social revolutions explode russia – tsar forced to create national assembly reformers overthrow...
TRANSCRIPT
WORLD WAR I
Social Revolutions explode Russia – Tsar forced to create
national assemblyReformers overthrow Sultan in
1908New technologies more destructiveViolence leads to communism and
fascism
Eve of the War
Each ethnic group should have its own nation
Promote nations interests and assert as superior
Rivalries b/w France, Germany, Austria-Hungary
New independent nations in Balkans – where Ottomans once ruled
Ethnic groups wanted own nation-state, threat to break up Austro-Hungarian Empire
Four Main Causes of WWI 1. Nationalism
Power = possession of overseas coloniesCompetition created tension b/w powers1900 – Britain ruled 1/4 of world
German industrialization threat to GB economic supremacy
Russia interest in Balkans threat to A-H and Turkey
2. Imperialism
Military values and goals take over civilian society
Kings wore military uniformsGenerals influence governmentGB and Germany compete to build
powerful navy
Pressure to mobilize and act quicklyTook time to assemble and move
armies on railroads, leaders attacked first
3. Militarism
Two Large Alliances in EuropeTriple Alliance – Germany, A-H, ItalyTriple Entente – Russia, France and G.B.
(US later)Any dispute b/w any two countries drag
all other in
4. Alliance System
Archduke Franz Ferdinand AssassinatedAustrian leaders believed Serbians
helped a Slav terrorist group (Black Hand)
A-H invaded Serbia, Russia entered to protect Serbia, Germany entered to protect obligations to Austria
G.B. and France entered to help RussiaItaly refused to join since A-H attacked
first
Start of the War
Avoiding two front war, Germany tried to take Paris before Russia entered war
US President Woodrow Wilson urged Americans to remain neutral
Fighting the War
Machine gun, poison gas, submarines, airplanesEasier to defend position than attack
Trench warfare – dug ditches to create fort positionsSeparated by fields of barbed wire
and mines (no man’s land)Neither side could advance, fighting
became stationaryGerman subs (U-Boats) attacked large
ships
New techniques and Weapons
US sent supplies to G.B. and France, German sub attacked ships
U-Boat sank a passenger ship, Lusitania US enters war
Wilson Fourteen Points – redraw Europe map, each nationality gets own state, freedom of the seas, end to secret diplomacy, and create League of Nations
US Enters the War
Used by Governments to influence public opinion
Built up nationalism“War will be over by Christmas”
War Propaganda
Total War- complete mobilization of resources and people
Government powers expandDORA Act passed- protestors =
traitorsWomen’s role drastically increasedBegan fight for women’s rights
Impact on the Home Front
Germany surrenders 1918Paris Peace Conference
Treaty of Versailles – peace with GermanyPeace Terms
1. Germany’s Territorial Loss – Independent Poland created, lost territory in France, Poland and overseas
2. Germany lost navy, army size reduced, pay reparations to Allies for starting war
3. A-H Empire divided into new national states, Turkey lost territory in Middle East
4. League of Nations formed to defend each other against aggressors, weakened when US and Russian failed to join
Aftermath of War