social entrepreneurship in asia working paper landscape of social enterprises in singapore

7/26/2019 Social Entrepreneurship in Asia Working Paper Landscape of Social Enterprises in Singapore

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National University of Singapore (NUS) Business School, staed by an international multi-disciplinary research

team. Formally established in April 2011, the Centre has embraced a geographic focus extending to 34 nations

(*: &3#0'(1 (:;'*'&+,(+'

%)/26 (';& +. (:#:4>&=

%2(401, 521Pauline Tan, CFA, is a research associate with ACSEP. She co-authored Innovation in Asia Philanthropy that

investigates innovative deployment of nancial and human capital for social impact. She also assisted in

teaching the MBA class on Managing and Improving Performance of Social Organisations. Since 2012, she

has been responsible for evaluating and shortlisting charities for the Charity Governance Award. Her research

interests are impact evaluation, nancial inclusion, poverty, social entrepreneurship and philanthropy.

2;('1F 3(41'*#+(*H*4&>#:4>&=

!631'74,89:,1)The authors wish to acknowledge the leadership and guidance provided by Professor Lam Swee Sum and the

support of the ACSEP Board and sta members in the publication of this report.

Currency is stated in Singapore Dollars unless otherwise specied.

Copyright 2014, Roshini Prakash and Pauline Tan


3/34

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Social enterprises are not new to Singapore. Examples of market-based approaches to solving social issues can

be traced to the early years of Singapores history. What is new is the attention social enterprises have beengenerating recently for their potential to transform into a movement that can make Singapore a better place by

revolutionising the way businesses are conducted to not only achieve a nancial return, but also deliver social

(*: #*

We, at the Asia Centre for Social Entrepreneurship & Philanthropy, strongly believe that alongside our pursuit of

economic gains, we can also strive to make the lives of the less fortunate in our society better.

I have been personally involved in the Singapore International Foundations Young Social Entrepreneurs

Programme for the past three years. Through my interactions with these budding young social entrepreneurs,

I am heartened by their tremendous energy and enthusiasm to make the world a better place through their

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Social enterprises can potentially transform our society. Socially responsible individuals and corporates can use

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we gain clarity on the sector, we can expect to better understand the various challenges and opportunities it

faces. This can facilitate further in-depth discussions on the diverse ways to tackle the challenges and leverage

the opportunities. These discussions, in turn, will enable the many supporting organisations and individuals

+. 0.;# +.=#+"#, +. :#


4/34

03

Social enterprises in Singapore have gained heightened visibility in the last ve years and interest in the sector

remains on the ascent. In 2007, there was on average fewer than one article a week on social enterprises in

;('*&+,#(; *#I&3(3#,& 1'G# 34( 56%-#(%% 3-7(%(*: 34( ,01"-0% 3-7(%. This frequency jumped sharply to about

one article every two days in 2013.

Despite the increase in attention, surveys commissioned by the Social Enterprise Association of Singapore still

reected a need to grow understanding of social enterprises among the public, not-for-prots and corporates.

It is thus timely for ACSEP to explore the landscape of social enterprises in Singapore to ll the knowledge void

(*: (: E ".3# +"(+ +"'& 3(3#, I'11 -.,; +"#

basis for discussions on the future direction of the sector in Singapore.

This paper is the rst in a series of research papers with a focus on social enterprises. The report was written by

+I. .- %)/26L& ,#(,0" (&&.0'(+#& (-+#, ;(*7 ;.*+"& .- ,#(,0" (*: ;##+'*=& I'+" &.0'(1 #*+,#3,#*#4,& (&well as other players in the social enterprise eco-system in Singapore. We are grateful for the valuable insights

shared by these individuals and groups.

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The buzz around social enterprises in Singapore is growing louder and more insistent. Yet one does not have

to scratch too far beneath the surface of this energy and enthusiasm to realise that there is little consensus

even amongst the most ardent supporters on what the primary characteristics of an organisation that calls

itself a social enterprise are or should be. In this study, the authors explore the diverse landscape and eco-system that have developed since the rst known social enterprises appeared in Singapore almost 90 years ago.

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JII,12"G,# @71. History of Social Enterprise Around the World

2. Key Players in Singapores Social Enterprise Ecosystem

3. Key Sources of Funding for Social Enterprises in Singapore

4. Major Competitions and Boot Camps for Social Enterprises in Singapore

5. Key Social Enterprise-related Conferences in Singapore

05


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E0.) '@ ;09(-,.F ?'W,. 218 52&4,

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1. Spectrum of Organisations

2. Sector Representation of Local Social Enterprises

3. Results of 2010 and 2012 Perception Surveys4. Number of Unique Articles Mentioning Social Enterprises

.&/,#

1. YMCA of Singapore

2. Social Firms

3. Adrenalin Events and Education Pte Ltd & Eighteen Chefs Pte Ltd

4. NTUC FairPrice Co-operative Ltd

5. Bizlink Centre

6. Social Investment Tax Relief in the United Kingdom

3045,1. Examples of Social Enterprises Incubated by NUS Enterprise Centre

06


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he buzz around social enterprises in Singapore

'& =,.I'*= 1.4:#, (*: ;.,# '*&'&+#*+> Q#+I##*

2011 and 2012, the number of articles mention-

'*= &.0'(1 #*+#,3,'& '* 1.0(1 3,'*+ ;#:'(C 34( ,01"-0%

3-7(%(*: 34( 56%-#(%% 3-7(%, more than doubled. By

2013, there was on average one article every two

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dations Young Social Entrepreneurs programme its

fourth. In June 2014, the DBS-NUS Social Venture

Challenge Asia, the rst of its kind in the region, will

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10/34

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in 1819. It joined the Malaysian Federation

in 1963, but separated two years later and

has been independent ever since. Through rapid

industrialisation in the post-independence years, it

quickly developed from a low-income state to a high-

income country, with average Gross Domestic Product

(GDP) growth rates topping 9.2 percent in the rst

25 years (World Bank, 2013). In 2013, GDP at current

market prices was S$370 billion, up 4.1 percent from

the year before (Department of Statistics Singapore,

2014a). Per capita GDP was S$68,541, a 2.5 percent

increase from 2012 and higher than most developed

countries (Department of Statistics Singapore, 2014a;International Monetary Fund, 2013).

Today, Singapore boasts a highly developed free-

market economy that is largely export-dependent, with

"#( ZMKHP[

GDP at current market prices: #\PVK &0440'1

GDP per capita: #\ULFTSH

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!.+(1 ,#&':#*+ 3.341(+'.*F PILS :0440'1

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Total non-resident population: HITU :0440'1

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Old-age support ratio: UIS

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While the term social enterprises has seen a resur-

gence in the last 40 years or so, these entities are not

new. One of the rst successful social enterprises, the

Rochdale Society for Equitable Pioneers, was formed

more than 160 years ago, in December 1844, in the

United Kingdom. A co-operative society, its mem-

bers worked together to help each other meet their

nancial needs and aspirations. Using a set of seven

=4':'*= ,41#& G*.I* (& +"# WV.0":(1# 6,'*0'31#&LC +"#

society supplied good quality products such as but-

ter, candles, soap, our and blankets to its members

cheaply, and then re-distributed the prots back to

the members. The Rochdale Principles include open

membership, democratic control and political neutral-

ity, and are credited with providing the basis for thedevelopment and growth of the modern co-operative

;.

Across the Atlantic in the United States, a dierent

-.,; .- &.0'(1 #*+#,3,' I(& +(G'*= ,..+ (+ (,.4*:

the same time. In 1889, Jane Addams and Ellen Starr

&+(,+#: ,4**'*= ( 0#*+,# -., "'="#, 0'

One of the best-known Asian social enterprises is

the Grameen Bank, a micronance institution start-

ed by Professor Muhammad Yunus in Bangladesh

in 1983. The Bank makes small loans to the poor to

enable them to build their businesses and pull them-

selves out of poverty. In just 20 years, the Grameen

Bank has expanded its reach to over 2,500 branches

(0,.&& Q(*=1(:#&"> E+& ;#+".:& (,# (1&. (331'#: '*

projects in 58 countries, including the United States,

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micronance institutions are amongst the best known

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tract signicant social investment. In 2006, Professor

Yunus and the Bank were jointly awarded the Nobel

Peace Prize (see Appendix 1).

11

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be traced back to at least 1925, when the rst

co-operative, the Singapore Government Serv-

ants Co-operative Thrift and Loan Society, was estab-

1'&"#: (Singapore National Co-operative R#:#,(+'.*C

2011a9. At that time, there were no banks or other -

*(*0'(1 '*&+'+4+'.*& +"(+ I.,G#,& 0.41: +4,* +. I"#*

they needed nancial assistance, so they banded

together to form co-operatives as a form of mutual

aid. Indeed, in the 15 years between 1925 and 1940,

over 43 thrift and loan societies were formed to caterto the needs of civil servants, teachers, custom oc-

#,& (*: +". I.,G'*= '* +"# 3,' /.0'(1 #*+#,3,'& (,# (11

around us. At the end of 2013 we knew of at least 200

N=,-=0,7 '@ #'6024 $1),-A-0.,. 01 #0192A'-,

T.Ware specialises in developing applications and products in the area of haptics

technology. Its rst product, the T.Jacket, utilises deep pressure, which provides

comfort in situations of stress, anxiety or insecurity.

Sustainable Living Lab is a technology-driven social enterprise. It crafts sustainable

products such as the iBam bamboo speaker, Reka smart furniture, FiredUp upcycled

rehose accessories and cardboard toys.

Milaap is an online platform that enables people around the world to make loans tothe working poor in India via its website.

Joytingle adopts a Design Thinking user-centric and design research approach in

&.1 !"'& '& 1'G#17 (* 4*:#,#&+';(+'.*

because apart from the 85 co-operatives in the

sample, there could be many other organisations with

a similar purpose and business model, but which do

*.+ 0(11 +"#;

The targeted beneciaries for the social enterprises

are also wide ranging, from ex-oenders, stay-at-homemums, the poor, people with hearing disability, the

3"7&'0(117 0"(11#*=#: +. +"# #1:#,17> E* (::'+'.*C ='


14/34

Service Activities 41%

Business Support 15%

F&B 10%Education 10%

Trade 8%

Medical and Social WorkActivities 5%

E*-.,;(+'.* (*:Communications 4%

%,+& (*:Recreation 4%

Others3%

;09(-, Mb #,6)'- /,A-,.,1)2)0'1 '@ E'624 #'6024 $1),-A-0.,.

Source: ACSEP Database

E* /'*=(3.,#C +"# ;.&+ 0.;;.* &.0'(1 #*+#,3,'

activity is service provision. In 2013, two out of ve

social enterprises (mostly co-operatives) fell in this

category. The co-operatives not only provide access

to loans and credit facilities, but also moderate

3,'0#& (+ =,.0#,7 &+.,#& (*: -..: 0.4,+&C 0(+#, +.#(,17 0"'1:"..: #:40(+'.* *##:&C (*: #*&4,# +"#

aordability of healthcare and medicine 8J'*'&+,7

of Culture, Community and Youth, 20139. Non-co-

.3#,(+'

!"# ,#;('*:#, (,# '* ( ,(*=# .- +.,&C '*014:'*=

business support, e.g., travel services, job placementor events management (15%), food and beverage

(10%), education (10%), trade (8%) and others (see

Figure 2).

13


15/34

social responsibility programmes. The parameter en-

&4,#& ( ;'*';4; 0.;;'+;#*+ +. &.0'(1 34,3. (*:

'& '*+#*:#: +. '*0,#( +,(*&3(,#*07 (*: ".1: &.0'(1enterprises accountable to socially conscious consum-

#,&C &.0'(1 '* !". +"(+ (,# + 43 (*:

run by charities tend to reinvest the maximum 100

percent in their social mission, e.g., the YMCA of Singa-

pore (see Box 1)2>

Social enterprises set up by for-prot enterprises,on the other hand, have lower plough back rates. In

some countries such as South Korea and the United

Kingdom, government agencies have specied mini-

mum plough back percentages to distinguish social

#*+#,3,'& -,.; 0.;3(*'#& 0.*:40+'*= 0.,3.,(+#

1 These models dier slightly from the taxonomy used by theSocial Enterprise Association (SEA) to classify the work done byits members, namely plough-back-prot, subsidised services,I.,G '*+#=,(+'.* (*: &.0'(1 *##:& ;.:#1& 8/.0'(1 2*+#,3,'Committee, 2007).

2 This is similar to the Social Business concept promotedby Muhammad Yunus where no prots are returned toinvestors, but instead are used towards further expansion andimprovement of the business to achieve greater social impact.

14

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16/34

As at 30 September 2013, about 34 percent of the

members of Social Enterprise Association (SEA) were

WISEs. These include Adrenalin Events and Education

8#

In its January 2014 Revision of Public Procurement

@',#0+'


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NTUC Fairprice Co-operative Ltd was founded

in 1973 with a social mission to moderate the cost

.- 1'&-08 Q'8,4

Many social enterprises blend elements of dierent

models to create their own hybrid. An example is

Bizlink Centre that is a WISE, but is also a 100 percent

prot plough back social enterprise (See Box 5). It

reinvests all of its prots into the business to create

;.,# #;31.7;#*+ (*: +,('*'*= .33.,+4*'+'#& -., +"#disadvantaged and people with disabilities.

;09(-, Pb /,.(4). '@ MKHK 218 MKHM %,-6,A)0'1 #(-=,>.

%I(,#C,#0(110.,,#0+1714%

%I(,#C0(**.+recall 12%

%I(,#C ,#0(11wrongly 8%

Not Aware 87%

%I(,#C ,#0(11correctly 2%

%I(,#C0(**.+,#0(11

10%

%I(,#C ,#0(11wrongly 1%

2010 Public Perception Survey n=2,000

Not Aware 66%

2012 Corporate Perception Survey n=155/.4,0#F /.0'(1 2*+#,3,' %&&.0'(+'.*

?'W Tb

?0e4013 ",1)-,

Bizlink Centre is a non-prot organisation that

3,.


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140

120

100

80

60

40

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0 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 20132012

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17

0.,,#0+17 ,#0(11 +"#', *(;#&> @#&3'+# +"# 1.I

(I(,#*#&&C +"# &4,

Those reluctant to buy from social enterprises made

up 23 percent of the survey sample; among the

,#(&.*& +"#7 0'+#: I#,# 1(0G .- G*.I1#:=# .- +"#

organisations, uncertainty about their value to

&.0'#+7C (*: +"# 3#,0#3+'.* +"(+ =..:& (*: , !"# +.3 ,#(&.*& -., &433.,+'*= (*:

wanting to support social enterprises were (i) belief

'* +"# &.0'(1 0(4& .- &.0'(1 #*+#,3,'&C 8''9 :#&',#

to contribute back to society, and (iii) fullment

of corporate social responsibility objectives (SEA,

2013).

Bearing in mind the two surveys targeted dierent

=,.43& .- 3#.31#C +"# (I(,#*#&& .- &.0'(1 #*+#,3,'&

seems to be growing steadily over the recent few

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19/34

!here is a sizeable ecosystem of supporting or-

=(*'&(+'.*& +"(+ "(& :# !"# '*014:# =.


20/34

Where it has distributable prots, it should

spend at least two-thirds of the prots for social

objectives (applicable to company or limited

partnership) (Ministry of Employment and Labor,

2012).

In the United Kingdom, the legal forms introduced

+. &433.,+ +"# &.0'(1 #*+#,3,' +., '*014:# +"#

Community Benet Society and the Community

E*+#,#&+ ).;3(*7> E* (::'+'.*C +"#,# (,# 3.1'0'#&

in place such as the Social Investment Tax Relief to

support the growth of the ecosystem (see Box 6).

?'W Ub

#'6024 J1=,.):,1) 52W /,40,@ 01 )+,

D10),8 ).;;4*'+7 '*+#,#&+ 0.;3(*'#&C .* +"# .+"#, "(*:C (,#subject to locks on assets and prots to ensure that these(,# :#:'0(+#: +. 0.;;4*'+7 34,3.&> )4,,#*+17 0.;;4*'+7interest companies are allowed to distribute a maximumof 35 percent of their prot in aggregate as dividends to&"(,#".1:#,&>

%

t present, there is no legal denition of the term

social enterprise in Singapore. The majority of

social enterprises in Singapore are self-identi-

ed. Only co-operatives are regulated by the Registry

of Co-operative Societies under the Co-operative Soci-

eties Act (Chapter 62) and Co-operative Societies Rules

2009.

Registered co-operatives have to full one of the

-.11.I'*= 0,'+#,'(F

promote the economic interests of its members

in accordance with co-operative principles

promote the economic interests of its members

in accordance with essential co-operative

principles and the interests of the public or any

section of the public

-(0'1'+(+# +"# .3#,(+'.*& .- +"# +I. 0(+#=.,'#& .-

co-operatives cited above.

They also have to adhere to the co-operative

3,'*0'31#& *(;#17F

open and voluntary membership

:#;.0,(+'0 0.*+,.1 1';'+#: '*+#,#&+ .* 0(3'+(1

distribution of surplus to members in proportion

+. +"#', 3(+,.*(=#

3,.;.+'.* .- #:40(+'.*

co-operation among co-operatives at local,

*(+'.*(1 (*: '*+#,*(+'.*(1 1#


21/34

While some ambiguity is not uncommon given

the nascent stage of the non-co-operative&.0'(1 #*+#,3,' +., '* /'*=(3.,#C '+ :.#&

present some challenges particularly as dierent play-

#,& '* +"# #0.&7&+#; +,7 +. 4*:#,&+(*: (*: =,(331#

with the concept. For example, are all rms that en-

ter a sector or market primarily to meet demand but

(1&. (0"'#


22/34

/

ocial enterprises oer great potential for

economic, societal and job gains. Not only do

social enterprises full their social mission, they

can be sustainable from the revenue generated from

+"#', +,(:'*= (0+'

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23/34

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Department of Statistics Singapore. (2014a). ,-#2"'*1(/&*#*7@>


24/34

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Department of Statistics Singapore. (2014c). ,-#2"'*1(I*'6."0-*#>

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Eighteen Chefs. (2014). /-240((# K4(+%> V#+,'# 24,.3#(* /.0'(1 R4*:>

European Commission. (2013). Social economy and&.0'(1 #*+,#3,#*#4,&"'3F /.0'(1 24,.3# =4':#> E* S. A.a. I. Directorate-General for Employment(Ed.), (Vol. 4).Q#1='4;>

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Goy, P. (2014a, January 8). Top social enterprises gethelp with blind spots. 34( ,01"-0% 3-7(%>

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Hicks, A., & Kenworthy, L. (2003). Varieties of welfare0(3'+(1'&;> ,*&-*=/&*#*7-& N(C-(S, 1, 27-61.

HM Revenue & Customs (U.K.). (2014). ,*&-". G#C(%07(#03"R N(.-(+>

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Hubrich, D.-K., Bund, E., Schmitz, B., & Mildenberger, G.(2012). K*7'"1"0-C( &"%( %06$@ 1('*10 *# 04( %0"0( *+%*&-". (&*#*7@>

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D$7-#-%01"0-*#, 45(4), 445-464.

Mair, J., & Marti, I. (2006). Social entrepreneurshipresearch: A source of explanation, prediction,(*: :#1'="+>H*61#". *+ P*1.$ 56%-#(%%, 41, 36-44.doi:10.1016/j.jwb.2005.09.002

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Ministry of Employment and Labor (South Korea). (2012).Social Enterprise Promotion Act, Act No. 8217, Jan. 3,2007>

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Mulgan, G. (2007). Social innovation: What it is, why it7"00(1% "#$ 4*S -0 &"# B( "&&(.(1"0($> D.*:.*F /G.11

Centre for Social Entrepreneurship, Oxford SaidQ4&'*#&& /0"..1>

Nasir, K. M., & Turner, B. S. (2013). Governing asgardening: Reection on soft authoritarianism in/'*=(3.,#> K-0-9(#%4-' ,06$-(%, 17(3-4), 339-352. doi:10.1080/13621025.2012.707005

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Rogers, C. (2013). The political economy of British SocialDemocracy after New Labour. 51-0-%4 H*61#". *+I*.-0-&% "#$ G#0(1#"0-*#". N(."0-*#%, 15(1), 1-5.

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34( ,01"-0% 3-7(%>

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The Regulator of Community Interest Companies (U.K.).(2013a). K*776#-0@ G#0(1(%0 K*7'"#-(%F N(26."0*11(%'*#%( *# &*#%6.0"0-*# *# 04( $-C-$(#$ "#$ -#0(1(%0&"'>

The Regulator of Community Interest Companies (U.K.).(2013b). Oce of the regulator of Community Interest

K*7'"#-(%F G#+*17"0-*# "#$ 26-$"#&( #*0(% K4"'0(1 >FThe asset lock.

The Treasury. (2006). 2006 No. 264 The Community Benet,*&-(0-(% 8N(%01-&0-*# *# \%( *+ D%%(0%: N(26."0-*#% ;

Thomas, A. (2004). The rise of social cooperatives inE+(17> E*.6#0"%F G#0(1#"0-*#". H*61#". *+ E*.6#0"1@ "#$Nonprot Organizations, 15(3), 243-263.

Timmerman, L., Jongh, M. D., & Schild, A. (2011). The,' .- +"# &.0'(1 2*+#,3,'F A.I &.0'(1 #*+#,3,'&(,# 0"(*='*= 0.;3(*7 1(I I.,1:I':#> 34( ."S *+ 04(

+6061(F D &*..(&0-*# *+ ^04-#Q '-(&(%_from http://ssrn.com/abstract=1795042

U.K. Government. (2013a). U*C(1#7(#0 ."6#&4(%Big Society programme, 18 May 2010> V#+,'#


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support, tax exemption and social insurance support

(Ministry of Employment and Labor, 2013a).

Between 2007 and 2012, the number of social

enterprises grew from 50 to 774 while the number

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to 18,689. Further, the number of social enterprises

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social entrepreneurship in asia working paper landscape of social enterprises in singapore

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