SMALL WARS BIANUAL

UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS

1940

CHAPTER I11

LOGISTICS

7

UNCLASSIFIED

UNITED STATES

GOVEBNMEIT PRINTING OFFICE

WASEINGTON :1UO

TABLE OF CONTENTS

The Small Wars Manual, U. 8 . Marine Corps, 1940, is published in 15 ctlal>tt'rs as follows:

CEAPTEEI. INTRODIJCTION. 11. ORGANIZATION.

111. LOGISTICS. IV. TRAINING.

VII. MOUNTED DETACHMENTS. "-".VIII. CONVOYS AND CONVOY ESCOPTa

IX. AVIATION. X. RIVER OPERATIONS.

XI. DISARMAMENT OF POPULATION. XII. ARMED NATIVE ORGANIZATIONS.

XIII. MILITARY GOVERNMENT. XIV. SUPERVISION OF ELECTIONS. XV. WITHDRAWAL.

SMALL WARS MANUAL

UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS

---,

LOGISTICS Par. Pase

S E ~1.N ------INTRODU~ON ..------...--.13-1

XI. SUP PI,^ -.~___---._----.---.3-2 to 3-17 3-14_..--__

111. TRAN~PORTATION --_-----3-18 15-30----------- &36

INTRODUCTION

3-1. Jagistics is that brancl~ of tlre milittlry art ~isl~ichembraces tl,e ~leti~ils of transportation and sopl~lies.

"The 'Fables of Equipnient, Snpplit:~, tiilcl Tonnage, U. S. RIarine Corps," set forth the equipment and sul>plies tlht are prescribed for Marine Corps expeditionary forces to take. the field. These tables are a guide t o the fourth section of the comn~naoder's executbvo staff in innking a decision as to the type and arnolnlt of tmnsportatio~l and supplies required. However, the supply on lrand at the port of einbarkation, the time allomed for preparations, the ship's storage space mailable, the supplies in the theater of operations, the distance from home ports, when replaceinents can b e expected on tho foreign shore, and the condition of the roads and the road net within the anticipated field of operations mill all be essential and controlling factors in arriving a t the final decision.

SWM 3--2

S E C T ~ ~ NI1

SUPPLY Par. Page

h~fluenco of s~lqlly on a column ................................... 3-2 3 4 4 5 8 8 8 8

...........................................Chain of respousihilit,y 5-10 9 Accountal>ilit .............................................. 5-11 9

............ 3-12 10

............ 3-13 11 Supervkion of rctluisitioris ...................................... 5-14 11 Acoumulatio~r of stor 5-15 12 General.. ................................................... 3-16 12

....................................Importarlee of sopply.. 3-17 12

3--2. Influence of Supply on a column.-The "big tlirce" of supply are Ammunition, Food, and Water. Combat troops can operate i n the field for a very limited time in actnal combat with only AMIhITT-NITION, but their continued existence requires the other two, FOOD and WATER. Therefore, in order to conduct the advance inlaild, one of t h e first considerations in such a movement must be the means of supply.

Supplies inay be obtained as follo\vs: (1) From the country en route, by requisition or other nuthorizecl

method. (2) B y c,ontinuous resupply via convoys despatcllerl from the base. (a) B y taking sufficient supplies wit11 the column for its mainte-

nance from the base t o its destination; resupply to begin after arrival a t destination.

(4) B y the establishment of fortified advanceil bases along the route. These advanced bases are established by detachments from the column initially and supplies built up a t them by convoys dis- patched from the rear o r main supply base; thereafter, the column draws its supplies from these advanced bases direct.

(5) By airplane, either in plane dmps o r lan6ing of transport planes o n favorable terrain a t the camp site of the column. (See Chapter IX,Aztiatiom.)

?63Q46-40--2 a

(6) , In rliost sniall 5v:rss operations, :I a,nrhinatio~r of all t,hese metll- cnls \l.lll be usecl.

3-3. Supply officers.-OiTicers charger1 \\.it11 supl~ly 11;~re a dnal mission. They nlust first get the supplies, the11 supply tliein tn t l~c troops. In order to carry out. t.llc*+> duties it is essential tlint tlre officer responsible for supply has the follo\ving essential informatiorr at all times:

(1)The supplies and equipme.11t required by tlre force. (2) The supplies and equiplnenl the force has oli 11:11!c1. (3) Where the rcqoirrtl items nlny he proc:ured, fro111 whom,

zinc1 when. (4) TVlle11, rn11ne~ :irld i n . n h t ~ t ql~alrtilies repl:rcnric+nts will bt!

needed. 3-1. Storage.-(/. 'l'ho nlatter of siov;ige is vc1.y clost4y ~(~nnectetl

~vitli the problem of supply u~rcl st:rrts at t l ~ rport of rlcharl

SUPPLY

insure a continuous supply. This is especrally necessary wlten o l ~ r - ating in a theater tliibt has a rainy season.

o. The available transportation facilities will also be nn important consideration in determining the location of distributing points, and the levels a t which they ,axe to be kept.

d. Quartermaster department personnel mill be kept at the depots. These units mill ordinarily he organized to handle the main sttbdivi- sions with warrant officers or staff noncommissioned officers of t h e department as assistants or section chiefs. A t tliese points the enlisted force should be augmented by civilian labor if available.

e. Routine replacen~ents of depot stocks mill ordinarily be main- tained b y timely req~~isitions suhnlitted by officers i n charge to the proper supply depot in the United States or, in the case of ar t~cle i uot normally carried by tliese depots, b y requi3itions snbmitted direct to the Quartermaster, Headquarters Marine Corps.

f . The foregoing re~~le~iislirr~eut should be augmented by local plir- chases of items available locally a t reasonable prices.

g. It will be necessary to inspect existing local facilities regarding shelter f o r depot stocks and service units in order tha t proper reconl- mendations niay be made to Force Headquarters relative to prepara- tion of formal agreement for rental. Failing this, it mould be proper, in the event a long stay is anticipated, to recommend cctn- struction of suitable buildings for this purpose. Ordinarily, i n tropical countries, service units may be quartered in tents.

h. The location of transportation units employed in the depot supply plan will usually be controlled by the location of the depot or bases. Such units should be reasonably close to the depots and subject t o depot control.

,%5. Distribution.-a. Ordinarily, depots with force transporta- tion will supply as f a r forward as consistent with existing condi- tions. Organization transportation, whether motor or pack, mill carry forward from this point either directly to troops or to positions from which troops may be supplied by carrying parties. Force Head- quarters units and rear echelons of all organizations mill normally be supplied directly by supply depots or bases.

b. If fortified advanced bases are to be established, the decision relative to their location mill be influenced by the suitability of the sites as camps. The type of shelter utilized will depend on the avail- ability of buildings or construction material in the vicinity or t h e feasibility of transporting shelter material to these sites from t h e main o r intermediate base. In the latter case, the decision will be

5

7

SWM 3-5

5 ~I 'I ' IcY

SUPPLY PROCUREMENT AND D!STRIBUTION CHART FOR SMALL WARS MANUAL

UNDER SUPERVISION OF QUARTERMASTERS DEP4RTMENT HEADQIIARTERS MARINE CORPS WASHINGTON, D C

MARINE CORPS DEPOTS PURCHASE I N 'HE FROM STOCKS OF OTHERI. 1U S A U S A SERVICE BRANCHES 1

3. PART OF FORCE DEPOT.IF ONE

LOCAL4. MAIN SUPPLY DEPOT FORCE DEPOT.PURCHASES

5.

d

AOVANCED DISTRIBUTING POINTS\b CARRYING PARTIES\ m

TRM)PS IN COHBAT ZONES&

influenced by the amount of trnnsportation available at the time the bases a re bring estnblisl~ed. I f local sl~elter or transportation for such construction nrateri:~l is not avt~il~~ble, of the id-the ~ i c i r ~ i t y vairced bases should a t least be cleared aud developed as a carnp site. A n adequate na te r and fuel snpplg should he available.

c. The accompanying chart sho~vs how procurement nrrd supply will normally exist in small wars.

d. Dcmriptwn of chnrt.-Step (1)-Procurement here and (2) transportation to depot or forwarding depot is of course continuous, based on requisitions from the expeditionary force. Requisitions are varied, cor~sistinw of periodical reqnirenients suhrnitt~d on nslral

?forms together 1771th letter and, in ~mergrncies, mdio, telegn~phic, o r cable dispatches. Decisions as to cluantitirs for, ancl places of, stor- i ~ g c ddr4l)encl up011 the particular situation and orissio~~. I n some instances thp porl of debi~rkation rriight he selected as the site of the force depot. I f the opertttio~~ rlecessitates the presence of the bulk of the force far inland, i t is probable that o n l r a forwarding depot o r segregation point \rould be maintained a t the port of cle- barkation, and the main depot establisk~ed further inland along the line of communications. There can he no set rule regarding this arrangement. From the depot or main hase, field distribution be-gins. Those nearest the main hase mould probably be supplied through the mediun~ of ndvn~lced sopply bases a t wliich small stocks mould be maintained. If possible, a daily distribution would be made t o points beyond. Failing this, a periodical system of dis- tniution would be made, cnrrying forward to combatant units suffi- cient supplies and ammunition to meet their needs f o r stated periods. This would entail the establishment of additional advanced dumps from which troops could be supplied either by means of their own transportation, or in some instances, by pack trains. Carrying parties might be employed at this point.

e. It is doctrine that snpplirs are echeloned in depth to the rear, arid that some system be decided upon that results in a proper dis-tribution forward. almost every ae- In most small mars situatio~~s crpted principle of warfare on a large scale is subject to modification due to the irregularity of the operation. It is th is characteristic that sets the "small war7' in a class by itself. It is obvious then, tha t a successful supply plan in any small war theater must be ready to meet these irregular conditions. Here, the means offered by the specific local country and used extensively by it, should most certainly be exploited, modified, improved, where rimy,a n d adopted to the

SUPPLY

use of our forces. This is particularly trlw of methods of tmns- port. Supply officers of a small war operation shollld never over- look the fact tliat it is always possible to learn something from closo observance of local facilities and custonu. They may need modifica- tion and iinprovemeit in order t o meet our requirements, hut basically there will almost always be found x~metlii~ig of value that can and should be used.

3-6. Supply steps-From a study of tlie chart above, it \\ill be apparent that somp of these steps may, in certain situations, be eliminated, snch as the Forwarding Depot and ca l~y ing parties whew step Xo. 7 supplirs directly to step No. 10.

3-7. Local purchases.-a. Local purchases ~riay be made at any of the five places shown along the chain of supplj~, and sent to troops in combat areas.

6. Where local purt,hasrs are made hy other illan a regularly de- tailed purchasing officer, prior aothor~zation for sncli practice must be secured from Force Headqnarters.

3-8. Requisitions.--a Ilequisitioris for replacements of equip-ment, supplies, ammunition, etc., are submitted to the nearest account- able or supply o5cer by the officer responsible, rrsually company commanders, t o and through Bn4's. Sufficierit forethought must be employed to permit procurement and distribution by the required time.

b. Close teamwork should exist between the Quartermaster De- partment and t h e field commanders. It is essential tliat the Quarter- master know what supplies can be procured by the field commander, and likewise t h e field commander should know what supplies can be furnished by tile Quartermaster.

3-9. Depots, dumps, and distributing points.--a. The Advanced Distributing Points may br a t Area Headquarters or merely a t a selected site close to combatant troops. I n countries where the wn- dition of roads in forward areas will not permit a daily delivery routine, and such occasions will be common, it mill be necessary to maintain small stocks of essential supplies a t these Advanced Distributing Points. I n most systems of supply operating in the field, there exists the necessity for establishing pennanent and tem- porary points of storage and points where distribution takes place. The terms commonly used to designate such points a re "depot," "dump," and "distributing point." The word "depot" is used to designate a place where supplies in bulk are storad permanently and from which the first step in field distribution takes place. Such

SWM 3-10

a point requires shelter, security, and close proximity to some good nleans o f trt~nsporting supplies. This point is usually established by t.he orgilnization carrying the bulk of replacement. supplies.

b. The ,wid "dist,ributing point?' signifies a position or site se-lected f o r ttle t.ransfer and disiribntion of supplies to consumirrg ~units. It is most often used in connection with t h e daily distrihu- tion of automatic supplies used by troops a t a fairly uniform 'ate, such as ralions, oil; fuel, forage, etc. It simply Inenus a spot or area, to w11icI1 supplies are brought. by one metuns and turned over t o another for purpose of i~~terorgailizatiorlal distributiou.

c. Advanced supply bases are in reality subsidiary depots estab- lished inland to facilitate the forlrarding of supplies to the dis- tributing points.

3-10. Chain of responsibility.-a. The usual chain of responsi- bility of individuals connec,ted with procurerneot and distribution of equipment and supplies in the field is:

............................ Force IIcndqonrters

nrlgades.....................................

Regiments........................................

Battauon8..................................

Companies.....................................

F4. Force QM. Force Depot QM. ..M. R4.

Bn4. Company commander.

Plstoolls or detachments .................. Platoull or detacl~ment commander.

6. I n each company is a company supply sergeant, whose duties

include the preparation of wmpany requisitions a n d through whom requests for replacements of any kind emanating from squads, sec-tions, and platoons should be sexit to the company commander. When t.hese requisitions are filled, the company supply sergeant is in charge of proper distribution of the new material to the lower units nnd individuals. Tlils man holds the rank of sergeant and is entrusted with matters of company supply.

c. Company and detachment commnndess should exercise close sutpervision over requisitions and the issuing of supplies. This is particularly true of rations.

3-11. Aceountability.--u. Ordinarily, accountability, u~hen it ex- ists, extends down to the battalion in field organizations where the battalions are administrative units. From there on down to t h e individual, responsibility obtains.

6 . There is no set rule by which decisions may be reached rela-tive to rewmmendirig the discontinnanm of all or part of accoonta- bility. I11sny event., such discont,inuance will have to be authorized

9

SWM 3-12

sumLr

by tlie Q~~ar temaster , Heaclq~~arteriiMarine Corps, nnd apprmecl by the Major (;enern1 Comma~~d:n~t.

O. There ill be om:~sions wher~ some iriodifications of this systenr m i l l be clesirable and necessary, but. nor~lmlly the nd~ninistvalira rirrits of the force vill be able: t o estnbfish xncl conc111ct the roiitine of t,heir rear echelons so as t o lxr111it and justify the continuance of :mountability and proper records involving responsibility. d.The absence of acco~untability promotes carelessness ancl wiste

ar~cf presents a serious obstacle t o irltelligeilt and eco~xomicnl supply. Loose hnndliiig in the responsibility for weapous and amrr~unition makes it easier for these :irticles to get iuto un;~irtl~orized hands nnd even into the hands of the opposiug force.

a. The exigencies of field conilitious ;u.o rc?cognized by everyone connected wit11 our service of supply ttnd consideration is alnnys given to sue11 conclitions. Headqnar te~~,IT.9. Mn~iiic Corps, is fr~lly cognizant, of hazards engeiiderccl by field conditions. U~rcler justi- fiable circumstances, certificates of ~dji ist~iie~lt t o accouutable officers' aCcoullts will t ~ e acceptable. The &uarternlaster's &partlnellt. rec-ognizes this f : ~ t and acts accordingly but t,l~e poi:~t is, tlint in con- tinuing accountability, there must be $1 certified record of 2111 such unusual occurrences.

f. It may be entirely impossible for an administrative uuit to obtain proper receipts for its issues, but a record for such issues can and should be kept in order that requests for replacements within the uni t can be intelligently supervised by the unit supply officer. If t h e entire nd~ninist;rative unit has taken the field actively, such cord should be kept by the ncco~~nL?blc officer in t l ~ e last step of t,he supply chain before i t reaches tlie unit.

3-12. Public funds.-u. Public fonds for proci~rement of such material and services as the force may fincl desirable and econo~niptl are usually entrusted, through oficial cliannels, to an officer desig- nated as a disbursing assistant quarte.rn~ast,er.

6. These officers, when authorimd by competent authority, may advance public funds to officers i11outlying stations for certain local purchases. When sue11 purchases nre mnde, standard forms of vouchers are either prepared by the officer making the purehas., or ordinary receipts are taken by him and furnished the disbursing assistant quartermaster concerned. I n order that such transaction m a y have proper basic authentication i t has been the usual prnctice to write into the orders for sucli officers, when detailed for duty a t

SWM 3-13

outlying points, a. specific designation as agent f o r the disbursing assistant qnarter~nrrster conceriiecl mhicl~ becomes the authority for advancement of public fi~nds.

c. A n officer receiving s11ch designation as agent sl~ould, before er~terirlg on his new ~ ~ i t hduties, ~ o n f e . ~ tlie disbuising i~ssistaiit quartermaster in order t11:tt there mill be complete understanding of how the. money in the possession of the agent is to be accounted for when espended. I f such a procedure is impracticable, the matter sliould be mnde the subject of in~mediate correspondence between these two officers. There exists such a multit.ude o f i%g~lations and decisiorls governing the expznrlitnrct. of Goverirment. f~unds that no one sliouM undertake disbi~rsing even to the extent of a, very srnall surn, without first learning the proper method to ptnrsoe. Such pro- cedure will avoid e.xplmiation and correspondence later, and inay be the irieans of saving t h e one concerned the necessity of making good from perso~ral funds a n aniot~nt of pnblio f~unds spent in error, solely because of lack of sufficient m ~ d proper advnnce infomlation. It is desired t o stress this point most. eu~phaticnlly.

5-13. Objective.-Tlie objective is the one colnnioii to nll ~nil i tary operations, i. e., success in battle. The well tr:tilled and supplied fighter needs but proper leadership t o win; themfore the task of tlie supply officer becomes one of considerable importance from the com- mmider's point of view.

3-14. Supervision of requisitions.-+. The most important fune- tion of a supply officer is the supervision of requisitions. To know what, when, where, and how to get what the command needs, and then get it nnd distribute it, is perhaps the whole story of supply insofar as it affects the one to be supplied. The remainder consists of proper recording of what has been done; this is known as account-ability.

b. The requisition is the st:trting point of the whole process. I f it be wrong, everything else can't help but. be wrong also. Xever pad a requisition on the assumption that it will be c u t down. Soo~ier or later this mill become knowin and your requisit,ions will be worth- less to the one who revievs them. I f your real needs are cut by someone, find out why and, if you can, insist on what you ask for. Bnt be sure you h o l v what you want, and why. On the other hand, a requisition should never be cut without s thorough investi-

SWM 3-15

5-15. Aeeumulation of stores.-(1. T l~ere is R dcliente balance 111.- twcen orersloc,king and nnderstoc:king. Ov,orstocking means forced issues, wl~ile understocking means privation and possibly failnre.

b. Do not perniit tlie accurnuletion of slow-lnovinp stores, partico- larly c,lothing in extreme sizes. If i t fails t o more, lwport its presence and ask for tlis1)osition. Someone, else~vlrere? m;ly v ~ a n t t,l~e re1.y sizes tlrxt are in excess of your needs. Arwnge to turn over su~lisist- ence stores of a staple ~ ia tn re at 1n:lst c,~~co Report.erery 90 days. your excess rlniuititics lo your nearest senior supply oKcer t l ~ r o ~ ~ g l l official clia~inclls,

3-16. General.-(/. The folloning general roles lnay h e of assist-ance to persons responsible f o r tlie 11andling ir~ic lstoring of sopplios:

(1) As :I rule, providt? :trl all stored articles. xir s11:lct. n ~ ~ d c r It, prevents dt?terioration.

(2) I n the absence of buifrlilrps for storage, rt.qncst tli:~i nccess:irg security meastlres be hken to iafpguxr(1 yc111r stores.

(3) Visit the units that you sopply. (4) Find kt IIO\\- your sySt(!ll: \r(irks :nld ailju~st it \ Y I I C ~ C I I C C C S S I I ~ ~ . ( 5 ) Watcll your stock of subsistence stortss. ( G ) Beco~rle fa~niliar mit,lr the dais containecl mrtler "IIini~rnun

safekeeping period" for subsiste~~ee stores under article 14-54, Ml~ririe Colps Manual. (Hate particularly the remarks in tliis table.)

(7) Ask f o r an audience from time to t i n e mitll yonr conlmauder. Keep him apprised of the sr~pply situation. Give hirn your picture, clearly and briefly, and then reco~nmend desirable. changes, if any. Ahve all, make your sttpply system fit into his plans.

(8) Keep i n close touch witli your source of supply. Know \~-llat is there and how long it will take yon to get it.

(9) Get a receipt for everytl~ing that leaves your contl-01. If field conditions nre such that this is, in part, in~l,r:ictic:ihle, t l l a ~ keep a record of all sncli trt~nsactions~ :tnrl set c1ov;n the reavoirs for not being able to obtain proper receipts.

(10) Keep your own sngply rea~rtls up-to-date and render necessary reports regarcling tl~em.

(11) Whe~i yon need lrelp, ask for i t ti11r1 ~ t u , t efc lc t .~ . C:~moliflage, or my attempt at it ill the supply game, is fatal. I f your best jndg- lnent hns failed, admit it. It is a huma~i cliarecteristic and can rarely be cloaked by a garment of excuses.

3-17. Importance of supply.-Tlte importallce of the tlr~estion of st~pply upon small wars is vvell set fort11 in the follov~ing extract ttiken froin S~rtall Wars by Callwell:

SWM 3-17

SUI'I'IS

Tlle fact that small wars nrr. zenerally speaking, rxmpnipls rather agilirrst lliltt~re tllilrl ilgsinst 111iStilt. arlnies ilas been :Iirelldy referred to. I t constitutrs rsne of the rnost distinctire ch;tr:!eteristics o f this clnss of warfare. I t eff~ucts tll(! eonrse of 0lEr;ltiorrS to ill1 extent vnryirlg grentl?. nceordieg to circumsts~leer;, but so uitally :lt tilnrs ns to govern the ~ ~ l r o l r course of the eamptligu from s t a r t to finiP11. It arises nlllmst errtirel~ out of the dilfieultic~s as regards snp~,ly wllicll the tllentttrs of slllsll \r:tre geaerally 11rrsrllt. Ciimr$te effwts the health of troor>s, abscSnce of c~lllll l l~llicntio~~ retards t h e 111orenlent of soldiers, the 51mglc nnd the bnsll e1nh:rrrass a comelander: but. if it mere not for the difficulty a s regards food for man nad lieast rvhich rondless and iuhosliitxble tracts oppose to the 01Ie1~~tiolls of a 1~rClll:lr ilrili)., gnod troops well led moaid milkc light of suck1 obstacles in tlrcir y:itli. It is not t h e q!~estiorl of p l~s l~ ing forward t h e rum? or thrr lborse 01. the g011, that i n s to he t:lken illto itcrouot so much a s that of ille ~lrorisinn of tlke necessities of l i fe for the troops hen they Ilnre been 11ushecl forward.

S E ~ O BTI1

TRANSPORTATION Far. E'aga

General .........................................................

Railroild tr:rnspvrtiltioli......................................... S19 16 Notor t m n s ~ < s t a t i o a -............................................. 3-20 1 6

~ 1 8 1 5

T~actor-trailert r : l n s ~ o r t n t i ~ ~ i ..................................... 3-21 1 6

Trunsportntiorl goals ..............................................

Ariation tmnspbrt. 17

Water tra~~sportntion 1 7

Allilnal t m ~ i s ~ m r t n t i o ~ 1 7

Iniportant poirtts in i~ncking. 1 8

Pack 111ules....... 1 9

Pack horses......................................................... ? ~ 2 8 1 9

.K22 17

a b u l l........................................................

Phillips pnek snddl 530 20

fi1cClellan saddle................................................. LZ1 21 Pack equipment................................... %32 22

Native packers................................................ %%$ 21 filarines a s packers........................................... :X34 26 Bull a r t s ........................................................ ?A5 26

3-29 It)

Trains with colnbat co lunr~~s ................................. 5 3 0 30

3-18. General.-a. T h e types of transportation used in sii~all \oars operations will vary widely, depending upon local conditions we11 as roads, terrain, and distances to be covered. In some cases the seasons of the year will be a controlling fwtor.

b. Duringsmall wars i the past e.ve.q posjbln type of tllmsporta- tion known to nlarikind has been used, from railroad, aviation, and motor transportation t o dogs, elepl~art, camel, and porter wnriw,.

o. It is safe to say that the type of transportat,ioh most snitritrle to any specific col~ntry is bring utilized there. A skt~dyof these local methods, togetlle,r with the local conditions, will aicl the commailciw in determining the type of t,ransportation to be usoil by tlm inter- venino fnrr~s.

0 ------d. In countries where small wars usually take place, the rands are

- "generally bad and exist in only a few localities. When there is a sct1a)n of l~eavy rain, it is nlnst 11rob:~blc tlli~t 111.acricnlly 2111 roi~d? nnd trnils rill become impi1r5nbla for tnleks nnd trr~cto~ttviler trans-portation. For that reawn orlier means of transpo~~ari

SWM 3-19

tlrey are a.vailable, will 11:lre to be used for very slrort llanls. Aai-1na1, cart, boat, or porter transl~ortation will llave to be 11sed whtxe tirere are no pass;~ble roads, tmils, o r railroeds.

.%19. Railroad transportation.+,. Xormal pril~ciples of loa,ding :ntd transporting troops : I I I ~s n p ~ l i r s\\.ill apl~ly a s thry do ilr sirni1:ir ir~overl~entselsa\vl~el.e, nr;lliirlg use of n.l~irtevi!r rail f:lcilities tlre country has to offcr.

6. For the nsc of railroarls for morement inland sce chapter 5, p~r:~gmlilr3, &Iovenrent by E~nil.

3-20. Motor transportation.-a. This type of t,mnsportution slrould be under the direction of officers sl)eci:illy qalifietl in i ts mes. I t is not nlways knoxvn exactly mlli1.t. road conditiolrs can bc fouiicl in t l ~ c field, and the 111otor tr:msp yenrl of tllr ro:~ds, tile 1.0:xd uct, i ~ r i i [tl~(!SC:IS(IIIS will 11:tve to list? ingclrrrily ill cnrryil~g out tlrr. tirsli assignc!d to 11im.

b. Trucks slror~ld be uf rrr~ifonn 1:ype glb~~

SWM 3-22

will xe,iglr approsimately :I tons, :i tnns, :~nd eitlitxr 7 or 8 tons. Al l of tlrese are to be tho track-laying t)]x?s

3-22. Transportation pools.-12.. Ii:~bitrtallyCertain orgt~nizatior~r requiring transportt~tion hnve vehicles long witll their operators and supplies attaclied t o them as e part of their orgturic organization. Other organizt~tiurrs request. transportation as i t is i~ecded.

b. I n some iirst:lnces i t will be more economica~l to oyevatc a trans-portation pool. This is done by placing all tmnsport:itior~ in t,he force nuder the Force Motor Trrulsport Oflicer, ~vlro \rill assign the (lifferent vehicles to the different tasks as tlrcy arc reqnirc!rl.

3-23. Aviation transport.-For transportetio~~o f e~~ltl)liesand troops b y :~iroraft, see oliapier I X ("Avirltion").

5-24. Water transportation.-a. 111 sane inst:~~ices rircr Itoats and lighters can be useil t o transport troops, :ininl:rls, a n d snpplies from the port of (lebarkatiuz~ inland.

b. Wl~erclakes or other inland ~vaternays exist witl~iu t.l~(? Llreater of operatiola, a. most v a l ~ ~ : ~ h l e methorl of trnnsltort:ttio~i nrtiy be open to the force., and every effort slroul

SWM 3-27

3-27. Pack mules.-a. The niule is tlv f o rirleal pack a r~~nia l supply tmirrs, pack trains with foot patrols, and pack triuns ~ v i t h detachments mounted on mules. Tho rnl~le h:~s crrtaiu ailvantages over the horse nlrich fit l ~ i mfor this work, ilanlely:

(1) 'The mule withstands hot weather better, and is ICSSSIIS-ceptihle to colic and founcler than the horse.

( 2 ) 9mule. takes better carc of himself, in the I~i~rrcls of a n i~~coml~etentdriver, tlitln the horse.

(3) 'The foot of the 111nle is less subject to disortlers. (4) Tl~emule is inv:lriably :L ,good Ivalker. (5) Age i~nd infirlnity cot~nt less i~gi~ir~st a ~rilrle than a Ilorse.

b. I'aclc mules are l~nbitually driven and not led. . packHo~vever~ mriles carryitlg weapons and ilni~nunition vrill, for pnrpii3es of safet,y, be lei1 in colunin by having the lender of each mule drive. tlie mi~ le that precedes him. H i s n~r~ le xill, i n turn, be driven hy the man uext in rear of it.

3-28. Pack horses.-a. A~iv goor1 ricl i~~g liorse of ilonrltd c o ~ ~ f o r - m:~tion, good disliosition, a~id nonnal p i t s can be used as a pacli horse. T h e paclr aninials of a detachment niounted o n horses sl~ould always be liorses. This is necrssary in order to ~nairltain the nobility of tlie mounted detachment. Each pack horse is led itlongside a ridden horse. On very narro~r trails and a t :my time when i t is impossible for two horses to truvel abmast, tlie pack horse is led be- hind the riddeir horse.

6. Horses properly packed can march at the. samegaits as the ridden liorsr.

3-29. Pack bulls.-a. Under cert:Gn conditions, bulls mn be used to good admntage as pilck animals. A pack bull with its wide spread- ing hoof can negotiate rnnil in which a mule with its small hoof will bog down. While slower than mules, hulls can carry lrenvier cargoes than the mules usually found in most small war theaters. Good pack bulls can carry from two hundrecl (200) to two hundred and fifty (%O) pounds of cargo. They can make about fifteen (15) miles a day loaded but, after 5 days march, t h y vill require a rest of f rom five (5) t o seven (7) days if they a re to he kept in condition. I n employing pack bells it is advisable t o hire native bd l keepers t o handle them.

b. IIixrd pack t n ~ i n s of 1111lls811~1IIOI*~ do 110t 01~'ratr SIII~WBIIIY due to their diffr~rnt characceriativs.

SWM 3-30

3-30. Phillips pack saddle.-n. The Phillips pnck saddle vas de-velopeil to supply t l ~ n need for a n~ilitnry pack saddle of simple but scientific design-a silddle that could be handled b y nun.ly organized troops with only a short period of t r i~ini~~g. The cllnracteristics of this sadcllo make it iileally suited for sn~all wars operations. It is manufact,ured in one desip~ in four sizes, inld a l l shes are snit:~bl$ for ei t l~er horses or mnles.

(1) 6'a1yo-clrtilbryt,ype.-72-innn. pnck howitzer units ara equipped wit11 this size. U is designed for the large American pack mule.

(2) Caualry type.-A size designated for the average American ciwalry horse.

(3) Pony type.-A size designed for the Philippine arid Chinese Pony.

(4) Ca1i66enn type.-A size clesigned for t11e Central American mules.

b. This sndc1le is designed for either hanger o r lash loarls. Hang-

t7rs fop :111 sts~i

qnarter straps), or the quarter strttp I)-rings to 1101~1 tllc load c1on.n. 3-32. Pack equipment.-a. The types of pack equipnient in corn-

mon use by the inlutbitunts of counteies where pack trzinsportatio~l forins s basic part of the transportation system vary in tlifferent countries, :nid solnetimes ~ ~ i t h i n a conntry in different areas. This ~~at,ive.eqnipment, thougl~ crude, can be. converted to inilitary pnr-

W ~ O N N ~ S U &C*CHLSE Glix LOAD PACKSADDZ.&,OX I'zzII.L.~~,s POSYSI%E. d eornplete fighting unit of go", tripod, ammunition, and spare parts roll. Quick release

devices urr

poses and, alien no other equipment is avnilable, must be used. Such native equipment invariably has one or more of the following defects:

(1) Highly skilled sl>ecialists are required Lo use i t satisfac- torily.

(2) Due to its crude construction it is very injurious to animals.

(3) It cannot be adjusted easily on the trails. (4) Many military lonrls are extreniely difficult to pack on this

equipment.

(5) T h e pads, cinches, ;111rl other attachments Tear out. rapid11 mlder constant. usi~ge.

(6) Packi~ig and unpirclring rcquire a cor11p:lratively great. lengt11 of time.

b. The advalltagcs of Native Equipment are: (1) Generally available in quantities in or nenr the zone of

operation. (2) IIelatively cheap. (3) Light in veight.

RaoTvslsc JI*uxrrsr; Our IAAD.

Trimd side.

o. Theso advantages a re the only reasolls vhich might justify the use of native r)eek enuioment in rxsference to the Phillir>s ~ n c k enuiv-' . . . . . nlent. I I~~wo\.er , of 11i1tiveN ~ I I ~ ~ ) I I ~ ~ I I ~the c l~aapne~, is O I . I ~ ~ ~ J ~ ~ : L I I C P ~ by the high p r r c e ~ ~ t r ~ ~ r vf ilnilnt~ls illcnpacirnterl by its rise; its lidrt weigl~t is noi ~~txt.t!ssr~rilyan advtintilge :IS :a11 c~tltlnl t t r yrcater. pay load call he tx>~rrietl1111 11t~nvi1,r ~ I I I I ~ I P I I I P I L ~111wlt*r11 \vitlr v ~ ~ ~ ~ s i d v n ~ l ~ l y less damaba to the animal.

http:II~~wo\.er

SWM 3-33

d. The nlmrcjo, or l~rinritivr pitck saddle, has maux sliapcs, being tnade of leatlier d l 1 sometimes a ~vooderr tree or b:~clc pieces to stiEcn i t itnd petlilil~g placed eitllcr in the leather skirts or betweell tlie leatlier and the iunirnal's buck, or both. This type is rxtlier linrd to pack, a s it reqt~ires i~complicirtcd hitch :wound tlie loid and sirddle.

e. Anotlier forrn in general use by ciriliniis is the savbr~ck type.

M I C ~ ~ Z N B 1.01" U S I ' A c ~S.~DDLF,I'USYSIZE.

SWM 3-34

~ r i ~ ~ l ~ > ~ s l ~ ~ l I i ' r . \ ~ r l ~ , - ! > ~

for e.verj. l i j x1ril11:11>, sitice (I,-c1 eai:ii a ~ ~ i i ~ i : ~ l 10 1~1ci< I I I I i s . .\ gauil s~-strcl! is ti) l~irr!:i roinl,ratcnl c11ii.f 11ackt.v alril :ill(,\\. 1ii111t o lii~c tlrrr tici;r~ss;ir!. 11rl1111a:r 1)irck~rs. IYitlr r ~ f I ! : I ~ I ~ I I I ~ ,I ;~.il iirilrrs ;11ri1 iiis!r.rictio~is sliooiri bc issued throriglr tlio i4iii.f l)aclitbl. aiitl for tile111, s!i

marines ~ I I I Ibe iaugllt to use. it, will warrant a greater use of ~narines as packers in future oper a t'1011s.

5-36. Bul1carts.-a. In some localities the bull-drawn cart is the principal means of transporting bnlBy articles, aud \\-hcn I:trg& w a n - tit,iesof s~:~)pliesare required, the bullcart may be the best means of transportation avt~il&~I)le. I t is a suitaLlt! rrleans of tr:n~sporl. w11e11

Tsrb: N s : ~CAVA~.XCY Coolirs(; OUTFIT THI: PI

SWM 3-35

expensive. F~~rt l~erlnorr : ~u~likt.lythat good iuli~ru~ls hi t i s can piurchased n t a reaso~rnble prim; natives are willing to p a ~ % a i t htheir nged arrcl disabled a.~lirn:~ls, but rarely sell tlleir good ones.

c. Whcrmvor possible, a cl~ief bullcart driver should be secured or xppoillted. He should be a. man in .ivhon~ the ot.l~er native drivers have confidellce, and through u;horn goller:~l instructions c m be issued.

d. A definite cont,ract should be draxvn up wit11 the native on7nels

DIA\IOXDIIWCII IX)III) US TIIE I'ELLLILIYY I'ICK SAUDW

Tile lrfiual lasll cinch is not required on this nnddle.

before the movement begins. A11 details of pay, rationing of native drivers and animals, breakage, aud damage should be clearly set; forth; it is necessarv to be assured that the native contractors thoroueldv " .. " u~lderatul~dthe rernla of tile 'olltract. IF onCo~ltracts sho~~ l t l 111u(1e the basis of nrigtrr or bulk delirered at t h e destinatio~~, and the na-tives should not be paitl until the service is completed. Deductions :an be made for losses or damage to supplies m route. I n Lome cases

SWM 3-35

it ,nay br 1Ircrss:iI.y to advance h~riall ouncIsis a mtixirnum loail f o r a cart drawn by two yoke of bulls. If tlre poing is bad, fl.onl one tbonsand (1,000) to one tl~ousi~nd six lrlniclred (1,600) ~)ounrlsis :t sufficient load. A load of over tvo ~ I I O I I S B I I ~(2,000) lwuncls i b da~~gesoui,regardless of road conditions or nunrber of Lulls per cart, f s it is too g~cst a strain on tbe ctwt imd will cause bleak-downs wl~lch are almost i~npossible to repair on the trail.

(3) IVIICII suclr break-downs occur, new carts should be secured in tlio i~nmediate vicinity of t l ~ e break-do-11, or tbe load of the broken cart sl~ould be clistributed among the renlaining carts. I f neither of theso makeshifts is poqsible, sufficient of the least valuable cargo should be discarded and tbo load5 of carts rearranged to carry a11 important or vziluable cargo. This rearrangement of loads should be made by the chief bollcart drivcr undcr thc supervision of the escort oom- mander, if there is one.

(4) It is difficult t o tell whetlier one pair of bulls is stronger or \vealror than anotlier. Soale cuts will have to be loaded lighter than others, and only an expert will be able to decide this.

( 5 ) It is better to i~rrive safely with all carts, cargo, and bulls in good condition than t o gamble on overloarls wit11 their resultant de- lays, broken cargo, and iirjured bulls.

(6) Tho \veigIrL of 1111 mililary anl~nunition and supplies can be estimated, and ration coiltniners are usnally accurately marked with the gross weigl~t. T h u ~ proper loads can be assigned to all carts.

(7) When streams arc to be c;rossed, cnrts should be loaded so that the top layer contains perishable cargo, such as sacked flour and sugar, thus preventing or lessening losses by wetting.

(8) I n loading carts the native car t driver should be permitted to distribute and lash his load as he sees fit, insofar as is practicable. EIowever, the driver should not be permitted to szy when he h a s a sufficiently large load or he will s tar t off mith as light a load as pos- sible. H e should be given his share of the cargo and such assistance as he needs in loading it. He will balance his load with a slight

28

excess ~c igh t . to the front to prevnit tlip tongne from riding npwartls ~ v l i e i ~urlder 11-:IS. IIc will test t l ~ e Ioncling b y lifting the tongue befor(>. tlie bulls :ire hitched to it: to estimate the strain on the bulls \'11elt tiley are att:nohed t,o tlie cart,.

(0) 011 the first day's 111ar(:l1, the Lrst cart, drivcrs slioolil be noted. This can be done by perso~n~l obscrv:ttion a.11~1 crlrefnl spotting of tlre carts Illst are slow, trnil thoso that czinss most. delays. O n tho nrorzring of the seci~id d:t.y, o~ sooner if it c:ul b e do~re ~ v i t l ~ o r ~ t undue

SWM 3-36

TI%ASSPORTTIOS

(17) I n traveling tllrurlgh barren co~~ntry, i t m a y be necessary to carry food for tho z~nirnals and, if t h i s is the case, the pay l o ~ d rnust 118 lcsset~ed in proportion. iis soon as respo~isible ilatires cart he, founcl and nlierl tile 'oute along which the supplies have to be trans- ported is safe, i t is wise to allow the train to proceed aitliout escort. The natives, if held strictly responsible f o r k)sses, will probably riot proceled if tlinro is danger t , l~ntthe train will be captnrecl, as they v i l l have been -warned of this clanger before the marines. Escorting snpplies by s ~ l ia s l o x ~ method is very tedious and costly ill men. Ho\\*ever, iln~mrniition and wenpolls must be escorted.

3-36. Trains with combat columns.--n. Yrtck tr:lins nhicll carry tlie supplies, baggage, ammunition, and weapons of cornbut. columns should be ni:~de as mobile a s possible. Both the nu1nbt.r of animals and the cargo loads should be ;IS srnall as is corisistnit wit11 tlie i~bsolute nrecls af tile column, If tlre,re, is a choice, it is better to in-crease tlie nnlilber of :~ni~nals tlian to i~lcreasc tlie i~~divicll~el cargo loads.

6 . 111 gaieral, the pack 1o:~dr; acco~npanging a combat column shonld not exceed tw-e~lt,y-five percent (25%) of the aeiglit. of the pack animal \r.lrich, for small mules a r~d horses, would mean 21 maxirnnm pay load of a b u t one hundred and thir ty (130) pounds. One hundred pounds is considwered an merage load. This is a gen-eral ru le and the load must be varied to meet tlie condition of trails and tire coldition of t h e individual animal. Some combat loads mill exceed this percentage, and it mill h necessary to select the strongest and best ~OllditiOIIed animals t o carry these special loads.

0

SMALL WARS MANUAL

UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS

1940

CHAPTER IV

TRAINING

4wwRwmm

UNCLASSIFIED

&. . .I \ I I E D STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTISG OFFICE

WASHINGTON :1911)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Tl~c: Small Wars Mt~l~unl, ('orps,Unitcd Stnlrss h, lasi~~c 19401 i s j):~blisheil in 15 cirapters as follows:

('AAPTEK I. INTHODtiCTION. 11. OILGAXIZATlOiT.

111. 1.OCISTICS.

IY. TKAINING.

V. ISITIAL OPERATIOKS VI. INFANTRY PATROLS.

VII. MOUXTED DLTACHMEh-TS. VIII. CONVOY8 AYD CONVOY ESCORTS.

IX. AVIATION. X . RIVER OPERATIOKS

XI. DISARMAMEKT O F POPULATION. XII. ARMED NATIVE ORGANIZATIONS.

XIII. MILITARY GOVERNMENT. XIV. SUPERVISION OF ELECTIOXS. SIT.WITHDRAWAL.

SMALL WARS MANUAL

UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS

TRAINING

SECTIONI. CHARACTERAND POIII'OSE par.OF S~IALL Page

Wans TRAIXIXG.............. 4- 1to 44 3-86

11. TRAININGUUIIIXGCONCENT~L~ITI4.- ON. 97 to 4- 9

111. TnarN1NG EN ROUTE:ON BOARD

SHIP....................... 4-10 to4-17 11-14

IV. TR~INING OFOPER-IN THE THEATER

ATIONR.. ......................... 4-18 to 4-23 15-17

V. TRAININGPROGIIA~~~YSCHED-AND

ULES .......................... 4-24 to4-26 15-25

4-2

CITAR~CTRR P ~ R P O S EOF S~IALT,m.ins ~ n ~ r s r s c ;

(11) Meqsing. To inclu(1e the feeding of troops on tlie trail and in small groups in garrison.

(12) Laying ambushes. (13) Attacking a ]louse. (14) Street fighting. (15) Riot duty. (16) Defense of garrisons. (17) fhrprise attacks on ent.my c~~lcaml)ments.

(IN) Stratagems nnd ruses.

(19) Scouting and patrolling, including tracking. (20) Combat practice firing. (21) Sketclring n~id aenal photograph map reading. (22) Marching, vith nttention paid to marching over

rough, ~vooded trails, both d i r t and rocky, under varied ~wnthrr conditions. Trail cutting through clense tmderbrush and c011servation of drinking ~vater to be included.

(23) Ri\rouacs and campi. (24) Sanitation, first aid, and hygiene. (25) Hnndlir~g of small boats on inlaiid waterways. (26) Air-ground linison. (27) Training of officers as aviation observers. (28) Rules of land warfare. 4-2. Tactical training.-The current tmining manuals describe tho

combat principles for the various arms nnd a re the basis of tactical ilistvuction for units preparing for or participating in a small war. These combat principles inay be supplemented or r~~odified t o conform with the requirements of anticipated or existing conditions. l'he usual enemy tactics encoiurtered in small vars are those associated with the amb11s11 of patrols and convoys, river fighting, and surprise attacks against garrisons and towns. Tliese operations are described in cllapters V to X, inclusive.

4-3. Rifle company.-a. The rifle conipany and its subdivisions nre often called upon to perfam1 independent mission. Such mls- sions include the es(ab1ishment of small garrisons in isolated com- ~nunities a i ~ d a t strategic points along lines of communication and supply, patrol operations coordinated with the operations of aviation and other patrol units, and independent operations that may carry the rifle company and its subdivisions beyond supporting distance of their bases o r friendly patrol units. Training for small mars operations, therefore, must be conducted with a view to the probable assignment of the rifle company and its subdivisions to indepmcle~it

4-3

CHAR.4CTER AXD PURI'OSE OF SMALL 'IVdRS TR.4IBISG

missions. 111 tile larger patrols, the pat:rol leader mill usually find it impracticable, if not impossible, to direct the actioris of each sub- division of his patrol during action against the enemy. In ~11~11 cases, the leaders of tlre several subdivisions of the patrol-must con- trol their units in such manner as will best promote the known plan of the patrol leader. Upon contact. \vith tlae cnemy in tho field, there vil l often be no opportunity for the leaders of the several sobdivi- sions of the patrol to consnlt with and receive, orders from the patrol leader prior to committ.ing their units to action. They inust know, in advance, his plan of action in case contact is inacle with the eneiny 2nd must be prepared to act indcl~cndently \vitl~out the slightest hesitation. In the training of patrols. tile independent control of subdir,isions should always be stressed. 6. The principal weapon of the combat organiz;itions is the riffe.

'I'l~e rnilrt so armed inust have complete confidence i n his ability t o hit bzrttlefield t~rgets and must be t2loronghly imbued with the "spirit of the bayonet1'-the desire to close with theenemy in personal combat and destroy hiln. The fact tlii~t snrilll wars operations mny be con- ducted in localities \shere the terrain and vegetat,ion will often pre- vent engaging the enemy in hand-to-hnnd combat does not remove the necessity for trai~ring in the use the b t ~ r o ~ ~ e t . of It is only througll such training that e:mh individual of the combat tea111 is irr~bued with tire "will t o nin." Every man attached to a combat orgimization mnst be trained in tlre use of the rifle grenade and hand grenade, both of 1~11icl1 are important, weapons in s i ~ ~ a l l wars opera- tions. T h e rifleman sliould be given n course of training in the other infantry \veilpons in order th t~t 11e may know their employment and functioning. Machine L-IIIS~ mortars, and 37 inm. guns may, at times, be issued the infantry coinpany to augment the fire power o f its rifles. Since additio1i;rl trt~inecl personnel will often not be avail- able to man the i~dded wenpons it becomes the duty of the infantry company to organize squads for the operation of such weapons.

c. The rifle is an extremely aocurate shoulder weapon. I n t h e hands of an experl rifle shot (sniper) it is the 11rosL i~nporlant weapon of t l ~ e combat units. Other infantry ~vec~pons canilot replace the rifle. T h e rifle is exceedingly effective in the type o f fire fight con- nected with small wars operations. A course in sniper firing is of great value in the development of il~dividuals as snipers. Such t~ course may be readily improvised by placing vegetation before the line of targets on any rifle range o r by using growing vegetation, provided its locatio~i makes the method practicable. Silhouette tar-

gets are shown for several seconds at irr@gular intervals and at differ- ent locations within the vegetation by the manipulation of ropes or wires from a pit or other shelter in t,he vicinity of the targets. This type of trgining develops fast;, accurate shooters.

d. While the development of expert individual rifle shots is highly desirnble, it is even more important that comb& units receive R course of training in t,he appliwtion of musketry principles to t,he eondit,ions of combat ordinarily encountered in small wa~s operations. Wheel- ever facilities are wailable, the training program sl~ould devote con- siderable t,ime twombat rang6 firing. Every phase of netual combat shoul,d be included. in t,his trsining. To make the practice realistic will require much ingenuity and skillful planuing but. there is no other method of training that mill develop effective combat tenms. Combat practice firing present,s the nearest approach to actual bat,& condit,ions that is encountered in the whole scheme of militsry training. Exercises should be so designed that leaders we required t,o make au estimat,e of the situation, arrive at a. decision. issue orders to put. the decision into effect, end actually superviee the execution of orders they may issue. The degree of skill and teamwork of the unit is sl~omn by the mamma in which the orders of the leaders are executed. The conser%tion of ammunitior~ should be stressed in all combat practices.

44. Machine gun company.-The mschine gun company is or- ganized as a unit for administ,rative purposes to effect uniformity in instruction, and to proltwte efficiency in training. Daring act.ive operrttions in the field, however, it will often be found necesswy to assign platoons, sections, or even single guns to either permanent or t,emporwy clut,y with gzwrisons, patrols, or other units. In some ,CILS~S it may be necessary t,o arm the personnel as riflement to augment the number of men avnilable for pat~rol duty. Machine-gun personnel are, therefore, given the course of training with the rifle as outlined in paragraph &3, G and d.

4-5. Mortars and 37 mm. guns.-a. These ~~~espous we eml~loyed to augment the fire power of other weapons. They we of particular value in t,lre organization of the defensive fires of small garrisons. J3ecrtuse of their bulk and t.he difficulty of effective employment in heavy vegetation, they are not normally carried by small, highly mobile~patrols in the field. In an attack on BII organized position, the need for both weapons is apparent.

b. The 37 mm. gun is employed against definitely loei& automatic weapons and for the destruction of light, field works. It delivers

6

P-6

CMAIIACTER h S T l PUILPOSE OF $li2\I,I, l i7ARS rrR~lsIXG

fir% frorn a e~askecl position by useof tile qoitdrant s ig l~ t . IVhen t i r t~e is an innportn~lt element, direct laying is used (11.fire ir~iig he cond~wted fmm a. rr~asked posit,ion h a ~ i n g siglrt defilacle only. Since i ts ti~ctical employment in s~nall \Tars does not vary fro111 its 1urrmt11 use in lrri~jor rvsrfare, there is no need for special trairiing i~pplict~hle orrly to s~i lal l wars situations.

c. The ability of the mortar to five fro111 n-ell-concealed positions itgainst targets on reverse slopes ancl under cover ~rlakes i t a vi~lunble weapon for smt~ll wars operations. Rec:tuse

4-6

CHABACTI~IL,\XI1 I~JILPOSI?OF S\ISI,I, WAR'S TR,\INIxG

battalion or higher echelon. Graduates of suc.11 classes are particn- larly vt~luahle as instructors in ne-\rly organized units.

(2) A course conductetl for t l ~ e XJUrpose of teaching troops the mechanics and techniqoe of their work a rd equipment. It does not concern itself with the developnlent of qnalified instructors. As a rule, tl~ese classes will be condocted by companies, the course being soine\vhat shorter than tilo course designed for developing inst,n~ctors.

a. The group method of instrnction may he used in the tmining of any group, rgarclless of its size or orgmiization. I t provides care- ful systematic instrnction under t l ~ e direct supervision of an instructor, and cer~tralizes c o ~ ~ t r o l \vithin the group for t l ~ e purpose of teaching the ~necl~ai~ics The group method of instruction is of any subject. preferable for introiluctory training and is especially adat~ted to ill-strtrctiol~ in basic military subjects. It consists of five distinct steps, as follows:

(1)Expla~~ation instructor.of the subject or a(>tion by t l ~ e (2) Demolrstrat,ion of the suhject or action by the instn~ct,or intd

assistants. (3) In~itation (~~l)plic:ttion) by :dl undergoing instruction. (4j Exl~ltmation n1n1 de,monstrtltion of colllrnon errors by the in-

structor and his assistants. (5) Correction of e,Yrors by the instrl~ctor and his assistallts. Instruction should be clear and precise. Every error made by the

st,uclent doring the applicatory step should be, corrected immediately in order to p r e w ~ ~ t tlre formation of faulty habits and wrong im- pressions. I t is often easier to instruct a new recruit than t o clxinge the fin11t.y Ili~hits of B man who has been longer in the service.

SELTI~NI1

TRAINING DURING CONCENTRATION 1'8tc. I*?ec

Trainir,r objretir n S C ~ I ~ Fof tl'.airl !b Uireilllinnrs t r .-... --.... $4

&7. Training objective.-a. of tllc! training coil.'The c,ll:~r;~ett?r ducted during eoncerit~atio~~depends upon tho time svailnble, t h e state of t r i ~ i ~ l i ~ ~ gof the inttividi~i~lnuits ~o~~centratocl,tile niiture of the country in \vhic11 operations are to lie conducted, tho clrarncter and armament of the forces likrly to be e~~cou~~tered,and the type of operations that may be necessary.

b. Training doring co~rcentration is primarily concerned with preparation for tlre follo\~iogoperations:

(1) Sllip-to-shore moventent, agtlinst organized opposit,ion a n d without opposition.

(2) Iteurga~~i%:~tiorrprelirninnry to move~nentirr la~~d. (3) Movement inland, including the seirure of defended cities and

to\ms, and operations against guerrilla furces wlrose tactics include surprise attacks and ambushes.

4 8 . Scope of training.-. 1')uring concentmtion it is necessary to verify the readiness of troops for the conduct of small wars opera-tions. Deficiencies in training nlust be corrected, particalarly if t h e deficiency is socb as t o hazard the successful prosecution of con-templated operations. 6. For subjects to be stressed during training for small \Tars opera-

tions, see paragraph 61, 0. 65).Disciplinary training.-Wherc ti~rreis $11ol-t, a11 training in

ceremonies and close order drill should ire rednced to :I minimum. The. disciplinary value of close order tlrills rnay be achieved throng11 the efficient con$uct and close sul>ervision of field exercises, during instruction in bayonet fighting, and in training in the ese, function-ing, and care of \verLpons :u~de~~ttipmne~~t..Smartness, prompt c t k d i -ence, and orderly execution can he exacted of troops during s t~ch exercises, thus increasing the value of the instruction as well as cle-veloping a higher degree of battle efficiency in the individual.

S~c.rros111

TRAINING E N ROUTE ON BOARD SHIP I'itr. l'we

G ~ n c r n l . 4-1il 11 4-1 1 11

Time itrnilneie for 4-12 124-13 12

Sire of elrau

4-12

TRIIISISG LN ROUTE OX BOiil3D SHIP

6. Mess facilities on board ship are usnally limited. Troops ail1 j>robtbbly eat ctrfeteria style, using them individual mess equipment. Xonnally 1Ilour u-ill be ample time for tlie troops to be served and to complete any nleal. This includes sufficient tirne for thern to procure their nless p a r , be serretl, ~vash their mess gear, and stow it.

c. Working parties will be required for serving the food, work in the galley, tu11d lian(ll~ng stores. In order that i~~terference with training 111t1y be redlleed to a minimanr, i t is desirable that a complete unit, s ~ ~ c l i as a pIato(111 or company, be detailed daily for such duty. The duty sl~oulil he assi,mled to troop u ~ ~ i t s in rot a t'1011.

rl. Emerge~lcy drill5 \\ill also interfere with tlie ~rhedule of tmin- ing. These clrills i ~ r c an important part of the routine. They include a h a ~ ~ d o ~ ~ dr~lls.ship, colli>ion, fire, iln(l fire a~id rescue Everyone on board will participate in these ilrills.

4-19. Time available for troop training.-'l'lrv t111ie nrailable for which dofiriltr scliecl~~lei may I IP 111:lili~up ib lin~ited f r ~ ttrool~ trai11111g lo two ihlll) pei.io~lh, 0900 10 1130 &lurl 13i10 L o l(iOi1, :I tut:~l of 5th hours. 811iro olrly 4 full days per week can be (lefi~ritt~lj srlredaled, the wc>ekly sclredule is lmlited to 22 hours vf instrr~ct~oii. If Fridt~y may be used for training, another 5% hours will be available.

4-13. Troop schools on board ship.--a. Classes are organized to cover instrut~tion in such subjects as may best prepare each member of a conrrna~ld to become a more proficient member of his combat team. Due to lack of space and facilities, the establislvner~t of troop schools, employing tlie group rtletlioil of instruction, is the accepted metl~od for shipboard training. Classes covering essential subjects are organized for officers, onco commissioned officers (iuclnding selected privates) and privates.

b. Formations a re usually limited to assemblies for quarters and inspections. At such formations, it is often possible to carry out exercises such as the manual of arms, setting-up exercises, and physi- cal drill under arms.

4-14. Size of classes.-Training on board ship is generally at- tended by a liunrber of distracting and a~inoying features such as seasickness, wet paint, scrubbing of decks, heat, etc. It is, thel-efore, desirable that classes be orgarrized in small groups. Groups of 20 are the largest that one able instructor can be expwted to handle efficiently. I n the instruction of groups in the mechanics of the several types of weapons, care should be taken to avoid assigning too many individuals to a single weapon. Not more than two mexi should be assigned to one automatic rifle and not more than three to a machine &all.A nian learns very little about the mechanics of

12

il weapon by ~vatchi i~gsomeone else assenible aiicl disassemble tlie weapon. He rriust 11ave the weapon in his own liands unrl perform the v o r k liinrsdf its it is only through this nietlxorl that lie aata.ins proficiei~cy.

415. Assignment to classes.-a. iln extui~ple of the assignment. of the personnel of a rifle company to tlre several classes of a troop scl~onlon board ship is trs follows:

class St'percision . t t e # B a n ~ e .%ntonlatic rifle (:

- - -

4-16. Subjects covered.-a. I'atagral~h 4-1: c, lists a n~ullber of subjects that are suitable for sl~ipbonrcl instn~ctiolr. Deficiencies in training of the troops on hoard, as i~rfluei~ced by the tactical sitna- tion likely to be encountered, will govern the selection of subjects that are to be stressed. Having determined the tr:iining 11eecIs of the several units, the subjects t,o be stressed mrky be selected and schedules prepared sccorclin,ply.

6. In addition to the sobjeCts lister1 in pamgr:tl)h 4-1: c, t l~n fol- lox7iirg subjects :ire particularly inrporta~lt anrt should be emphasized enro11te to the theater of operations.

(1) Information of the country of destination; its ppoplr, lan- guage? topography, political arrcl nlilitary situatio~i

(2) Enerily tactics likely to be encountered. Tactics to be ncloptecl by our o ~ r n troops.

(3) Relations with i~~l~abitari ts of tllo co~llktry of (lestination. 6 1 7 . Essential training-a. St.\\.ly organized units will often

inclurle nlen ~ l r o are only partially tlainecl in llnndling their weapons. After forrr~atioit of tlre i~nit, there inay he only a short period for instruction r~rior to embarkation. In some cases. tht?re will be no time for any instruction nhatsoe~rer. While enronte to the country

i~~.eaponwith which he is arn~ecl, thcfs increasing his value to his orgainzation :IS a member of the con~bat team. Permission may be readily secured from the commai~ding officer of the ship to fire t l ~ erarious infantry weapons from the deck ~ ~ h i l e the ship is under way. Targets may consist of articles fk~ating at or articles tllrown overboard (tins and boxes from the galley). F o r safety, shootinz is condilcted onlv froin the stern of the shin. I f there

c,

are no articles available to be used as targets, "white-caps" may be used as aiming points.

6. Instruction in tactics should be sufficiently adequate to give all enlisted r~ersonnel r~ knowlcdpe of sco~~tiup,pr~trolling, security meas- ures, andtroop leading problems, apluropna& t o their rank. Methods of Instruction include sketches on blackboards (the best method), chalk rketches o n the deck, and matchei; laic1 out on deck. The i t ~ s t r ~ ~ r t o re?tpl:~il~,tlte sirlr:ltion or(cling~.i~lr~sketvh) iind ~tsk: dif- ft.re11t I I I ~ I Ifor thr i r (lecisi~~ns for tI>vir 11ecisions. a11t1~ ~ H S I I I I S Initi:~. rive : I I I ~cliscossioi~ sl~o~rltl lx el~co~lrage.rcl.I11 ilnull wlrs situations, t l ~ eno~~conin~i>sio~~t*cloffivrr n ~ l dl~ri\.:lre are often fitc.~.(l with prob- It111rj reql~irillg decision and subse(jl~t.~~t ilametliute rxecl~tion.

SECI~OXIV

TRAINING IN THE THEATER OF OPERATIONS l'itr. 1'11pc

I d 15 15 13 IF li

4-18, System of training.-a. I;~)OIIarrival ill tile tlreater of o11- eratiorrs, i~nmedinte steps xrtr t:~lrrrr to continue tire t ra i t~ i~rg al011g r~ietllodical tlnd 1~rogressive. lixles. The tr:tining is gorererlerl by train- ing progr:lols tlntl sche(l111es prepared by the \-arious o~pnnizatio~ls.

b. F o r each t r a i~ r i~ rg 111rits (sq~titds? slibject f~rr~ctionttl sections, a 1 ~ 1 platoons) are 'I'l~is pli~ces tlre res1)onsibility e ~ t ~ p l o y t ~ l . for t rain- ir~gp m g ~ s s all trt~irril~g S ~ I ' O I Itile 1111it lctid~r. l :~~f i~r t~ l~ta te ly , SIZIJ-jects cannot be so hilndled. I n I I I ~ I I ~illstances, s~~bjects IIIIIS~ JX1 tungl~t by "asses ~ m " ~ l o ~ " d froxn s e ~ e r a l s u b d i ~ i s i o ~ l ~ of i ~ t d i ~ i d ~ ~ t t l s of :I i111it.

4-10. Facilities.-As early as possible after t h e force is estab- lisl~ed on sllore, orgn.niaat,iol~ corn~nanders of 11igl:ller eclrelor~s s l~ould provide their respective corr~mnx~ds x i t l ~ tile facilities necessary for the conduct of training. IVhencver pracricttble, these f:tcilities should inelode the estahlislrment of trt~itiitrg centers, troop schools, ranges for ltractice and record firing of infantry wetrpons, ri~thgcs for cornbut practice firing, til~d terrain suiliible f o r t11e cotrdltct of field exercises.

4-20. Subjects covered.-+. P;~~.agntpI~s b,6 1 , e, and &it;, list s~lhjects suitnblt: for training colrdnctrtl irr tlie t11e:tter of o1)eratiolls.

O. Al l training slrotrld it~clu(le field erel.cise; i~~vi>I~i r l : r tile titctical employment of troops in ~rlilitary sitnations pec[~liar to the termin and ellemg resistance likely to bc e;~couotcred in differelrt seetiot~e of the country.

4-21. Training centers.-& irrlprovinglVc?nl)oirs t~vc. c

b. Tlre nstablishn~rnt of a tr;~inirig c ~ n t e r offers tho follo1~-ing ad~xntages :

(1) I t proriclcs for ~~let l~mlicsl , ant1l)rogressive! coordi~vate~l training.

(2) It is the central agency for the receipt anit clisse.miuation of information ~vit11 respect to t h e u~rnst~al features of the canrpaig~l a s tbey develop during operrttious in tlre fielcl.

(3) It may b e made snfficie~rtly estensi.i,e to include terrain for field exercises a n d ranges for comnliat. practice firing, tlrus providing facilities that snig11t o t l re r~~ise be denied to iletnched companies and battalions.

(4) It is nn ideal agency f o r the training of replacemc?nts. All replacenierlts, both crficers and Inn:, d ~ o u l d be put througb a n inten- sive alnrse of training before they tlre a s r i g ~ ~ e d to tlctive mlits in the field.

(5) I t supplies a lircatiorr for trf:s~psrlrools. (6) I t prr~vi(les tilo ranges necesnry for tlrr record firing of all

infantry n-eapo~ls. c. A training centel. incluilrs the folloving activities: ( 1 ) 1

First aid. Ilygie~~e, fielcl sarritatiorr. (AIL ai l~~:~~t~:c( l course.)

IIorseshocing.

Saddlery. (Leather norking.)

Cooks and bakers. (To include hutclrering ancl cooking for small

units on the ~ I R I ~ I I and in garrison.)

Aviation observers. (For all officers.)

423. Organization of troop schools and training centers--a.

Instructors for troop schools that a re conducted by the various gar- rison units are supplied by the units themselves. The st,udents for such t,roop scltculs i ~ wtire members of tlie unit. anrl duties are so :trranged that the tmop sclrool does not. interfere ~ritlr the normal routine of the garrison. At times, theunit. will be called opon t o per- form some emergency type of duty that may necessitnte the temporary suspension of the troop school. Instrnctors f o r a tmining center come from the unit i n cliarp of the twining center and from the nnit or units undergoing instruction. Ordinarily, units such as complete colr~paniesare ass ig~~ed In addi-to t.rai11ing ce~iters for instruction. tion, in placements are orgnnizod into casual units in the order in which they arrive f o r duty from t h e co~itinental United States. At t.imeq it. >sill be ndl-i~nti~geous individualsto assign certain c~u;~lifit!d among the replscements to receive spcciitl ilistr~~ction in one of the troop school classes conducted a t training centers. Troop school in- structors :we me~nbe.~sof the nnit in charge of the training center.

6. The t r~~ in ing unit is the. company. Instructio~l may be by ~~latoons, Companies uliderf

S ~ c r ~ o x1'

TRAINING PROGRAMS AND SCHEDULES

Far. 1'nf.e Training 'Lir:lining

instru~tlons...................................................

proprnms.... l r a in ing. schedules..................................................

4-24 19 4-2.5 19 4-26 2s

4-24. Training instructions.-Trailling programs and training schedules are the means generally user1 to orlt,line tlle training f o r the. various nnits, thus providing unifo~~ni ty Trainingin training. ~~ le~noranda supplement programs and training]nay training sclre~l~~les. 6%.Training programs---a. Training pingra~ns are issued by

all cnrnmands down to and including the company. They express the general plan of training of the command over a considerable period of tirne, usually a training cycle of 1year, but may he issued to cover periods of 6 months, 3 months, or 1month.

b. The essential elements of the training program include t h e training objective or objectives, the time available in which to ac-complish the mission or missions, and such special instrl~ctions relat- ing to the conduct of the training as may be necessary. A feature of the training program with which unit commanders are primarily concerned is the total amonnt of t ~ m e allotted for the training of their own units. The authority issuing a training program should indicate clearly the time available, allether the training period covered by the program is 1year, 6 months, :3 months, or 1month.

c. Prior to the preparation of a training program, a carefnl esti- mate is made of the entire training situation. The following factors must be taken into consideration: (1) Analysis of order from higher :l.uthority; (2) mission (training objective) ; (3) essential subjects; (4) time availahle; (5) eqsipment and facilities available; (6) per- sonnel; (7) local conditions (climate and terrain) ; (8) existing state of training; (9) organization fo r training; and (10) obstacles to he overcome. (I. The amormt of information that should appear in the training

1)rograrn(ur(ler) tlt.prn(ls I I~) I I I Ithe size of tllr 1111it and the p:1rtic111.1. sitnatiol~. A d ~ ~ u l l :I training imocranl in lntlre clrtailrcl unit req~iires . . . forln than clue, a lal.ger unit. A sitl~atiol~ nlobiliza-pertui~lingtu u I I clen~antl nlore crntralin.d control t l l u ~ l i l l a s i tunt io~~

norinal to peacetime training. Dor ing peacet,inre tmin ing , brief o r d e r s containing only esselitial inforinr~tion may be considered satis-factory! since tlre vwious units ~vi l l nsually contain a i r~r i~rberof experienced officers.

e. It is assunled that the First Battalion, Fifth Marines, 118s re-ceived tlre reg in~en ta l trainin

4-25

TIIAISISG I'ROGRAllS '\XI) SCtlE11TJLES

c. Traini~tg dog.-Nonually, 4 lronrs, 0730 to 1130. Dirring F r i o d s devoted to mrrrks~nassl~iy, tire trairiillg wiil bc 7 hours. OiW to 1'200 and 1%Klto 1500. No limiting hours are prescrikrl for field exercises. Cnlcuhtioi~sfor field scIIoois, and ceremonies. Rifie cour&~uies wiil derote one afternoon each week to iostrnctioe ill rifle alarksmanship. This luay toke tile f m n ~ of gallery i,ractire anil eotni*titions. No trnising will be scheduled for Wed~lesday or S;tturdar afternoons, except that during marksmanship ;trkd field cxerrisc i,eri

.3. sehrtl~llr of inslrnrticnn ftir tifir. afflct-rs' school ,,,ill be icsrled by this Ite;td,]onrtrua ex-cry 2 !?--eelis. The n:lures of offlccrs who mill act :is instrlle-to r s it, the strveri~l subjwts will he ind t td~d in the schedule. Sp+rialist eollrsrs f o r erllisted l ~ r s o n n e l will be ronductrd I>? thc heilds of tht'ir respectire srr-tiells; tllilt is. eolllmuriicntinll ofneers will eonrfnct tire hlstroction of commnl,i-ration persolieel, giosecr offirers will eolldllct tile instmetion of giolwer ilrr- son11~1, etc. With the esrcption of tile sl,crialist conrsr?, all "tiler Caltrses of instructiou for enlisted ~rr~rsonnei mill be condnctcd nuder the direction and sujxrvision of contpany eo~nmnodr:rs.

c. stun(1ordr of profirio,c~,.-AIl mnteriai to be inspected shall be complet~. immirmiatel~ clenn, :lad servicPitble. In :r11 trziining covered hy 1111blisI~ec1 r~xulittions, tllr stillldi~fd for rill rauks is :I(!CIT~:~CP its to krrowledgr nnll irrts- c i s i o ~ ~:IS to executiolt. I n tactical trninil,g, the objretive is the dnvelopnlent of the tacticnl judgment of all lertdrrs nllrl thFir replilerments by the appli- cntion of ;~ret.pted tilctieztl principles n r ~ l mrtl!o~I; to it wriety of t;$rtic;ll situations.

(1. Il!sprefiotl.--A proticit'rrrg t rst rviil bc held n t the conclusioo of eaell [rhicsc of tricining. It is to be csprctcd tlint tile rer(nilm stnndnr~l of 1 ~ m t i c l r r ~ r ~ will haire ~ P P L Idc'i .el~~~x~(i011 the lnst d;!!- of twining in ilny g i r m snbject and it, i s OIL tbilt. day t h a t the fionl test will hi? ronduetr~tl. Hurpel'rr, iustrurlion ill n gireri sr~biect. lnny he diiicuntitrur(1 at :>1rrtinti. tha t it beconren ;rr,p:~rrnt tha t HIP desired itmr(l;lrrl ltils ilel?11 rc>ncherl. Tllr tirrle tbns .;;ired nt;ly be utiliat3rl for other instruction. Uoit ilrogrcss Chi~rts Will be kept by eiicll eotnl,ali). comnmnder. I ~ i s ~ n ~ t i o o sto test prrlfieiellcy in n subject will be 1lmctinIl atid in fowal iu niltuze allrl will not interfere with the trailling.

4. SI~xom~.~lr~aus.-a. Progranbn and schedules.-(1) Tvni?~i?,gpro(,rnrnff.--Cornploy c l ~ ~ r l ~ w %

d. .ltklr t i v n . - I ' i t r l i r l ~ n ~ f l ~ ~ ~ ~11, ( 'otalu#~~y111I~lvrlriI* ~tslur~titry. cr,rm$r;ti>(lc.r* will t~licsuruyr i ~ ~ t v r c u ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ : t u y itlrd Tier bnt-slu,rla cum~,uu). vumpriliu~r.

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SMALL WARS MANUAL

UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS

1940

CHAPTER V

INITIAL OPERATIONS

UNITED STATES

GOVERNMENT PRISTING OFFICE

WASEINGTON :1940

TABLE OF CONTENTS

The Snrall Wars ~I \ . l ; i ~~u:~ l , Curl~s,1910, i s poblislied ill U. S. AI;~r.i~ro 15 chapters as follolvs:

C'I~APTEBI. 1NTRODI;CTION. 11. OIlGASIZhTIOS.

111. 120GISTICS. IV. TIIAXEAT OF POI'L'I,ATIO1\

SII . ARi\ll>I> NATIVIG OlI(~ASIZ.I'~IOSS. SIII . hII1,ITARY G0VB:ItNhlNjNT SIV. STJPBRTISION OR ELECTIOSS. XI'. \VITIII)RAWAL.

UNCLASSIFIED-SMALL WARS MANUAL

UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS

INITIAL OPERATIONS

Par. Pa@

SE~TIOX %xF.@--------------.--to 5-6 1-4I. NEIJTRAL 5-1 11. JIOW,~SENT ----..___-----to 5-12 5-12ISLAND 5-7

111. MILETABYT E R R ~ R I A LORGAWUA-TIOX ..__------------------.5-18 to 5-16 13-16

IV. MLTIIOUSOF PACIFIUAT~ON_----.-- 17-20j 1 7 to TwJ.5

NEUTRAL ZONES I'#,c, l>:bR"

Gencml-----_--.............--. 1. 2

Basic ...............................orders ..............Instrllctions

3 3

7,ne force comls:tnder's 3 .............. .1

5-1. General.-a. h ueutral zone is an tur.a in \\ll~cll 110 liostilities arti permitted. The establisli~nent of neutral zones is not of ~r~cent or~gin; the system has been en~ployed not ouly by civilized nations but also by early American Ind~ans and by African tribes. The procedure at the begiiming of :i sn~all war operation often follows a sequenw that is more or less tt matter of routine. First, oue or more of our cruisers arrive off a foreign port in consequence of actual o r potential danger to our nationals and their property. Then if the situation requires it, a ship's li~udillg force IS sent asliorc at this port to suppress d~sorder, provide a goax1 for our nationals and their property in the port, including our legation or co~iwlar buildings, and, in addition, certtiin local government buildings, such as custon~ Ilouses. I f t l ~ e ~ e is a prospect of fighting bet\veeil the local factions, the cruiser's comn~and~r (or seuior naval officer in comma~~d locally) forbids combat in areas where the lives and property of our nationals nligllt Iw erld;u~ge:ered. This ic, done by the establishment of neutral zones; tind this procedure frequently results in the cessation of 110s- tilities; the ~~mtually destructive strife may become so %rere that i~bsolote chaos is inlminent, and neither faction is capnble of para l l -teeing the security of life arrd property. Then the ~ ~ e u t r a l forces may be fomed to enbrge their sphere of action by a movement ialand.

b. The foreign policy of the United States relative t o dornestic dis- onlets in unstable countries is oue of nonintervention. H ~ \ ~ e v e r .as :I nleilslcve 10 our n;~tionals t~nd , i ~ ~ ( . i d ~ ~ l t a I sdfe~q~i~nl tl~rreto, other foreign nutio~c:tli, I~nvens of rvfnge \\.ill 110 clo~rhr I)e r~tnhlishrd at certnil~ ~eupuvts of 1111 ~~nfit i~ble \vl~t~tl(!\.erC O U I I : ~ ~ 111e don~c,stic ciis- onler r l~ rpa te~~s To pruvide prnrectiul~ r l ~ r lives of r11c.s ~ ~ s t i o ~ ~ a l s .

SWM 5-2

SEUTRII, ZOSES

ell mute to t l ~ e l l i t rc~~ of refuge, certai~r route-5 of evacuat,ion, sucll a s rail~:onds, lrigIi\rays, and rivers leading to tlre seaports may also be designated as a part of the. rleut,ral zones. I n socll cases, a defiuite t ime limit may be set for refugees to clear tlre routes. Situxtiolra n~~iloubteillywill arise \\-llere our individual 'rntiorrals mill not seek safety mithin tlie i~cntral zone establisliecl a t the seaport, but. mill elect to re~nahl wit11 their property and goods in t,lle interior. I n sllch cases the respr~llsihility of the colrl~naniler of the United States forces at tile seaport neutrill zone sl~ould be considereti to be at an e ~ l d 1vit11 regard to any protect.ion to be irfforded these. nationals. Slrould ally lrarrrr coule to tliese nationals ml~o elect to remain ~vitll their 1)ropert.y and goocls in the interior of the corcnt,ry, recourse nlost be had later to diplomatic actiou for redress, and recompense for loss of goorls and property lr~ust be rnxcle ill the case of those nationals \\-I10 seek safety ill t l~e ireutral zone seaports and al)anilon their px'operty in the interior.

(,. Tlie estahlishmt~~t :L ileoLral zone, 111ay not, rrecessarily \E fol-of lev-ed by furtlrer inilit:~rg operations; lio~verer the prolongation of the l~lisettletf co~itlition in the country ,nay ~~ecessitate such action, in~~ol r - i n g a moven~ont inland fro111 those zones. Accordingly, Neutral Zones and Morement, Inland are presn~ted i ~ rthat order in this chapter.

. i 2 . Purpose, occasion, and circumstances.-a. Z4.crpose.-(l) Protect treaty rights.

(2) Assist in maintaining the e x i s t e ~ ~ c ~ of, o r the independence, of, 21. governrne~lt ill accordirnce with treaty provisions.

(3) Protect lives mid property of our natiol~als located ill disturbed :Ireas and uufortified cities.

(4) Further the provisions of our national policy. (5) Protect and preveilt depredations on ite~ltral tex~itory of adja-

cent com~tries. 6. Occaxim-(1) 111time of revolution, during riots, or when the

local governrneut has ceased to fu~rtion. (2) 111time of war between two nations. 6. CCi~cumt~wxa . - (1 )At the request of n recognized goverllment.

or a t the insistence of regular local offioinls. (2) At the request of the opposing factions. (3) By forces of xnotlier power, or group of posers, m i t h o ~ ~ tthe

invitation of any faction. (4) By agreement between contending states o r forces.

SWM 5-3

SE[,'TII:LI, Z 0 3 E S

%:I. Basic orders.-Tl~t? tlrc establisl~n~ei~t nor(lP,rs (lirecti~~ii. of neutral zone sllonld be brief :~nd colicise? and shonld contain the fol- lol~ing information:

(1) Desig11:rtion of the militacy force to be e~nployecl in the estnb- lishment nncl innir~terlt~rice of the zone, nncl tlie zonc force commander.

(2) The mission of the force. (3) Information relative to the purpose, occnsio~l itnrl circumsriu~ccs

necessitatirlg the estitblislnnent of the neutral zone. (4) T11e emct time after 1rhicl1 xi1 are* shell be coiisiderecl as a

Itcut rill zoile, ~.t.lntire to n~o~c~lrnirts by lnird, \rater and air. ( 5 ) The liniits of the ncutl.i~l zoire. (6) Logistic provisions, includiilg tliose pertai~ling to the require-

ments of refugees. (7) Reference to tlie commtmicatioi~ plan and notification of the

location of the zone force commarrdt!r. 6-4. Instructions-i\dditional infor~nntion required sl~lloulil ac-

company the Basic Order in the form of an allnex, o r if there are exisf.ir~g g e ~ ~ e i ~ a l instructicms reletive to tlie establishment of neutml zones, reference should be made to them in the order. Theso instrnr- tions s h o ~ ~ l d contain, \~lrerr nl~plicable, stipulations covering the fol- lowing matters:

(1) Cont,rol to be exercised by t l ~ e zo~re force cornmander and the local civil authorit,ies.

(2) Restrictions placecl on opposing force(s) within limits of neut,ml zones at the time of establishment.

(3) Instructions relative to local authorities and civiliarrs bearing arms mithiii the zone.

(4) Acts to be prohibited, such as t h e delivery from, or passage through tlie zone, of supplies destined f o r the contending forces .idlo are prohibited the use of the zone.

(5) Type of .ixeswls and also laud and air transportation c:~rriers prohibited elitranoe to or passage througl~ the zone.

(6) Rest,rictions upon tlie communication facilities. 5-5. Zone force commander's order.-The operation orders of

the zone force cornmander sht~uld contain so ir~uch of the infc~rmatioii f~~rnishedhim in his orders from higher authority ns will be of value to his subordinates, ttnd also any additional illformation that mag be pertinent. The order sliould contain detailed instructions for ench task group of his force. I f general instructions for the establishment. of neutral zones have been iswed by higher authority, those parts that are applicable to the immediate situation sl~ould be promulgated

SWM 5-7

SECTIONI1

MOVEMENT INLAND rar . Page

j1,ui11t of d ~ l ) s ~ r t ~ ~ r e . . . ~ ~ ~ . - . -..--...---.. r-i~~ Mobile eolulrllls alirl tisilrg ralum -I'rotectivr nleasures eovoriog movrlncrit 8 Establishment of ridri~licetlbases I) Slurement by rail.^ - 5-E 10

5-7. Point of departure.-cr. 21s in :ill forms of \nufare, logistic reqoirements irmst be given carefill corlsideratiorl in preparing st.r;1- tegic and ti~r:tic:tl plans; in fact. snch r'qui~wnents are frequently the tletennining factor. Before :I inovernerlt inlt~nd is undertaken an analysis and estimate of the local transportation and supply facilities most be made in older to insore n ieasonable rate of :idvttnee with ~eplacement of supplies. 6. The movenrent inland will not ulways be a movement from a

seaport to the interior. Frequently the movement mill be made from the capital or principal city, located at the termir~us of a railroad at the hettd of navigation on the. upper part of a lilrge river, or on a ~vell-developed high~vay, with well-defined lilies of comn~u~licatio~i conilecting it vrxith the seacoast. In any case the point of departure becomes a base of opevatio~~s as well as a base of supply until other bztses Inore ttdvanced are established. Should the small-war opera- tions be initiated by the establisllmerlt of neutral zones, one or more of them may later become n base for extended operations.

c. I f the point of departure for the rm~vernent inland is to be other than a seaport, the movement to the point is made by the most con- venient means. The ~novelrlent \vill be of tlle same general nature as an advance in mujor warfare in the presence of the enemy. The special featur