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ClimastageUser Guide
www.actavo.com
The Climastage user guide for access scaffolds has been written to provide guidance on how to safely erect, use and dismantle basic independent Access Scaffolds formed in Climastage access equipment to a maximum safe height of 30 metres.
This document has been compiled using data and testing methods contained in BSEN1210 and BSEN 12811. Wind loading is in accordance with BS 6399 part 2.The Guide is designed for the safe use of Climastage components as currently manufactured. Guidance is provided for scaffolds of both nominal widths of 1.2m (5 boards) and 0.8m (3 boards) widths.
For information on Climastage components not contained in this document please consult your local Actavo (UK) Limited Branch.
Disclaimer:The information contained in this User Guide relates solely to equipment manufactured and supplied by Actavo (UK) Limited.
Other similar types of products should not be mixed with Genuine Climastage products. The consequences of mixing other manufactures equipment may great reduce the overall stability of the Access Scaffolding.
Note:Only trained, competent operatives should erect, dismantle or adapt Climastage scaffolds at all times.
Actavo (UK) Limited recommends that as a minimum guide lines for working practices for Scaffolders working at heights contained in document SG4 produced by the NASC (National Access and Scaffolding Confederation) are applied to all scaffolding activities.
Contents
23 4
56789
101112
13 - 16
1718 - 25
26272829
31323334353637383940414243444546
47 - 62
Climastage Scaffolding Safety Guidance “Never” Design Matrix for all work in Climastage
Section 1 - Components Standards Transoms Ledgers Braces Battens Stage Brackets Tie Bars Other components
Section 2 - Erection Guide Erection Guide Climastage safety harness attachment points Correct fitting of tie bars Bracing pattern Tying patterns
Section 3 - Standard Solutions Untied Climastage Layout - Typical buttress, raker & plan Untied Climastage Layout - Typical arrangement 800mm wide Climastage layout 800mm wide Climastage layout - Section Plan details of Free Standing Climastage Access Scaffolds Progressive Buttress Scaffold erection sequence Typical arrangements for 4 and 5 fan details - using tube and fittings Double Returns Alternative Double Returns Recesses and Angled Returns Recess detail Small projections Typical Loading Bay Typical Arrangement Side of Loading Bay Ladder Tower
Section 4 - Safe height tables
Appendix - Alsure Aluminium Kwikstair User Guide 63 - 72
1
Climastage Scaffolding Safety Guidance
This guidance is not intended to replace any relevant European Codes, British Standards, company Procedures, Work at Height Regulations and other legislation but is a practical guide to good scaffolding practice.
1. Ensure that you follow your company’s safe systems of work at all times.
2. Ensure that all persons erecting, dismantling or modifying any structure arecompetent to carry out the task.
3. Ensure that all persons erecting, dismantling or modifying the scaffold structureare working to the latest version of the National Access and ScaffoldingConfederation (NASC) SG4 guidance as a minimum.
4. Ensure all Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is suitable and sufficient andworn as appropriate.
5. Consideration should also be given as to where additional hazards may bepresent whilst scaffolding operations are taking place, such as overhead powercables, roadways, schools and if public protection is required, if the scaffold is tobe sheeted, who is responsible for the design.
6. Scaffold structures are required to be inspected and recorded,
• Prior to being taken into use for the first time• After any alteration or adverse weather• After any event likely to affect its stability• Regular intervals not exceeding 7 days
7. Only genuine Climastage components are to be utilised.
8. Access and egress should be considered as early as practicable, for both thescaffold operatives and the end user in mind. Ladders should be used by thescaffolder’s when erecting, modifying or dismantling any structure. Ledgers andbraces etc must not be used as a means of support.
Below is the hierarchy of measures to consider when selecting methods to prevent persons falling at access and egress points.
• Staircases• Ladder Access Bays with Single Lift Ladder• Ladder Access Bays with Multiple Lift Ladders• Internal Ladder Access with Protection i.e. Ladder trap/
handrails etc• External Ladder Access Using a Safety Gate / Swing Arm
System
For further clarification consult the NASC Guidance Document SG25.
9. Employers MUST ensure that Work at Height is:
• Properly planned• Appropriately supervised• Done in a safe manner “so far as is reasonably
practicable”• Include planning for emergencies & rescue• Weather conditions do not jeopardise health and
safety
If you are in any doubt with regard to any information contained within this Handbook please contact your local Actavo office.
2
"Never"
Never
Never
Never
Never
Never
Never
Never
Never
Never
Never
Never
Bomb scaffold equipment or any other materials up or down.
Work out-with your competence.
Undertake work at height when there is a potential to fall without wearing your safety harness correctly and clipping the lanyard to a secure anchor point.
Do any overhead or street work without displaying warning signs, or segregating others from the live working zone (barriers).
Use any defective / modified equipment.
Remove or interfere with guards, they are there to protect you.
Overload the scaffold you are erecting, altering or dismantling with spare materials.
Rest scaffold equipment against an object if there is a potential for it to fall
Leave partly erected or dismantled scaffolds in an unsafe condition, (always ensure adequate signage is displayed to warn others).
Accept an instruction from a customer or anyone else that does not comply with safety regulations.
Leave an exposed edge where people or materials could fall.
3
Design Matrix for all work in Climastage
1 Climastage Access scaffolds not exceeding the maximum height and loading in the Climastage User Guide tie patterns and tied accordingly.
2 All Climastage scaffolds exceeding the maximum height, loading and number of boarded lifts.
3 All Climastage scaffolds where ties cannot be installed strictly in accordance with the patterns shown in Item 1 above.
4 Untied Climastage scaffold erected strictly in accordance with Detail Nos. MA-3063, MA-3064, MA 3065 and NASC TG4.
5 800mm wide Climastage scaffolds erected strictly in accordance with Detail Nos. MA3066 and MA3067 and tied in accordance with the tie pattern in the Climastage User Guide.
6 Climastage scaffold arrangements requiring plan and/or ledger bracing.
7 Buttressed Climastage Layouts not in accordance with Detail Nos. MA-3068.
8 Loading Towers erected in accordance with Climastage User Guide.
9 Side Access Loading Towers erected in accordance with erection guides prepared for the new and additional components.
10 Ladder Towers erected in accordance with Climastage User Guide.
11 Hoist Towers in Climastage.
12 Mobile and Static access towers in Climastage.
13 All Climastage scaffold structures supported off existing buildings and roofs.
14 Protection Fans attached to Climastage scaffolds not in accordance with Detail No MA-3069.
15 Birdcage scaffolds erected from Climastage access equipment.
16 All Climastage scaffold structures with lift heights greater than 1.981m.
17 All Climastage scaffold structures not included in the above.
Type of Access or Working Scaffold in Climastage
Category1
Category2
Category3
Designmandatory
Technicaladvice
required
Technicaladvice notrequired
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
4
Section 1: Components
5
Standards
Galvanised Standards manufactured from 48.3 O.D. 10g steel tube to BS4360:1979 Grade 50c.
The standards provide the vertical columns of a scaffold. They have clusters of 4 ‘V’ Pressings orthogonally positioned, at regular intervals along their length, to house the end fittings of horizontal components - ledgers and transoms - and diagonal face bracing. A spigot at their upper end facilitates extension of the scaffold columns upwards by addition of further standards. The spigots and lower ends of the standards have 17.5mm diameter mating holes to take 16mm diameter spring retained pins or bolts for standards subject to tensile forces.
9’9” Standard self-weight = 14.9kg
6’6” Standard self-weight = 9.8kg
6’6” Uprightopen ended
4’10½” Uprightopen ended
3’3” Uprightopen ended
6
Transoms
4’2” TransomsSelf Weight = 9kg
Pressed steel inverted channel section with central up stand to span between standards 1270 (4’2”) apart and carry 5 N° 228 wide timber battens or steel stagings plus toe boards.
2’8” TransomsSelf Weight = 6.9kg
Reduced length versions of the 4’2” transoms to span between standards 813 (2’8”) apart and carry 3 N° 228 wide timber battens or steelstagings plus toe boards.
4’2” Return TransomsSelf Weight = 12.5kg
Placed over ledgers in one bay of Climastage and fixed to two standards to start a 90° return with another run. Complete with seating for 5 N° 228 wide battens or steel stagings giving the same decking level for both scaffold runs.
APPLIES TO ALL TRANSOMSMaximum permissible imposed load in 8’0” bays = 3kN/m² of platform area (Masonry or special duty loading)
7
Ledgers
These components have a wedge fixing device at each end. These fit into the upper ‘V’ pressing on the standard, they are used in pairs as ledgers at each lift and to for guardrails at platform levels.
6’ LEDGERSSelf Weight = 8.1kg
Manufactured from 48.3 O.D. 10g steel tube to BS4360 : 1979 grade 43c. Tube moment of resistance = 0.79 kNm
8’ LEDGERSSelf Weight = 9.5kg
Manufactured from 48.3 O.D. 10g steel tube to BS4360 : 1979 grade 50c. Tube moment of resistance = 1.1kNm
8
Braces
The diagonal braces comprise 48.3 O.D. 10g steel tubes to BS4360: 1979 Grade 43c, with swiveling wedge device to connect to ‘V’ pressings on the outside of adjacent standards,to act as facade bracing to the outside face of the scaffold.
Facade bracing is provided to the full height of a scaffold to every fourth bay or closer on the outside face of an independent access scaffold.
12’ Diagonal Brace Self Weight = 15.8kg Used across 8’ bays
9’ Diagonal Brace Self Weight = 11.6kg Used across 6’ bays
6’ Diagonal Brace Self Weight = 8.5kg Used across 4’2” bays
9
Battens
8’ BattenSelf weight = 18.1kg
6’ BattenSelf weight = 13.6kg
4’2” BattenSelf weight = 9.1kg
The battens are made from selected softwood with end bandings.Moment of resistance of section = 1.3kNmThe steel stagings have the same overall dimensions of the battens. Their weights are:-
8’ Steel staging = 17.3kg6’ Steel staging = 13.2kg
4’2” Steel staging = 9.1kg
Moment of resistance of section = 1.26kNmThe battens and steel stagings have ample strength, when spanning their full lengths between supporting transoms to carry 3kN/m² platform loading (Masonry or special duty loading).
10
Stage Brackets
Stage brackets are used to provide a cantilevered platform on the inside of the scaffold. they are formed from an inverted T Section with a wedge fixing device at one end which fits into a ‘V’ pressing on a standard.
The ends of 2 board and 3 board stage brackets must always be connected by tie bars to prevent the brackets opening out and allowing the battens to fall through.
1 Board stage bracketSelf Weight = 2.3kg
2 Board stage bracketSelf Weight = 6.3kg
3 Board stage bracketSelf Weight = 9.1kg
11
Tie Bars
8’ Tie BarsSelf Weight = 6.8kg
6’ Tie BarsSelf Weight = 5.0kg
4’2” Tie BarsSelf Weight = 3.2kg
The tie bars are fabricated from 38 x 38 x 4.7 thick angles with end pins to fit into the slotted holes in the stage brackets. The tie bars fulfil the dual functions of preventing the inside battens from moving sideways and preventing differential movement of adjacent stage brackets.
12
13
Other Components
Adjustable Base PlateSelf Weight = 3kg
Hollow rolled thread stem with threads distorted 150mm from top to ensure at least 150mm length remains inside the supported standard. Adjustment is by means of a collar wich can be screwed up or down the thread.
End Toe Board BracketsSelf Weight = 1.4kg
Pairs of end toe-board brackets are used with 4’2” battens or steel stagings to provide toe boards to the ends of 5-board wide platforms.
Toe Board Brackets Self Weight = 0.8kg
Toe board brackets fit round a standard to retain the ends of of the butting toe board battens and steel stagings in position.
14
Other Components
Adjustable Base PlateSelf Weight = 4.7kg
Plain hollow stem with holes at 70mm intervals The height of the sleeve is adjustable by means of a pin located in the holes, and a collar on the threaded sleeve.
8’ Bow String Transom
6’ Bow String Transom
The same principal as with the standard transoms, however the bow string transom is able to span greater distances.
15
Other Components
Internal Corner fillerSelf weight = 8.9kg
Climastage internal corner filler has been designed for use with two and three board stage brackets.
Sliding Stage Bracket2 Board self weight =7.75kg3 Board self weight = 9.5kg
Used to create an access within recesses where full bay lengths cannot be accommodated. Must be used in conjunction with 2 & 3 board fixed stage brackets.
Safe working load on platform supported by sliding stage bracket = 1.5kN/m.
Stairway UnitSelf weight = 31.9kg
The stairway unit is made from aluminium and fits into a 8’ x 6’6” Climastage scaffold. For further information see Appendix.
Handrail unitSelf weight = 10.0kg
This aluminium component fits into sockets in the stairway unit to provide a double guardrail.
16
Other Components
Ladder Access TransomSelf weight = 10.0kg
This component is used in a ladder access tower to form an opening in the platform.
Loading Bay TransomSelf weight = 37.0kg
This Transom is designed to have the additional strength required to span 2.44m and is secured to the standards with two pairs of wedge fixing devices. The decking sits on the flange of the inverted T-section.
Loading Bay GatesSelf weight (pair) = 36.9kg
These galvanised gates have pins to hold them in the open position. A pivoting latch mechanism connects to the Guardrail / Gate restraint to secure the gates in the closed position.
Guardrail / Gate RestraintSelf weight = 22.0kg
This component is formed from galvanised steel tube and is fixed to the upper handrail on each side of the loading bay by means of a half coupler hinge. In the open position it forms a barrier between the main scaffold platform and the loading bay deck. In the closed position it forms a guardrail at the front ot the loading bay and an attachment point for the the gate latch.
17
Section 2: Erection Guide
18
The wedges should not be driven home at this stage
Lower ‘V’ pressing
With one person holding two standards vertically, another fits a transom into the bottom set of ‘V’ pressings
Establish the setting out of the scaffold, the foundation levels, and the levels at which working platforms are required. Plan to erect the scaffold in a continuous sequence, starting from a convenient point such as the highest ground level corner of the building.
Ensure that there is adequate foundation and provide suitable sole plate to spread the load from the scaffold.
Fit base jacks to the bottom of the two standards and adjust to suit the approximate level of the first working platform
2
1
4
3
19
A transom is then fitted between the standards to complete the base lift.
Standards equipped with base jacks are then fitted to the free ends of the ledgers
The standards can then lean over since they are supported by the free ends of the ledgers.
With standards held upright, the second person fits two ledgers into the ‘V’ pressings as shown.
7
5
6
20
Install two further transoms and ledgers at the required lift height (a maximum of four ‘V’ pressing clusters above the bottom lift.)
Check that the tower is the required distance from the face of the building
9
8
21
If starting from an external corner of a building, position a standard, equipped with a jack, alongside the inner pair of ledgers in the already erected tower. This will form the inside standard of the scaffold return.
Make sure the the standard is the required distance from the face of the building, then adjust the jack so that the top of the higher ‘V’ pressing is level with the underside of the ledger in the tower.
With one person holding this standard in position, a second person hooks a return transom over the bottom ledger in the tower and connects it to the bottom ‘V’ pressing in the standard.
A second standard with a jack is then connected to the return transom to form the outside standard of the scaffold return. Another return transom is then fixed at the level of the upper ledger in the tower.
10
11
12
13
External Corners
22
Further ledgers, standards and transoms can then be fixed in the same manner as previously described.
Successive bays of the appropriate size can then be erected in the same manner, remembering where possible to work continuously in one direction.
14
15
23
Before erecting the next lift, place an appropriate number of battens in position on the existing lift, the battens should span between the transoms with the ends resting on the horizontal flange of the transom, this will form a safe platform from which to work.
Using a ladder to gain access to this platform, fix standards, ledgers transoms and return transoms in the same manner as previously described.
Fix diagonal braces, as required,(see bracing patterns for details.) The diagonal brace is fitted to the outside of the outer standard, this is a two person operation which requires both ends to be placed into the ‘V’ pressing simultaneously. Once into position the wedges on the brace can be driven home.
Continue erecting the scaffold in the sequence and manner described. Always work from a safe platform and progressively fix ties into the building (see tie pattern for detail).
16
17
18
19
24
At the ends of the scaffold runs fix transoms to form the guardrails.
22
20 When the level of the working platform is reached, deck out a bay with battens of the appropriate length to suit the bay size.
Fix ledgers to the outside standard to form the guardrails. These secure to the first and second ‘V’ pressings above the working platform.
21
25
Fix a batten on edge to the inner face of the outside standard, to form the toe board, secure the toe board in place with a toe board bracket
Secure a 1.2m batten in place to form the end toe board this is held by means of the end toe board bracket
23
24
26
Recommended lanyard attachment points
Not suitable for attachment of lanyard
Climastage Safety Harness Lanyard Attachment Locations
27
Correct Fitting of Tie Bars
All two and three board stage brackets must be connected with Tie bars.Tie bars are to be fitted before any decking is laid down. When dismantling, the decking must be removed before the tie bar.
NEVER stand on the cantilevered platform when removing the tie bar.
SteelstageTie Bar
Stage bracket
Timber batten
Stage bracket
Tie bar
Tie Bars with Steelstage
Tie Bars with Timber Battens
When using steelstage it is possible to fit the tie bar either way round, but is preferred this way to prevent any gaps.
Due to cutting tolerances and weather conditions the width of the timber battens vary. To account for this, tie bar should always be fitted like this.
28
Bracing Pattern
Façade bracing should be fitted over two bays every six bays, i.e. four bays clear as shown below. In the case of tie pattern 9(a) and 9(b), the two bays of façade bracing should span across tied standards.
Alternatively the bracing can form a continuous diagonal run from top to bottom of the scaffold. For long elevations the bracing should return to the bottom of the scaffold with no more than four unbraced bays.
On tall elevations where a single run of diagonal bracing does not reach the top of the scaffold, then further runs of bracing are required untill the top of the scaffold is reached.
29
Tying Patterns
Ties at alternate liftsPattern 9(a) n 9(b)
Ties at every liftPattern 9(c) n 9(d)
30
This page is left blank intentionally
31
Section 3: Standard Solutions
32
Untied Climastage LayoutDrawing No. 08/MA/01/3063/1-1
Tube and fitting section bracing secured to standards using swivel couplers
Base lift must be fitted
Base lift must be fitted
Tube and fitting plan bracing secured to standards with double couplers
2440 24401270 1270
Driven tube to a depth of approx 1200mm at an angle of 45°. The capacity of anchor is dependent on ground conditions.
Kentiledge may be used as an alternative, seek advice fron the design department.
Tubes driven into ground, secured to ledger with double couplers
Tube ledgers and transoms secured with double couplers
Tube rakers secured at every standard location with swivel couplers
TYPICAL BUTTRESS CROSS SECTION A-A
TYPICAL RAKER CROSS SECTION B-B
2440
Rakers and driventubes at eachstandard location
A A
B B
PLAN
DETAILS SHOWN ARE FOR UNSHEETED SCAFFOLDS UP TO THE HEIGHT OF 6.0m
33
Untied Climastage LayoutDrawing No. 08/MA/01/3064/1-1
TYPICAL ARRANGMENT FOR UNTIED CLIMASTAGE SCAFFOLD
DETAILS SHOWN ARE FOR UNSHEETED SCAFFOLDS UP TO THE HEIGHT OF 6.0m
For corner detail see drawing 08/MA/01/3065/1-1
Return Transom
Buttress or loadingtower, see note forfrequency
Buttress or loadingtower, see note forfrequency
Buttress or loadingtower, see note forfrequency
For buttress cross section see drawing 08/MA/01/3063/1-1
For corner detail see drawing 08/MA/01/3065/1-1
Stair tower
FOR LONG RUNS OF SCAFFOLD, A BUTTRESS OR LOADING TOWER IS REQUIRED AT A FREQUENCY OF ONE EVERY FOUR BAYS
34
800mm Wide Climastage LayoutDrawing No. 08/MA/01/3066/1-1
DETAIL SHOWN IS FOR UNSHEETED SCAFFOLDS UP TO THE HEIGHT OF 6.0m
Buttress, loadingtower or rakers
Return transom 800mm wide scaffoldbetween buildings
Buttress or loading tower, see drawing 08/MA/01/3063/1-1
For cross section see drawing08/MA/01/3067/1-1
Stability of scaffold can be achieved by means of a buttress, or loading tower at a frequency of one every for bay or by rakers intalled to every standard, see drawing 08/MA/01/3063/1-1 for detail.
A A
Alternative restraint for free end of scaffold, before building 2 is built
BUILDING 2BUILDING 1
35
800mm Wide Climastage Layout - SectionDrawing No. 08/MA/01/3067/1-1
Additional stage brackets may be added as building 2 is built
Base lift must be fitted
813
DETAIL SHOWN IS FOR UNSHEETED SCAFFOLDS UP TO THE HEIGHT OF 6.0m
SECTION A-A
BUILDING 2BUILDING 1
36
Plan details of free standing Climastage Access ScaffoldsDrawing No. 08/MA/01/3065/1-1
No Buttress or Rakers in this area when 1.27m bay used
2.4m max length of scaffold without restraint
3.0m max length of scaffold without restraint
1270 2400
2.4m
max
leng
th o
f sc
affo
ld w
itho
ut
rest
rain
t
2.4m
max
leng
th o
f sc
affo
ld w
itho
ut
rest
rain
t
240
0
2401
No Buttress or Rakers in this area when Return Transoms used
Butt - tubes secured to standards use only right angle couples, Class 'A' or 'B' at all platform and guardrail levels
Return Transom
3000
THE DETAILS SHOWN APPLY ONLY TO UNSHEETED SCAFFOLDS TO A MAXIMUM HEIGHT NOT EXCEEDING 6m
37
Progressive Buttress Scaffold Erection SequenceDrawing No. 08/MA/01/3067/1-1
Frequency of buttress to be agreed with the Technical department prior to erection of the scaffolding
Tubular bracing secured with swivel couplers to the standards
ALL STANDARDS TO BE PINNED
Prior to erection of scaffold above this level, physical ties to be installed every bay.
Plan bracing consult the Technical department for the frequency prior to erection of scaffolding
Vertical bracing to be installed prior to the erection of the next lift
NO SHEETING OR DEBRIS NETTING TO BE SECURED TO THE SCAFFOLDING
38
Typical arrangements for 4 and 5 Fan details using tube and fittingsDrawing No. 08/MA/01/3069/1-1
Additional tubular ledger secured to standards with double couplers class A or B
Inclined support tubes @ 1.2m centres(additional tubes at board ends) secured to tubular ledgers use only swivel couplers
4 board widetimber scaffoldsadequately fixedto inclinedtubes
Additional tubular ledger secured to standards with double couplers class A or B
Tie each bay, for tiearrangements seeNASC TG4
Tie each bay, for tiearrangements seeNASC TG4
5 board widetimber scaffoldsadequately fixedto inclinedtubes
Additional tubular ledger secured to standards with double couplers class A or B
TYPICAL 4 BOARD FAN TYPICAL 5 BOARD FAN
39
DEEP RETURNS
SHALLOW RETURNS
Double ReturnsDrawing No. 08/STD/01/3122/1-5
Two wide board stage brackets complete with tie bars or other to suit site conditions
Extra wide return transoms
38mm boards lapped over system scaffold decking securely held in position
Tie located into drilled transom
Drill transom to suit tie bar location
40
Alternative Double ReturnsDrawing No. 08/STD/01/3122/2-5
ALTERNATIVE DEEP RETURNS
Two board wide stage brackets complete with tie bars or other to suit site conditions
Extra wide return transoms
38mm boards lappedover system scaffold decking securely held in position
41
Recesses and Angled ReturnsDrawing No. 08/STD/01/3122/3-5
RECESSES AND ANGLED RETURNS
Two board wide stage brackets complete with tie bars or other to suit site conditions
Three board wide stage brackets complete with tie bars or other to suit site conditions
Hatched area denotes infill decked area 38mm scaffold boards may be lapped or if suitable a plywood panel cut to suit
SSB
SSB
SSB SSB SSB
Scaffold tube to link return together use only 90° couplers
Sliding Stage Board Brackets (SSB) use only prefabricated units - Tube and fittings NEVER TO BE USED
42
Recess DetailDrawing No. 08/STD/01/3122/4-5
Internal corner filler
Internal corner filler
Extra wide return transoms Extra wide return transoms
38mm boards lappedover system scaffold decking securely held in position
Two wide board stage brackets complete with tie bars
Denotes locations of tube and fittings at each ledger position to link system scaffolds together
43
Small ProjectionsDrawing No. 08/STD/01/3122/5-5
Drilled transoms Size of stage board brackets to suit
Minimum width = 3 boards wide
Bay lengths - 2.4m - 1.8m - 1.2m
SMALL PROJECTION
44
Loading Bay
Loading bay gates
8’ loading baytransom
Facadebracing
Loading baygate
Guardrail / Gaterestraint
Guardrail / Gaterestraint
Guardrail / Gaterestraint
Wing brace backto independent
Wing brace backto independent
Loading baygates
Loading baygates
Wing brace backto independent
Verticalbracinglines
Verticalbracinglines
2440 24401270
IndependentClimastagescaffold
Independent Climastage scaffold
FRONT ELEVATION
SAFE WORKING LOAD FOR LOADING BAY DECK = 2kN/m2
SIDE ELEVATION
PLAN (Gates closed) PLAN (Gates open)
45
Typical Arrangement Side of Loading Bay
Loading baygates
Loading baygates
Verticalbracing lines
Verticalbracing lines
Facadebracing
8’ loading baytransom
Guardrail / Gaterestraint
Independent ClimastageScaffold
Brickguards Loading bay gates
Loading bay gate
Guardrail / Gaterestraint
Guardrail / Gaterestraint 8’ loading bay
transom
SAFE WORKING LOAD FOR LOADING BAY DECK = 2kN/m2
PLAN (Gates open)
SIDE ELEVATIONFRONT ELEVATION
PLAN (Gates closed)
120012002400
24402440
46
Ladder Tower
1. Where ladder access towers are required, consideration should be given to their location within the scaffold. The following is recommended:
(a) Whenever possible a separate ladder tower should be constructed eaving the working platform on the scaffold intact.
(b) When (a) is not possible the ladder tower should be positioned on the end run of the scaffold, keeping disruption of the working scaffold to a minimum.
(c) Only when (a) and (b) are not practicable should consideration be given to positioning the ladder tower on the general run of the scaffold.
2. Construction of the ladder framework should be in accordance with the erection guide in section 2.
3. Suggested erection sequence of the ladder tower that follows is based on a ladder tower being 1.2m x 2.4m on plan built in 2m lifts and using a 3m ladder to give access to each lift.
(a) Erect the basic framework of the ladder tower complete with fully decked bottom lift at the lowest transom level.
(b) Fit a ladder access transom centrally across the ledgers 2m above the boarded lift, with the half coupler attached to the outside ledger of the ladder tower. Leave the half coupler loose enough to adjust the position of the transom.
(c) Place a Steelstage batten between the outside transom and the ladder transom and ensure it is fully located by pushing ladder access transom up against it. Check it is square and tighten the half coupler
(d) Working from below, fit the second 1.2m and the three 2.4m Steelstage into the bay.
(e) Using the 3m ladder as access, complete the 2m lift as shown.
4 Where ladder access is erected within the main run
(refer to 1(c)), fit a guardrail at the main guardrail height only on the approaches to the ladder access. A warning notice should be fitted to this guardrail stating that there is an opening in the platform.
5 Repeat the erection sequence 3 (and 4) above as required by the progress of the main scaffold.
6 To dismantle the ladder tower reverse the above sequence having first checked that the scaffold is still in the correctly erected condition.
47
Section 4: Safe Height Tables
48
Use of Safe Height Tables
The value of ‘S’ is derived from the following:
For further explanation see the latest edition of NASC publication TG20.
Load TablesThe safe height tables in section 4 of this manual are tabulated into various categories to suit the loading conditions.
Designations of the different types are as follows:
3-5-2Means 3 = Load class
5 = The number of boards between the standards 2 = The number of cantilevered boardss = short bays 1.83m (6’-0”) long
Lightly load inside boards = 0.75kN/m2
Fully loaded is the same loading as the main deck.
The safe height tables in section 4. Because the nature of the system, the Climastage is very weak when there is no boarding or plan bracing. Consequently safe heights for part boarded scaffolds with no plan bracing are only offered in the unclad condition. The part boarded condition is offered with plan bracing for unclad, debris netted and sheeted scaffolds. The fully boarded condition is offered for the unclad, debris netted and sheeted scaffolds also. In section 4 the shaded areas relate to the limitations on the 3 boarded brackets which are lightly loaded. Fully loaded 3 boarded brackets are not permitted.
The tables apply under the following conditions:• Foot ties are installed to all scaffolds• 2m maximum lifts• Maximum height of 30m• Ties should be continuous members from the tie point on the façade to the
outside standard and for preference connect to the standards using right angled couplers.
• Alternative standards are tied at the top lift.• Tie forces have been calculated for wind suction only. Under wind pressure
conditions it has been assumed that the scaffolding will move into bearing with the face of the building to provide extra points of support. To achieve this, it is recommended that the scaffolds are erected with a gap of no more than 50mm to the façade.
• Façade bracing should be fitted in two bays every six bays. In the case of the tie patterns 9a and 9b the two bays of façade bracing should span across the tied standards.
• It has been assumed that the sheeting and debris netting spans from ledger to middle guard rail.
• A further set of tables in section 4 has been compiled. Only one set of figures are given for ties at alternative lifts and for ties at every lift. The tabulated values are the smaller values given in the previous tables. Inthese tables the tie forces for the safe height are given also.
49
1 - 3 - 0
8202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
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------
------
------
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999999
------
666666
------
999999
------
666666
------
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121212121212
------
888888
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121212121212
------
888888
------
777777
------
------
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777777
------
------
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151515151515
------
111111111111
------
151115151515
------
111111111111
------
121212121212
------
888888
------
121212121212
------
888888
------
202020202020
------
151515151515
------
202020202020
------
151515151515
------
202020202020
------
151515151515
------
202020202020
------
151515151515
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
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666666
------
------
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666666
------
------
------
666666
------
------
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66666-
------
------
7----
303030302724
87----
282828282623
887---
303030
887
2828
87
30 8 28 887-
303030
887
282828
30
3028
303030
---
282828
----
30302724
7----
2828282828
--
3030
---
282828
Ties at alternate lifts Ties at every lift Ties at alternate lifts Ties at every lift Ties at alternate lifts Ties at every lift Ties at alternate lifts Ties at every lift
Country
Des
igna
tion
STown
Fully loaded inside boardsLightly loaded inside boards
Country Town
3 - 5 - 0
3 - 5 - 1
3 - 5 - 2
3 - 5 - 3
3 - 5 - 0 S
3 - 5 - 1 S
3 - 5 - 2 S
3 - 5 - 3 S
4 - 5 - 0
4 - 5 - 1
4 - 5 - 2
4 - 5 - 3
9a 9b 9d 9e 9a 9b 9d 9e 9a 9b 9d 9e 9a 9b 9d 9e
Part Boarded, Unbraced, Unclad. 30m max
50
Part Boarded, Braced, Unclad. 30m max
1 - 3 - 0
30202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
555555
44444-
13131313138
999995
555555
444444
131313131310
999998
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
777776
66666-
15151515158
12121212106
777777
666666
151515151512
121212121212
------
------
11111111118
777775
------
------
111111111111
777777
11111111116
1010101084
202020202010
16161616126
111111111110
10101010108
202020202012
161616161616
11111111116
1010101084
202020202010
16161616126
111111111110
10101010108
202020202012
161616161410
232323232322
222222222219
303030303030
303030303030
232323232323
222222222222
303030303030
303030303030
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
262626262624
252525252521
303030303030
303030303030
262626262626
252525252525
303030303030
303030303030
222222222222
212121212121
303030303030
303030303030
222222222222
212121212121
303030303030
303030303030
292929292926
282828282823
303030303030
303030303030
292929292929
282828282828
303030303030
303030303030
272727272725
262626262623
303030303030
303030303030
272727272727
262626262626
303030303030
303030
303030
303030303030
303030303027
303030303030
303030303030
303030303030
303030303030
303030303030
303030303030
303030303030
303030303027
303030303030
303030303030
303030303030
303030303030
303030303030
303030303030
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
14141414148
13131313106
222222222212
18181818168
141414141412
13131313138
222222222216
181818181810
10101010108
999996
171717171712
14141414148
101010101010
999999
171717171714
141414141410
17171717178
16161616126
252525252414
21212121188
171717171712
161616161610
252525252516
212121212012
15151515158
14141414126
222222222212
19191919168
151515151512
141414141410
222222222216
191919191912
222222222210
21212121148
303030303016
272727272010
222222222214
212121211610
303030303018
272727272212
222222222210
21212121148
303030303016
272727272210
222222222214
212121211610
303030303018
272727272212
3030302916
303030302510
303030303024
303030303014
303030303018
303030
303030
3030
3030
30 30 30 30303030
303030
303030
303030
30
3030
302412
303024
303016
30302916
30302510
3030303024
3030303014
3018
2414
303024
303016
Ties at alternate lifts Ties at every lift Ties at alternate lifts Ties at every lift Ties at alternate lifts Ties at every lift Ties at alternate lifts Ties at every lift
Country
Des
igna
tion
STown
Fully loaded inside boardsLightly loaded inside boards
Country Town
3 - 5 - 0
3 - 5 - 1
3 - 5 - 2
3 - 5 - 3
3 - 5 - 0 S
3 - 5 - 1 S
3 - 5 - 2 S
3 - 5 - 3 S
4 - 5 - 0
4 - 5 - 1
4 - 5 - 2
4 - 5 - 3
9a 9b 9d 9e 9a 9b 9d 9e 9a 9b 9d 9e 9a 9b 9d 9e
51
Part Boarded, Braced, Debris Netted. 30m max
1 - 3 - 0
30202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
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------
------
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444---
------
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44444-
------
------
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------
------
------
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888886
------
5554--
------
777---
------
555555
------
77776-
------
5554--
------
777---
------
555555
------
16161616106
------
171717126-
1313126--
29292925106
2626228--
1717171486
131313866
29292924128
2626241286
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
191919126-
1616124--
30303027106
29292484-
19191916106
161616866
30303026128
2929241286
161616126-
1212126--
29292926106
2525248--
1616141486
121212866
202012866
2525241286
222222146-
1818146--
30303029106
30302685-
22222216106
1818181066
30303028148
3030261286
202020146-
1616146--
30303029106
30302685-
20202016106
1616161066
242414866
3030261286
272727166-
2323166--
30303030126
303030106-
27272718108
2323181066
303030301410
3030281286
272727166-
2323166--
30303030126
303030106-
27272718108
2323181066
303014866
3030281286
------
------
------
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------
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------
------
------
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9999--
------
11118---
------
999966
------
11111166-
4444--
------
------
666---
------
------
------
14141414108
------
1111116--
------
13138---
------
1111111066
------
13131286-
6666--
9996--
------
11118---
44----
999966
------
19191919128
4444--
1515158--
66----
1818104--
------
1515151086
6666--
181812864
101086--
1515158--
66----
1818104--
10105---
1515151086
66666-
27272724128
101086--
3027104-
26166---
3030126--
282828282623
3030301486
261810
303016
3018
3030
26 30 30 30303014
261810
303030
302010
6
1610
66-
866
66-
27106
30
6---
30126--
186---
86
6-
301610
66-
Ties at alternate lifts Ties at every lift Ties at alternate lifts Ties at every lift Ties at alternate lifts Ties at every lift Ties at alternate lifts Ties at every lift
Country
Des
igna
tion
STown
Fully loaded inside boardsLightly loaded inside boards
Country Town
3 - 5 - 0
3 - 5 - 1
3 - 5 - 2
3 - 5 - 3
3 - 5 - 0 S
3 - 5 - 1 S
3 - 5 - 2 S
3 - 5 - 3 S
4 - 5 - 0
4 - 5 - 1
4 - 5 - 2
4 - 5 - 3
9a 9b 9d 9e 9a 9b 9d 9e 9a 9b 9d 9e 9a 9b 9d 9e
52
Part Boarded, Braced, Sheeted. 30m max
1 - 3 - 0
19202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
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------
------
------
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------
------
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------
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------
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------
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------
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------
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------
------
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55----
------
16146---
86----
5556--
------
1616866-
886---
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
77----
------
19166---
106----
7766--
------
1919866-
10106-8-
------
------
15156---
66----
------
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1515866-
666---
99----
------
21166---
126----
9986--
------
21201066-
121065--
77----
------
19166---
106----
7776--
------
19191066-
10106 5--
1310----
44----
27186---
166----
131386--
444---
27201066-
161066--
1310----
44----
27186---
166----
131386--
444---
27201066-
161066--
------
------
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------
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------
------
------
------
------
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------
------
------
------
------
------
------
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------
------
------
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------
------
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------
------
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8----
------
12-----
------
191066--
---
1586
--
198
- 12 - 191066
---
1586
---
-
--
---
---
---
----
----
-----
-----
--
--
---
---
Ties at alternate lifts Ties at every lift Ties at alternate lifts Ties at every lift Ties at alternate lifts Ties at every lift Ties at alternate lifts Ties at every lift
Country
Des
igna
tion
STown
Fully loaded inside boardsLightly loaded inside boards
Country Town
3 - 5 - 0
3 - 5 - 1
3 - 5 - 2
3 - 5 - 3
3 - 5 - 0 S
3 - 5 - 1 S
3 - 5 - 2 S
3 - 5 - 3 S
4 - 5 - 0
4 - 5 - 1
4 - 5 - 2
4 - 5 - 3
9a 9b 9d 9e 9a 9b 9d 9e 9a 9b 9d 9e 9a 9b 9d 9e
53
Fully Boarded, Unclad. 30m max
1 - 3 - 0
25202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
555555
44444-
888887
666665
555555
444444
888888
666666
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
666665
55555-
999998
888885
666666
555555
999999
888888
------
------
777777
666665
------
------
777777
666666
777776
777774
11111111119
10101010106
777777
777777
111111111111
101010101010
777776
777774
11111111119
10101010106
777777
77777-
111111111111
101010101010
121212121212
121212121211
181818181817
181818181816
121212121212
121212121212
181818181818
181818181818
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
141414141413
141414141412
202020202018
212121212018
141414141414
141414141414
202020202020
212121212121
121212121212
121212121212
191919191918
191919191918
121212121212
121212121212
191919191919
191919191919
161616161614
161616161613
232323232320
232323232220
161616161616
161616161616
232323232323
232323232323
151515151514
151515151513
222222222220
222222222220
151515151515
151515151515
222222222222
222222222222
191919191917
191919191815
272727272724
282828282623
191919191919
191919191919
272727272727
282828282828
191919191917
191919191815
272727272724
282828282623
191919191919
191919191919
272727272727
282828282828
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
888887
888886
11111111119
10101010107
888888
888888
111111111111
101010101010
777777
666665
10101010109
888887
777777
666666
101010101010
888888
10101010108
999996
131313131310
12121212118
101010101010
999999
131313131313
121212121212
999998
888886
121212121210
11111111118
999999
888888
121212121212
111111111111
12121212129
12121212118
161616161515
141414141310
121212121212
121212121212
161616161616
141414141414
12121212129
12121212118
161616161512
141414141310
121212121212
121212121212
161616161616
141414141413
2523201714
242422191612
303028252118
272725221814
252525252321
242424
303030
2727
2525
24 30 27 25252525
242424
303030
272727
24
2427
242215
292725
272522
23201714
22191612
3028252118
2725221814
2321
2215
292725
272517
Ties at alternate lifts Ties at every lift Ties at alternate lifts Ties at every lift Ties at alternate lifts Ties at every lift Ties at alternate lifts Ties at every lift
Country
Des
igna
tion
STown
Fully loaded inside boardsLightly loaded inside boards
Country Town
3 - 5 - 0
3 - 5 - 1
3 - 5 - 2
3 - 5 - 3
3 - 5 - 0 S
3 - 5 - 1 S
3 - 5 - 2 S
3 - 5 - 3 S
4 - 5 - 0
4 - 5 - 1
4 - 5 - 2
4 - 5 - 3
9a 9b 9d 9e 9a 9b 9d 9e 9a 9b 9d 9e 9a 9b 9d 9e
54
Fully Boarded, Debris netted. 30m max
1 - 3 - 0
21202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
444---
------
------
------
44444-
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
5555--
------
666---
------
555555
------
66666-
------
5555--
------
666---
------
555555
------
66666-
------
10101096-
8886--
15151513106
1414139--
10101010107
888876
15151515139
1414141286
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
111111106-
1010106--
17171715116
16161594-
11111111107
1010101076
17171717149
1616161287
99996-
8886--
15151514106
14141484-
999997
888876
1515156
149
1414141286
131313117-
1111117--
19191916117
181816105-
13131313108
1111111076
19191919159
1818181387
121212117-
1010107--
18181816107
17171695-
12121212107
1010101076
18181818149
171717
1387
161616138-
1414137--
23232319127
212119106-
16161616118
1414141176
232323231510
2121211497
161616138-
1414137--
23232319127
212119106-
16161616118
1414141176
232323231510
2121211486
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
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6666--
------
777---
44----
666666
------
77776-
4444--
4444--
------
555---
------
444444
------
55555-
------
7776--
44----
888---
554---
777777
4444--
88886-
5555--
6666--
------
777---
44----
666666
------
77776-
4444--
9998--
554---
1010104--
775---
999986
5555--
101010865
7776--
9998--
554---
1010104--
775---
999986
5555--
101010865
7776--
2116126-
16147---
2221147--
18157---
2121211597
161610
222217
1818
2121
16 22 18 21212115
161610
222
17
181810
7
1410
76-
1076
76-
16126-
7---
21147--
157---
97
6-
1076
76-
Ties at alternate lifts Ties at every lift Ties at alternate lifts Ties at every lift Ties at alternate lifts Ties at every lift Ties at alternate lifts Ties at every lift
Country
Des
igna
tion
STown
Fully loaded inside boardsLightly loaded inside boards
Country Town
3 - 5 - 0
3 - 5 - 1
3 - 5 - 2
3 - 5 - 3
3 - 5 - 0 S
3 - 5 - 1 S
3 - 5 - 2 S
3 - 5 - 3 S
4 - 5 - 0
4 - 5 - 1
4 - 5 - 2
4 - 5 - 3
9a 9b 9d 9e 9a 9b 9d 9e 9a 9b 9d 9e 9a 9b 9d 9e
55
Fully Boarded, Sheeted. 30m max
1 - 3 - 0
12202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
-------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
55----
------
996---
66----
5555--
------
99975-
666---
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
66----
------
11117---
77----
6666--
------
11111076-
7774--
44----
------
997---
55----
4444--
------
99965-
555---
77----
------
12126---
87----
7776--
------
12121076-
8875--
66----
------
12127---
77----
6666--
------
12121066-
776 5--
99----
55----
15157---
107----
9986--
555---
15151076-
101076--
99----
55----
15157---
107----
9986--
555---
15151066-
101076--
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
9----
------
10-----
------
121176--
---
1086
--
128
- 10 - 121176
---
1086
---
-
--
---
---
---
----
----
-----
-----
--
--
---
---
Ties at alternate lifts Ties at every lift Ties at alternate lifts Ties at every lift Ties at alternate lifts Ties at every lift Ties at alternate lifts Ties at every lift
Country
Des
igna
tion
STown
Fully loaded inside boardsLightly loaded inside boards
Country Town
3 - 5 - 0
3 - 5 - 1
3 - 5 - 2
3 - 5 - 3
3 - 5 - 0 S
3 - 5 - 1 S
3 - 5 - 2 S
3 - 5 - 3 S
4 - 5 - 0
4 - 5 - 1
4 - 5 - 2
4 - 5 - 3
9a 9b 9d 9e 9a 9b 9d 9e 9a 9b 9d 9e 9a 9b 9d 9e
56
Part Boarded, Unbraced, Unclad. Summary
1 - 3 - 0
30202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
-------
------
------
999999
1.21.72.32.93.74.6
5.55.55.55.55.55.5
1.01.52.02.63.34.1
999999
1.01.41.92.53.23.9
666666
1.01.11.52.02.53.1
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
121212121212
1.21.82.43.13.94.9
8.08.08.08.08.08.0
1.11.62.22.93.64.5
121212121212
1.11.52.12.83.54.3
888888
1.01.31.82.43.03.7
777777
1.11.62.12.83.54.4
------
------
777777
1.01.31.72.32.93.5
------
------
151515151515
1.31.82.53.34.15.1
10.710.710.710.710.710.7
1.21.72.33.13.94.8
151515151515
1.21.72.33.03.84.6
111111111111
1.01.52.02.73.44.2
121212121212
1.21.82.43.14.04.9
888888
1.11.62.22.93.74.5
121212121212
1.11.62.12.83.54.4
888888
1.01.41.32.43.13.8
202020202020
1.41.92.73.54.45.4
15.415.415.415.415.415.4
1.31.92.53.34.25.1
202020202020
1.31.82.53.34.15.1
151515151515
1.21.72.33.03.84.7
202020202020
1.41.92.73.54.45.4
151515151515
1.31.92.53.34.25.1
202020202020
1.31.82.53.34.15.1
151515151515
1.21.72.33.03.84.7
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
666666
1.42.12.83.74.65.7
------
------
666666
1.31.62.22.93.64.5
------
------
666666
1.42.12.83.74.65.7
------
------
66666-
1.31.62.22.93.6-
------
------
3030302724
2.02.93.95.16.37.6
28.028.028.028.026.223.4
2.02.83.85.06.37.6
303030303030
2.02.83.8
282828
1.92.8
3030
2.0 28 2.0 30303030
2.02.83.8
282828
1.92.83.8
5.0
2.93.8
5.06.37.8
282828
4.96.27.7
30302724
3.95.16.37.6
2828282623
2.83.85.06.37.6
3030
6.37.8
282828
4.96.27.7
Ties at alternate lifts Ties at every lift Ties at alternate lifts Ties at every lift Ties at alternate lifts Ties at every lift Ties at alternate lifts Ties at every lift
Country
Des
igna
tion
STown
Fully loaded inside boardsLightly loaded inside boards
Country Town
3 - 5 - 0
3 - 5 - 1
3 - 5 - 2
3 - 5 - 3
3 - 5 - 0 S
3 - 5 - 1 S
3 - 5 - 2 S
3 - 5 - 3 S
4 - 5 - 0
4 - 5 - 1
4 - 5 - 2
4 - 5 - 3
SafeHeight m
Tie forcekN
SafeHeight m
Tie forcekN
SafeHeight m
Tie forcekN
SafeHeight m
Tie forcekN
SafeHeight m
Tie forcekN
SafeHeight m
Tie forcekN
SafeHeight m
Tie forcekN
SafeHeight m
Tie forcekN
57
Part Boarded, Braced, Unclad. Summary
1 - 3 - 0
30202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
444445
1.42.02.73.54.45.4
999999
1.72.43.34.35.56.1
444444
1.31.52.02.63.34.1
999998
1.52.22.93.84.95.5
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
666666
1.52.22.93.84.95.7
12121212106
1.82.53.44.55.76.1
666666
1.31.82.43.14.04.9
121212121212
1.62.33.14.15.25.9
------
------
777775
1.62.43.24.25.36.1
------
------
777777
1.42.12.83.74.75.7
1010101084
1.62.43.24.25.35.7
16161616126
1.82.73.64.76.06.4
10101010108
1.42.12.83.74.75.5
161616161612
1.82.53.44.55.76.5
1010101084
1.62.43.24.25.35.7
16161616126
1.82.73.64.76.06.4
10101010108
1.42.12.83.74.75.5
161616161410
1.82.53.44.55.75.9
222222222219
1.42.02.73.54.55.5
303030303030
1.52.12.93.74.75.8
222222222222
1.31.92.63.44.35.3
303030303030
1.42.12.83.74.75.8
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
252525252521
1.42.02.43.64.65.6
303030303030
1.52.12.93.74.75.8
252525252525
1.42.02.73.54.55.5
303030303030
1.42.12.83.74.75.8
212121212121
1.42.02.73.54.55.5
303030303030
1.52.12.93.74.75.8
212121212121
1.31.92.63.44.35.3
303030303030
1.42.12.83.74.75.8
282828282823
1.42.12.83.74.75.7
303030303030
1.52.12.93.74.75.8
282828282828
1.42.02.83.64.65.7
303030303030
1.42.12.83.74.75.8
262626262623
1.42.12.83.74.65.6
303030303030
1.52.12.93.74.75.8
262626262626
1.42.02.73.64.55.6
303030303030
1.42.12.8 3.74.75.8
303030303027
1.52.12.93.74.75.8
303030303030
1.52.12.93.74.75.8
303030303030
1.42.12.83.74.75.8
303030303030
1.42.12.83.74.75.8
303030303027
1.52.12.93.74.75.8
303030303030
1.52.12.93.74.75.8
303030303030
1.42.12.83.74.75.8
303030303030
1.42.12.83.74.75.8
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
13131313106
1.72.53.44.45.66.1
18181818168
1.92.73.74.86.16.7
13131313138
1.62.23.14.05.15.9
181818181810
1.82.63.54.65.86.5
999996
1.62.33.14.15.16.1
14141414148
1.82.63.54.65.86.7
999999
1.42.02.73.54.45.4
141414141410
1.72.43.34.35.46.2
16161616126
1.82.63.54.65.86.1
21212121188
1.92.83.84.96.26.9
161616161610
1.72.43.24.25.45.9
212121212012
1.92.73.64.76.06.5
14141414126
1.72.53.44.45.66.1
19191919168
1.92.73.74.86.16.7
141414141410
1.62.33.14.05.15.9
191919191912
1.82.63.54.65.86.5
21212121148
1.92.73.74.86.16.4
272727272010
2.02.93.95.16.47.1
212121211610
1.82.63.54.65.86.2
272727272212
2.02.83.85.06.36.7
21212121148
1.92.73.74.86.16.4
272727272210
2.02.93.95.16.47.1
212121211610
1.82.63.54.65.86.2
272727272212
2.02.83.85.06.36.7
3030302510
2.02.93.95.16.47.1
303030303014
2.02.93.95.16.47.6
303030302412
2.02.83.8
303030
2.02.8
3030
2.0 30 2.0 30303030
2.02.83.8
303030
2.02.83.8
5.0
2.93.8
5.06.36.7
303016
5.06.37.3
30302510
3.95.16.47.1
3030303014
2.93.95.16.47.6
2414
6.36.7
303016
5.06.37.3
Ties at alternate lifts Ties at every lift Ties at alternate lifts Ties at every lift Ties at alternate lifts Ties at every lift Ties at alternate lifts Ties at every lift
Country
Des
igna
tion
STown
Fully loaded inside boardsLightly loaded inside boards
Country Town
3 - 5 - 0
3 - 5 - 1
3 - 5 - 2
3 - 5 - 3
3 - 5 - 0 S
3 - 5 - 1 S
3 - 5 - 2 S
3 - 5 - 3 S
4 - 5 - 0
4 - 5 - 1
4 - 5 - 2
4 - 5 - 3
SafeHeight m
Tie forcekN
SafeHeight m
Tie forcekN
SafeHeight m
Tie forcekN
SafeHeight m
Tie forcekN
SafeHeight m
Tie forcekN
SafeHeight m
Tie forcekN
SafeHeight m
Tie forcekN
SafeHeight m
Tie forcekN
58
Part Boarded, Braced, Debris Netted. Summary
1 - 3 - 0
26202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
444---
3.83.83.8---
------
------
44444-
3.83.83.83.84.3-
------
------
------
------
------
------
888886
3.83.83.84.65.96.5
5554--
3.83.83.85.0--
777---
3.83.84.3---
555555
3.83.83.83.84.65.6
77776-
3.83.83.84.65.3-
5554--
3.83.83.85.0--
777---
3.83.84.3---
555555
3.83.83.83.84.65.6
16161616106
3.83.84.76.16.66.5
13131266-
2.92.93.84.75.1-
2626228
106
2.93.14.35.45.76.3
131313866
2.92.93.64.44.54.9
2626241286
2.93.14.25.25.35.6
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
16161246-
2.92.94.04.75.1-
292924846
2.93.14.35.55.76.3
161616866
2.92.93.74.64.94.9
2929241286
2.93.14.25.35.35.6
12121266-
2.92.93.84.75.1-
2525248
106
2.93.14.25.45.76.3
121212866
2.92.93.44.44.54.9
202012866
2.93.04.04.24.54.9
18181466-
2.93.04.04.85.1-
303026856
2.93.14.35.65.76.3
1818181066
2.92.93.94.64.94.9
3030261286
2.93.14.25.45.55.6
16161466-
2.92.94.04.85.1-
303026856
2.93.14.35.65.76.3
1616161066
2.92.93.84.64.94.9
242414866
2.93.14.14.24.54.9
23231666-
2.93.14.25.05.1-
3030301066
2.93.14.35.65.96.3
2323181066
2.93.04.14.84.95.6
3030281286
2.93.14.25.55.56.1
23231666-
2.93.14.25.05.1-
3030301066
2.93.14.35.65.96.3
2323181066
2.93.04.14.84.95.6
303014866
2.93.14.14.24.54.9
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
9996--
3.83.84.55.4--
448---
3.83.84.4---
999966
3.83.83.84.95.36.5
44446-
3.83.84.14.25.3-
------
------
666---
3.83.84.1---
------
------
14141414108
3.83.84.45.86.67.4
1111116--
3.83.84.75.4--
668---
3.83.84.4---
1111111066
3.83.84.15.25.36.5
66666-
3.83.84.24.75.3-
9996--
3.83.84.55.4--
448---
3.83.84.4---
999966
3.83.83.84.95.36.5
4444
128
3.83.84.96.47.07.4
66
158--
3.83.85.05.7--
101054--
3.83.84.64.9--
666686
3.83.84.65.26.06.5
10108664
3.83.84.24.75.35.6
66
158--
3.83.85.05.7--
101054--
3.83.84.64.9--
666686
3.83.84.65.26.06.5
101086
128
3.84.05.56.97.07.4
166
104-
3.84.25.66.06.1-
301866--
3.84.24.85.4--
261810666
3.84.15.6
301810
3.84.1
2616
3.8 30 3.8 2618106
3.84.15.6
302010
3.84.15.6
5.8
4.24.7
5.86.06.5
666
4.75.36.5
6106
30
5.66.06.8
11.6
1866--
4.24.85.4--
66
6.06.5
66
10
7.47.78.1
Ties at alternate lifts Ties at every lift Ties at alternate lifts Ties at every lift Ties at alternate lifts Ties at every lift Ties at alternate lifts Ties at every lift
Country
Des
igna
tion
STown
Fully loaded inside boardsLightly loaded inside boards
Country Town
3 - 5 - 0
3 - 5 - 1
3 - 5 - 2
3 - 5 - 3
3 - 5 - 0 S
3 - 5 - 1 S
3 - 5 - 2 S
3 - 5 - 3 S
4 - 5 - 0
4 - 5 - 1
4 - 5 - 2
4 - 5 - 3
SafeHeight m
Tie forcekN
SafeHeight m
Tie forcekN
SafeHeight m
Tie forcekN
SafeHeight m
Tie forcekN
SafeHeight m
Tie forcekN
SafeHeight m
Tie forcekN
SafeHeight m
Tie forcekN
SafeHeight m
Tie forcekN
59
Part Boarded, Braced, Sheeted. Summary
1 - 3 - 0
19202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
55----
3.04.3----
866---
3.95.46.2---
5556--
2.93.24.46.3--
88666-
3.65.25.46.37.9-
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
77----
3.34.7----
1066---
4.05.66.2---
7766--
2.93.84.86.3--
1010666-
3.85.45.46.37.9-
------
------
666---
3.85.56.2---
------
------
66666-
3.55.05.46.37.9-
99----
3.55.0----
1266---
4.15.66.2---
9986--
2.94.25.46.3--
1210656-
3.95.55.96.37.9-
77----
3.34.7----
1066---
4.05.66.2---
7776--
2.93.85.26.3--
1010656-
3.85.55.96.37.9-
44----
3.75.1----
1666---
4.35.76.2---
4446--
3.34.85.46.3--
1610666-
4.25.55.96.37.9-
44----
3.75.1----
1666---
4.35.76.2---
4446--
3.34.85.46.3--
1610666-
4.25.55.96.37.9-
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
8----
5.46.4----
12-----
4.9-----
191066--
5.15.86.4
1586
4.65.3
198
5.4 12 1.7 191066
5.15.86.4
1586
4.65.36.4
8.3
6.46.4
8.3--
---
---
----
----
-----
-----
--
--
---
---
Ties at alternate lifts Ties at every lift Ties at alternate lifts Ties at every lift Ties at alternate lifts Ties at every lift Ties at alternate lifts Ties at every lift
Country
Des
igna
tion
STown
Fully loaded inside boardsLightly loaded inside boards
Country Town
3 - 5 - 0
3 - 5 - 1
3 - 5 - 2
3 - 5 - 3
3 - 5 - 0 S
3 - 5 - 1 S
3 - 5 - 2 S
3 - 5 - 3 S
4 - 5 - 0
4 - 5 - 1
4 - 5 - 2
4 - 5 - 3
SafeHeight m
Tie forcekN
SafeHeight m
Tie forcekN
SafeHeight m
Tie forcekN
SafeHeight m
Tie forcekN
SafeHeight m
Tie forcekN
SafeHeight m
Tie forcekN
SafeHeight m
Tie forcekN
SafeHeight m
Tie forcekN
60
Fully Boarded, Unclad. Summary
1 - 3 - 0
24202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
444445
1.31.92.63.44.35.3
666665
1.52.23.03.94.95.9
444444
1.31.41.92.53.23.9
666666
1.31.82.43.24.05.0
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
555555
1.42.02.83.64.65.5
888885
1.62.33.14.05.16.0
555555
1.31.62.12.83.54.4
888888
1.31.92.63.44.35.3
------
------
666665
1.52.22.93.84.85.9
------
------
666666
1.31.72.43.13.94.9
777774
1.52.22.93.84.95.8
10101010106
1.62.43.24.25.36.3
777777
1.31.82.43.14.04.9
101010101010
1.42.12.83.74.75.8
777774
1.52.22.93.84.95.8
10101010106
1.62.43.24.25.36.3
777777
1.31.82.43.14.04.9
101010101010
1.42.12.83.74.75.8
121212121211
1.21.82.43.14.04.9
181818181816
1.31.92.63.44.35.2
121212121212
1.11.62.12.83.54.4
181818181818
1.21.82.43.24.05.0
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
141414141412
1.31.82.53.24.15.0
202020202018
1.42.02.73.54.45.3
141414141414
1.11.62.22.93.74.6
202020202020
1.31.92.53.34.25.2
121212121212
1.21.82.43.14.04.9
191919191918
1.31.92.63.44.35.3
121212121212
1.11.62.12.83.54.4
191919191919
1.31.82.53.24.15.0
161616161613
1.31.92.53.34.25.1
232323232220
1.42.02.73.64.55.4
161616161616
1.21.72.33.13.94.8
232323232323
1.31.92.63.44.35.4
151515151513
1.31.82.53.34.15.1
222222222220
1.42.02.73.54.55.4
151515151515
1.21.72.33.03.84.7
222222222222
1.31.92.63.44.35.3
191919191815
1.31.92.63.44.35.2
272727272623
1.42.12.83.74.65.6
191919191919
1.31.82.53.24.15.1
272727272727
1.42.02.83.64.65.6
191919191815
1.31.92.63.44.35.2
272727272623
1.42.12.83.74.65.6
191919191919
1.31.82.53.24.15.1
272727272727
1.42.02.83.64.65.6
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
888886
1.52.23.03.95.05.9
10101010107
1.62.43.24.25.36.3
888888
1.31.82.53.34.15.1
101010101010
1.42.12.83.74.75.8
666665
1.52.12.83.74.75.8
888887
1.62.33.14.15.16.3
866666
1.31.72.32.93.74.6
888888
1.41.92.73.54.45.4
999996
1.62.33.14.15.26.1
12121212118
1.72.43.34.35.56.5
999999
1.42.02.73.54.45.5
121212121212
1.52.23.03.94.96.1
888886
1.62.23.04.05.06.1
11111111118
1.72.43.34.35.46.4
888888
1.31.92.63.34.25.2
111111111111
1.52.12.93.84.85.9
12121212118
1.72.43.34.35.46.3
141414141310
1.82.53.54.55.76.7
121212121212
1.52.12.93.84.85.9
141414141414
1.62.33.24.25.36.5
12121212118
1.72.43.34.35.46.3
141414141310
1.82.53.54.55.76.7
121212121212
1.52.12.93.84.85.9
141414141413
1.62.33.24.25.36.5
2422191612
1.92.83.74.75.86.9
272725221814
2.02.83.84.96.07.2
242424242215
1.92.73.6
272727
1.92.8
2424
1.9 27 2.0 24242424
1.92.73.6
272727
1.92.83.8
4.7
2.83.8
4.75.97.0
272522
5.06.27.4
22191612
3.74.75.86.9
2725221814
2.83.84.96.07.2
2215
5.97.0
272517
5.06.27.4
Ties at alternate lifts Ties at every lift Ties at alternate lifts Ties at every lift Ties at alternate lifts Ties at every lift Ties at alternate lifts Ties at every lift
Country
Des
igna
tion
STown
Fully loaded inside boardsLightly loaded inside boards
Country Town
3 - 5 - 0
3 - 5 - 1
3 - 5 - 2
3 - 5 - 3
3 - 5 - 0 S
3 - 5 - 1 S
3 - 5 - 2 S
3 - 5 - 3 S
4 - 5 - 0
4 - 5 - 1
4 - 5 - 2
4 - 5 - 3
SafeHeight m
Tie forcekN
SafeHeight m
Tie forcekN
SafeHeight m
Tie forcekN
SafeHeight m
Tie forcekN
SafeHeight m
Tie forcekN
SafeHeight m
Tie forcekN
SafeHeight m
Tie forcekN
SafeHeight m
Tie forcekN
61
Fully Boarded, Debris Netted. Summary
1 - 3 - 0
16202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
444---
3.83.83.8---
------
------
44444-
3.83.83.83.84.5-
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
5555--
3.83.83.85.0--
666---
3.83.84.1---
555555
3.83.83.83.84.65.7
66666-
3.83.83.84.15.2-
5555--
3.83.83.85.0--
666---
3.83.84.1---
555555
3.83.83.83.84.65.7
66666-
3.83.83.84.15.2-
88866-
2.92.93.44.45.0-
1414139
106
2.92.93.84.85.76.2
888876
2.92.92.93.84.95.2
1414141286
2.92.93.44.55.45.8
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
10101066-
2.92.93.54.55.2-
161615946
2.92.93.94.95.86.3
1010101076
2.92.93.14.04.95.2
1616161287
2.92.93.64.75.55.8
88866-
2.92.93.44.55.1-
141414846
2.92.93.84.95.86.3
888876
2.92.92.93.84.85.2
1414141286
2.92.93.54.55.55.8
11111177-
2.92.93.64.65.3-
1818161057
2.92.93.95.05.86.5
1111111076
2.92.93.34.24.95.6
1818181387
2.92.93.74.95.75.8
10101077-
2.92.93.64.65.3-
171716957
2.92.93.95.05.76.5
1010101076
2.92.93.24.14.95.2
1717171387
2.92.93.74.85.55.8
14141378-
2.92.93.84.85.4-
2121191067
2.93.04.15.15.96.5
1414141176
2.92.93.54.55.15.6
2121211497
2.92.93.95.15.76.1
14141378-
2.92.93.84.85.4-
2121191067
2.93.04.15.15.96.5
1414141176
2.92.93.54.55.15.6
2121211486
2.92.93.95.15.76.1
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
6666--
3.83.84.15.3--
447---
3.83.84.3---
666666
3.83.83.84.25.36.4
44446-
3.83.83.84.55.3-
4444--
3.83.83.84.9--
555---
3.83.84.0---
444444
3.83.83.83.84.45.5
55555-
3.83.83.83.94.9-
4476--
3.83.84.35.4--
554---
3.83.84.4---
444477
3.83.83.84.65.86.8
55556-
3.83.83.84.85.3-
6666--
3.83.84.15.4--
447---
3.83.84.3---
666666
3.83.83.84.35.46.7
44446-
3.83.83.84.65.3-
5548--
3.83.84.55.7--
7754--
3.83.84.65.0--
555586
3.83.83.85.06.06.5
777665
3.83.84.04.75.35.7
5548--
3.83.84.55.7--
7754--
3.83.84.65.0--
555586
3.83.83.85.06.06.5
777665
3.83.84.04.75.35.7
147
126-
3.83.95.16.26.9-
181577--
3.83.94.95.6--
161610767
3.83.85.1
181810
3.83.8
1614
3.8 18 3.8 1616107
3.83.85.1
181810
3.83.84.8
6.0
3.94.8
6.06.37.0
766
5.25.76.5
7126-
5.16.26.9-
1577--
3.94.95.6--
67
6.37.0
766
5.25.76.5
Ties at alternate lifts Ties at every lift Ties at alternate lifts Ties at every lift Ties at alternate lifts Ties at every lift Ties at alternate lifts Ties at every lift
Country
Des
igna
tion
STown
Fully loaded inside boardsLightly loaded inside boards
Country Town
3 - 5 - 0
3 - 5 - 1
3 - 5 - 2
3 - 5 - 3
3 - 5 - 0 S
3 - 5 - 1 S
3 - 5 - 2 S
3 - 5 - 3 S
4 - 5 - 0
4 - 5 - 1
4 - 5 - 2
4 - 5 - 3
SafeHeight m
Tie forcekN
SafeHeight m
Tie forcekN
SafeHeight m
Tie forcekN
SafeHeight m
Tie forcekN
SafeHeight m
Tie forcekN
SafeHeight m
Tie forcekN
SafeHeight m
Tie forcekN
SafeHeight m
Tie forcekN
62
Fully Boarded, Sheeted. Summary
1 - 3 - 0
12202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640202428323640
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
55----
3.04.3----
666---
3.55.06.2---
5555--
2.93.14.25.5--
66675-
3.04.35.86.77.3-
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
66----
3.14.5----
777---
3.65.26.3---
6666--
2.93.44.76.1--
77746-
3.14.55.96.77.7-
44----
2.94.1----
557---
3.55.06.3---
4444--
2.92.93.95.1--
55565-
2.94.25.76.37.5-
77----
3.24.7----
876---
3.75.36.2---
7776--
2.93.75.16.3--
88756-
3.34.75.96.77.9-
66----
3.14.5----
777---
3.65.26.4---
6666--
2.93.54.76.2--
77656-
3.24.65.96.38.0-
55----
3.44.9----
1077---
3.85.56.4---
5556--
2.94.15.46.3--
1010766-
3.55.15.96.77.9-
55----
3.44.9----
1077---
3.85.56.4---
5556--
2.94.15.46.3--
1010766-
3.55.15.96.37.9-
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
9----
4.96.6----
10-----
4.7-----
121176--
4.46.06.8
1086
4.05.3
128
4.9 10 1.6 121176
4.46.06.8
1086
4.05.36.4
8.4
6.46.4
8.4--
---
---
----
----
-----
-----
--
--
---
---
Ties at alternate lifts Ties at every lift Ties at alternate lifts Ties at every lift Ties at alternate lifts Ties at every lift Ties at alternate lifts Ties at every lift
Country
Des
igna
tion
STown
Fully loaded inside boardsLightly loaded inside boards
Country Town
3 - 5 - 0
3 - 5 - 1
3 - 5 - 2
3 - 5 - 3
3 - 5 - 0 S
3 - 5 - 1 S
3 - 5 - 2 S
3 - 5 - 3 S
4 - 5 - 0
4 - 5 - 1
4 - 5 - 2
4 - 5 - 3
SafeHeight m
Tie forcekN
SafeHeight m
Tie forcekN
SafeHeight m
Tie forcekN
SafeHeight m
Tie forcekN
SafeHeight m
Tie forcekN
SafeHeight m
Tie forcekN
SafeHeight m
Tie forcekN
SafeHeight m
Tie forcekN
63
Appendix
64
Aluminium Kwikstair
User Guide
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
Notes
www.actavo.com
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