatu 64.00 – 0.36 – 98.77 99.05 – – – 87.14 86.75 – – – 81.97 80.89 – – – – – 99.79 – – –Non-Commonwealth CountriesBhutan 112.00 102.00 0.53 0.50 101.94 102.37 101.63 101.78 101.30 87.87 96.35 94.58 103.44 100.74 80.17 84.52 88.61 99.14 96.13 94.94 100.11 101.62 104.31 105.84 106.98Cabo Verde 114.00 – 0.54 – 92.70 92.76 92.39 91.46 91.96 95.59 99.34 98.35 98.36 93.58 95.31 100.94 95.39 99.71 95.77 111.79 119.58 119.86 118.38 119.05 115.91Djibouti 128.00 – 0.59 – 90.01 – 90.94 90.11 88.33 – – 51.69 – 47.36 – – 53.26 – 56.43 70.22 73.79 – 80.31 77.08 76.93Gabon 82.00 108.00 0.44 0.51 – – 97.08 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Marshall Islands – – – – 100.44 – 99.35 – – 110.34 – 103.95 – – 108.00 – 95.92 – – 106.18 102.91 – – – –Micronesia 104.00 – 0.49 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Montenegro – – – – 98.17 98.41 100.34 101.01 – – – 74.02 101.98 – – – 76.18 100.02 – 115.15 101.42 101.33 100.07 100.65 –Palau 47.00 – 0.27 – – – – – 86.38 – – – – 94.74 – – – – – – – – – – 106.58São Tomé and Principe 130.00 – 0.61 – 100.69 99.43 97.07 96.85 97.57 89.44 92.48 119.66 – 106.68 84.83 84.56 115.20 – 101.42 107.64 112.53 102.96 115.34 113.61 110.90Suriname 105.00 95.00 0.49 0.46 95.32 – 95.64 – 95.57 91.04 – 93.21 – 90.87 81.38 – 82.41 – 79.32 127.98 122.71 – 131.43 – 129.43Timor-Leste 121.00 – 0.57 – 94.53 95.59 95.34 – – 65.32 64.74 71.90 – – 65.43 62.19 70.22 – – 98.71 97.48 99.77 101.95 – –High IncomeCommonwealth CountriesAntigua and Barbuda 50.00 – 0.31 – 95.93 91.58 91.99 93.32 – 95.59 101.91 95.76 – – 95.39 102.72 103.60 – – 93.51 99.10 100.92 99.14 115.25 –Bahamas, The – 53.00 – 0.32 102.74 101.94 – – – 101.89 94.85 – – – 98.22 91.52 – – – 101.67 102.11 105.35 – – –Barbados 61.00 66.00 0.34 0.35 103.87 102.37 98.59 – – 104.55 105.75 106.70 – – 93.15 94.39 101.49 – – 111.14 110.34 109.09 112.19 – –Brunei Darussalam 22.00 – 0.13 – 99.11 99.14 98.85 98.49 99.01 107.22 107.75 108.39 100.85 97.17 106.90 110.04 110.74 102.97 98.54 101.15 100.77 101.23 99.72 101.18 101.80Cyprus 39.00 23.00 0.24 0.14 98.88 100.02 99.22 99.77 – 103.32 100.86 101.55 99.69 – 103.00 97.88 101.91 100.41 – 101.11 101.32 101.19 101.50 101.83 –Malta – 41.00 – 0.22 102.16 102.11 101.87 99.92 – 87.78 92.56 96.41 86.63 – 87.51 89.09 87.95 88.38 – 96.66 – 90.54 102.76 104.20 –Singapore* 9.00 15.00 0.08 0.09 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –St. Kitts and Nevis 107.00 – 0.50 – 101.64 100.11 101.97 101.25 103.30 95.27 88.66 98.32 94.07 93.18 92.00 88.89 87.73 91.12 86.28 105.37 107.55 99.20 103.81 – 118.08Trinidad and Tobago 51.00 56.00 0.31 0.32 96.28 96.60 – – – 95.76 94.99 – – – 95.52 94.68 – – – – – – – – –Non-Commonwealth CountriesBahrain 53.00 46.00 0.32 0.25 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 99.06 98.38 97.70 95.52 102.29 –Equatorial Guinea 132.00 – 0.61 – 95.92 97.12 97.87 97.63 – 48.28 52.64 52.24 55.26 – 50.26 52.37 51.42 54.34 – – – – – – –Estonia 32.00 29.00 0.17 0.15 99.34 99.61 100.65 100.65 – 97.87 95.33 94.69 95.77 – 97.36 97.06 93.91 97.03 – 102.79 101.79 99.78 98.62 99.01 –Iceland 3.00 14.00 0.06 0.09 100.23 100.57 100.59 100.58 – 99.13 96.57 97.66 100.24 – 100.44 98.84 99.37 93.25 – 103.60 103.30 101.84 100.78 98.89 –Qatar 42.00 113.00 0.26 0.52 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 136.73 134.22 123.45 109.82 – –San Marino – – – – 101.34 113.36 98.75 98.71 – 92.99 107.28 95.42 92.86 – 90.40 95.93 91.76 97.79 – – 103.52 101.91 101.35 102.61 –

102

Table 14. Gender

Group/Country Gender Inequality Index Ratio of female to male primary enrollment (%)

Primary completion rate, female (% of relevant age group)

Primary completion rate, male (% of relevant age group)

Ratio of female to male secondary enrollment (%)Ranking Value (0–1)

2012 2013 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Low IncomeNon-Commonwealth CountriesComoros 124.00 – 0.57 – – – 84.66 90.88 94.39 – – – – 75.77 – – – – 71.94 – – – – 95.81 103.51Gambia, The 135.00 139.00 0.62 0.62 104.12 102.47 103.67 104.30 104.19 82.17 74.75 70.28 70.46 72.08 78.93 72.82 68.26 70.20 68.98 92.65 95.45 94.85 – – –Guinea-Bissau 139.00 – 0.64 – – 93.42 – – – – 56.69 – – – – 71.27 – – – – – – – – –Middle IncomeCommonwealth CountriesBelize 109.00 84.00 0.51 0.44 97.23 97.19 96.74 97.47 96.02 109.71 106.45 113.12 118.02 109.78 105.16 110.10 109.88 114.15 108.52 107.81 108.01 109.44 108.34 104.98 106.35Botswana 100.00 100.00 0.48 0.49 96.55 – – – – 95.29 – – – – 94.05 – – – – 106.47 – – – – –Dominica 81.00 – 0.44 – 96.92 97.81 99.04 97.44 97.95 84.48 81.24 99.49 102.91 102.50 86.00 83.92 85.62 104.99 102.82 104.33 111.63 109.25 107.08 – –Fiji – – – – 98.48 – 100.06 100.92 – 105.16 – 103.03 104.55 – 104.85 – 103.60 102.76 – 107.01 109.44 – 108.20 110.82 –Grenada 36.00 – 0.22 – 94.36 96.58 – – – 113.14 103.21 – – – 128.87 119.55 – – – 90.88 100.10 102.96 – – –Guyana 102.00 113.00 0.49 0.52 107.91 110.20 112.06 113.44 – 102.64 94.94 96.66 90.16 – 95.03 86.94 87.28 81.09 – 108.25 108.46 114.31 115.44 115.38 –Jamaica 59.00 88.00 0.34 0.46 – – – 96.83 94.43 – – – 86.41 84.62 – – – 87.13 87.90 105.19 101.44 106.18 105.65 – 103.83Kiribati 90.00 – 0.46 – 103.59 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 110.71 – – – – –Lesotho 122.00 126.00 0.57 0.56 100.15 98.09 97.16 97.50 98.05 82.43 83.16 81.43 81.59 83.92 60.54 63.26 63.95 63.51 64.43 137.83 141.48 142.24 141.16 139.86 –Maldives 94.00 49.00 0.47 0.28 97.35 – – – – 104.41 – – – – 115.02 – – – – – – – – – –Mauritius – 72.00 – 0.38 99.00 98.86 98.95 98.63 99.30 98.59 103.24 102.25 100.29 103.01 98.50 103.86 102.27 98.41 100.09 102.91 103.64 103.89 104.01 104.18 –Namibia 89.00 87.00 0.46 0.45 97.86 97.56 – 96.87 – 87.98 84.64 – 88.03 – 80.53 77.84 – 82.72 – – – – – – –Nauru – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Papua New Guinea 102.00 135.00 0.49 0.62 – – – 91.23 – – – – 71.95 – – – – 83.89 – – – – – 75.51 –Samoa 99.00 111.00 0.48 0.52 96.99 98.59 100.07 99.75 – 101.29 106.39 106.88 99.86 – 107.68 106.57 101.63 104.82 – – 115.20 113.77 113.88 110.96 –Seychelles 33.00 – 0.18 – 103.88 103.91 105.06 – – 104.21 104.82 107.68 – – 102.37 105.60 101.56 – – 109.18 108.18 105.01 109.42 100.66 –Solomon Islands – – – – – 97.32 97.02 98.15 98.63 – – 86.53 86.07 86.25 – – 85.22 84.81 86.33 – – 86.19 91.14 94.45 –Saint Lucia 83.00 – 0.44 – 96.53 96.05 97.54 96.74 – 92.96 87.15 92.25 93.37 – 99.63 92.10 92.43 89.90 – 104.71 103.22 98.83 97.23 98.51 99.97St Vincent and the Grenadines 59.00 – 0.34 – 93.48 93.06 97.04 96.26 94.89 – 91.59 93.29 97.85 103.68 – 96.59 82.19 100.00 111.21 111.72 103.82 102.43 93.19 96.18 95.56Swaziland 132.00 115.00 0.61 0.53 92.08 91.80 89.77 91.69 – 72.28 77.94 77.56 79.07 – 72.08 75.43 76.13 75.98 – – 101.08 99.95 97.20 98.82 –Tonga 79.00 90.00 0.43 0.46 98.37 98.08 98.60 99.13 – – – – 99.59 – – – – 97.77 – 103.46 128.35 106.78 96.73 104.10 –Tuvalu – – – – – – – – 98.48 – – – – – – – – – 74.19 – – – – – 117.38Vanuatu 64.00 – 0.36 – 98.77 99.05 – – – 87.14 86.75 – – – 81.97 80.89 – – – – – 99.79 – – –Non-Commonwealth CountriesBhutan 112.00 102.00 0.53 0.50 101.94 102.37 101.63 101.78 101.30 87.87 96.35 94.58 103.44 100.74 80.17 84.52 88.61 99.14 96.13 94.94 100.11 101.62 104.31 105.84 106.98Cabo Verde 114.00 – 0.54 – 92.70 92.76 92.39 91.46 91.96 95.59 99.34 98.35 98.36 93.58 95.31 100.94 95.39 99.71 95.77 111.79 119.58 119.86 118.38 119.05 115.91Djibouti 128.00 – 0.59 – 90.01 – 90.94 90.11 88.33 – – 51.69 – 47.36 – – 53.26 – 56.43 70.22 73.79 – 80.31 77.08 76.93Gabon 82.00 108.00 0.44 0.51 – – 97.08 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Marshall Islands – – – – 100.44 – 99.35 – – 110.34 – 103.95 – – 108.00 – 95.92 – – 106.18 102.91 – – – –Micronesia 104.00 – 0.49 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Montenegro – – – – 98.17 98.41 100.34 101.01 – – – 74.02 101.98 – – – 76.18 100.02 – 115.15 101.42 101.33 100.07 100.65 –Palau 47.00 – 0.27 – – – – – 86.38 – – – – 94.74 – – – – – – – – – – 106.58São Tomé and Principe 130.00 – 0.61 – 100.69 99.43 97.07 96.85 97.57 89.44 92.48 119.66 – 106.68 84.83 84.56 115.20 – 101.42 107.64 112.53 102.96 115.34 113.61 110.90Suriname 105.00 95.00 0.49 0.46 95.32 – 95.64 – 95.57 91.04 – 93.21 – 90.87 81.38 – 82.41 – 79.32 127.98 122.71 – 131.43 – 129.43Timor-Leste 121.00 – 0.57 – 94.53 95.59 95.34 – – 65.32 64.74 71.90 – – 65.43 62.19 70.22 – – 98.71 97.48 99.77 101.95 – –High IncomeCommonwealth CountriesAntigua and Barbuda 50.00 – 0.31 – 95.93 91.58 91.99 93.32 – 95.59 101.91 95.76 – – 95.39 102.72 103.60 – – 93.51 99.10 100.92 99.14 115.25 –Bahamas, The – 53.00 – 0.32 102.74 101.94 – – – 101.89 94.85 – – – 98.22 91.52 – – – 101.67 102.11 105.35 – – –Barbados 61.00 66.00 0.34 0.35 103.87 102.37 98.59 – – 104.55 105.75 106.70 – – 93.15 94.39 101.49 – – 111.14 110.34 109.09 112.19 – –Brunei Darussalam 22.00 – 0.13 – 99.11 99.14 98.85 98.49 99.01 107.22 107.75 108.39 100.85 97.17 106.90 110.04 110.74 102.97 98.54 101.15 100.77 101.23 99.72 101.18 101.80Cyprus 39.00 23.00 0.24 0.14 98.88 100.02 99.22 99.77 – 103.32 100.86 101.55 99.69 – 103.00 97.88 101.91 100.41 – 101.11 101.32 101.19 101.50 101.83 –Malta – 41.00 – 0.22 102.16 102.11 101.87 99.92 – 87.78 92.56 96.41 86.63 – 87.51 89.09 87.95 88.38 – 96.66 – 90.54 102.76 104.20 –Singapore* 9.00 15.00 0.08 0.09 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –St. Kitts and Nevis 107.00 – 0.50 – 101.64 100.11 101.97 101.25 103.30 95.27 88.66 98.32 94.07 93.18 92.00 88.89 87.73 91.12 86.28 105.37 107.55 99.20 103.81 – 118.08Trinidad and Tobago 51.00 56.00 0.31 0.32 96.28 96.60 – – – 95.76 94.99 – – – 95.52 94.68 – – – – – – – – –Non-Commonwealth CountriesBahrain 53.00 46.00 0.32 0.25 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 99.06 98.38 97.70 95.52 102.29 –Equatorial Guinea 132.00 – 0.61 – 95.92 97.12 97.87 97.63 – 48.28 52.64 52.24 55.26 – 50.26 52.37 51.42 54.34 – – – – – – –Estonia 32.00 29.00 0.17 0.15 99.34 99.61 100.65 100.65 – 97.87 95.33 94.69 95.77 – 97.36 97.06 93.91 97.03 – 102.79 101.79 99.78 98.62 99.01 –Iceland 3.00 14.00 0.06 0.09 100.23 100.57 100.59 100.58 – 99.13 96.57 97.66 100.24 – 100.44 98.84 99.37 93.25 – 103.60 103.30 101.84 100.78 98.89 –Qatar 42.00 113.00 0.26 0.52 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 136.73 134.22 123.45 109.82 – –San Marino – – – – 101.34 113.36 98.75 98.71 – 92.99 107.28 95.42 92.86 – 90.40 95.93 91.76 97.79 – – 103.52 101.91 101.35 102.61 –

103

Table 14. Gender (continued)

Group/Country Lower secondary completion rate, female (% of relevant age group)

Lower secondary completion rate, male (% of relevant age group)

Ratio of female to male tertiary enrollment (%)

Labour force, female (% of total labour force)

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Low IncomeNon-Commonwealth CountriesComoros – – – – – 52.34 – – – – – 45.08 – 70.87 73.89 85.05 85.97 – 29.76 30.00 30.18 30.30 30.41 30.58Gambia, The 34.39 37.30 37.30 41.23 65.62 64.35 37.81 38.83 39.32 40.63 63.96 64.72 – 59.64 67.62 59.79 – – 47.56 47.71 47.74 47.81 47.82 47.97Guinea-Bissau – – 20.99 – – – – – 32.22 – – – – – – – – – 46.79 46.86 47.00 47.00 47.00 47.05Middle IncomeCommonwealth CountriesBelize 56.50 61.86 63.39 66.34 74.20 74.23 47.63 53.13 54.47 56.88 63.69 65.79 164.97 171.41 164.72 170.67 169.36 167.65 36.99 37.28 37.55 37.66 37.69 37.78Botswana – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 47.10 47.02 46.93 46.84 46.68 46.65Dominica 160.26 146.26 136.43 138.86 89.27 74.88 117.65 143.28 129.17 122.05 88.36 83.36 – – – – – – – – – – – –Fiji 94.07 89.65 – 92.89 99.36 – 82.74 80.17 – 83.52 90.00 – – – – – – – 33.55 33.55 33.46 33.48 33.60 33.65Grenada – 132.87 – – – – – 115.46 – – – – – 135.72 – – – – – – – – – –Guyana 75.93 76.28 75.77 – – – 58.21 66.01 59.13 – – – 141.51 206.79 247.29 235.56 213.74 – 33.87 34.16 34.50 34.72 34.83 34.96Jamaica – 123.86 117.11 116.69 – 82.34 – 127.63 120.94 116.86 – 85.13 224.04 228.77 228.18 232.15 205.03 228.52 44.98 44.91 45.09 45.14 45.48 45.50Kiribati – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Lesotho 36.65 44.25 48.34 – 48.60 48.19 28.00 30.93 33.67 – 34.24 33.89 – – – – 151.07 – 46.39 46.35 46.24 46.04 45.86 45.85Maldives – – – – 98.59 – – – – – 88.24 – 112.55 – – – – – 41.57 41.70 41.92 41.99 42.06 42.14Mauritius 102.00 109.34 105.85 110.69 88.49 90.13 93.10 96.78 93.65 102.74 80.76 83.56 123.77 119.27 120.92 130.33 132.07 121.65 36.36 36.62 37.49 37.66 37.77 37.89Namibia 58.24 61.03 59.09 – 61.52 – 48.36 52.00 50.16 – 54.73 – 127.64 – – – – – 48.28 48.44 48.48 48.56 48.69 48.56Nauru – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Papua New Guinea – – – – 57.33 – – – – – 66.55 – – – – – – – 48.41 48.34 48.27 48.34 48.26 48.29Samoa – 93.48 93.46 86.62 103.11 – – 92.83 93.31 89.28 101.83 – – – – – – – 27.37 27.37 27.36 27.41 27.46 27.52Seychelles 112.66 112.02 112.52 109.40 105.30 – 109.83 114.66 117.31 113.91 109.33 – – – – 313.91 334.51 – – – – – – –Solomon Islands – – – 48.83 62.83 62.73 – – – 52.05 64.26 64.08 – – – – – – 40.04 40.08 40.11 40.11 40.15 40.14Saint Lucia 111.98 129.92 114.53 110.75 87.03 81.38 95.77 136.12 121.22 105.96 92.86 89.81 224.00 256.90 258.10 174.16 218.06 200.04 46.59 46.40 46.39 46.45 46.47 46.55St Vincent and the Grenadines – – 134.25 105.14 92.99 91.27 – – 129.44 115.96 92.56 90.28 – – – – – – 40.67 40.85 40.96 41.04 41.12 41.17Swaziland – 43.39 44.67 39.28 45.48 – – 42.90 45.22 45.84 46.56 – – – – 104.16 – 105.43 39.70 39.63 39.66 39.46 39.42 39.27Tonga – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 42.60 42.67 42.65 42.69 42.64 42.63Tuvalu – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Vanuatu – – 44.55 – – – – – 40.04 – – – – – – – – – 43.50 43.29 43.43 43.49 40.15 40.14Non-Commonwealth CountriesBhutan 55.70 61.81 73.38 76.70 71.27 75.34 56.21 62.89 74.51 71.99 68.80 69.08 58.31 61.17 59.86 68.18 69.27 – 41.39 41.59 41.56 41.52 41.48 41.54Cabo Verde 91.20 95.17 96.05 104.39 90.93 88.37 78.72 76.91 72.60 80.87 69.61 70.23 130.56 134.89 129.29 137.23 139.22 146.21 38.34 38.41 38.44 38.38 38.36 38.46Djibouti 18.24 25.55 – 41.30 42.92 40.82 25.25 34.48 – 50.30 54.09 49.09 67.83 69.72 69.04 67.63 – – 34.34 34.62 34.75 34.90 34.90 34.92Gabon – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 46.21 46.15 46.18 46.15 46.13 46.14Marshall Islands 61.81 70.92 – 88.87 – – 59.06 63.28 – 90.99 – – – – – – 92.38 – – – – – – –Micronesia – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Montenegro – – – 88.85 93.23 – – – – 85.40 92.90 – 126.86 131.39 126.68 – – – 43.17 43.42 43.36 44.20 44.03 44.02Palau – – – – 102.26 – – – – – – 96.08 – – – – – 137.58 – – – – – –São Tomé and Principe 22.37 – 20.62 35.41 92.91 60.96 21.69 – 21.91 27.61 – 76.42 – 92.47 97.44 – 86.43 – 37.58 37.66 37.82 37.96 38.02 38.09Suriname 41.81 46.03 – 45.11 57.23 – 23.64 22.42 – 28.31 – 31.14 – – – – – – 36.59 36.81 37.00 37.14 37.26 37.37Timor-Leste 40.87 57.88 57.34 57.72 – – 40.14 56.60 55.44 56.12 – – – 69.22 72.52 – – – 31.72 31.82 31.97 31.97 32.00 32.05High IncomeCommonwealth CountriesAntigua and Barbuda 94.07 76.28 108.34 – 103.91 – 76.86 88.45 84.77 – 96.26 – – 215.42 250.31 191.68 206.66 – – – – – – –Bahamas, The 122.48 – 122.09 – – – 117.29 – 117.44 – – – – – – – – – 48.31 48.31 48.29 48.28 48.33 48.34Barbados 108.62 102.68 – – – – 109.87 115.35 – – – – – 240.16 237.99 245.08 – – 46.81 46.71 46.74 46.63 46.59 46.62Brunei Darussalam 92.05 101.17 103.28 106.97 106.67 108.56 89.31 116.22 107.32 108.17 108.29 109.38 202.30 178.31 184.74 173.81 174.00 – 40.95 40.92 40.88 40.84 40.79 40.73Cyprus 131.40 132.49 117.18 114.27 96.18 – 130.09 127.87 114.76 112.14 95.06 – 95.82 87.19 89.70 103.25 117.91 – 42.88 43.18 43.53 43.50 43.10 43.15Malta 129.34 122.14 133.18 131.40 95.45 – 127.34 130.12 135.63 134.65 91.40 – 143.91 135.38 133.68 134.30 131.76 – 33.68 33.87 34.27 34.83 36.60 36.65Singapore* – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 43.09 42.90 43.51 43.92 44.19 44.23St. Kitts and Nevis 98.70 100.22 94.65 100.22 – 96.64 102.11 100.43 98.33 94.35 – 91.38 209.30 – – – – – – – – – – –Trinidad and Tobago 101.78 97.68 84.78 – – – 94.59 93.42 75.06 – – – – – – – – – 41.86 41.36 41.82 41.93 42.04 42.07Non-Commonwealth CountriesBahrain 80.30 79.17 – 75.61 91.02 – 75.67 75.78 – 70.87 90.83 – – – 157.47 187.74 198.16 – 19.54 19.40 19.40 19.41 19.49 19.62Equatorial Guinea – – – 20.65 31.90 – – – – 23.09 35.83 – – – – – – – 44.52 44.61 44.70 44.72 44.81 44.91Estonia 128.27 108.14 100.63 91.81 98.20 – 130.62 113.28 101.76 93.74 98.65 – 169.28 171.43 164.79 – 152.84 – 48.87 49.28 49.96 50.01 49.44 49.45Iceland – 109.54 101.11 95.05 96.53 – – 107.47 103.28 97.40 98.62 – 189.05 187.28 180.06 170.48 172.43 – 46.61 47.01 47.15 47.18 47.58 47.59Qatar 73.96 70.97 – 68.18 – – 74.92 71.63 – 67.64 – – 475.85 540.63 549.51 592.77 676.16 665.91 13.06 12.26 11.89 11.69 11.60 11.61San Marino – 100.79 75.96 83.62 77.78 – – 75.92 82.59 108.81 91.06 – – – 145.93 148.80 138.49 – – – – – – –

104


Group/Country Lower secondary completion rate, female (% of relevant age group)

Lower secondary completion rate, male (% of relevant age group)

Ratio of female to male tertiary enrollment (%)

Labour force, female (% of total labour force)

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Low IncomeNon-Commonwealth CountriesComoros – – – – – 52.34 – – – – – 45.08 – 70.87 73.89 85.05 85.97 – 29.76 30.00 30.18 30.30 30.41 30.58Gambia, The 34.39 37.30 37.30 41.23 65.62 64.35 37.81 38.83 39.32 40.63 63.96 64.72 – 59.64 67.62 59.79 – – 47.56 47.71 47.74 47.81 47.82 47.97Guinea-Bissau – – 20.99 – – – – – 32.22 – – – – – – – – – 46.79 46.86 47.00 47.00 47.00 47.05Middle IncomeCommonwealth CountriesBelize 56.50 61.86 63.39 66.34 74.20 74.23 47.63 53.13 54.47 56.88 63.69 65.79 164.97 171.41 164.72 170.67 169.36 167.65 36.99 37.28 37.55 37.66 37.69 37.78Botswana – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 47.10 47.02 46.93 46.84 46.68 46.65Dominica 160.26 146.26 136.43 138.86 89.27 74.88 117.65 143.28 129.17 122.05 88.36 83.36 – – – – – – – – – – – –Fiji 94.07 89.65 – 92.89 99.36 – 82.74 80.17 – 83.52 90.00 – – – – – – – 33.55 33.55 33.46 33.48 33.60 33.65Grenada – 132.87 – – – – – 115.46 – – – – – 135.72 – – – – – – – – – –Guyana 75.93 76.28 75.77 – – – 58.21 66.01 59.13 – – – 141.51 206.79 247.29 235.56 213.74 – 33.87 34.16 34.50 34.72 34.83 34.96Jamaica – 123.86 117.11 116.69 – 82.34 – 127.63 120.94 116.86 – 85.13 224.04 228.77 228.18 232.15 205.03 228.52 44.98 44.91 45.09 45.14 45.48 45.50Kiribati – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Lesotho 36.65 44.25 48.34 – 48.60 48.19 28.00 30.93 33.67 – 34.24 33.89 – – – – 151.07 – 46.39 46.35 46.24 46.04 45.86 45.85Maldives – – – – 98.59 – – – – – 88.24 – 112.55 – – – – – 41.57 41.70 41.92 41.99 42.06 42.14Mauritius 102.00 109.34 105.85 110.69 88.49 90.13 93.10 96.78 93.65 102.74 80.76 83.56 123.77 119.27 120.92 130.33 132.07 121.65 36.36 36.62 37.49 37.66 37.77 37.89Namibia 58.24 61.03 59.09 – 61.52 – 48.36 52.00 50.16 – 54.73 – 127.64 – – – – – 48.28 48.44 48.48 48.56 48.69 48.56Nauru – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Papua New Guinea – – – – 57.33 – – – – – 66.55 – – – – – – – 48.41 48.34 48.27 48.34 48.26 48.29Samoa – 93.48 93.46 86.62 103.11 – – 92.83 93.31 89.28 101.83 – – – – – – – 27.37 27.37 27.36 27.41 27.46 27.52Seychelles 112.66 112.02 112.52 109.40 105.30 – 109.83 114.66 117.31 113.91 109.33 – – – – 313.91 334.51 – – – – – – –Solomon Islands – – – 48.83 62.83 62.73 – – – 52.05 64.26 64.08 – – – – – – 40.04 40.08 40.11 40.11 40.15 40.14Saint Lucia 111.98 129.92 114.53 110.75 87.03 81.38 95.77 136.12 121.22 105.96 92.86 89.81 224.00 256.90 258.10 174.16 218.06 200.04 46.59 46.40 46.39 46.45 46.47 46.55St Vincent and the Grenadines – – 134.25 105.14 92.99 91.27 – – 129.44 115.96 92.56 90.28 – – – – – – 40.67 40.85 40.96 41.04 41.12 41.17Swaziland – 43.39 44.67 39.28 45.48 – – 42.90 45.22 45.84 46.56 – – – – 104.16 – 105.43 39.70 39.63 39.66 39.46 39.42 39.27Tonga – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 42.60 42.67 42.65 42.69 42.64 42.63Tuvalu – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Vanuatu – – 44.55 – – – – – 40.04 – – – – – – – – – 43.50 43.29 43.43 43.49 40.15 40.14Non-Commonwealth CountriesBhutan 55.70 61.81 73.38 76.70 71.27 75.34 56.21 62.89 74.51 71.99 68.80 69.08 58.31 61.17 59.86 68.18 69.27 – 41.39 41.59 41.56 41.52 41.48 41.54Cabo Verde 91.20 95.17 96.05 104.39 90.93 88.37 78.72 76.91 72.60 80.87 69.61 70.23 130.56 134.89 129.29 137.23 139.22 146.21 38.34 38.41 38.44 38.38 38.36 38.46Djibouti 18.24 25.55 – 41.30 42.92 40.82 25.25 34.48 – 50.30 54.09 49.09 67.83 69.72 69.04 67.63 – – 34.34 34.62 34.75 34.90 34.90 34.92Gabon – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 46.21 46.15 46.18 46.15 46.13 46.14Marshall Islands 61.81 70.92 – 88.87 – – 59.06 63.28 – 90.99 – – – – – – 92.38 – – – – – – –Micronesia – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Montenegro – – – 88.85 93.23 – – – – 85.40 92.90 – 126.86 131.39 126.68 – – – 43.17 43.42 43.36 44.20 44.03 44.02Palau – – – – 102.26 – – – – – – 96.08 – – – – – 137.58 – – – – – –São Tomé and Principe 22.37 – 20.62 35.41 92.91 60.96 21.69 – 21.91 27.61 – 76.42 – 92.47 97.44 – 86.43 – 37.58 37.66 37.82 37.96 38.02 38.09Suriname 41.81 46.03 – 45.11 57.23 – 23.64 22.42 – 28.31 – 31.14 – – – – – – 36.59 36.81 37.00 37.14 37.26 37.37Timor-Leste 40.87 57.88 57.34 57.72 – – 40.14 56.60 55.44 56.12 – – – 69.22 72.52 – – – 31.72 31.82 31.97 31.97 32.00 32.05High IncomeCommonwealth CountriesAntigua and Barbuda 94.07 76.28 108.34 – 103.91 – 76.86 88.45 84.77 – 96.26 – – 215.42 250.31 191.68 206.66 – – – – – – –Bahamas, The 122.48 – 122.09 – – – 117.29 – 117.44 – – – – – – – – – 48.31 48.31 48.29 48.28 48.33 48.34Barbados 108.62 102.68 – – – – 109.87 115.35 – – – – – 240.16 237.99 245.08 – – 46.81 46.71 46.74 46.63 46.59 46.62Brunei Darussalam 92.05 101.17 103.28 106.97 106.67 108.56 89.31 116.22 107.32 108.17 108.29 109.38 202.30 178.31 184.74 173.81 174.00 – 40.95 40.92 40.88 40.84 40.79 40.73Cyprus 131.40 132.49 117.18 114.27 96.18 – 130.09 127.87 114.76 112.14 95.06 – 95.82 87.19 89.70 103.25 117.91 – 42.88 43.18 43.53 43.50 43.10 43.15Malta 129.34 122.14 133.18 131.40 95.45 – 127.34 130.12 135.63 134.65 91.40 – 143.91 135.38 133.68 134.30 131.76 – 33.68 33.87 34.27 34.83 36.60 36.65Singapore* – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 43.09 42.90 43.51 43.92 44.19 44.23St. Kitts and Nevis 98.70 100.22 94.65 100.22 – 96.64 102.11 100.43 98.33 94.35 – 91.38 209.30 – – – – – – – – – – –Trinidad and Tobago 101.78 97.68 84.78 – – – 94.59 93.42 75.06 – – – – – – – – – 41.86 41.36 41.82 41.93 42.04 42.07Non-Commonwealth CountriesBahrain 80.30 79.17 – 75.61 91.02 – 75.67 75.78 – 70.87 90.83 – – – 157.47 187.74 198.16 – 19.54 19.40 19.40 19.41 19.49 19.62Equatorial Guinea – – – 20.65 31.90 – – – – 23.09 35.83 – – – – – – – 44.52 44.61 44.70 44.72 44.81 44.91Estonia 128.27 108.14 100.63 91.81 98.20 – 130.62 113.28 101.76 93.74 98.65 – 169.28 171.43 164.79 – 152.84 – 48.87 49.28 49.96 50.01 49.44 49.45Iceland – 109.54 101.11 95.05 96.53 – – 107.47 103.28 97.40 98.62 – 189.05 187.28 180.06 170.48 172.43 – 46.61 47.01 47.15 47.18 47.58 47.59Qatar 73.96 70.97 – 68.18 – – 74.92 71.63 – 67.64 – – 475.85 540.63 549.51 592.77 676.16 665.91 13.06 12.26 11.89 11.69 11.60 11.61San Marino – 100.79 75.96 83.62 77.78 – – 75.92 82.59 108.81 91.06 – – – 145.93 148.80 138.49 – – – – – – –

105


Group/Country Employment to population ratio, 15+, female

(%, modelled ILO estimate)

Ratio of female to male labour force participation rate

(%, modelled ILO estimate)Proportion of seats held by women in national

parliaments (%)

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Low IncomeNon-Commonwealth CountriesComoros 31.10 31.60 32.00 32.20 32.60 32.80 42.20 42.64 43.14 43.39 43.64 43.95 3.00 0.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00Gambia, The 66.00 66.20 66.40 66.00 66.90 66.90 86.21 86.55 86.78 86.88 86.99 87.09 9.40 7.50 7.50 7.50 7.50 7.50Guinea-Bissau 62.10 62.40 62.70 62.80 63.20 63.20 85.97 86.35 86.73 86.86 86.75 86.88 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 14.00 14.00Middle IncomeCommonwealth CountriesBelize 41.60 42.10 42.90 43.10 38.90 38.90 58.04 58.66 59.44 59.61 59.66 59.78 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.10 3.10Botswana 54.00 56.30 56.10 56.20 56.70 56.30 88.16 88.18 88.19 88.21 88.10 88.11 11.10 7.90 7.90 7.90 7.90 7.90Dominica – – – – – – – – – – – – 18.80 14.30 12.50 12.50 12.50 12.50Fiji 32.80 32.90 32.90 33.00 33.00 33.20 52.08 52.08 51.94 51.94 52.08 52.08 – – – – – –Grenada – – – – – – – – – – – – 13.30 13.30 13.30 13.30 13.30 33.30Guyana 28.50 30.10 31.10 31.40 36.30 36.50 49.51 50.25 51.11 51.72 52.29 52.92 30.00 30.00 30.00 31.30 31.30 31.30Jamaica 50.00 48.30 46.70 46.20 46.20 45.10 77.48 77.43 77.90 78.06 79.01 79.13 13.30 13.30 13.30 12.70 12.70 12.70Kiribati – – – – – – – – – – – – 4.30 4.30 4.30 8.70 8.70 8.70Lesotho 42.20 42.10 43.10 42.80 42.90 42.30 80.25 80.27 80.41 80.19 80.22 80.27 25.00 24.20 24.20 24.20 26.70 26.70Maldives 42.90 43.90 44.90 45.40 46.10 45.90 71.24 71.62 72.12 72.27 72.50 72.52 12.00 6.50 6.50 6.50 6.50 6.50Mauritius 36.20 36.70 37.80 38.00 37.70 37.70 55.33 55.96 58.04 58.33 58.55 58.76 17.10 17.10 18.80 18.80 18.80 18.80Namibia 33.30 38.40 43.10 43.40 44.10 44.50 84.80 85.08 85.22 85.49 85.92 85.87 26.90 26.90 24.40 24.40 24.40 24.40Nauru – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Papua New Guinea 68.90 68.80 68.60 68.70 68.50 68.70 95.56 95.55 95.28 95.28 95.27 95.27 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 2.70 2.70Samoa – – – – – – 39.91 39.84 39.83 39.97 40.07 40.24 8.20 8.20 8.20 4.10 4.10 4.10Seychelles – – – – – – – – – – – – 23.50 23.50 23.50 43.80 43.80 43.80Solomon Islands 50.70 50.30 50.60 50.80 51.10 51.10 67.47 67.34 67.34 67.34 67.51 67.59 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.00 2.00Saint Lucia – – – – – – 82.36 82.06 82.21 82.24 82.37 82.28 11.10 11.10 11.10 16.70 16.70 16.70St. Vincent and the Grenadines – – – – – – 69.99 70.41 70.70 70.92 71.23 71.41 18.20 21.70 14.30 17.40 17.40 13.00Swaziland 31.90 32.00 32.20 32.30 32.60 32.70 61.19 61.33 61.53 61.50 61.43 61.31 13.80 13.60 13.60 13.60 13.60 6.20Tonga – – – – – – 71.09 71.09 71.28 71.47 71.52 71.72 3.10 3.10 0.00 3.60 3.60 3.60Tuvalu – – – – – – – – – – – – 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.70 6.70 6.70Vanuatu – – – – – – 77.13 76.27 76.30 76.40 76.59 76.88 3.80 3.80 3.80 1.90 0.00 0.00Non-Commonwealth CountriesBhutan 62.20 61.80 63.10 63.00 64.90 65.00 86.07 86.89 86.71 86.41 86.35 86.40 8.50 8.50 8.50 8.50 8.50 6.40Cabo Verde 45.40 45.80 46.30 46.70 47.40 47.70 59.52 60.12 60.65 60.86 61.20 61.53 18.10 18.10 18.10 20.80 20.80 20.80Djibouti – – – – – – 52.34 52.93 53.37 53.58 53.64 53.62 13.80 13.80 13.80 13.80 13.80 12.70Gabon 42.70 41.20 40.20 40.40 40.90 41.80 85.40 85.45 85.78 85.82 86.02 85.93 16.70 14.70 14.70 14.20 15.80 15.80Marshall Islands – – – – – – – – – – – – 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00Micronesia – – – – – – – – – – – – 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Montenegro 36.20 34.80 34.10 33.80 34.20 34.00 72.22 72.88 73.01 75.49 74.91 75.04 11.10 11.10 11.10 12.30 17.30 16.00Palau – – – – – – – – – – – – 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00São Tomé and Principe – – – – – – 56.37 56.81 57.37 57.72 57.94 58.23 7.30 7.30 18.20 18.20 18.20 18.20Suriname 31.50 31.90 32.30 32.50 36.30 36.20 57.39 57.96 58.37 58.58 58.72 58.87 25.50 25.50 9.80 11.80 11.80 11.80Timor-Leste 25.40 24.40 23.60 23.40 23.30 23.10 47.83 47.99 48.26 48.16 48.34 48.43 29.20 29.20 29.20 32.30 38.50 38.50High IncomeCommonwealth CountriesAntigua and Barbuda – – – – – – – – – – – – 10.50 10.50 10.50 10.50 10.50 10.50Bahamas, The 62.10 58.30 58.50 58.80 59.40 59.60 87.09 87.14 87.26 87.26 87.39 87.39 12.20 12.20 12.20 12.20 13.20 13.20Barbados 59.30 57.80 57.30 57.00 56.70 56.30 85.99 85.79 85.92 85.92 85.92 86.03 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 16.70Brunei Darussalam 52.20 51.80 51.40 51.00 50.70 50.40 70.44 70.42 70.30 70.18 69.97 69.85 – – – – – –Cyprus 53.20 53.20 53.50 52.10 49.70 47.60 77.22 78.71 80.08 79.89 78.81 78.76 14.30 12.50 12.50 10.70 10.70 10.70Malta 31.10 31.10 32.20 33.00 35.20 35.40 49.93 50.52 51.49 52.82 57.14 57.16 8.70 8.70 8.70 8.70 8.70 14.30Singapore* 54.50 53.60 55.40 56.30 57.20 57.00 72.96 72.20 73.94 75.16 76.13 76.17 24.50 23.40 23.40 22.20 24.20 24.20St. Kitts and Nevis – – – – – – – – – – – – 6.70 6.70 6.70 6.70 6.70 6.70Trinidad and Tobago 49.80 48.40 48.80 48.90 49.40 49.00 69.92 68.30 69.63 69.80 70.07 70.20 26.80 26.80 28.60 28.60 28.60 28.60Non-Commonwealth CountriesBahrain 31.20 31.70 32.10 32.20 32.30 32.30 44.55 44.76 45.07 45.13 45.18 45.11 2.50 2.50 2.50 10.00 10.00 10.00Equatorial Guinea 74.40 73.90 74.00 74.30 74.90 74.20 87.00 87.11 87.22 87.22 87.32 87.53 6.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 12.10Estonia 52.30 49.70 48.20 50.40 50.90 51.50 79.31 80.81 83.14 83.36 81.51 81.57 20.80 22.80 22.80 19.80 20.80 20.80Iceland 68.90 65.90 65.70 65.50 66.50 66.90 87.62 89.04 89.57 89.60 91.33 91.09 33.30 42.90 42.90 39.70 39.70 39.70Qatar 49.10 49.20 49.20 48.70 49.20 49.10 52.68 52.41 52.82 53.03 53.14 53.19 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00San Marino – – – – – – – – – – – – 15.00 16.70 16.70 18.30 16.70 18.30

Note: Singapore is a member of the Commonwealth, but is not classified as a small state under the Secretariat’s definition.Sources: World Bank, World Development Indicators 2014, available at: http://databank.worldbank.org; UN Stats, Human

Development Indices 2012, available at: http://data.un.org; UNDP, Human Development Statistical Tables 2014, available at: http://hdr.undp.org/ (accessed 25 September 2014)

106


Group/Country Employment to population ratio, 15+, female

(%, modelled ILO estimate)

Ratio of female to male labour force participation rate

(%, modelled ILO estimate)Proportion of seats held by women in national

parliaments (%)

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Low IncomeNon-Commonwealth CountriesComoros 31.10 31.60 32.00 32.20 32.60 32.80 42.20 42.64 43.14 43.39 43.64 43.95 3.00 0.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00Gambia, The 66.00 66.20 66.40 66.00 66.90 66.90 86.21 86.55 86.78 86.88 86.99 87.09 9.40 7.50 7.50 7.50 7.50 7.50Guinea-Bissau 62.10 62.40 62.70 62.80 63.20 63.20 85.97 86.35 86.73 86.86 86.75 86.88 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 14.00 14.00Middle IncomeCommonwealth CountriesBelize 41.60 42.10 42.90 43.10 38.90 38.90 58.04 58.66 59.44 59.61 59.66 59.78 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.10 3.10Botswana 54.00 56.30 56.10 56.20 56.70 56.30 88.16 88.18 88.19 88.21 88.10 88.11 11.10 7.90 7.90 7.90 7.90 7.90Dominica – – – – – – – – – – – – 18.80 14.30 12.50 12.50 12.50 12.50Fiji 32.80 32.90 32.90 33.00 33.00 33.20 52.08 52.08 51.94 51.94 52.08 52.08 – – – – – –Grenada – – – – – – – – – – – – 13.30 13.30 13.30 13.30 13.30 33.30Guyana 28.50 30.10 31.10 31.40 36.30 36.50 49.51 50.25 51.11 51.72 52.29 52.92 30.00 30.00 30.00 31.30 31.30 31.30Jamaica 50.00 48.30 46.70 46.20 46.20 45.10 77.48 77.43 77.90 78.06 79.01 79.13 13.30 13.30 13.30 12.70 12.70 12.70Kiribati – – – – – – – – – – – – 4.30 4.30 4.30 8.70 8.70 8.70Lesotho 42.20 42.10 43.10 42.80 42.90 42.30 80.25 80.27 80.41 80.19 80.22 80.27 25.00 24.20 24.20 24.20 26.70 26.70Maldives 42.90 43.90 44.90 45.40 46.10 45.90 71.24 71.62 72.12 72.27 72.50 72.52 12.00 6.50 6.50 6.50 6.50 6.50Mauritius 36.20 36.70 37.80 38.00 37.70 37.70 55.33 55.96 58.04 58.33 58.55 58.76 17.10 17.10 18.80 18.80 18.80 18.80Namibia 33.30 38.40 43.10 43.40 44.10 44.50 84.80 85.08 85.22 85.49 85.92 85.87 26.90 26.90 24.40 24.40 24.40 24.40Nauru – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Papua New Guinea 68.90 68.80 68.60 68.70 68.50 68.70 95.56 95.55 95.28 95.28 95.27 95.27 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 2.70 2.70Samoa – – – – – – 39.91 39.84 39.83 39.97 40.07 40.24 8.20 8.20 8.20 4.10 4.10 4.10Seychelles – – – – – – – – – – – – 23.50 23.50 23.50 43.80 43.80 43.80Solomon Islands 50.70 50.30 50.60 50.80 51.10 51.10 67.47 67.34 67.34 67.34 67.51 67.59 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.00 2.00Saint Lucia – – – – – – 82.36 82.06 82.21 82.24 82.37 82.28 11.10 11.10 11.10 16.70 16.70 16.70St. Vincent and the Grenadines – – – – – – 69.99 70.41 70.70 70.92 71.23 71.41 18.20 21.70 14.30 17.40 17.40 13.00Swaziland 31.90 32.00 32.20 32.30 32.60 32.70 61.19 61.33 61.53 61.50 61.43 61.31 13.80 13.60 13.60 13.60 13.60 6.20Tonga – – – – – – 71.09 71.09 71.28 71.47 71.52 71.72 3.10 3.10 0.00 3.60 3.60 3.60Tuvalu – – – – – – – – – – – – 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.70 6.70 6.70Vanuatu – – – – – – 77.13 76.27 76.30 76.40 76.59 76.88 3.80 3.80 3.80 1.90 0.00 0.00Non-Commonwealth CountriesBhutan 62.20 61.80 63.10 63.00 64.90 65.00 86.07 86.89 86.71 86.41 86.35 86.40 8.50 8.50 8.50 8.50 8.50 6.40Cabo Verde 45.40 45.80 46.30 46.70 47.40 47.70 59.52 60.12 60.65 60.86 61.20 61.53 18.10 18.10 18.10 20.80 20.80 20.80Djibouti – – – – – – 52.34 52.93 53.37 53.58 53.64 53.62 13.80 13.80 13.80 13.80 13.80 12.70Gabon 42.70 41.20 40.20 40.40 40.90 41.80 85.40 85.45 85.78 85.82 86.02 85.93 16.70 14.70 14.70 14.20 15.80 15.80Marshall Islands – – – – – – – – – – – – 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00Micronesia – – – – – – – – – – – – 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Montenegro 36.20 34.80 34.10 33.80 34.20 34.00 72.22 72.88 73.01 75.49 74.91 75.04 11.10 11.10 11.10 12.30 17.30 16.00Palau – – – – – – – – – – – – 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00São Tomé and Principe – – – – – – 56.37 56.81 57.37 57.72 57.94 58.23 7.30 7.30 18.20 18.20 18.20 18.20Suriname 31.50 31.90 32.30 32.50 36.30 36.20 57.39 57.96 58.37 58.58 58.72 58.87 25.50 25.50 9.80 11.80 11.80 11.80Timor-Leste 25.40 24.40 23.60 23.40 23.30 23.10 47.83 47.99 48.26 48.16 48.34 48.43 29.20 29.20 29.20 32.30 38.50 38.50High IncomeCommonwealth CountriesAntigua and Barbuda – – – – – – – – – – – – 10.50 10.50 10.50 10.50 10.50 10.50Bahamas, The 62.10 58.30 58.50 58.80 59.40 59.60 87.09 87.14 87.26 87.26 87.39 87.39 12.20 12.20 12.20 12.20 13.20 13.20Barbados 59.30 57.80 57.30 57.00 56.70 56.30 85.99 85.79 85.92 85.92 85.92 86.03 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 16.70Brunei Darussalam 52.20 51.80 51.40 51.00 50.70 50.40 70.44 70.42 70.30 70.18 69.97 69.85 – – – – – –Cyprus 53.20 53.20 53.50 52.10 49.70 47.60 77.22 78.71 80.08 79.89 78.81 78.76 14.30 12.50 12.50 10.70 10.70 10.70Malta 31.10 31.10 32.20 33.00 35.20 35.40 49.93 50.52 51.49 52.82 57.14 57.16 8.70 8.70 8.70 8.70 8.70 14.30Singapore* 54.50 53.60 55.40 56.30 57.20 57.00 72.96 72.20 73.94 75.16 76.13 76.17 24.50 23.40 23.40 22.20 24.20 24.20St. Kitts and Nevis – – – – – – – – – – – – 6.70 6.70 6.70 6.70 6.70 6.70Trinidad and Tobago 49.80 48.40 48.80 48.90 49.40 49.00 69.92 68.30 69.63 69.80 70.07 70.20 26.80 26.80 28.60 28.60 28.60 28.60Non-Commonwealth CountriesBahrain 31.20 31.70 32.10 32.20 32.30 32.30 44.55 44.76 45.07 45.13 45.18 45.11 2.50 2.50 2.50 10.00 10.00 10.00Equatorial Guinea 74.40 73.90 74.00 74.30 74.90 74.20 87.00 87.11 87.22 87.22 87.32 87.53 6.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 12.10Estonia 52.30 49.70 48.20 50.40 50.90 51.50 79.31 80.81 83.14 83.36 81.51 81.57 20.80 22.80 22.80 19.80 20.80 20.80Iceland 68.90 65.90 65.70 65.50 66.50 66.90 87.62 89.04 89.57 89.60 91.33 91.09 33.30 42.90 42.90 39.70 39.70 39.70Qatar 49.10 49.20 49.20 48.70 49.20 49.10 52.68 52.41 52.82 53.03 53.14 53.19 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00San Marino – – – – – – – – – – – – 15.00 16.70 16.70 18.30 16.70 18.30

Note: Singapore is a member of the Commonwealth, but is not classified as a small state under the Secretariat’s definition.Sources: World Bank, World Development Indicators 2014, available at: http://databank.worldbank.org; UN Stats, Human

Development Indices 2012, available at: http://data.un.org; UNDP, Human Development Statistical Tables 2014, available at: http://hdr.undp.org/ (accessed 25 September 2014)

107


Group / Country Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP)

Tourism, receipts (% of exports)

Total reserves (% of GDP) Net migration

Personal remittances, received (% of GDP)

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Low IncomeNon-Commonwealth CountriesComoros 2.58 1.54 3.78 1.74 2.12 – – – – – 0.28 0.27 0.26 0.33 0.26 – – – −10,000 – – – – 20.02 –Gambia, The 4.38 3.93 4.03 3.67 2.76 22.99 29.57 30.08 29.65 – 0.25 0.21 0.25 0.26 0.23 – – – −13,476 – 8.86 12.16 12.01 15.45 –Guinea-Bissau −0.16 0.18 2.59 0.81 1.69 7.75 7.97 – – – 0.20 0.19 0.23 0.20 0.22 – – – −10,000 – 5.87 5.49 – 4.76 –Middle IncomeCommonwealth CountriesBelize 8.13 6.90 6.40 12.35 5.56 35.15 31.82 26.28 28.91 33.22 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.18 0.25 – – – 7,596 – 5.87 5.59 5.06 4.83 4.58Botswana 1.27 0.99 7.15 1.01 1.27 1.48 1.63 0.52 0.48 1.39 0.86 0.57 0.53 0.52 0.52 – – – 20,000 – 0.15 0.16 0.13 0.12 0.24Dominica 8.79 5.12 2.89 4.67 3.55 52.76 54.97 61.01 57.20 48.34 0.16 0.16 0.17 0.19 0.17 – – – – – 4.59 4.82 4.65 4.52 4.56Fiji 4.79 11.06 11.10 6.62 6.75 50.93 44.45 41.82 40.53 42.75 0.19 0.22 0.22 0.23 0.23 – – – −28,720 – 5.85 5.39 4.27 4.95 5.28Grenada 13.29 7.84 5.48 3.93 8.95 59.85 60.98 60.39 56.85 57.21 0.17 0.15 0.16 0.15 0.18 – – – −4,274 – 3.58 3.69 3.72 3.66 3.55Guyana 8.10 8.76 9.58 9.75 6.52 3.73 7.15 6.66 3.79 5.00 0.31 0.35 0.31 0.30 0.25 – – – −32,770 – 12.94 16.28 16.00 16.46 10.98Jamaica 4.00 1.40 1.20 3.31 4.02 51.26 52.32 47.94 46.83 48.85 0.17 0.19 0.16 0.13 0.13 – – – −80,000 – 15.58 15.32 14.59 14.59 15.05Kiribati 2.50 −4.35 0.81 0.49 5.33 – – – – – – – – – – – – – −1,000 – – – – 7.30 –Lesotho 10.39 8.17 8.05 8.49 1.98 3.87 2.70 2.37 4.42 4.30 0.69 0.49 0.37 0.44 0.47 – – – −19,998 – 32.07 28.04 26.11 23.80 19.81Maldives 7.96 10.14 11.86 13.44 14.14 86.03 85.33 79.44 79.85 82.29 0.14 0.17 0.16 0.15 0.17 – – – −53 – 0.23 0.15 0.14 0.15 0.14Mauritius 2.91 4.42 3.85 5.15 2.17 33.27 31.98 30.92 29.35 25.40 0.26 0.27 0.25 0.27 0.29 – – – 0 – 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00Namibia 6.30 6.16 7.78 6.43 5.56 13.45 11.38 12.13 – 9.46 0.24 0.15 0.14 0.13 0.12 – – – −3,336 – 0.15 0.14 0.12 0.10 0.09Nauru – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Papua New Guinea 5.29 0.30 −2.50 −0.41 0.12 0.05 0.04 0.05 – – 0.33 0.33 0.35 0.26 0.19 – – – 0 – 0.06 0.04 0.14 0.09 –Samoa 1.97 0.18 2.40 3.44 4.03 66.24 60.90 63.75 61.06 60.93 0.33 0.37 0.26 0.25 0.25 – – – −12,690 – 23.85 21.31 22.02 19.68 19.71Seychelles 19.85 16.42 11.20 15.43 14.01 3.18 3.45 3.27 2.79 37.14 0.22 0.26 0.26 0.30 0.34 – – – −1,551 – 1.90 1.79 2.38 1.71 0.89Solomon Islands 19.31 17.84 12.14 6.83 9.60 21.29 19.80 15.58 10.53 12.15 0.24 0.39 0.47 0.50 0.47 – – – −11,868 – 0.41 0.25 0.22 1.73 1.51Saint Lucia 12.41 9.69 7.44 5.75 6.27 54.42 50.75 56.10 56.90 57.62 0.15 0.16 0.16 0.18 0.14 – – – 40 – 2.37 2.32 2.27 2.29 2.26St Vincent and the Grenadines 16.33 14.27 12.65 16.62 17.47 45.76 46.95 50.33 48.47 47.42 0.13 0.17 0.13 0.16 0.19 – – – −5,000 – 4.31 4.26 4.32 4.49 4.45Swaziland 2.09 3.49 2.25 2.22 1.77 2.25 2.47 – – 0.64 0.30 0.19 0.14 0.18 0.20 – – – −6,000 – 2.97 1.41 0.92 0.77 0.79Tonga 0.13 1.97 6.56 1.72 2.49 38.65 – – – – 0.30 0.28 0.34 0.32 0.33 – – – −8,078 – 22.64 20.58 16.51 23.80 –Tuvalu – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 9.62 10.59Vanuatu 5.27 5.93 7.40 4.79 4.16 70.51 73.79 71.32 76.48 77.86 0.24 0.23 0.22 – – – – – 0 – 1.88 1.68 2.77 2.82 2.86Non-Commonwealth CountriesBhutan 1.45 4.75 1.69 1.31 1.12 8.88 10.84 10.19 12.76 17.67 0.70 0.63 0.43 0.51 0.53 – – – 10,000 – 0.38 0.52 0.57 0.99 0.66Cabo Verde 7.42 6.98 5.48 4.21 2.05 61.51 61.45 56.02 60.65 59.95 0.23 0.23 0.18 0.21 0.25 – – – −17,215 – 7.99 7.87 9.48 10.11 9.34Djibouti 8.08 3.23 6.38 8.13 19.64 4.15 4.43 4.76 4.64 4.60 0.20 0.22 0.20 0.18 0.29 – – – −15,996 – 2.71 2.89 2.61 2.46 2.45Gabon 4.76 3.42 3.70 3.90 4.43 – – – – – 0.17 0.12 0.11 0.13 – – – – 5,000 – – – – – –Marshall Islands 9.67 23.29 2.84 1.98 12.93 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 11.93 –Micronesia 0.22 0.27 0.26 0.25 0.24 – – – – – 0.20 0.19 0.24 0.24 0.25 – – – −8,192 – – – – 6.38 6.97Montenegro 37.26 18.43 12.36 15.28 10.08 55.14 50.92 47.98 50.30 50.42 0.14 0.14 0.09 0.11 0.13 – – – −2,500 – 7.28 7.32 7.63 8.22 9.59Palau 0.40 2.28 2.16 2.28 2.31 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –São Tomé and Principe 7.89 25.17 12.95 8.53 9.66 42.32 45.65 54.19 50.40 62.66 0.34 0.24 0.21 0.20 0.21 – – – −1,500 – 1.02 3.17 2.77 2.41 8.53Suriname −2.41 −5.67 3.33 2.48 2.65 4.15 2.97 2.59 2.76 3.58 0.17 0.16 0.19 0.20 0.15 – – – −5,000 – 0.12 0.10 0.09 0.16 0.13Timor-Leste 5.80 3.25 4.35 1.48 2.41 24.17 29.97 22.96 20.45 33.01 0.30 0.43 0.41 0.65 0.43 – – – −75,000 – 2.75 14.17 11.59 9.44 –High IncomeCommonwealth CountriesAntigua and Barbuda 6.69 8.51 5.78 10.83 10.92 54.31 56.89 58.02 58.91 56.50 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.16 – – – −56 – 1.71 1.78 1.80 1.73 1.76Bahamas, The 8.49 11.05 8.47 6.46 – 66.14 67.55 66.81 63.48 62.29 0.13 0.13 0.14 0.10 – – – – 1,998 – 2.49 1.85 – – –Barbados 9.98 15.09 16.60 12.20 – 59.56 51.91 – – – 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.20 – – – – 9,672 – – – – – –Brunei Darussalam 3.03 5.06 7.24 5.07 5.56 3.14 – – 0.69 – 0.13 0.13 0.15 0.20 0.22 – – – 1,760 – – – – – –Cyprus 9.26 0.31 8.36 5.42 2.77 26.16 24.91 25.75 27.63 31.22 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 – – – – 35,000 – 0.54 0.59 0.51 0.51 0.38Malta 11.09 12.67 7.24 6.77 −19.38 16.49 15.99 16.08 16.50 18.08 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.08 – – – – 4,512 – 0.65 0.44 0.40 0.38 0.35Singapore* 12.38 23.30 18.38 21.32 21.40 2.54 3.01 3.29 3.38 3.36 1.00 0.98 0.89 0.93 0.93 – – – 400,000 – – – – – –St. Kitts and Nevis 18.44 16.80 15.06 12.63 14.91 47.49 43.24 37.97 36.93 34.33 0.19 0.24 0.34 0.36 0.41 – – – – – 5.47 6.79 6.14 6.97 6.73Trinidad and Tobago 3.67 2.65 5.14 10.47 6.95 5.50 5.21 3.14 – – 0.48 0.47 0.44 0.42 0.43 – – – −15,000 – 0.57 0.44 0.53 – –Non-Commonwealth CountriesBahrain 1.12 0.61 2.69 2.94 3.02 11.93 12.10 7.70 7.62 7.70 0.17 0.21 0.16 0.18 0.17 – – – 22,081 – – – – – –Equatorial Guinea 17.44 23.60 12.57 12.22 12.29 – – – – – 0.35 0.20 0.19 0.27 – – – – 20,000 – – – – – –Estonia 9.62 10.78 2.31 7.37 3.72 11.80 9.47 8.25 7.83 8.37 0.21 0.13 0.01 0.01 0.01 – – – 0 – 1.58 1.68 1.80 1.81 1.72Iceland 0.53 2.05 7.88 7.54 2.37 8.61 7.91 9.06 16.56 13.13 0.32 0.46 0.61 0.31 0.29 – – – 5,429 – 0.16 0.18 0.15 1.02 1.15Qatar 8.31 3.73 −0.05 0.17 −0.42 – – 3.67 5.05 5.71 0.19 0.25 0.10 0.17 0.21 – – – 499,998 – – – 0.34 0.42 0.28San Marino – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

108


Group / Country Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP)

Tourism, receipts (% of exports)

Total reserves (% of GDP) Net migration

Personal remittances, received (% of GDP)

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Low IncomeNon-Commonwealth CountriesComoros 2.58 1.54 3.78 1.74 2.12 – – – – – 0.28 0.27 0.26 0.33 0.26 – – – −10,000 – – – – 20.02 –Gambia, The 4.38 3.93 4.03 3.67 2.76 22.99 29.57 30.08 29.65 – 0.25 0.21 0.25 0.26 0.23 – – – −13,476 – 8.86 12.16 12.01 15.45 –Guinea-Bissau −0.16 0.18 2.59 0.81 1.69 7.75 7.97 – – – 0.20 0.19 0.23 0.20 0.22 – – – −10,000 – 5.87 5.49 – 4.76 –Middle IncomeCommonwealth CountriesBelize 8.13 6.90 6.40 12.35 5.56 35.15 31.82 26.28 28.91 33.22 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.18 0.25 – – – 7,596 – 5.87 5.59 5.06 4.83 4.58Botswana 1.27 0.99 7.15 1.01 1.27 1.48 1.63 0.52 0.48 1.39 0.86 0.57 0.53 0.52 0.52 – – – 20,000 – 0.15 0.16 0.13 0.12 0.24Dominica 8.79 5.12 2.89 4.67 3.55 52.76 54.97 61.01 57.20 48.34 0.16 0.16 0.17 0.19 0.17 – – – – – 4.59 4.82 4.65 4.52 4.56Fiji 4.79 11.06 11.10 6.62 6.75 50.93 44.45 41.82 40.53 42.75 0.19 0.22 0.22 0.23 0.23 – – – −28,720 – 5.85 5.39 4.27 4.95 5.28Grenada 13.29 7.84 5.48 3.93 8.95 59.85 60.98 60.39 56.85 57.21 0.17 0.15 0.16 0.15 0.18 – – – −4,274 – 3.58 3.69 3.72 3.66 3.55Guyana 8.10 8.76 9.58 9.75 6.52 3.73 7.15 6.66 3.79 5.00 0.31 0.35 0.31 0.30 0.25 – – – −32,770 – 12.94 16.28 16.00 16.46 10.98Jamaica 4.00 1.40 1.20 3.31 4.02 51.26 52.32 47.94 46.83 48.85 0.17 0.19 0.16 0.13 0.13 – – – −80,000 – 15.58 15.32 14.59 14.59 15.05Kiribati 2.50 −4.35 0.81 0.49 5.33 – – – – – – – – – – – – – −1,000 – – – – 7.30 –Lesotho 10.39 8.17 8.05 8.49 1.98 3.87 2.70 2.37 4.42 4.30 0.69 0.49 0.37 0.44 0.47 – – – −19,998 – 32.07 28.04 26.11 23.80 19.81Maldives 7.96 10.14 11.86 13.44 14.14 86.03 85.33 79.44 79.85 82.29 0.14 0.17 0.16 0.15 0.17 – – – −53 – 0.23 0.15 0.14 0.15 0.14Mauritius 2.91 4.42 3.85 5.15 2.17 33.27 31.98 30.92 29.35 25.40 0.26 0.27 0.25 0.27 0.29 – – – 0 – 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00Namibia 6.30 6.16 7.78 6.43 5.56 13.45 11.38 12.13 – 9.46 0.24 0.15 0.14 0.13 0.12 – – – −3,336 – 0.15 0.14 0.12 0.10 0.09Nauru – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Papua New Guinea 5.29 0.30 −2.50 −0.41 0.12 0.05 0.04 0.05 – – 0.33 0.33 0.35 0.26 0.19 – – – 0 – 0.06 0.04 0.14 0.09 –Samoa 1.97 0.18 2.40 3.44 4.03 66.24 60.90 63.75 61.06 60.93 0.33 0.37 0.26 0.25 0.25 – – – −12,690 – 23.85 21.31 22.02 19.68 19.71Seychelles 19.85 16.42 11.20 15.43 14.01 3.18 3.45 3.27 2.79 37.14 0.22 0.26 0.26 0.30 0.34 – – – −1,551 – 1.90 1.79 2.38 1.71 0.89Solomon Islands 19.31 17.84 12.14 6.83 9.60 21.29 19.80 15.58 10.53 12.15 0.24 0.39 0.47 0.50 0.47 – – – −11,868 – 0.41 0.25 0.22 1.73 1.51Saint Lucia 12.41 9.69 7.44 5.75 6.27 54.42 50.75 56.10 56.90 57.62 0.15 0.16 0.16 0.18 0.14 – – – 40 – 2.37 2.32 2.27 2.29 2.26St Vincent and the Grenadines 16.33 14.27 12.65 16.62 17.47 45.76 46.95 50.33 48.47 47.42 0.13 0.17 0.13 0.16 0.19 – – – −5,000 – 4.31 4.26 4.32 4.49 4.45Swaziland 2.09 3.49 2.25 2.22 1.77 2.25 2.47 – – 0.64 0.30 0.19 0.14 0.18 0.20 – – – −6,000 – 2.97 1.41 0.92 0.77 0.79Tonga 0.13 1.97 6.56 1.72 2.49 38.65 – – – – 0.30 0.28 0.34 0.32 0.33 – – – −8,078 – 22.64 20.58 16.51 23.80 –Tuvalu – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 9.62 10.59Vanuatu 5.27 5.93 7.40 4.79 4.16 70.51 73.79 71.32 76.48 77.86 0.24 0.23 0.22 – – – – – 0 – 1.88 1.68 2.77 2.82 2.86Non-Commonwealth CountriesBhutan 1.45 4.75 1.69 1.31 1.12 8.88 10.84 10.19 12.76 17.67 0.70 0.63 0.43 0.51 0.53 – – – 10,000 – 0.38 0.52 0.57 0.99 0.66Cabo Verde 7.42 6.98 5.48 4.21 2.05 61.51 61.45 56.02 60.65 59.95 0.23 0.23 0.18 0.21 0.25 – – – −17,215 – 7.99 7.87 9.48 10.11 9.34Djibouti 8.08 3.23 6.38 8.13 19.64 4.15 4.43 4.76 4.64 4.60 0.20 0.22 0.20 0.18 0.29 – – – −15,996 – 2.71 2.89 2.61 2.46 2.45Gabon 4.76 3.42 3.70 3.90 4.43 – – – – – 0.17 0.12 0.11 0.13 – – – – 5,000 – – – – – –Marshall Islands 9.67 23.29 2.84 1.98 12.93 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 11.93 –Micronesia 0.22 0.27 0.26 0.25 0.24 – – – – – 0.20 0.19 0.24 0.24 0.25 – – – −8,192 – – – – 6.38 6.97Montenegro 37.26 18.43 12.36 15.28 10.08 55.14 50.92 47.98 50.30 50.42 0.14 0.14 0.09 0.11 0.13 – – – −2,500 – 7.28 7.32 7.63 8.22 9.59Palau 0.40 2.28 2.16 2.28 2.31 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –São Tomé and Principe 7.89 25.17 12.95 8.53 9.66 42.32 45.65 54.19 50.40 62.66 0.34 0.24 0.21 0.20 0.21 – – – −1,500 – 1.02 3.17 2.77 2.41 8.53Suriname −2.41 −5.67 3.33 2.48 2.65 4.15 2.97 2.59 2.76 3.58 0.17 0.16 0.19 0.20 0.15 – – – −5,000 – 0.12 0.10 0.09 0.16 0.13Timor-Leste 5.80 3.25 4.35 1.48 2.41 24.17 29.97 22.96 20.45 33.01 0.30 0.43 0.41 0.65 0.43 – – – −75,000 – 2.75 14.17 11.59 9.44 –High IncomeCommonwealth CountriesAntigua and Barbuda 6.69 8.51 5.78 10.83 10.92 54.31 56.89 58.02 58.91 56.50 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.16 – – – −56 – 1.71 1.78 1.80 1.73 1.76Bahamas, The 8.49 11.05 8.47 6.46 – 66.14 67.55 66.81 63.48 62.29 0.13 0.13 0.14 0.10 – – – – 1,998 – 2.49 1.85 – – –Barbados 9.98 15.09 16.60 12.20 – 59.56 51.91 – – – 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.20 – – – – 9,672 – – – – – –Brunei Darussalam 3.03 5.06 7.24 5.07 5.56 3.14 – – 0.69 – 0.13 0.13 0.15 0.20 0.22 – – – 1,760 – – – – – –Cyprus 9.26 0.31 8.36 5.42 2.77 26.16 24.91 25.75 27.63 31.22 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 – – – – 35,000 – 0.54 0.59 0.51 0.51 0.38Malta 11.09 12.67 7.24 6.77 −19.38 16.49 15.99 16.08 16.50 18.08 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.08 – – – – 4,512 – 0.65 0.44 0.40 0.38 0.35Singapore* 12.38 23.30 18.38 21.32 21.40 2.54 3.01 3.29 3.38 3.36 1.00 0.98 0.89 0.93 0.93 – – – 400,000 – – – – – –St. Kitts and Nevis 18.44 16.80 15.06 12.63 14.91 47.49 43.24 37.97 36.93 34.33 0.19 0.24 0.34 0.36 0.41 – – – – – 5.47 6.79 6.14 6.97 6.73Trinidad and Tobago 3.67 2.65 5.14 10.47 6.95 5.50 5.21 3.14 – – 0.48 0.47 0.44 0.42 0.43 – – – −15,000 – 0.57 0.44 0.53 – –Non-Commonwealth CountriesBahrain 1.12 0.61 2.69 2.94 3.02 11.93 12.10 7.70 7.62 7.70 0.17 0.21 0.16 0.18 0.17 – – – 22,081 – – – – – –Equatorial Guinea 17.44 23.60 12.57 12.22 12.29 – – – – – 0.35 0.20 0.19 0.27 – – – – 20,000 – – – – – –Estonia 9.62 10.78 2.31 7.37 3.72 11.80 9.47 8.25 7.83 8.37 0.21 0.13 0.01 0.01 0.01 – – – 0 – 1.58 1.68 1.80 1.81 1.72Iceland 0.53 2.05 7.88 7.54 2.37 8.61 7.91 9.06 16.56 13.13 0.32 0.46 0.61 0.31 0.29 – – – 5,429 – 0.16 0.18 0.15 1.02 1.15Qatar 8.31 3.73 −0.05 0.17 −0.42 – – 3.67 5.05 5.71 0.19 0.25 0.10 0.17 0.21 – – – 499,998 – – – 0.34 0.42 0.28San Marino – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

109

Table 15. Globalisation (continued)

Group / Country Road density (km)

Mobile cellular subscriptions (per 100 people)

Internet users (per 100 people)

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Low IncomeNon-Commonwealth CountriesComoros – – – – – 18.41 24.20 30.91 39.51 47.28 3.50 5.10 5.50 5.98 6.50Gambia, The – – – – – 80.63 87.96 80.76 85.20 99.98 7.63 9.20 10.87 12.45 14.00Guinea-Bissau – – – – – 36.13 42.69 45.11 63.07 74.09 2.30 2.45 2.67 2.89 3.10Middle IncomeCommonwealth CountriesBelize – – – – – 53.75 62.93 70.32 53.21 52.94 11.73 14.00 18.70 25.00 31.70Botswana – – – – – 96.02 120.01 145.98 153.79 160.64 6.15 6.00 8.00 11.50 15.00Dominica – 120.67 – – – 138.74 148.34 152.55 152.47 129.96 42.02 47.45 51.31 55.18 59.00Fiji – – – – – 75.08 81.10 83.76 98.18 101.13 17.00 20.00 28.00 33.74 37.10Grenada – – – – – 109.71 116.50 115.02 123.16 125.59 24.05 27.00 30.00 32.00 35.00Guyana – – – – – 62.55 71.29 66.86 68.78 69.41 23.90 29.90 31.00 33.00 33.00Jamaica 201.28 201.28 201.28 – – 108.29 116.07 106.92 98.05 100.42 24.30 27.67 37.44 33.79 37.80Kiribati – – – – – 10.29 10.84 13.89 15.88 16.61 8.97 9.07 10.00 10.75 11.50Lesotho – – – – – 33.22 49.15 60.72 75.30 86.30 3.72 3.86 4.22 4.59 5.00Maldives – – – – – 143.21 151.78 159.79 165.63 181.19 24.80 26.53 34.00 38.93 44.10Mauritius 101.27 101.96 – – – 88.58 96.77 104.79 119.87 123.24 22.51 28.33 34.95 35.42 39.00Namibia 5.39 5.35 5.54 – – 76.12 89.50 98.96 95.02 110.21 6.50 11.60 12.00 12.94 13.90Nauru – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Papua New Guinea – – – – – 21.14 27.83 34.22 37.80 40.98 – – – – –Samoa – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Seychelles 110.43 110.43 110.43 – – 122.18 128.92 137.90 147.80 147.34 1.61 1.28 2.00 3.50 6.50Solomon Islands – – – – – 9.71 21.94 51.09 54.98 57.57 6.00 7.00 11.00 12.92 15.30Saint Lucia – – – – – 108.30 111.73 120.78 119.42 116.31 – 41.00 43.16 47.08 50.40St Vincent and the Grenadines – – – – – 110.86 120.56 120.53 116.11 114.63 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00Swaziland – – – – – 56.61 60.83 63.24 65.39 71.47 36.00 43.30 45.00 34.82 35.20Tonga – – – – – 51.18 52.16 52.60 53.36 54.59 31.00 38.50 43.01 47.52 52.00Tuvalu – – – – – 10.20 16.28 21.64 28.40 34.43 8.94 11.04 18.13 20.78 24.70Vanuatu – – – – – 57.05 71.92 64.45 59.08 59.34 10.00 16.00 25.00 34.86 35.00Non-Commonwealth CountriesBhutan 15.58 18.02 21.79 – – 48.11 55.00 66.38 75.61 72.20 7.17 13.60 21.00 25.43 29.90Cabo Verde – – – – – 59.83 76.27 80.81 86.03 100.11 21.00 30.00 32.00 34.74 37.50Djibouti – – – – – 15.67 19.86 22.80 24.72 27.97 4.00 6.50 7.00 8.27 9.50Gabon – – – – – 95.45 103.46 148.69 179.47 214.75 6.70 7.23 8.00 8.62 9.20Marshall Islands – – – – – – – – – – 5.60 7.00 8.06 10.00 11.70Micronesia – – – – – 26.45 26.56 26.69 30.19 30.32 15.35 20.00 22.80 25.97 27.80Montenegro 55.21 56.21 57.24 – – 208.94 188.69 186.76 159.54 159.95 35.10 37.50 35.61 56.84 56.80Palau – – – – – 62.64 70.89 74.95 82.64 90.35 – – – – –São Tomé and Principe – – – – – 46.66 57.64 62.80 64.95 64.94 16.41 18.75 20.16 21.57 23.00Suriname – – – – – 146.86 99.28 100.71 106.46 127.32 31.36 31.59 32.00 34.68 37.40Timor-Leste – – – – – 32.97 43.82 56.02 55.74 57.38 0.19 0.21 0.90 0.91 1.10High IncomeCommonwealth CountriesAntigua and Barbuda – – – – – 160.04 156.34 192.55 199.66 143.01 42.00 47.00 53.00 59.00 63.40Bahamas, The – – – – – 102.79 101.22 118.83 81.56 80.65 33.88 43.00 65.00 71.75 72.00Barbados – – – – – 103.97 120.81 124.85 123.46 123.33 64.70 68.10 71.77 73.33 75.00Brunei Darussalam 53.10 52.48 54.20 – – 102.79 104.69 108.62 109.02 113.95 49.00 53.00 56.00 60.27 64.50Cyprus 133.84 134.95 140.61 – – 94.40 89.64 93.69 97.71 98.40 49.81 52.99 56.86 60.69 65.45Malta – – – – – 91.64 99.81 107.26 122.37 124.42 58.86 63.00 68.02 68.20 68.91Singapore* 472.68 475.63 480.56 – – 132.30 138.69 145.40 150.12 152.13 69.00 71.00 71.00 72.00 73.00St. Kitts and Nevis – – – – – 145.76 145.95 152.81 145.36 141.83 69.00 76.00 77.60 79.35 80.00Trinidad and Tobago – – – – – 137.20 139.61 142.63 136.99 140.84 44.30 48.50 55.20 59.52 63.80Non-Commonwealth CountriesBahrain 537.24 542.37 545.66 – – 117.66 125.21 131.01 161.17 165.91 53.00 55.00 77.00 88.00 90.00Equatorial Guinea – – – – – 29.55 57.36 66.88 68.05 67.47 2.13 6.00 11.50 13.94 16.40Estonia 129.08 129.14 129.31 – – 120.54 127.28 143.93 160.41 159.66 72.50 74.10 76.50 78.39 80.00Iceland 12.51 12.49 12.51 – – 108.26 107.24 106.84 108.05 108.11 93.00 93.39 94.82 96.21 96.55Qatar 85.84 84.67 78.60 – – 124.60 124.96 120.48 126.86 152.64 53.10 69.00 69.00 69.30 85.30San Marino – – 583.82 – – 97.56 99.11 114.23 115.21 116.96 54.21 – 49.60 50.88 50.80


29 September 2014)

110

Table 15. Globalisation (continued)

Group / Country Road density (km)

Mobile cellular subscriptions (per 100 people)

Internet users (per 100 people)

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Low IncomeNon-Commonwealth CountriesComoros – – – – – 18.41 24.20 30.91 39.51 47.28 3.50 5.10 5.50 5.98 6.50Gambia, The – – – – – 80.63 87.96 80.76 85.20 99.98 7.63 9.20 10.87 12.45 14.00Guinea-Bissau – – – – – 36.13 42.69 45.11 63.07 74.09 2.30 2.45 2.67 2.89 3.10Middle IncomeCommonwealth CountriesBelize – – – – – 53.75 62.93 70.32 53.21 52.94 11.73 14.00 18.70 25.00 31.70Botswana – – – – – 96.02 120.01 145.98 153.79 160.64 6.15 6.00 8.00 11.50 15.00Dominica – 120.67 – – – 138.74 148.34 152.55 152.47 129.96 42.02 47.45 51.31 55.18 59.00Fiji – – – – – 75.08 81.10 83.76 98.18 101.13 17.00 20.00 28.00 33.74 37.10Grenada – – – – – 109.71 116.50 115.02 123.16 125.59 24.05 27.00 30.00 32.00 35.00Guyana – – – – – 62.55 71.29 66.86 68.78 69.41 23.90 29.90 31.00 33.00 33.00Jamaica 201.28 201.28 201.28 – – 108.29 116.07 106.92 98.05 100.42 24.30 27.67 37.44 33.79 37.80Kiribati – – – – – 10.29 10.84 13.89 15.88 16.61 8.97 9.07 10.00 10.75 11.50Lesotho – – – – – 33.22 49.15 60.72 75.30 86.30 3.72 3.86 4.22 4.59 5.00Maldives – – – – – 143.21 151.78 159.79 165.63 181.19 24.80 26.53 34.00 38.93 44.10Mauritius 101.27 101.96 – – – 88.58 96.77 104.79 119.87 123.24 22.51 28.33 34.95 35.42 39.00Namibia 5.39 5.35 5.54 – – 76.12 89.50 98.96 95.02 110.21 6.50 11.60 12.00 12.94 13.90Nauru – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Papua New Guinea – – – – – 21.14 27.83 34.22 37.80 40.98 – – – – –Samoa – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –Seychelles 110.43 110.43 110.43 – – 122.18 128.92 137.90 147.80 147.34 1.61 1.28 2.00 3.50 6.50Solomon Islands – – – – – 9.71 21.94 51.09 54.98 57.57 6.00 7.00 11.00 12.92 15.30Saint Lucia – – – – – 108.30 111.73 120.78 119.42 116.31 – 41.00 43.16 47.08 50.40St Vincent and the Grenadines – – – – – 110.86 120.56 120.53 116.11 114.63 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00Swaziland – – – – – 56.61 60.83 63.24 65.39 71.47 36.00 43.30 45.00 34.82 35.20Tonga – – – – – 51.18 52.16 52.60 53.36 54.59 31.00 38.50 43.01 47.52 52.00Tuvalu – – – – – 10.20 16.28 21.64 28.40 34.43 8.94 11.04 18.13 20.78 24.70Vanuatu – – – – – 57.05 71.92 64.45 59.08 59.34 10.00 16.00 25.00 34.86 35.00Non-Commonwealth CountriesBhutan 15.58 18.02 21.79 – – 48.11 55.00 66.38 75.61 72.20 7.17 13.60 21.00 25.43 29.90Cabo Verde – – – – – 59.83 76.27 80.81 86.03 100.11 21.00 30.00 32.00 34.74 37.50Djibouti – – – – – 15.67 19.86 22.80 24.72 27.97 4.00 6.50 7.00 8.27 9.50Gabon – – – – – 95.45 103.46 148.69 179.47 214.75 6.70 7.23 8.00 8.62 9.20Marshall Islands – – – – – – – – – – 5.60 7.00 8.06 10.00 11.70Micronesia – – – – – 26.45 26.56 26.69 30.19 30.32 15.35 20.00 22.80 25.97 27.80Montenegro 55.21 56.21 57.24 – – 208.94 188.69 186.76 159.54 159.95 35.10 37.50 35.61 56.84 56.80Palau – – – – – 62.64 70.89 74.95 82.64 90.35 – – – – –São Tomé and Principe – – – – – 46.66 57.64 62.80 64.95 64.94 16.41 18.75 20.16 21.57 23.00Suriname – – – – – 146.86 99.28 100.71 106.46 127.32 31.36 31.59 32.00 34.68 37.40Timor-Leste – – – – – 32.97 43.82 56.02 55.74 57.38 0.19 0.21 0.90 0.91 1.10High IncomeCommonwealth CountriesAntigua and Barbuda – – – – – 160.04 156.34 192.55 199.66 143.01 42.00 47.00 53.00 59.00 63.40Bahamas, The – – – – – 102.79 101.22 118.83 81.56 80.65 33.88 43.00 65.00 71.75 72.00Barbados – – – – – 103.97 120.81 124.85 123.46 123.33 64.70 68.10 71.77 73.33 75.00Brunei Darussalam 53.10 52.48 54.20 – – 102.79 104.69 108.62 109.02 113.95 49.00 53.00 56.00 60.27 64.50Cyprus 133.84 134.95 140.61 – – 94.40 89.64 93.69 97.71 98.40 49.81 52.99 56.86 60.69 65.45Malta – – – – – 91.64 99.81 107.26 122.37 124.42 58.86 63.00 68.02 68.20 68.91Singapore* 472.68 475.63 480.56 – – 132.30 138.69 145.40 150.12 152.13 69.00 71.00 71.00 72.00 73.00St. Kitts and Nevis – – – – – 145.76 145.95 152.81 145.36 141.83 69.00 76.00 77.60 79.35 80.00Trinidad and Tobago – – – – – 137.20 139.61 142.63 136.99 140.84 44.30 48.50 55.20 59.52 63.80Non-Commonwealth CountriesBahrain 537.24 542.37 545.66 – – 117.66 125.21 131.01 161.17 165.91 53.00 55.00 77.00 88.00 90.00Equatorial Guinea – – – – – 29.55 57.36 66.88 68.05 67.47 2.13 6.00 11.50 13.94 16.40Estonia 129.08 129.14 129.31 – – 120.54 127.28 143.93 160.41 159.66 72.50 74.10 76.50 78.39 80.00Iceland 12.51 12.49 12.51 – – 108.26 107.24 106.84 108.05 108.11 93.00 93.39 94.82 96.21 96.55Qatar 85.84 84.67 78.60 – – 124.60 124.96 120.48 126.86 152.64 53.10 69.00 69.00 69.30 85.30San Marino – – 583.82 – – 97.56 99.11 114.23 115.21 116.96 54.21 – 49.60 50.88 50.80


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111


Group/CountryVoice and accountability

Political stability and absence of violence/terrorism Government effectiveness Regulatory quality

Estimatea Rankb

Estimatea Rankb

Estimatea Rankb

Estimate Rank

Estimate Rank

Estimate Rank

Estimate Rank

Estimate Rank

Estimate Rank

Estimate Rank

Estimate Rank

Estimate Rank

2003 2008 2013 2003 2008 2013 2003 2008 2013 2003 2008 2013

Low IncomeNon-Commonwealth CountriesComoros −0.57 31.25 −0.36 35.10 −0.52 31.28 −0.72 25.48 −1.08 15.79 −0.24 38.39 −1.37 5.37 −1.77 0.97 −1.44 6.70 −1.44 6.86 −1.50 4.37 −1.26 10.05Gambia, The −0.38 37.50 −0.85 24.04 −1.25 13.74 0.32 56.73 0.08 47.37 −0.05 44.55 −0.47 36.10 −0.72 26.21 −0.72 26.32 −0.46 38.24 −0.38 40.29 −0.37 37.80Guinea-Bissau −1.13 17.79 −0.79 25.48 −1.41 8.53 −0.53 28.37 −0.69 22.97 −0.93 18.48 −1.31 6.34 −1.06 14.08 −1.44 6.22 −0.86 18.63 −1.20 10.19 −1.30 9.09Middle IncomeCommonwealth CountriesBelize 0.88 73.56 0.62 67.79 0.70 68.72 0.47 62.02 0.18 51.20 0.17 53.55 −0.19 51.71 −0.54 36.41 −0.19 47.85 0.05 55.39 −0.47 35.92 −0.49 33.49Botswana 0.69 68.27 0.48 61.54 0.47 62.56 1.08 86.06 0.98 81.34 1.06 84.83 0.73 74.63 0.56 70.39 0.28 62.20 0.79 75.00 0.48 64.56 0.66 73.21Dominica 1.08 84.62 1.06 82.69 0.99 79.15 0.66 67.31 0.96 80.38 1.20 91.47 0.22 62.44 0.53 69.90 0.71 71.77 0.79 74.51 0.55 67.48 0.27 59.81Fiji 0.12 50.48 −0.56 29.81 −0.81 25.59 0.43 59.13 −0.05 42.58 −0.03 45.97 −0.22 48.78 −0.76 23.79 −0.96 16.75 −0.32 43.63 −0.69 26.70 −0.57 30.62Grenada 0.84 72.12 0.87 73.08 0.82 71.56 0.87 77.40 0.40 58.37 0.42 61.14 0.19 61.95 0.23 62.62 0.27 61.72 0.38 65.20 0.44 63.59 0.35 61.72Guyana 0.57 64.42 0.10 51.44 −0.01 48.34 −0.48 29.33 −0.65 24.88 −0.44 31.75 −0.18 53.17 −0.17 48.54 −0.16 48.33 −0.36 41.18 −0.50 33.98 −0.62 29.19Jamaica 0.53 63.46 0.53 62.98 0.50 63.51 −0.40 32.21 −0.26 35.41 0.18 54.98 0.06 60.49 0.29 65.05 −0.02 54.55 0.25 61.27 0.33 61.65 0.23 58.37Kiribati 0.97 77.88 0.78 70.19 0.82 71.09 1.20 94.71 1.38 99.04 1.32 94.31 −0.78 21.95 −0.73 25.73 −0.85 21.53 −0.85 19.12 −1.20 10.68 −1.38 7.66Lesotho 0.05 48.08 −0.11 45.19 0.08 53.08 0.07 46.15 −0.22 36.36 0.33 58.29 −0.18 52.68 −0.39 41.75 −0.38 42.58 −0.55 30.39 −0.64 28.64 −0.35 39.71Maldives −0.92 22.60 −0.31 38.46 −0.43 34.60 1.02 84.62 −0.14 39.71 0.14 51.66 0.01 59.02 −0.27 46.12 −0.28 44.98 0.57 66.67 −0.39 39.81 −0.39 36.36Mauritius 0.85 72.60 0.85 72.60 0.89 73.93 0.99 82.69 0.85 76.56 0.94 77.73 0.75 75.61 0.77 77.18 0.88 75.60 0.58 67.16 0.79 74.27 0.94 79.43Namibia 0.22 53.37 0.44 59.62 0.39 59.24 0.44 59.62 1.19 92.82 0.93 77.25 0.24 63.90 0.20 60.68 0.19 60.29 0.22 60.78 0.17 56.31 0.05 54.07Nauru 1.10 86.54 1.10 85.10 1.07 82.94 1.20 94.71 1.04 85.17 1.10 88.15 – – −0.48 38.35 −0.59 32.54 – – −0.89 16.99 −1.39 7.18Papua New Guinea −0.15 42.79 0.05 49.52 0.02 49.76 −0.61 27.40 −0.63 25.36 −0.52 27.96 −0.60 31.71 −0.71 26.70 −0.71 26.79 −0.67 25.00 −0.68 27.18 −0.52 32.54Samoa 0.76 70.67 0.60 67.31 0.47 62.09 1.26 95.67 1.13 89.95 1.01 82.94 0.35 65.37 0.15 58.74 0.14 58.85 0.03 54.41 −0.30 45.15 −0.23 44.98Seychelles 0.08 49.04 0.02 48.56 0.01 49.29 0.63 65.87 0.77 71.77 0.87 73.46 −0.01 58.05 0.09 57.77 0.28 62.68 −0.28 44.61 −0.71 25.24 −0.29 43.54Solomon Islands 0.39 60.10 0.04 49.04 −0.02 47.39 0.38 57.69 0.24 53.11 0.37 59.72 −2.25 0.00 −1.00 15.05 −0.86 21.05 −2.68 0.00 −1.20 11.65 −1.13 12.44Saint Lucia 1.08 84.13 1.25 90.87 1.18 87.20 1.20 94.71 0.67 69.38 0.87 72.99 −0.04 56.10 0.68 74.76 0.97 77.99 0.21 59.80 0.50 66.99 0.42 64.59St. Vincent and the Grenadines 1.05 82.69 1.09 84.13 1.05 81.99 0.79 71.63 0.83 75.12 0.92 74.88 −0.19 51.22 0.68 74.76 0.90 77.03 0.21 59.80 0.50 66.99 0.31 60.77Swaziland −1.48 8.65 −1.24 12.98 −1.16 15.17 0.04 43.75 −0.08 41.15 −0.44 32.23 −0.82 20.49 −0.74 24.76 −0.44 39.71 −0.44 38.73 −0.58 31.07 −0.36 38.28Tonga 0.00 46.15 −0.01 48.08 0.51 63.98 0.65 66.83 0.32 55.02 0.97 79.62 −0.53 34.63 −0.48 39.32 −0.20 46.89 −1.20 12.25 −0.81 21.36 −0.59 30.14Tuvalu 1.04 81.73 0.83 72.12 0.74 70.62 1.20 94.71 1.38 99.04 1.32 94.31 −1.08 11.71 −0.63 30.58 −0.65 29.67 0.20 58.33 −1.13 14.56 −1.32 8.61Vanuatu 0.84 71.63 0.55 63.46 0.51 64.93 0.79 71.63 1.22 94.26 1.19 91.00 −0.88 18.54 −0.33 45.15 −0.21 46.41 −1.33 9.31 −0.72 24.27 −0.55 31.58Non-Commonwealth CountriesBhutan −1.19 15.87 −0.56 29.33 −0.18 42.65 0.91 79.81 0.75 71.29 0.80 70.14 0.38 67.32 0.22 61.17 0.36 64.59 −0.01 52.94 −0.83 20.39 −1.10 13.88Cabo Verde 0.67 67.79 0.93 75.48 0.90 74.41 0.91 79.81 0.83 74.64 0.81 70.62 −0.10 54.63 0.06 57.28 0.12 58.37 −0.23 46.57 −0.06 52.91 −0.12 48.33Djibouti −0.63 29.33 −1.18 14.90 −1.44 8.06 −0.96 20.67 0.30 54.55 −0.12 42.18 −0.75 23.90 −0.88 17.48 −1.18 11.96 −0.77 21.08 −0.67 27.67 −0.55 32.06Gabon −0.68 26.92 −0.85 24.52 −0.86 24.17 0.25 53.37 0.24 53.59 0.34 58.77 −0.48 35.61 −0.83 20.39 −0.77 24.40 −0.16 48.53 −0.65 28.16 −0.56 31.10Marshall Islands 1.21 88.46 1.21 88.94 1.20 88.15 1.20 94.71 1.04 85.17 1.10 88.15 −1.06 12.68 −1.31 6.80 −1.58 2.39 −0.51 31.86 −0.70 26.21 −1.10 13.40Micronesia 1.04 81.73 1.11 85.58 1.02 79.62 0.65 66.83 1.20 93.30 1.11 89.10 −0.81 20.98 −0.76 21.84 −0.56 33.97 −0.47 35.78 −0.59 30.58 −0.97 18.18Montenegro 0.10 50.00 0.25 56.73 0.18 55.92 – – 0.79 72.25 0.49 63.51 – – −0.02 55.34 0.16 59.81 – – −0.12 51.94 0.05 53.59Palau 1.22 88.94 1.24 89.90 1.22 89.57 1.20 94.71 1.04 85.17 1.10 88.15 – – −0.64 29.61 −0.59 32.54 – – −0.73 23.79 −1.01 16.75São Tomé and Principe 0.34 58.17 0.13 52.88 0.11 54.98 0.23 52.40 0.18 51.67 0.12 51.18 −0.67 27.32 −0.65 29.13 −0.74 25.84 −0.64 26.47 −0.71 24.76 −0.81 22.97Suriname 0.39 59.62 0.55 63.94 0.31 57.82 0.46 60.58 0.10 48.80 0.16 53.08 −0.20 50.24 −0.05 53.40 0.00 55.98 −0.62 26.96 −0.58 31.55 −0.34 41.15Timor-Leste 0.20 52.88 0.20 55.29 0.05 51.66 −0.32 35.10 −0.82 18.66 −0.39 34.12 −0.98 14.63 −1.15 11.65 −1.26 10.05 −1.30 9.80 −1.37 5.34 −0.99 17.22High IncomeCommonwealth CountriesAntigua and Barbuda 0.27 54.81 0.60 66.83 0.65 66.82 0.85 75.96 0.84 76.08 0.98 81.04 0.52 70.24 0.48 68.45 0.48 68.90 0.65 70.10 0.62 71.36 0.60 70.81Bahamas, The 1.05 82.21 1.15 86.54 0.91 74.88 0.82 72.60 0.80 72.73 1.12 90.05 1.19 85.37 1.15 83.01 0.86 74.64 1.14 82.84 1.04 81.55 0.16 56.94Barbados 1.22 89.42 1.06 82.21 1.18 87.68 0.91 79.81 1.10 88.04 1.29 92.89 1.30 89.27 1.60 91.75 1.35 88.04 1.09 81.86 0.85 76.21 0.43 65.55Brunei Darussalam −0.92 23.08 −0.98 20.67 −0.50 32.23 1.14 87.98 1.16 92.34 1.08 86.26 0.67 73.17 0.91 78.64 0.86 74.16 1.00 79.41 0.81 74.76 1.10 82.78Cyprus 0.97 77.40 1.09 83.65 0.97 77.73 0.47 62.50 0.64 68.90 0.52 64.93 1.10 83.90 1.52 89.32 1.35 88.52 1.19 85.78 1.39 90.78 0.91 77.99Malta 1.32 92.79 1.24 90.38 1.13 86.26 1.54 99.52 1.27 95.69 1.01 82.46 0.93 79.51 1.29 86.89 1.25 86.60 1.16 84.31 1.20 86.41 1.29 87.08Singapore* −0.16 42.31 −0.32 37.02 0.06 52.13 0.86 76.44 1.31 96.17 1.33 95.73 1.96 96.59 2.43 100.00 2.07 99.52 1.83 99.02 1.90 99.03 1.96 100.00St. Kitts and Nevis 0.88 74.52 1.09 84.62 1.14 86.73 1.20 94.71 0.95 79.90 0.98 81.04 −0.35 41.95 0.68 74.76 0.90 77.03 0.21 59.80 0.60 69.90 0.40 63.64Trinidad and Tobago 0.59 65.87 0.48 61.06 0.44 61.61 −0.29 35.58 −0.10 40.19 0.10 50.71 0.48 69.27 0.17 59.71 0.35 64.11 0.72 72.06 0.60 68.93 0.25 59.33Non-Commonwealth CountriesBahrain −0.69 26.44 −0.87 22.60 −1.32 12.32 0.43 58.65 −0.24 35.89 −1.34 8.53 0.46 67.80 0.41 66.50 0.58 69.86 0.62 69.12 0.72 73.79 0.60 71.29Equatorial Guinea −1.70 4.33 −1.90 2.88 −1.96 1.90 0.05 45.67 0.19 52.15 0.08 50.24 −1.24 7.80 −1.67 1.94 −1.59 1.91 −1.40 7.84 −1.32 7.28 −1.44 6.70Estonia 1.06 83.17 1.07 83.17 1.09 84.83 0.86 76.92 0.54 65.07 0.73 68.25 0.93 79.02 1.16 83.98 0.98 78.47 1.32 89.22 1.43 91.75 1.43 90.43Iceland 1.55 98.56 1.47 96.15 1.46 94.79 1.51 99.04 1.22 93.78 1.26 92.42 2.12 99.02 1.81 96.60 1.48 90.43 1.64 95.59 1.33 87.86 1.09 82.30Qatar −0.59 29.81 −0.88 22.12 −0.86 23.70 1.14 88.46 1.10 87.56 1.22 91.94 0.47 68.78 0.61 72.33 1.07 81.34 0.16 56.86 0.66 71.84 0.74 74.16San Marino 1.19 87.98 1.21 88.94 1.21 89.10 1.20 94.71 1.04 85.17 1.10 88.15 – – – – – – – – – – – –

112


Group/CountryVoice and accountability

Political stability and absence of violence/terrorism Government effectiveness Regulatory quality

Estimatea Rankb

Estimatea Rankb

Estimatea Rankb

Estimate Rank

Estimate Rank

Estimate Rank

Estimate Rank

Estimate Rank

Estimate Rank

Estimate Rank

Estimate Rank

Estimate Rank

2003 2008 2013 2003 2008 2013 2003 2008 2013 2003 2008 2013

Low IncomeNon-Commonwealth CountriesComoros −0.57 31.25 −0.36 35.10 −0.52 31.28 −0.72 25.48 −1.08 15.79 −0.24 38.39 −1.37 5.37 −1.77 0.97 −1.44 6.70 −1.44 6.86 −1.50 4.37 −1.26 10.05Gambia, The −0.38 37.50 −0.85 24.04 −1.25 13.74 0.32 56.73 0.08 47.37 −0.05 44.55 −0.47 36.10 −0.72 26.21 −0.72 26.32 −0.46 38.24 −0.38 40.29 −0.37 37.80Guinea-Bissau −1.13 17.79 −0.79 25.48 −1.41 8.53 −0.53 28.37 −0.69 22.97 −0.93 18.48 −1.31 6.34 −1.06 14.08 −1.44 6.22 −0.86 18.63 −1.20 10.19 −1.30 9.09Middle IncomeCommonwealth CountriesBelize 0.88 73.56 0.62 67.79 0.70 68.72 0.47 62.02 0.18 51.20 0.17 53.55 −0.19 51.71 −0.54 36.41 −0.19 47.85 0.05 55.39 −0.47 35.92 −0.49 33.49Botswana 0.69 68.27 0.48 61.54 0.47 62.56 1.08 86.06 0.98 81.34 1.06 84.83 0.73 74.63 0.56 70.39 0.28 62.20 0.79 75.00 0.48 64.56 0.66 73.21Dominica 1.08 84.62 1.06 82.69 0.99 79.15 0.66 67.31 0.96 80.38 1.20 91.47 0.22 62.44 0.53 69.90 0.71 71.77 0.79 74.51 0.55 67.48 0.27 59.81Fiji 0.12 50.48 −0.56 29.81 −0.81 25.59 0.43 59.13 −0.05 42.58 −0.03 45.97 −0.22 48.78 −0.76 23.79 −0.96 16.75 −0.32 43.63 −0.69 26.70 −0.57 30.62Grenada 0.84 72.12 0.87 73.08 0.82 71.56 0.87 77.40 0.40 58.37 0.42 61.14 0.19 61.95 0.23 62.62 0.27 61.72 0.38 65.20 0.44 63.59 0.35 61.72Guyana 0.57 64.42 0.10 51.44 −0.01 48.34 −0.48 29.33 −0.65 24.88 −0.44 31.75 −0.18 53.17 −0.17 48.54 −0.16 48.33 −0.36 41.18 −0.50 33.98 −0.62 29.19Jamaica 0.53 63.46 0.53 62.98 0.50 63.51 −0.40 32.21 −0.26 35.41 0.18 54.98 0.06 60.49 0.29 65.05 −0.02 54.55 0.25 61.27 0.33 61.65 0.23 58.37Kiribati 0.97 77.88 0.78 70.19 0.82 71.09 1.20 94.71 1.38 99.04 1.32 94.31 −0.78 21.95 −0.73 25.73 −0.85 21.53 −0.85 19.12 −1.20 10.68 −1.38 7.66Lesotho 0.05 48.08 −0.11 45.19 0.08 53.08 0.07 46.15 −0.22 36.36 0.33 58.29 −0.18 52.68 −0.39 41.75 −0.38 42.58 −0.55 30.39 −0.64 28.64 −0.35 39.71Maldives −0.92 22.60 −0.31 38.46 −0.43 34.60 1.02 84.62 −0.14 39.71 0.14 51.66 0.01 59.02 −0.27 46.12 −0.28 44.98 0.57 66.67 −0.39 39.81 −0.39 36.36Mauritius 0.85 72.60 0.85 72.60 0.89 73.93 0.99 82.69 0.85 76.56 0.94 77.73 0.75 75.61 0.77 77.18 0.88 75.60 0.58 67.16 0.79 74.27 0.94 79.43Namibia 0.22 53.37 0.44 59.62 0.39 59.24 0.44 59.62 1.19 92.82 0.93 77.25 0.24 63.90 0.20 60.68 0.19 60.29 0.22 60.78 0.17 56.31 0.05 54.07Nauru 1.10 86.54 1.10 85.10 1.07 82.94 1.20 94.71 1.04 85.17 1.10 88.15 – – −0.48 38.35 −0.59 32.54 – – −0.89 16.99 −1.39 7.18Papua New Guinea −0.15 42.79 0.05 49.52 0.02 49.76 −0.61 27.40 −0.63 25.36 −0.52 27.96 −0.60 31.71 −0.71 26.70 −0.71 26.79 −0.67 25.00 −0.68 27.18 −0.52 32.54Samoa 0.76 70.67 0.60 67.31 0.47 62.09 1.26 95.67 1.13 89.95 1.01 82.94 0.35 65.37 0.15 58.74 0.14 58.85 0.03 54.41 −0.30 45.15 −0.23 44.98Seychelles 0.08 49.04 0.02 48.56 0.01 49.29 0.63 65.87 0.77 71.77 0.87 73.46 −0.01 58.05 0.09 57.77 0.28 62.68 −0.28 44.61 −0.71 25.24 −0.29 43.54Solomon Islands 0.39 60.10 0.04 49.04 −0.02 47.39 0.38 57.69 0.24 53.11 0.37 59.72 −2.25 0.00 −1.00 15.05 −0.86 21.05 −2.68 0.00 −1.20 11.65 −1.13 12.44Saint Lucia 1.08 84.13 1.25 90.87 1.18 87.20 1.20 94.71 0.67 69.38 0.87 72.99 −0.04 56.10 0.68 74.76 0.97 77.99 0.21 59.80 0.50 66.99 0.42 64.59St. Vincent and the Grenadines 1.05 82.69 1.09 84.13 1.05 81.99 0.79 71.63 0.83 75.12 0.92 74.88 −0.19 51.22 0.68 74.76 0.90 77.03 0.21 59.80 0.50 66.99 0.31 60.77Swaziland −1.48 8.65 −1.24 12.98 −1.16 15.17 0.04 43.75 −0.08 41.15 −0.44 32.23 −0.82 20.49 −0.74 24.76 −0.44 39.71 −0.44 38.73 −0.58 31.07 −0.36 38.28Tonga 0.00 46.15 −0.01 48.08 0.51 63.98 0.65 66.83 0.32 55.02 0.97 79.62 −0.53 34.63 −0.48 39.32 −0.20 46.89 −1.20 12.25 −0.81 21.36 −0.59 30.14Tuvalu 1.04 81.73 0.83 72.12 0.74 70.62 1.20 94.71 1.38 99.04 1.32 94.31 −1.08 11.71 −0.63 30.58 −0.65 29.67 0.20 58.33 −1.13 14.56 −1.32 8.61Vanuatu 0.84 71.63 0.55 63.46 0.51 64.93 0.79 71.63 1.22 94.26 1.19 91.00 −0.88 18.54 −0.33 45.15 −0.21 46.41 −1.33 9.31 −0.72 24.27 −0.55 31.58Non-Commonwealth CountriesBhutan −1.19 15.87 −0.56 29.33 −0.18 42.65 0.91 79.81 0.75 71.29 0.80 70.14 0.38 67.32 0.22 61.17 0.36 64.59 −0.01 52.94 −0.83 20.39 −1.10 13.88Cabo Verde 0.67 67.79 0.93 75.48 0.90 74.41 0.91 79.81 0.83 74.64 0.81 70.62 −0.10 54.63 0.06 57.28 0.12 58.37 −0.23 46.57 −0.06 52.91 −0.12 48.33Djibouti −0.63 29.33 −1.18 14.90 −1.44 8.06 −0.96 20.67 0.30 54.55 −0.12 42.18 −0.75 23.90 −0.88 17.48 −1.18 11.96 −0.77 21.08 −0.67 27.67 −0.55 32.06Gabon −0.68 26.92 −0.85 24.52 −0.86 24.17 0.25 53.37 0.24 53.59 0.34 58.77 −0.48 35.61 −0.83 20.39 −0.77 24.40 −0.16 48.53 −0.65 28.16 −0.56 31.10Marshall Islands 1.21 88.46 1.21 88.94 1.20 88.15 1.20 94.71 1.04 85.17 1.10 88.15 −1.06 12.68 −1.31 6.80 −1.58 2.39 −0.51 31.86 −0.70 26.21 −1.10 13.40Micronesia 1.04 81.73 1.11 85.58 1.02 79.62 0.65 66.83 1.20 93.30 1.11 89.10 −0.81 20.98 −0.76 21.84 −0.56 33.97 −0.47 35.78 −0.59 30.58 −0.97 18.18Montenegro 0.10 50.00 0.25 56.73 0.18 55.92 – – 0.79 72.25 0.49 63.51 – – −0.02 55.34 0.16 59.81 – – −0.12 51.94 0.05 53.59Palau 1.22 88.94 1.24 89.90 1.22 89.57 1.20 94.71 1.04 85.17 1.10 88.15 – – −0.64 29.61 −0.59 32.54 – – −0.73 23.79 −1.01 16.75São Tomé and Principe 0.34 58.17 0.13 52.88 0.11 54.98 0.23 52.40 0.18 51.67 0.12 51.18 −0.67 27.32 −0.65 29.13 −0.74 25.84 −0.64 26.47 −0.71 24.76 −0.81 22.97Suriname 0.39 59.62 0.55 63.94 0.31 57.82 0.46 60.58 0.10 48.80 0.16 53.08 −0.20 50.24 −0.05 53.40 0.00 55.98 −0.62 26.96 −0.58 31.55 −0.34 41.15Timor-Leste 0.20 52.88 0.20 55.29 0.05 51.66 −0.32 35.10 −0.82 18.66 −0.39 34.12 −0.98 14.63 −1.15 11.65 −1.26 10.05 −1.30 9.80 −1.37 5.34 −0.99 17.22High IncomeCommonwealth CountriesAntigua and Barbuda 0.27 54.81 0.60 66.83 0.65 66.82 0.85 75.96 0.84 76.08 0.98 81.04 0.52 70.24 0.48 68.45 0.48 68.90 0.65 70.10 0.62 71.36 0.60 70.81Bahamas, The 1.05 82.21 1.15 86.54 0.91 74.88 0.82 72.60 0.80 72.73 1.12 90.05 1.19 85.37 1.15 83.01 0.86 74.64 1.14 82.84 1.04 81.55 0.16 56.94Barbados 1.22 89.42 1.06 82.21 1.18 87.68 0.91 79.81 1.10 88.04 1.29 92.89 1.30 89.27 1.60 91.75 1.35 88.04 1.09 81.86 0.85 76.21 0.43 65.55Brunei Darussalam −0.92 23.08 −0.98 20.67 −0.50 32.23 1.14 87.98 1.16 92.34 1.08 86.26 0.67 73.17 0.91 78.64 0.86 74.16 1.00 79.41 0.81 74.76 1.10 82.78Cyprus 0.97 77.40 1.09 83.65 0.97 77.73 0.47 62.50 0.64 68.90 0.52 64.93 1.10 83.90 1.52 89.32 1.35 88.52 1.19 85.78 1.39 90.78 0.91 77.99Malta 1.32 92.79 1.24 90.38 1.13 86.26 1.54 99.52 1.27 95.69 1.01 82.46 0.93 79.51 1.29 86.89 1.25 86.60 1.16 84.31 1.20 86.41 1.29 87.08Singapore* −0.16 42.31 −0.32 37.02 0.06 52.13 0.86 76.44 1.31 96.17 1.33 95.73 1.96 96.59 2.43 100.00 2.07 99.52 1.83 99.02 1.90 99.03 1.96 100.00St. Kitts and Nevis 0.88 74.52 1.09 84.62 1.14 86.73 1.20 94.71 0.95 79.90 0.98 81.04 −0.35 41.95 0.68 74.76 0.90 77.03 0.21 59.80 0.60 69.90 0.40 63.64Trinidad and Tobago 0.59 65.87 0.48 61.06 0.44 61.61 −0.29 35.58 −0.10 40.19 0.10 50.71 0.48 69.27 0.17 59.71 0.35 64.11 0.72 72.06 0.60 68.93 0.25 59.33Non-Commonwealth CountriesBahrain −0.69 26.44 −0.87 22.60 −1.32 12.32 0.43 58.65 −0.24 35.89 −1.34 8.53 0.46 67.80 0.41 66.50 0.58 69.86 0.62 69.12 0.72 73.79 0.60 71.29Equatorial Guinea −1.70 4.33 −1.90 2.88 −1.96 1.90 0.05 45.67 0.19 52.15 0.08 50.24 −1.24 7.80 −1.67 1.94 −1.59 1.91 −1.40 7.84 −1.32 7.28 −1.44 6.70Estonia 1.06 83.17 1.07 83.17 1.09 84.83 0.86 76.92 0.54 65.07 0.73 68.25 0.93 79.02 1.16 83.98 0.98 78.47 1.32 89.22 1.43 91.75 1.43 90.43Iceland 1.55 98.56 1.47 96.15 1.46 94.79 1.51 99.04 1.22 93.78 1.26 92.42 2.12 99.02 1.81 96.60 1.48 90.43 1.64 95.59 1.33 87.86 1.09 82.30Qatar −0.59 29.81 −0.88 22.12 −0.86 23.70 1.14 88.46 1.10 87.56 1.22 91.94 0.47 68.78 0.61 72.33 1.07 81.34 0.16 56.86 0.66 71.84 0.74 74.16San Marino 1.19 87.98 1.21 88.94 1.21 89.10 1.20 94.71 1.04 85.17 1.10 88.15 – – – – – – – – – – – –

113

Table 16. Governance (continued)

Group/Country Rule of law Control of corruption

Estimatea Rankb

Estimatea Rankb

Estimatea Rankb

Estimate Rank

Estimate Rank

Estimate Rank

2003 2008 2013 2003 2008 2013

Low IncomeNon-Commonwealth CountriesComoros −0.97 19.14 −1.07 13.94 −0.99 16.59 −0.84 20.98 −0.76 23.79 −0.73 24.88Gambia, The 0.16 58.37 −0.36 43.75 −0.59 34.60 −0.33 46.34 −0.75 24.27 −0.70 26.79Guinea-Bissau −1.18 12.92 −1.42 5.29 −1.62 1.90 −1.07 10.24 −1.09 10.68 −1.33 4.78Middle IncomeCommonwealth CountriesBelize 0.05 54.07 −0.22 49.52 −0.45 40.28 −0.13 54.15 −0.34 44.66 0.02 58.85Botswana 0.67 71.29 0.66 70.19 0.59 68.25 1.25 85.85 0.99 80.10 0.92 79.43Dominica 0.68 72.25 0.63 69.71 0.63 70.14 0.49 72.20 0.69 74.27 0.69 73.21Fiji −0.12 48.80 −0.55 36.54 −0.84 22.27 −0.29 48.29 −0.39 42.72 −0.40 43.06Grenada 0.30 61.24 0.14 57.21 0.16 58.77 0.65 75.12 0.39 68.93 0.41 68.90Guyana −0.61 31.58 −0.65 31.73 −0.52 37.91 −0.45 41.95 −0.53 36.89 −0.64 30.14Jamaica −0.53 35.89 −0.40 40.87 −0.39 43.13 −0.54 37.56 −0.49 38.35 −0.37 45.45Kiribati 0.33 62.20 0.41 62.02 0.14 58.29 0.10 58.54 0.00 58.74 −0.04 56.94Lesotho −0.01 52.63 −0.26 48.56 −0.26 46.92 −0.39 43.90 0.03 59.71 0.23 63.64Maldives 0.15 57.89 −0.16 50.96 −0.68 28.91 0.05 57.07 −0.87 18.93 −0.51 37.80Mauritius 1.06 82.78 0.99 82.69 0.90 78.20 0.43 69.76 0.59 73.79 0.30 65.55Namibia 0.25 60.77 0.37 60.10 0.25 59.72 0.18 60.49 0.56 73.30 0.30 65.07Nauru 0.81 75.60 0.33 59.62 0.58 67.77 – – −0.32 46.12 −0.58 34.93Papua New Guinea −1.27 9.57 −0.99 17.79 −0.98 17.54 −0.98 13.17 −1.27 5.34 −1.04 15.31Samoa 0.98 81.34 0.80 74.52 0.72 71.56 0.08 58.05 0.22 63.11 0.20 63.16Seychelles 0.14 56.46 0.23 59.13 0.04 54.50 0.33 66.83 0.25 63.59 0.39 67.94Solomon Islands −1.40 6.70 −0.72 26.92 −0.60 33.65 −1.26 5.85 −0.51 37.38 −0.45 41.15St. Lucia 0.57 67.46 0.84 75.96 0.75 72.51 0.27 63.41 1.17 83.98 1.17 82.78St. Vincent and the Grenadines 0.57 67.46 0.91 80.29 0.86 74.41 0.27 63.41 1.00 81.55 0.98 80.38Swaziland −0.75 27.27 −0.64 32.21 −0.42 42.18 −0.55 36.59 −0.18 53.88 −0.34 48.80Tonga −0.14 47.37 0.13 56.73 0.08 55.45 −0.62 33.17 −0.65 30.58 −0.08 55.98Tuvalu 1.24 87.08 1.00 83.65 0.49 65.40 −0.72 27.80 −0.19 52.43 −0.35 47.85Vanuatu −0.21 45.45 0.48 64.42 0.28 61.14 −0.65 31.71 0.32 66.50 0.38 67.46Non-Commonwealth CountriesBhutan 0.23 59.33 0.37 60.58 0.24 59.24 0.75 76.10 0.77 74.76 0.82 77.99Cabo Verde 0.14 56.94 0.51 66.35 0.48 64.93 0.29 64.88 0.78 75.24 0.77 74.64Djibouti −0.85 22.97 −0.59 35.10 −0.76 26.54 −0.84 20.98 −0.19 51.46 −0.44 41.63Gabon −0.39 41.63 −0.63 33.17 −0.52 38.39 −0.47 40.49 −1.02 13.59 −0.56 36.36Marshall Islands −0.03 51.67 0.20 58.65 0.13 57.35 −0.84 19.51 −0.57 33.50 −0.02 57.89Micronesia −0.13 48.33 0.41 61.54 0.07 54.98 −0.37 44.88 −0.29 48.54 −0.17 53.11Montenegro −0.36 43.06 −0.07 53.37 0.02 54.03 −0.51 40.00 −0.19 51.94 −0.25 51.20Palau 0.81 75.60 0.77 72.60 0.90 77.73 – – −0.32 46.12 −0.58 34.93São Tomé and Principe −0.54 35.41 −0.49 37.50 −0.82 23.70 −0.61 33.66 −0.45 40.78 −0.38 44.50Suriname −0.18 46.89 −0.28 47.60 −0.09 53.08 0.18 60.98 −0.07 56.31 −0.38 44.98Timor-Leste −0.80 24.88 −1.09 13.46 −1.27 9.00 −0.53 39.02 −0.90 18.45 −0.84 21.53High IncomeCommonwealth CountriesAntigua and Barbuda 1.00 81.82 0.97 81.73 0.86 74.88 0.83 79.51 1.32 89.81 1.29 87.08Bahamas, The 1.36 90.43 1.19 86.54 0.60 68.72 1.40 91.22 1.38 91.26 1.36 89.00Barbados 1.45 90.91 1.27 87.98 1.00 81.99 1.32 89.27 1.31 86.41 1.61 91.39Brunei Darussalam 0.54 64.59 0.51 65.38 0.61 69.19 0.29 64.39 0.54 72.82 0.72 74.16Cyprus 0.89 77.99 1.19 87.02 1.00 81.52 1.21 85.37 1.24 85.44 1.24 84.21Malta 1.55 92.82 1.60 91.35 1.32 87.20 0.98 82.44 1.04 82.04 0.99 80.86Singapore* 1.61 93.30 1.64 92.31 1.74 95.26 2.26 98.05 2.25 98.06 2.08 96.65St. Kitts and Nevis 0.57 67.46 0.77 72.12 0.73 72.04 0.27 63.41 1.00 81.55 0.98 80.38Trinidad and Tobago 0.21 58.85 −0.27 48.08 −0.22 48.34 −0.07 56.10 −0.27 49.03 −0.35 47.37Non-Commonwealth CountriesBahrain 0.64 70.33 0.57 67.31 0.35 61.61 0.45 71.22 0.25 64.08 0.45 69.38Equatorial Guinea −1.35 7.66 −1.25 8.17 −1.32 7.11 −1.55 1.46 −1.51 2.43 −1.61 0.00Estonia 0.75 72.73 1.16 85.58 1.16 86.26 0.79 77.07 0.87 79.13 1.11 81.34Iceland 1.94 99.52 1.89 97.60 1.65 92.42 2.32 98.54 2.44 99.51 1.90 95.69Qatar 0.51 63.64 0.79 74.04 1.04 83.41 0.60 73.17 1.11 83.01 1.24 84.69San Marino 0.81 75.60 0.92 81.25 0.94 79.62 – – – – – –

Notes: Singapore is a member of the Commonwealth, but is not classified as a small state under the Secretariat’s definition.a The estimate of governance ranges from approximately −2.5 (weak) to 2.5 (strong) governance performanceb The percentile rank among all countries, ranging from 0 (lowest) to 100 (highest) rankSources: World Bank, Worldwide Governance Indicators, available at: http://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi/index.aspx (accessed

18 November 2014)

114

Table 17. Youth

Youth population (% of total population)

2010

Low IncomeNon-Commonwealth CountriesComoros 19Gambia, The 20Guinea-Bissau 20Middle IncomeCommonwealth CountriesBelize 20Botswana 23Dominica –Fiji 18Grenada 22Guyana 18Jamaica 18Kiribati 21Lesotho 23Maldives 23Mauritius 16Namibia 22Nauru –Papua New Guinea 19Samoa 18Seychelles 16Solomon Islands 19St. Lucia 18St. Vincent and the Grenadines 19Swaziland 25Tonga 19Tuvalu –Vanuatu 19Non-Commonwealth CountriesBhutan 20Cabo Verde 23Djibouti 22Gabon 20Marshall Islands –Micronesia 18Montenegro 14Palau –São Tomé and Principe 21Suriname 17Timor-Leste 21High IncomeCommonwealth CountriesAntigua and Barbuda 17Bahamas, The 18Barbados 15Brunei Darussalam 17Cyprus 16Malta 14Singapore* 14St. Kitts and Nevis –Trinidad and Tobago 17Non-Commonwealth CountriesBahrain 15Equatorial Guinea 20Estonia 13Iceland 15Qatar 14San Marino –

Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2013) World Population Prospects: The 2012 Revision, DVD Edition

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small states economic review and basic statistics volume 18

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