smr application study in indonesia: case study for

NATIONAL NUCLEAR ENERGY AGENCY

* Presented at the TM/WS on Topical Issues on Infrastructure Development:

Managing the development of a national infrastructure for Nuclear Power Plants 24-27 January 2012

Board Room, Vienna International Centre, Austria

SMR APPLICATION STUDY in INDONESIA:

case study for Kalimantan Site*

Yohannes Sardjono Centre for Accelerator and Material Process Technology

Jl. Babarsari Yogyakarta INDONESIA T.: 62-274-488435/484436, F.:62-274-487824, email:[email protected]

Indonesia

OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION NATIONAL CONDITION OF ELECTRICITY

ENERGY DEMAND

ROLE OF ENERGY AND MINERAL SECTOR RENEWABLE ENERGY FOR ELECTRICITY CENTRAL KALIMANTAN CASE STUDY OF

NUCLEAR ENERGY – THE NEED TO SUPPORT ELECTRICITY AND MINING INDUSTRY

TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS OF SMR SUMMARY Appendix: Questionnaire for a Potential

Country- User of SMR

1. National Condition of

Electricity

Acceleration and Expansion of Indonesia Economic Development


KALIMANATAN SUMATERA MALUKU & PAPUA SULAWESI

BALI, WEST & EAST NUSA TENGGARA JAVA

6

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009Electrification ratio

8% 16% 28% 43% 53% 62% 63% 64.34% 65,10% 65,79%

Tahun

NAD 89,81%

Sumut 76,92%

Sumbar 70,54%

Riau + Kepri 59,98%

Sumsel 55,96%

Bengkulu 59,64%

Babel 65,98%

Lampung 53,36%

Jakarta 100%

Banten 69,89%

Jabar 66,61% Jateng

69,17%

Jambi 57,92%

Jogya 76,59%

Jatim 64,38%

Bali 73,24%

NTB 32.79%

NTT 28,56%

Kalbar 54,96%

Kalteng 51,06%

Kalsel 67,32%

Kaltim 70.59%

Sulut 63,35%

Gorontalo 45,36%

Sulteng 52,60%

Sultra 47,19%

Sulsel 68,19%

Malut 59,13%

Maluku 68,23%

Papua + Irjabar 31,86%

Category : > 60 %

41 - 60 %

20 - 40 %

Sulbar 36,89%

NATIONAL CONDITION OF ELECTRIFICATION RATIO (2009)

1152

.4

1152

.4

0.0

DM BP BL

SUMBAGUT

1739

,5

1706

,9

33,2

DM BP

SUMBAGSEL

BL

123,

90

120,

00

DM BP BL

PONTIANAK

11,20

15,95

-4,7

5

DM BP

TERNATE

BL

159,

20

157,

80

1,40

DM BP

MINAHASA

BL

45,3 0 52,00

-6

,70 DM BP

PALU

BL

423,

60

540

-116

,40

DM BP

SULSEL

BL

33,80

38,00

-4,2

0

DM BP

KENDARI

BL

22,5

5

35,6

0

-13,

05

DM BP

AMBON

BL

37,70

40,93

-3,2

3

DM BP

JAYAPURA

BL

30,9

0

30,7

0 0,20

DM BP

KUPANG

BL

82,3

5

109,

66

-27,

31

DM BP

LOMBOK

BL

21.5

11

17.2

11

4.30

0

DM BP BL

JAMALI

223,

26

223,

00

0,26

DM BP

MAHAKAM

BL

21,4

0

19,03

2,37

DM BP

BELITUNG

BL

235,

00

202,

10

32,9

0

DM BP

BATAM

BL

16,95

16,95

0,00

DM BP BL

SAMPIT

LEGEND: DM : Available capacity, MW BP : Peak load, MW BL : Balance (=DM-BP), MW

Normal Attention Deficit

242,2

0

242,2

0

0,00

DM BP BL

BARITO

29,0

38,0

TJ PINANG

9,0

11

43,9

5

48,2

8

-4,3

3

DM BP

BANGKA

BL 11

42,8

4

43,0

0

0,16

DM BP

SINGKAWANG

BL

20,1

0

15,8

0 4,30

DM BP

BONTANG

BL

31,3 5 32,8 0 -1

,45

DM BP

GORONTALO

BL

5,02

6,73

1,71

DM BP

POSO

BL 3,

90

11

NATIONAL CONDITION OF ELECTRICITY SYSTEM (2010)

BL

8

Grissik Palembang

Semarang

Pacific Ocean

AUSTRALIA

Indian Ocean

Bangkok

Phnom Penh

Ban Mabtapud

Ho Chi Minh City

CAMBODIA

VIETNAM

THAILAND LAOS

Khanon

Songkhla

Erawan

Bangkot

Lawit Jerneh

WEST MALAYSIA

Penang

Kerteh

Kuala Lumpur

Manila

Philipines South

China

Sea

Natuna Alpha

Kota Kinibalu BRUNEI

Bandara Seri Begawan

Bintulu EAST

MALAYSIA

Kuching

Banda Aceh

Lhokseumawe

Medan

Duri

Padang

Jambi

Bintan SINGAPORE

Samarinda

Balikpapan

Bontang

Attaka Tunu

Bekapai KALIMANTAN

Banjarmasin

Manado

SULAWESI

Ujung Pandang

BURU SERAM

Ternate HALMAHERA

Sorong

IRIAN JAYA

Jakarta J A V A

Surabaya Bangkalan

BALI SUMBAWA

Pagerungan

LOMBOK

FLORES

SUMBA TIMOR

I N D O N E S I A

Duyong West Natuna

Port Dickson

Port Klang

Mogpu

Dumai

Batam

Guntong

MADURA

Jamali : • Power plant : 23.009 MW • 500 kV: 5,048 kms • 150 kV: 12,234 kms • 70 kV: 3,671 kms • JTM : 128.364 kms • JTR : 217.912 kms

Sumatera : •Power plant : 4.948 MW • 275 kV: 782 kms • 150 kV: 8,572 kms • 70 kV: 334 kms • JTM : 72.131 kms • JTR : 77.431 kms

Kalimantan : • Power plant : 1.175 MW • 150 kV: 1,305 kms • 70 kV: 123 kms • JTM : 23.695 kms • JTR : 21.441 kms

Sulawesi : • Power plant: 1.195 MW • 150 kV: 1.957 kms • 70 kV: 505 kms • JTM : 23.017 kms • JTR : 23.795 kms

Jayapura

Merauke Nusa Tenggara: •Power plant : 265 MW • JTM : 7.473 kms • JTR : 7.315 kms

Maluku : • Power plant : 185 MW • JTM : 4.484 kms • JTR : 2.337 kms

Papua : • Power plant : 168 MW • JTM : 1.999 kms • JTR : 3.531 kms

•Status:Feb 2010

NATIONAL CONDITION FOR INFRASTRUCTURE OF ELECTRICITY (2010)

: Existing transmission

: Planned transmission

: Power plant

TOTAL • Power plant : 30,941 MW • Distribution lines: - 500 KV : 5,092 kms - 275 KV : 782 kms - 150 KV : 23,679 kms - 70 KV : 4,619 kms - JTM : 261,163 kms - JTR : 353,762 kms

2. Energy Demand:

- Electricity

- Industry

3. Role of Energy and Mineral

Sectors

15

15

COAL ELECTRICITY PLANT LOCATION

Bengkulu

Bangka

Sumsel-Lampung

Pontianak

Banjarmasin

Tarakan

Minahasa

Kotamobagu

Palu Sorong

B-Aceh

Medan

Padang

Bima Sumbawa

Kupang

Ambon Serui

Gorontalo

Jayapura

PLTU Pacitan 2x300 MW

PLTU Bone 2x50 MW

PLTU Meulaboh 2x100 MW

PLTU Asam-asam 2x65 MW

PLTU Indramayu 2x300 MW PLTU Tarahan Baru

2x100 MW

PLTU Pontianak 2x25 MW

PLTU Kendari 2x10 MW

PLTU Labuan 1x300 MW

PLTU Palangkaraya 2x65 MW

PLTU Sulut Baru 2x25 MW

PLTU Gorontalo Baru 2x25 MW

PLTU Bima 2x7 MW

PLTU Jayapura Baru 2x10 MW

PLTU Sibolga Baru 2x100 MW

PLTU Sumbar Pesisir Selatan 2x100 MW

PLTU Mantung 2x10 MW

PLTU Bengkalis 2x7 MW

PLTU Tanjung Balai Karimun Baru 2x7 MW

PLTU Ende 2x7 MW

PLTU Ambon Baru 2x7 MW

PLTU Ternate Baru 2x7 MW

PLTU Suralaya Baru 2x660 MW

PLTU Teluk Naga 2x300 MW

PLTU Tj Jati Baru 1x600 MW

PLTU Pel Ratu 1x300 MW

PLTU Paiton Baru 2x660 MW

PLTU Singkawang 2x50 MW

PLTU Sampit Baru 2x7 MW

PLTU Medan Baru 2x100 MW

PLTU Air Anyer 2x10 MW

PLTU Bangka Baru 2x25 MW

PLTU Belitung Baru 2x15 MW

PLTU Selat Panjang 2x5 MW

PLTU Amurang Baru 2x25 MW

PLTU Lombok Baru 2x25 MW

PLTU Kupang Baru 2x15 MW

PLTU Timika 2x7 MW

Total : 10.000 MW

PLTU Awar-Awar 2x300 MW

PLTU Rembang 2x300 MW

Under process Tender Will be Tender

Mahakam

Dr. Yogo Pratomo, chaiman of team accelaration coal 10000 MWe

In the near term need CZ: 50 MWe

In the near term Need CZ: 300 MWe

In the near term need CZ: 500 Mwe

1000 – 1500 MWe

Law on Electricity • Provision and utilization of renewable energy should be increased by central

and local governments in accordance to their given authorities; • Provision and utilization of renewable energy will get incentives from central

and local governments for certain period until it reaches economical development stage;

• Allowing private sector and community to operate (in addition to PLN), distribute and sell electricity directly to the consumer in certain area;

• Giving priority to renewable energy resources for electricity generation (subject to economic feasibility)

• In addition to central government subsidy, local governments may provide subsidy within their region;

• Allowing regional energy price • Export/import of electricity

16

4 Renewable Energy for

Electricity

5. Case Study of Nuclear Energy

Need to Support Electricity

and Mining Industry and etc.

20

Spatial Profile of Kalimantan Tengah

Situated in the middle of the Asia Pacific Region, thus, with its tropical forest

often called as: the lung of the World

Total area : 153.567 Km2 (about 1.5x Java island)

Situated in the equator line at 00 45' N to 30 30' S and 1110

to 1160 E

Population 2010 : 2.202 million

Density: 14 person/km2

21

13 Districts 1 Municipality

129 Sub-districts, 1.480 Villages

Murung Raya

Barito Utara

Barito Selatan

Barito Timur

Kapuas

Pulang Pisau

Katingan Ktw Timur

Seruyan

Ktw Barat

Sukamara

Lamandau

Palangka Raya

Gunung Mas

Nickel

Bauxite

CGA Tayan Project (Bauxite processing into CGA)

Capacity: 300,000 ton of CGA pa (1st need 100 MWe)

SGA Mempawah Project (Bauxite processing into SGA)

Capacity: 1 million metric ton of SGA pa ( 1st need 300 MWe)

FeNi Mandiodo Project (Nickel)

Capacity: 120,000 ton of FENI papre Iron

South Kalimantan Sponge Iron Project/Meratus Jaya Iron and Steel

(Ironmaking smelter) Capacity: 315,000 ton of sponge iron pa

Energy for National Mining Industry Development Projects

FeNi Halmahera Project (Ferronickel)

Capacity: 27,000 TNi pa

Steel Plant (undef FS and 1 st need 500 MWe)

Zircon Plant (under pre-FS and 1st need 500 MWe)

35

INDONESIAINDONESIA’’S RADIOACTIVE RESOURCES 2004S RADIOACTIVE RESOURCES 2004

Legend

Map of Radioactive Mineral Resources in Indonesia until the year 2004

Regions with speculative resources (DSS)

Regions with indicated resources (DSB)Potential regions U

Potential regions Th

6.Technical Requirements of SMR

Power Reactor

Non-Power Reactor

Nuclear Reactor

Commercial

Non-Commercial

Commercial

Non-Commercial

Proven Technology)

GOVERNMENT REGULATION

7.2 NPP Provenness

7.2.1 The Supplier should ensure the provenness of the proposed NPP covering overall system and elements

The element includes components, plant structures, design and analysis techniques, maintainability and operability features and construction Techniques

7.2.2 The overall proven NPP system should be concluded from minimum three years of operation of reference NPP as a commercial plant with a good operational record.

According to government regulation No. 43, 2006 the reference plant has 3 years operation as a commercial plant with minimum average capacity factor of 75%.

USER CONSIDERATION DOCUMENT (UCD – INDONESIA)

Number Requirement Rationale/Explanation

7. Conclusion/Summary

2008 Technology Assessment Workshop 31

Indonesia needs an increased IAEA role to facilitate the deployment of nuclear power plant in Central Kalimantan through:

Advisory and evaluation of site selection study documents Facilitate technical communication between Indonesia as a user

with nuclear technology developers Provide a generic technology assessment methodology Evaluation on preparing basic infrastructure Facilitate technical visits of international experts to brief Indonesian

nuclear stake holders on commercially available reactor technology Inform Indonesian authority on related Seminars and workshops Evaluation of URD and BID documents Public acceptance

EXPECTATION AS AN IAEA MEMBER STATES

2008 Technology Assessment Workshop 32

Current National average electrification ratio < 70%. Electricity demand should be satisfied by new and renewable

energy: Future target, 3.9 % hydro, 4.8 % bio fuel, 2.5 % geothermal, 1.9 % biomass, 0.3 % nuclear, 0.05 % photo voltaic and 0.005 % wind.

Average electrification ratio in out of Java < 50 % (i.e. Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Papua, Maluku, East and West Nusa Tenggara).

Inter islands electricity transmission need to be added According to the local geography condition, SMR will satisfy the

needs in out of Java islands especially in Central Kalimantan Province.

SUMMARY

33

Appendix : Questionnaire for a potential Country- User of SMR:

1) Country’s population: present-day (including the seasonal variations) and prognosis up to 2050?

• 2010 Province’ population is 2,212,089 person • 2050 Projection number is 4,575,723 person. 2) Country’s GNI (Gross National Income) per capita: present-day and prognosis up to

2050? • Province’s Gross Domestic Income Per Capita (current price) INA Rp. 19,242,990 (2010) • Province’s Gross Domestic Income Per Capita (constant price) INA Rp. 8,493,770 (2010) • Prognosis for 2050 (current price) US $ 49,000.00 (based on MP3EI for 2045 projection) 3) Country’s energy consumption per capita: present-day, necessary and prognosis up to

2050? • Energy Consumption per capita in 2010 is 45 KwH per month • Energy Consumption per capita in 2050 is ……….(note: no data from Distamben or PLN but

may be projected using rule of thumb based on PDRB per capita figure and average trend in electric consumption)

4. Country’s total energy consumption: present-day, necessary and prognosis up to 2050?

• Total energy consumption in 2010 (internal province only) 426,313,476 Kwh

• Prognosis for 2050 not available yet 5. Country’s fresh water consumption per capita: present-day,

necessary and prognosis up to 2050? • No available data 6. Description of the energy consumers: what kind of the energy

they consume (electricity, high-temperature or low-temperature heat, desalination), their capacities and dispersion?

• Electricity for households, services (hotel, restaurant) and industrial sectors

7. Load diagrams: present-day, necessary and prognosis up to 2050? • Current (2010) load is 93 MW • Prognosis for 2050 …….. MW 8. Scope of fuel and electricity import: present-day and prognosis up

to 2050? • Nationally, the rough figure is 10,139,983 Kiloliter (or barrel???) 9. Country’s total electricity generating capacity? • National figure is 158,724 MW • Provincial figure is 159.251 MW

10. Whether the country’s generating units compose the single electricity generating system or they compose the several separated (not communicated) electricity generating systems?

• Total generated power capacity in 2010 is 159,251 MW Under Barito Grid system (connecting part of Central Kalimantan with South

Kalimantan) is about 30% of total generated – Medium Isolated System is about 23% of total generated – Small and rural system is about 47%

11. Capacity of the each electricity generating system? The structure of the

electricity price and tariffs? • Around 60% of generated power is from diesel generator with cost INA

Rp.2,600.00 per KwH • From coal based power plant the cost is INA Rp.1,300.00 while from renewable

hydro power plant, the cost is about INA Rp.850.00 per KwH • Selling price/subsidized in average (progressive system) is INA Rp. 650.00 per KwH

12. Description of the electrical and water networks: their length, capacity and condition?

• Low voltage transmission 1,661 km • Medium voltage transmission 2,132 km 13. Input of the each electricity generating system’s region to the country’s

economics (GNI et al): present-day and prognosis up to 2050? • Share of electricity to Gross Regional Domestic Product is 0.46% (current price) or

0.27% (constant price) 14. Significant units of the each electricity generating system: plant type (gas-

fired plant, coal-fuelled plant, hydro power plant and so on), power, calendar age, replacement age?

• Hydro power plant is more than 30 years old, almost all of diesel generators are beyond the economical period.

15. Anticipated increase in electric energy demand in the region of the each electricity generating system up to 2050 (due to the increase in country’s population, the necessity to increase the electricity consumption per capita, the growth of industry and tourism)?

• The estimation for province level is 36,270 MW 16. The reservation scope of the energy sources in the region of the each electricity generating

system: present-day, necessary and prognosis up to 2050? • Low rank coal for power plant is predicted to be last within the next 25 years while oil deposit

will vanish in 20 years 17. Whether the country has some regions with the abnormally high prices of the electricity

(due to their location: remote or isolated, e.g. island)? • The current consumer selling price (average) is INA Rp 650.00 per KWH but the average

generating cost per KWH is INA Rp.1,300.00 18. Electricity price and anticipated electric energy demand in the each region with the

abnormally high prices of the electricity? • Some small and medium power plant are diesel generated, very expensive and very hard to

operate since they all need subsidy from government budget

19. Availability of the economically acceptable fields (of gas or coal) or ways to import hydrocarbon fuel?

• Not really acceptable since it will put a heavy pressure to the limited development budget 20. Availability of increase in СО2 contamination of air in the frame of Kyoto Treaty’s quota

namely for the country? • Not applicable at provincial level 21. Availability of the economically acceptable resources for the hydro power plants? • There are some potential sites for hydro power plant at medium level and the ultimate idea

is to connect all possible and feasible power plants into one array of Kalimantan grid system 22. Availability of the economically acceptable resources for the alternative power plants

(solar energy, wind, geothermal energy and so on)? • Available to have solar and wind energy power plant in small scale and scattered areas 23. Availability of the economically acceptable ways to import the electricity? • Not available since it is more possible to generate the power domestically

24. Whether there are any prohibitions or limitations concerning the construction and operation of the nuclear power units in the legislation of the country?

• Not available/applicable at provincial level 25. Whether there is the necessary institutional basis for the implementation and

development of the nuclear power plants: Government Department or Commission on Nuclear Power and Independent Regulatory Body?

• Not available /applicable at provincial level 26. Whether there is the Nuclear Power Development Strategy in the country? • Not available/applicable at provincial level 27. Whether there are in the country the necessary mathematical models to forecast

and optimize the various branches of the economics, including power engineering?

• Not available/applicable at provincial level

28. Whether there is the necessary infrastructural basis for the implementation and development of the nuclear power plants: industrial, constructional scientific and technical (TSO – Technical Support Organizations)?

• Not available/applicable at provincial level 29. Availability of the economically acceptable resources of the uranium-fields? • There are indication of uranium deposit in Kalimantan (West and Central) but they

are not yet been studied extensively. 30. What is the attitude of the country’ government to the nuclear power

development? • Positive and still continue the research, effort and techno capacity development for

nuclear power program for electricity 31. What is the level of the nuclear power public perception in the country? • Mostly curious especially with widespread news on accidents around the globe

which has no balance information ie. the accidents all had happened with the oldest type or first generation nuclear reactor and nowadays we are on the fourth generation which is far more safe

32. What is the political situation: stability, long-term plans and interests? • Political situation is stable in the long run, long term plan and interest are there to

generate enough electricity to support development activities although concern about safety is still there to be handled gradually

33. What is the sensitivity of the environment to the technogenic loads? • Very light possibility, if there the prediction about impact of climate change are

flood and dry monsoon 34. Whether there are the appropriate sites for the large and medium nuclear power

units in the country? • There are some potential sites (ie far enough from settlements, stable geophysics

and enough construction material supports for medium or small unit 35. Whether there are the appropriate sites for the small nuclear power units in the

country? • See above

36. Whether there are any significant threats for nuclear units: natural phenomena (high seismicity, tsunami danger and so on), acts of terrorism (sabotage, missile bombardment from abroad and so on), technogenic accidents et al?

• Central Kalimantan is free from volcanic activity, geologically, environmentally and socially stable, which is one of the main reason for proposing the province as the site location for nuclear electrical power plant

37. Requirements concerning the physical protection of the nuclear power units and

transportation of the nuclear materials and radioactive substances? • Not yet explored at provincial level 38. Availability of the possibilities to manage and bury the radioactive waste? • Not yet explored at provincial level 39. Preferable type of the interaction with the small nuclear power unit vendor: from buying only

the electricity up to buying the reactor, technology or license? • For provincial level, the interaction through PLG (state’s electricity co) is buying the electricity

from the power plant company 40. Economic and financial possibilities for deployment of small nuclear power units in the

country? • Possible through special loan arrangement ie. from Japan

41. Anticipated attitude of the other states contiguous to the country towards its small nuclear power units: negative, neutral, positive, intention to participate in the construction of these units?

• Positive, all provinces (west, east, south and central) in Kalimantan has agreed to develop the island as the national source for energy and food and the idea of having nuclear power plant is for regional and national use (through grid system), interconnection all provinces in Kalimantan, transmission to Sulawesi and Java island if all source of electrical power plan is well synergized

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smr application study in indonesia: case study for

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