small wind systems for rural energy supply
TRANSCRIPT
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Part 1
Small Wind Systems Tutorial
Village Power Conference Workshop
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The Rural Electrification Problem
x ~ 2 Billion People in theWorld without ElectricService (And Growing!)
x Full Electrification withGrid-Extension is NotEconomically Feasible
x Diesel Stations WorkPoorly for Low Loads and
are Very Sensitive toQuality of Maintenance
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x Renewable energy and electronics technologies havematured significantly over the last two decades
x Decentralized systems are starting to make an impact
x China: 150,000 small wind turbines installed
x Mexico: 50,000 PV home systems
x Nepal: 700 micro-hydro systems installedx Decentralized systems offer the prospect of lowering
"cost of service" closer to "ability to pay", improving theeconomic viability (ie, lower subsidies required)
x Numerous renewable energy system configurationsavailable to match resources, applications, and level ofservice requirements
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High Tech, High Reliability, Low Maintenance
Products from 400 W Products from 400 W 50 kW50 kW
TechnicallyTechnicallySophisticatedSophisticated
Only 2-3 Moving PartsOnly 2-3 Moving Parts
Passive ControlsPassive Controls
Rugged and ReliableRugged and Reliable
Very Low MaintenanceVery Low MaintenanceRequirementsRequirements
10 kW 50kW
400 W
900 W
(Not to scale)
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A Least-Cost Option for Small Power
" With reasonable assumptions concerning discount rates,capacity factors, and fuel costs, micro-hydro and windturbines can have the lowest life cycle costs in locationswhere the resource is sufficient."
Fueling Development: Energy Technologies for
Developing Countries, April,1992
U.S. Office of Technology Assessment
CostofEnergy,$/kWh
$0.00
$0.20
$0.40
$0.60
$0.80
$1.00
$1.20
$1.40
Micro-
Hydro
Wind Diesel Grid
Exten-
tion
PV
Typical Costs of Energy at 10 kW Capacity
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MechanicalWindpump
x Drinking water for people andlivestock
x Using underground water solvescommon health problems
x Creating a village water tapeliminates need to carry water
from distant sourcesx Energy requirement is
proportional to populationserved and pumping height
x Typical size: 1 kW : 200 peoplex Water storage: 3 - 7 days
WindElectric
Pumps
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Community Water Supply: Niama, Morocco
x Equipment: Two Sites: (2)10 kW WindTurbines; 18 & 24 m Towers; 15 & 26Stage Submersible Pumps
x Performance: 70 m3 & 30m3 of Waterper Day
x Cost: ~$100,000, Including Tech. Assist.and Training, US-AID Funded
x Installation: February, 1990
x Results: Supplies 4,000 People with220% More Water Than Original Diesel
Pumps. Population Decline has beenReversed.
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Ice-Makers
Wind Turbine
Tower
Pump &System
Controller
Centrifugal Pump
Submersible Pump
Optional Back-up
Diesel
Irrigation Pumping
x Uses of energy that specificallyincrease income: irrigation, agro-
processing, ice-making, etc.x Excellent foundation for
electrification: increases incomeand chances for cost recovery
x
Economic incentive forsustainability
x Requires more energy thandrinking water or pre-electrification, so small wind
systems are an attractivetechnology choice
x Typical size: 1 kW : 10 people
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Small Plot Irrigation: Oesao, Timor, Indonesia
x Equipment: 1.5 kW Wind
Turbine with 18m Tower; 10Stage Pump
x Performance: ~ 150 m3 ofWater per Day
x Cost: ~$11,000x Installation: July, 1992
x Results: ~ 25 AdditionalSystems Installed, JICA & US-
AID Funding
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SolarHomeSystem
A5G9 A4J6 F8 V7H2 J5 M3H9 A8B2 B9 B5H1 B6 X7C9 L8J3 N6
BatteryCharging
Station
x Provides lighting and entertainment:services that are highly valued
x Replaces existing householdexpenditures for kerosene, candles,and dry-cell batteries
x All direct current (DC), no grid
x Lighting done with high efficiencyflorescent bulbs
x Very small installed capacity: 25 -120 Watts / household
x Solar home systems are becomingcommon
x Wind home systems and windbattery charging stations areemerging
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Battery Charging Station: Tomenas, Timor, Indonesia
x Equipment: 7.5 kW BWC WindTurbine with 30m Tower
x Performance: Charges batteries for~40 homes, plus powers productiveuses (freezers, shop tools)
x Cost: ~$60,000
x Installation: 1997
x Results: Sustainable electrificationwhich costs each family ~$2.40 permonth. One of ~15 similar projects
under WIND project
x Contact: Peter Williams, WinrockIntl, Tel: 703-525-9430
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WindCharge
Controller
Battery Bank
DCLoads
DCSourceCenter PV Charge
Controller
x Provide facility power(school, clinic, etc.) ormultiple home electrification
x AC output from inverter
x Wind & solar resourcescomplement each other
seasonallyx Often there is no back-up
generator
x Sometimes replaces orsupplements portablegenerators
x Typical Size: 1.5 kW, forschool
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BWC PowerCenter 500W 120VAC, 60Hz Inverter
(230VAC, 50Hz Optional)
5.3kWh Battery Bank
(220Ah, 24VDC)
BWC XL.1 Wind Turbine
9m (30 ft) TiltUp
Tower Kit
200W PV with
tower-mounted
racks
Based on advanced tech-nology small wind turbine
Install: 2 people, 3 hours, noconcrete or special tools
3 - 7 AC kWh perday
UPS shippable
~ $4,000 forcompletesystem(~ $2,800w/o Solar)
1 kW Wind1 kW Wind0.2 kW Solar0.2 kW Solar30 Tilt Tower30 Tilt Tower5.3 kWh Battery5.3 kWh Battery0.5 kW Inverter0.5 kW Inverter
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Village Power: Mini-Grid ElectrificationVillage Power: Mini-Grid Electrification
ACLoadsWind/PV/Diesel
Hybrid System
x Provides grid quality AC power
x Reliable power delivery due tobattery storage and back-up
generationx Allows use of standard AC
appliances, including refrigerators
x Modular architecture allowsmultiple turbines and othergenerating sources, such as solar
x Typical size: 10 kW : 20 homes
x Provides 24 hour per day powerwith diesel run time reduced to as
little as 10%x Renewables typically supply 60 -
85% of the energy
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Wind/Diesel Favored Over Diesel-Only
x Collaboration Between
CNE, RegionalGovernments, NREL, andNRECA
x 1997: Region IX Pilot
Projectsx 2000: Region X Pilot
Projects
x 2000-2002: Regional
Implementation:Isla de Chiloe
~ Thirty 3-40 kWWind/DieselSystems
1997
2000
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San Juanico, Baja California Sur
x Equipment: (10) BWC 7.5 kWWind Turbines with 37 m Towers; 17kW PV; 420 kWh Battery, 70 kWInverter
x Performance: ~ 500 kWh / Day;Winds Average ~ 5 m/s
x Cost: ~ $1,000,000
x Installation: March, 1999
x Results: USIJI Joint Implemen-tation Project. Participants are CFE,BCS State, Arizona Public Service,US-DOE, & US-AID/Mexico.
Analyses by NREL
x Contact: Dr. Peter Johnston, APS,Tel: 602-250-3020
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Wind/Diesel System
x AC-Bus architecture
x Retrofits to existing dieselmini-grid systems
x Mostly use AC type,induction generator windturbines of larger sizes
x Sophisticated controls anddump loads allow high windpenetration
x Typical Size: 50 kW 500 kW
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Kotzebue, Alaska
x Equipment: (10) AOC 50 kW WindTurbines with 24 m Towers
x Performance: ~ 3,200 kWh / Day;Winds Average ~ 5.4 m/s
x Cost: ~ $1,600,000 (Highinstallation costs due to harshconditions)
x Installation: 1997 (3) & 2000 (7)
x Results: Wind produces 1200MWh / Year, ~ 6% of Village Load.System being expanded.
x Contact: Brad Reeve, KotzebueElectric, Tel: 907-442-3491
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The New Way to Electrify Villages
Wind Turbine
Tower
WindCharge
Controller
Battery Bank
120/240 VACLoads
DCLoads
DCSourceCenter PV Charge
Controller
PV Array (Optional)
DC - ACInverter
System ControlsNot Shown
EngineGenerator
(Optional)
x Lower costs than grid extensionin many cases
x Autonomous system poweroften more reliable than gridpower
x Much higher service level than
6 hours of diesel each nightx Very modular
x Standardized packages
x Battery watering is the major
operational burdenx Full automation relatively easy
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Wind Turbines and Diesels are Complimentary:
Characteristic Wind DieselCapital Cost High Low
Operating Cost Low High
Logistics Burden Low High
Maintenance Reqmts Low HighAvailable On-Demand No Yes
Together, They Provide aTogether, They Provide a
More Reliable and Cost-More Reliable and Cost-Effective Power SystemEffective Power SystemThan is Possible WithThan is Possible WithEither Wind or DieselEither Wind or Diesel
AloneAlone
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x Wind and Solar Often have SeasonallyComplimentary Resources
400
350
300
250
200
150
100Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Hoursofsunshineoraverage
Hoursofsunshineoraverage
w
indpower(Wa
tts/m
w
indpower(Wa
tts/m22))
Hours ofsunshine/month
Average windpower/month
Data from SE Iowa
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x ~ 75% of the World has sufficient wind for smallwind turbines
x ~ 100% of the World has either sufficient wind orsufficient solar, or both
Wind and Solar Hybrids canWind and Solar Hybrids canProvide Effective PowerProvide Effective PowerGeneration for Small SystemsGeneration for Small Systems
Virtually Everywhere !Virtually Everywhere !
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Worlds Largest Market for Small Wind
x 150,000 Existing Systems
x Wind/PV Hybrid Home Systems SETC / World Bank Project:30,000 New Hybrid Systems
x SDPC BrightnessEngineering Village Power
Program ~ 35,000 5-10 kWWind/Diesel Systems
x Foreign Cooperation toImprove Technology Hua De(donor-aid) & Xiangtan Bergey
Windpower Ltd (private sectorJV)
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x PV Solar Home Systems are Not a Silver Bulletfor Rural Electrification Consumers Often WantMore Than ~ 200 Wh/Day, Direct Current
x For Low Load Applications (< 10 kWh/day),Wind/PV Hybrid Systems are Very Attractive
x For Larger Applications, Wind/Diesel Hybridsare Very Attractive
x Bilateral and Multilateral Finance and Market
Stimulation Programs Should be Best Service atLeast Cost Currently Too Much TechnologyBias towards Solar