smoke control requirements for new railway infrastructure ir...
TRANSCRIPT
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Smoke Control Requirements for
New Railway Infrastructure
Ir Peter Law
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Overview
Conclusion
Smoke Control Systems of Railway Projects
Formulation of Fire Safety Requirements
Regulatory Regime for Railway Fire Safety
Railway Development in Hong Kong
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Railway Development in Hong Kong
Railways provide a reliable, fast and safe services to alleviate
the pressure on the road network.
Railway development in Hong Kong has experienced very
fast growth.
The urban rail network has covered most of the urban areas
in Hong Kong.
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Figure from MTRC - http://www.mtr.com.hkTotal Rail Length: approx. 218 Km
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0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
140,000
160,000
180,000
Jul-15 Aug-15 Sep-15 Oct-15 Nov-15 Dec-15 Jan-16
Mo
nth
ly T
ota
l
(Un
it in
th
ousan
ds)
Month
Intercity, Light
Rail & Bus
Cross-boundary
Airport Express
MTR Lines
Statistic data from MTRC - http://www.mtr.com.hk
MTR - Historic Patronage Figures
Daily Average (Patronage): Over 4.5 Million
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Railway Development in Hong Kong
5 new railway lines
觀塘綫延綫
XRL(under construction)
SCL(under construction)
WIL(Dec 2014 Completion)
SIL(E)(Dec 2016 Completion)
KTE(Oct 2016 Completion)
Policy Address2007-08
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Railway Development Strategy 2014
Providing a framework for
planning the future expansion of
Hong Kong’s railway network up
to 2031.
Total length of the railways will
extend to over 300 Km by 2031.
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Regulatory Regime for Railway Fire Safety
The Railway Development Strategy (RDS) Division
of Hong Kong Fire Services Department (FSD)
established on 2 April 2001.
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Regulatory Regime for Railway Fire Safety
車站及運輸綜合委員會
Trackside Safety and Security Committee
Station and TransportIntegration Committee
軌道安全及保安委員會
Safety and Security Coordinating Committee
安全及保安統籌委員會
FSD is one of the core members of SSCC, TSSC and STIC.
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CODES OF PRACTICE
FOR
MINIMUM FIRE SERVICE INSTALLATIONS
AND EQUIPMENT
AND
INSPECTION AND TESTING OF
INSTALLATIONS AND EQUIPMENT
April 2012
Prescriptive Requirement
Regulatory Regime for Railway Fire Safety
FSI Code FS CodeFSD Circular Letters
file:///D:/LOKFolder/PPt/ExitSign.pdf
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CIBSE Guide ESFPE Handbook
Regulatory Regime for Railway Fire Safety
Fire Engineering Design
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Formulation of Fire Safety Requirements
Guidelines on Formulation of Fire
Safety Requirements for New
Railway Infrastructures
1st Edition
2nd Edition
3rd Edition
Fire Safety Strategy (FSS)
Trackside Fire Safety Strategy (TFSS)
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Formulation of Fire Safety Requirements
Guidelines on Formulation of Fire Safety Requirements for
New Railway Infrastructures
1st Edition
- Issued in January 2013
- Essential fire safety measures of railway lines
2nd Edition
- Issued in August 2013, bilingual version
- Fire safety provisions of EAP, EEP, CP and site office
- Special features of deep railway station
3rd Edition
- Issued in October 2016, bilingual version
- General design requirements for smoke control
systems
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Smoke Control Systems in Railway Projects
Smoke and hot gases are recognized as the major
hazard.
The control and essential removal of smoke from the
premise is crucial for fire safety.
The provisions of smoke control systems provide smoke
free conditions and control the smoke spread for
massive evacuation and fire-fighting.
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New Practical Guidelines
A new practical guidelines on smoke control systems for new railway infrastructures were developed and have been incorporated into Appendix VII of the guidelines.
Annex a – Dynamic Smoke Extractions System
Annex b – Pressurization of Staircase
Annex c – Tunnel Ventilation System
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Smoke Extraction System (SES)
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Smoke Extraction System (SES)
Dynamic smoke extraction system is provided for:
A Place of Safe Passage for 60 minutes (minimum).
Cabin Concept for Concession Area.
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Smoke Extraction System (SES)
Fire Compartmentation
Fan room accommodated more than one smoke extraction
system.
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Smoke Extraction System (SES)
Fire Compartmentation
All fans of the dynamic smoke extraction system forming part
of a fire rated duct.
The fan room shall contain no other services.
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Smoke Extraction System (SES)
Verification on System Performance
The designer of dynamic smoke extraction system
shall be a registered professional engineer in the
discipline of building services, fire or mechanical
engineering.
Drawing and all calculations of dynamic smoke
extraction system.
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Smoke Extraction System (SES)
Verification on System Performance
Hot smoke test shall be conducted in accordance with
the requirements as stated in FSD Circular Letter
2/2002.
Hotsmoke.mpgHotsmoke.mpg
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Smoke Extraction System (SES)
Smoke Discharge Arrangement
Dedicated vent shaft shall be designed for smoke extraction purpose and it shall contain no other services.
In order to prevent re-circulation of smoke into the system through the vent shaft, the smoke discharge outlet and fresh air intake louver shall be separated by not less than 5m in any direction from all air inlets or other building openings.
No discharges shall be at a height above the surrounding horizontal surface of less than 3m to the bottom of the outlet and where below 6m shall not discharge downwards.
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Cabin Concept
- Sprinkler Controlled Fire
- Combination of smoke detection, sprinklers and a designated smoke extraction system.
Smoke Extraction System (SES)
Concession Areas
The Cabin Concept is applied to concession areas of the station.
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Smoke Extraction System (SES)System Operation
For parallel arrangement of smoke extraction fans or make
up air fans, motorized fire and smoke dampers shall be
provided for both suction side and discharge side to avoid
system short circuit and smoke re-circulation.
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Smoke Extraction System (SES)System Operation
The smoke extraction system and associated ductwork/ equipment shall be
operated at 250oC for not less than 1 hour.
In case the smoke temperature is higher than 250oC, additional smoke
extraction rate shall be provided to allow sufficient make-up air inside the
smoke zone.
Otherwise, fire rated protection with higher fire rating shall be applied to
the smoke extraction system and associated ductwork/ equipment.
The designer shall substantiate the smoke extraction rate and smoke
temperature based on the design fire size and clear smoke height.
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Smoke Extraction System (SES)
System OperationSmoke extraction fans and make-up air fans shall be electrically
interlocked.
Smoke detection system, sprinkler flow switch and manual override
facility.
Once started, smoke extraction fans and make up air fan shall run
continuously until stopped manually.
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Integrated Back-up panel (IBP)
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Manual Override Panel for
Smoke Extraction System
Main AFA Panel
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Smoke Extraction System (SES)
System ReliabilityTwo dedicated electrical supplies shall be
routed separately into the plant room and then connected into the switchboard for smoke extraction system.
The switchboard serving smoke extraction system shall be located in plant room next to the fan room of smoke extraction system.
The plant room shall not contain other equipment.
Switchboard for smoke extraction system shall not be grouped with other services or installations.
Smoke extraction fan shall be installed in duplicate with automatic changeover facilities.
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Pressurization of Staircase (SPS)
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Pressurization of Staircase (SPS)
Staircase pressurization system is provided for:
Maintain positive pressure within the protected space
(pressurization)
Fireman’s staircases and corresponding staircase lobbies and
fireman’s lift lobbies.
Design standards
BS 5588 Part 4
FSD Circular Letter No. 02/2006
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Pressurization of Staircase (SPS)
Fire Compartmentation
Dedicated pressurization fans shall be designed for the staircase and protected lobbies.
The supply air duct serving the pressurized staircase has to penetrate the staircase enclosure, the portion of the duct located outside the staircase shall be enclosed by the same fire rating as the pressurized space or fire compartment passed, whichever is greater.
Other non-essential services shall not pass through / not be installed at the protected lobby / staircase.
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Fan room Fan room
Pressurized
50 Pa
MOA Staircase Fireman’s Lift
LobbyAccommodation
Pressurized
45 Pa
Fresh airFresh air
Pressure
Relief
Air Release
Vent
Shaft
0 Pa
Direction of air flow (Open door scenario for MOA staircase)
2 m/s
20140904 Smoke Bomb Test for KET to SYP/HKU to SYP (mode 755).MP420140904 Smoke Bomb Test for KET to SYP/HKU to SYP (mode 755).MP420140904 Smoke Bomb Test for KET to SYP/HKU to SYP (mode 755).MP420140904 Smoke Bomb Test for KET to SYP/HKU to SYP (mode 755).MP420140904 Smoke Bomb Test for KET to SYP/HKU to SYP (mode 755).MP420140904 Smoke Bomb Test for KET to SYP/HKU to SYP (mode 755).MP420140904 Smoke Bomb Test for KET to SYP/HKU to SYP (mode 755).MP420140904 Smoke Bomb Test for KET to SYP/HKU to SYP (mode 755).MP4
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Pressurization of Staircase (SPS)
Verification on System Performance
The designer of staircase pressurization system shall be a registered professional engineer in the discipline of building services, fire or mechanical engineering.
The provision of air release shall be provided to the accommodation.
The air release fan, ductwork and other associated equipment shall be suitable for continuous operation for the appropriate period of time and temperature as specified in the BS5588: Part 4 and FSD Circular Letter No. 2/2006.
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Pressurization of Staircase (SPS)
Smoke Discharge Arrangement
The smoke discharge shall be remote from and preferably down-wind of the intake of fresh air in order to prevent re-circulation of smoke.
The discharge end / louvre of air release shall not be mixed with other louvre or system.
Air release discharge outlets for staircase pressurization system shall be separated by not less than 5m in any direction from all air inlets or other openings into any building.
No discharges shall be at a height above the surrounding horizontal surface of less than 3m to the bottom of the outlet and where below 6m shall not discharge downwards.
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Pressurization of Staircase (SPS)
System Configuration
Dedicated plant room and vent shaft
shall be allocated for staircase
pressurization system.
All fans of the staircase
pressurization system for serving different
fire compartments shall be installed in
separate plant rooms with appropriate fire
rated enclosure.
The provision of air release and
pressure relief shall be vented by
dedicated vent shaft.
Other services or ductworks shall
not be connected to the vent shaft for any
other purpose.
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Pressurization of Staircase (SPS)
System Operation
For parallel arrangement of staircase pressurization fans, motorized fire and smoke dampers shall be provided at both suction side and discharge side to avoid system short circuit.
When fire occurred within a pressurized staircase and detected by smoke detectors, the activation of the associated pressurization system shall be disabled. The staircase pressurization systems of other staircases shall be activated.
Once started, staircase pressurization fan(s) shall run continuously until stopped manually.
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Pressurization of Staircase (SPS)
System Reliability
Duplicate fans instead of dual motors shall be adopted.
Dedicated switchboard shall be designed for the staircase pressurization system and shall not be grouped with other systems.
The switchboard shall be located in the plant room next to the fan room for the staircase pressurization system.
The plant room shall not contain other equipment. If not, the switchboard shall be provided with proper fire rated enclosure.
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Tunnel Ventilation System (TVS)
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Tunnel Ventilation System (TVS)
Tunnel ventilation system is provided for:
Drawing in fresh air from one end of the affected tunnel and
expelling smoke at the other end via the vent shaft.
Preventing “back layering” of smoke in the direction of
passenger evacuation.
Maintaining a smoke free path for emergency evacuation and
fireman’s access in case of fire.
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Tunnel Ventilation System (TVS)
Back-layering
The reversal of movement of smoke and hot gases counter
to the direction of the ventilation airflow.
Critical velocity
The minimum steady-state velocity of the ventilation
airflow moving toward the fire
within a tunnel or passageway
that is required to prevent
back-layering at the fire site
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Tunnel Ventilation System
(TVS)
Evacuation Direction
Pull Push
‘Push-Pull’ Effect
Continuous operation at 250oC
for ≥ 2 hour
Case 1 : ‘Train head” portion fire
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Tunnel Ventilation System
(TVS)
Evacuation Direction
Push PullCase 2 : ‘Train tail” portion fire
Reversible
Push & Pull direction
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Tunnel Ventilation System (TVS)
Ventilation Building Smoke Vent
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Tunnel Ventilation System (TVS)
Tunnel Ventilation Fans
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Tunnel Ventilation System
Fire Compartmentation
Up-track and down-track of the tunnel shall be considered as different fire compartments.
No other services or equipment shall be installed or located inside the tunnel.
Essential equipment servicing the tunnel and supporting daily train operation, such equipment shall be installed properly and physically separated from the tunnel.
When plant room houses more than one tunnel ventilation system to serve fire mode operation, separate fire rated enclosure shall be provided to each tunnel ventilation system.
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Tunnel Ventilation System
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Tunnel Ventilation System
Verification on System Performance
The designer of tunnel ventilation system shall be a
register professional engineer in the discipline of
building services, fire or mechanical engineering.
For the calculation of critical velocity, total heat
release rate (fire size) shall be adopted instead of
convective heat release rate.
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Tunnel Ventilation System
Smoke Discharge Arrangement
In order to prevent re-circulation of smoke into the system via vent shaft, the smoke discharge outlets shall be separated by not less than 5m in any direction from all air inlets or other openings into any building.
The outlets shall not discharge into any means of escape nor a free air fireman’s staircase.
No discharges shall be at a height above the surrounding horizontal surface of less than 3m to the bottom of the outlet and where below 6m shall not discharge downwards.
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Tunnel Ventilation SystemSystem Configuration
The tunnel ventilation system shall be designed to prevent the hot smoke flowing from the incident tunnel to non-incident tunnel via the cross-over area and cross-wall / cross-passage door.
If there are a dedicated Means of Access (MoA) corridor and MoA / EAP staircase near the overrun tunnel / main tunnel, provisions such as smoke lobby shall be provided to prevent smoke spilling into the MoA corridor and MoA / EAP staircase.
Tunnel ventilation control panel shall be provided for tunnel ventilation systems and located adjacent to main fire control panel at Station Control Room (SCR) / Fire Control Room (FCR).
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Tunnel Ventilation System
System OperationThe tunnel ventilation system with associated ductwork and
equipment shall be operated at 250°C for not less than two hours.
In case the smoke temperature is higher than 250°C, additional smoke extraction rate shall be provided to allow sufficient make-up air inside the smoke zone to be entrained and ensure the airstream temperature inside the system is less than 250°C.
Otherwise, fire rated protection with higher fire rating shall be applied to the tunnel ventilation system with associated ductwork and equipment to withstand the smoke temperature and maintain normal operation of the tunnel ventilation system.
The designer shall substantiate the smoke extraction rate and smoke temperature based on the design fire size and critical velocity.
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Tunnel Ventilation System
System Operation
For parallel arrangement of tunnel ventilation fans, motorized fire and smoke dampers shall be provided at both suction side and discharge side to avoid system short circuit.
When tunnel ventilation system start under fire mode, tunnel ventilation fans shall run continuously until stopped manually.
The tunnel ventilation system shall not be controlled or under the influence of any building management or automation system.
Overall operating status of related mode of the tunnel ventilation system should be individually monitored by the affected stations.
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Tunnel Ventilation System
System Reliability
Switchboard for tunnel ventilation system shall not be grouped with other services or installations.
The switchboard serves the fan/motor/drive sets of tunnel ventilation system shall be located in plant room next to fan room of tunnel ventilation fan.
The plant room shall not contain other equipment. Two dedicated electrical supplies shall be routed separately into the plant room and then connected into the switchboard for tunnel ventilation system.
When tunnel ventilation system activates under “fire mode”, all respective standby tunnel ventilation fans shall be fully utilized in case of any failure of the duty tunnel ventilation fans.
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Conclusion
Higher public expectation on fire safety of railway services & align with the world’s enhanced fire safety requirements
FSD offered persistent support to new railway projects and promulgated a guidelines on fire safety requirements for new railway infrastructures
Guidelines on Formulation of Fire Safety Requirements for New Railway Infrastructures (3rd Issue) was promulgated in October 2016.
FSD will take proactive approach in elevating fire safety standards of railway development in Hong Kong.