smart cities the mobility component...smart mobility is an essential part of smart cities, and...
TRANSCRIPT
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SMART CITIES:
THE MOBILITY COMPONENT
Charles Toth
Satellite Positioning and Inertial Navigation (SPIN) Laboratory
Department of Civil, Environmental and Geodetic Engineering
The Ohio State University
Email: [email protected]
XXVI FIG Congress 2018, Istanbul, Turkey May 6-11, 2018
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❑ Smart City▪ Mobility → Smart Mobility▪ Positioning and Navigation (PNT), GEOINT▪ Autonomous Vehicle (AV) technologies
❑ Technology Trends▪ Geomatics field▪ Sensor technologies
❑ Crowdsourcing/Crowdsensing▪ Smart devices▪ Autonomous vehicles
❑ Conclusion
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The deployment
of technology
and data…
…to improve
people’s
lives.
Smart Cities:
Connectivity Spatial/temporal context Big Data
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❑ 26 smart cities are expected by 2025, 50% of which will be in Europe and North America
❑ At present: smart communities projects in many cities worldwide (global spending of $1.5 trillion by 2020)
❑ No smart city yet…Amsterdam, Barcelona, Dubai , NYC, London, Nice, Singapore
Smart City
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Smart Columbus OverviewSmart Columbus Overview
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Smart ColumbusSmart Columbus
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❑ Smart City▪ Mobility → Smart Mobility▪ Positioning and Navigation (PNT), GEOINT▪ Autonomous Vehicle (AV) technologies
❑ Technology Trends▪ Geomatics field▪ Sensor technologies
❑ Crowdsourcing/Crowdsensing▪ Smart devices▪ Autonomous vehicles
❑ Conclusion
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Mobility: The movement of people and goods
from place to place, job to job, or one social level
to another (across bridges – physical or assumed).
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Smart Mobility: The movement of
people and goods with…
Smart Mobility: The movement of
people and goods with…
0 Accidents and Fatalities
0 Carbon Footprint
0 Stress
TRIPLE ZERO
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Smart Mobility: Smart Mobility: • Saves Lives
• Improve Lives of
Older Adults and
People with
Disabilities
• Transportation in an
Era of Urbanization
• Environmental
Sustainability
• Economic
Sustainability
• Saves Lives
• Improve Lives of
Older Adults and
People with
Disabilities
• Transportation in an
Era of Urbanization
• Environmental
Sustainability
• Economic
Sustainability
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The Commute of the FutureThe Commute of the Future
Challenges
• Increasing VMT/VKT
• Pollution
• Urban Sprawl
• Inequity
• Segregated
Roadways
Challenges
• Increasing VMT/VKT
• Pollution
• Urban Sprawl
• Inequity
• Segregated
Roadways
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❑ Smart City▪ Mobility → Smart Mobility▪ Positioning and Navigation (PNT), GEOINT▪ Autonomous Vehicle (AV) technologies
❑ Technology Trends▪ Geomatics field▪ Sensor technologies
❑ Crowdsourcing/Crowdsensing▪ Smart devices▪ Autonomous vehicles
❑ Conclusion
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Position, Navigation, and Timing
in an Autonomous Future
Position, Navigation, and Timing
in an Autonomous Future
Courtesy of USDOT
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PNT Applications in Smart CitiesPNT Applications in Smart Cities• V2V & V2I (V2X)
Communication
• Autonomous
Navigation &
Collision Avoidance
• Location Based
Services
• Smart & Resilient
Infrastructure
• V2V & V2I (V2X)
Communication
• Autonomous
Navigation &
Collision Avoidance
• Location Based
Services
• Smart & Resilient
Infrastructure
Courtesy of Prof. Dorota Brzezinska, OSU
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❑ Location-based services
❑ Autonomous navigation and collision avoidance
▪ Connected vehicles – cooperative mobility;
vehicle-2-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-2-
infrastructure (V2I) cooperation, and V2X
▪ Geodetic infrastructure needed (e.g., CORS)
Multi-Sensor Positioning and Multi-Infrastructure Communication
https://www.google.pl/#q=connected+vehicles
Positioning and Communication
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❑ Smart City▪ Mobility → Smart Mobility▪ Positioning and Navigation (PNT), GEOINT▪ Autonomous Vehicle (AV) technologies
❑ Technology Trends▪ Geomatics field▪ Sensor technologies
❑ Crowdsourcing/Crowdsensing▪ Smart devices▪ Autonomous vehicles
❑ Conclusion
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❑ Driving by human beings is found to be dangerous and has led to countless deaths over the years. Worldwide, per the Global Road Crash Data [1], traffic crashes are the major cause of death and injuries, specifically estimated at 1.3 million fatalities each year, on average 3,287 deaths per day.
❑ In the United States, there are over 37,000 deaths and an additional 2.35 million injuries in road crashes each year. Of these, 94% are caused by human error [4], reported by USA’s National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) research.
❑ The cost of traffic crashes is incredibly high, reaching USD $518 billion globally and $230.6 billion in United States. Unless action is taken, traffic crashes are predicted to be the fifth leading cause of death by 2030.
Motivation for Autonomous Driving (Self-Driving Cars)
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❑ Most of the accident happen close to our homes (urban areas)
❑ An average American driver spends nearly 300 hours on road each year
❑ Traffic congestion and parking are painful
Picture credit: pixabay
Traffic in Cities
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❑ Driverless technology is rapidly evolving❑ High-definition geospatial/GIS data is an enabling component to improve localization
and, subsequently, safety❑ Huge amount of GIS data is already available, the question is how to access it, and then
the communication (organizing data, and V2X)❑ Crowdsourcing will be the dominant data acquisition technology (Big Data, Big Geo Data)
Autonomous Vehicles (AV)
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Google Driverless Car 2017DARPA Urban Challenge 2007
Rapid AV Developments
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❑ Smart City▪ Mobility → Smart Mobility▪ Positioning and Navigation (PNT), GEOINT▪ Autonomous Vehicle (AV) technologies
❑ Technology Trends▪ Geomatics field▪ Sensor technologies
❑ Crowdsourcing/Crowdsensing▪ Smart devices▪ Autonomous vehicles
❑ Conclusion
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Surveying
Airborne Surveying
Mobile Mapping Autonomous Driving
Smart Mobility → Autonomous Driving → Geomatics
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10−3
10−2
10−1
100
101
102
103
100 101 102 103 104
Inter-
ferometry
Inter-
ferometry
MetrologyMetrology
Industrial
Photogrammetry
Industrial
Photogrammetry
Total StationTotal Station
UASUAS
GPSGPS
Aerial
Photogrammetry
Aerial
Photogrammetry
Space-based
Remote Sensing
Space-based
Remote Sensing
Object / Area size [m]
Accuracy [mm]
Reproduction from http://www.igp-data.ethz.ch/berichte/blaue_Berichte_PDF/105.pdf
Terrestrial
LiDAR
Terrestrial
LiDAR
DGPSDGPS
Geomatics Technologies
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Bay Bridge, San Francisco
How Was the Bridge Surveyed?
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Platforms and Sensors
GP
S
IMU
Navigation sensorsPassive imaging
sensors
Active imaging sensors
LiDAR, SAR, SONAR
Spaceborne
Airborne• Fixed wing
• Helicopter
• UAV/UAS
Land-based(indoor/outdoor)
• Vehicle
• Autonomous
• Pushcart
• Man-portable
Sea-, under-water based• Ship
• Autonomous, man-portable
Receiving Array
Sonar
Transducer
(Emitter)
Tilt SensorPower &
Communication
Baro
me
ter/
pre
ss
ure
se
ns
ors
Ma
gn
eto
me
ter/
co
mp
ass
/in
cli
no
mete
r
Od
om
ete
r/s
tep
RF-based
sensors
UW
B/P
L/W
iFi/
RF
ID/e
tc.
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GPS
Wi-Fi
4G/GPRS
3-axis
accelerometer
3-axis gyro
Microphone
Ambient light
sensor
Bluetooth
Proximity sensor
FM radio
Cameras3-axis
magnetometer
Smart Devices
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❑ Smart City▪ Mobility → Smart Mobility▪ Positioning and Navigation, GEOINT▪ Autonomous Vehicle (AV) technologies
❑ Technology Trends▪ Geomatics field▪ Sensor technologies
❑ Crowdsourcing/Crowdsensing▪ Smart devices▪ Autonomous vehicles
❑ Conclusion
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Check what’s in your pocket…a powerful geospatial technology!
❑ People leave digital footprints wherever we go❑ We’re continuously georeferenced, and provide other information too,
including increasing volumes of imagery (voluntarily or involuntarily)
DeviceNavigation
SensorsImaging Sensors
CommunicationCapability
Smartphone Smartwatch
GPS/IMU/Compass
CMOS (2)(still and video)
3G/4G/WiFi/BT/etc.
Digital camera GPSCMOS
(still and video)WiFi
Recreational GPS Wearable technology
GPS/Compass/IMU/HRM/etc.
No WiFi, BT
Car navigation GPS CMOS (rear, etc.) 3G/4G/BT/etc.
Social networks(virtual)
Access point location
Webcam, etc. Internet
Crowdsourcing and Crowdsensing
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Iphone
Android
What is Mapped?
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Running Bicycling
What is Mapped?
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UAS is a Flying Smart Sensor
Power of crowdsourcing: Building Rome in a day (2009)
❖ Website: https://grail.cs.washington.edu/rome
❖ Videos: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qYaU1GeEiR8&list=PLDFDB5B8C80DB3AD6
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http://www.navipedia.net/index.php/GNSS_Market_Report
❑ By the end of 2017 there were 2.4 billion smartphones in use, 7+ billion by 2030; LBS – the primary driver!
❑ Fastest growing GNSS+ market with revenues expected to reach over $88 billion USD by 2020; market growth at a CAGR of ~21% over the period 2012-2017
❑ IoT, Big Data, augmented reality, smart city, autonomous driving, multimodal logistics, mBanking, mHealth, asset mng’t, etc.
Smartphone and GNSS Growth
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❑ Smart City▪ Mobility → Smart Mobility▪ Positioning and Navigation (PNT), GEOINT▪ Autonomous Vehicle (AV) technologies
❑ Technology Trends▪ Geomatics field▪ Sensor technologies
❑ Crowdsourcing/Crowdsensing▪ Smart devices▪ Autonomous vehicles
❑ Conclusion
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Model Cameras LiDAR Other
Tesla M3 7 0
Cadillac ST6 8 0 HD map, RTK
Waymo 1 1 Route info
What Does AV See?
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Sensors: various data
streams
Image Streams
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Image-based Collaborative Navigation and MappingOSU Campus, SPIN Lab CDD/SLAM solution (smartphone imagery)
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Central front LiDAR sensor, Velodyne HDL-32
All LiDAR sensor data combined
Lidar Point Clouds
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Collision Avoidance
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Tracking Moving Objects
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Tracking Moving Objects
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KITTI data, widely used benchmark, SPIN Lab CDD/IMU/SLAM solution
Creating Maps
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❑ Smart Cities are relying on connectivity and sharing data/information with spatial/temporal context (every piece of information is geotagged)
❑ Handling the huge amount of sensor data requires new methods, Data Science, and within that discipline Data Analytics and Deep Learning (AI)
❑ Smart mobility is an essential part of Smart Cities, and driverless vehicles will play a growing role in the future
❑ Sensor proliferation will continue, seriously affecting both professional and crowdsourcing/crowdsensing based geospatial data acquisition and processing (accuracy and privacy are important questions)
❑ Autonomous vehicle technologies need high-definition and accurate 3D geospatial data to improve robustness and safety
❑ Autonomous vehicle technologies will likely be the prime provider of geospatial data along transpiration network in the future (mobile mapping platforms), and create a live transportation system (smart CAD/GIS)
Conclusion
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MobilityTHANK YOU!