social work magazine ,vol-4 april issue-2, 2014

1Samaja Karyada HejjegaluVol. IV, No-2, April 2014

SAMAJAKARYADAHEJJEGALU

SOCIAL WORK FOOT-PRINTS

2SAMAJAKARYADA HEJJEGALUSOCIAL WORK FOOT-PRINTS

Chief Advisor :Dr. H.M. Marulasiddaiah

Rtd. Prof. Dept. of Social Work, Bangalore University

Editorial Advisory Board :M.A. Boratti

Rtd. Principal, Basaveshwara College, BangaloreDr. T.S. Chandrashekara

Faculty & Consultant PsychiatricCounsellor, Spandana Hospital Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore

Dr. C.R. GopalAsst. General Manager (Rtd), SMIORE, Bangalore

Dr. B.T. LawaniDirector, Yashwanth Rao Chavan

Institute of Social Science, Studies and Research, PuneDr. T.K. Nair

Director, Institute of Social Work & Research, ChennaiM.R. Sharma

Sr. Manager, Compact India, BangaloreDr. R. Shivappa

Head of the Dept. Social Work, Mysore University, MysoreN.V. Vasudeva Sharma

Director, Child Rights Trust. BangaloreEditor :Ramesha M.H.Samajakaryada Hejjegalu (Social Work Foot-prints)Niratanka, No.244, 3rd Main Road, MPM Layout, Bangalore - 560 056.Ph : 9980066890, Email: [email protected] :Niruta Publications

Copyright : SAMAJAKARYADA HEJJEGALU


Contentsjr

1. DzsP i idz U-CU g v id PAi - 5

g JA. PA2. idPAi - MAz w - 17

n... J.. gtAi U Ji.

3. id - MAz i i - 22JA. t

4. Issues and Concerns of Women StreetVendors in Karnataka - 35

Shashidhar ChannappaVeena K.NV.J. Byra Reddy

5. Important Ethical Issues in Publishing aScientific Paper - 54

V. Kannappa Setty6. Book Review-India Grows Old - 61

K.Prabakar

4EditorialSamaja Karyada Hejjegalu (Social Work -Foot Prints) has been

enjoying excellent patronage from our subscribers and other readerssince its inception . It became a popular social work magazine acrossthe country among the academics,professionals ,students, and othersections. At that point it was converted into a professional quarterlyjournal in English while the magazine was bi-lingual. Being aspecialised academic and research journal, the large number of read-ers and well-wishers of the bi-lingual magazine experienced a vacuum,and requested us to revert to the former bi-lingual mode. We respectedthe popular wish of our readers, and decided that from the April 2014issue onwards Samaja Karyada Hejjegalu would be a Kannada- En-glish social work magazine, besides our other initiatives like the UGC-NET support to aspiring candidates.

The English section of the April 2014 issue contains three signifi-cant articles. "Issues and Concerns of Women Street Vendors inKarnataka " by Sashidhar Channappa ,Veena and Byra Reddy is agood article with a sound empirical base. The findings are of impor-tance to the hard-working self - employed women of Karnataka, policymakers and committed non-governmental organisations. KannappaSetty's article " Important Ethical Issues in Publishing " is helpful toresearch scholars, students and others interested in writing articlesand papers. A book review article on "Old Age in an Indifferent Soci-ety " published by Niruta Publications recently by K.Prabakar, CEO ofAppollo Knowledge, is specially beneficial to the senior citizens andtheir families.

The bi-lingual Samaja Karyada Hejjegalu social work magazinefrom the April 2014 issue will have a pleasing format and reader-friendly contents. The Editorial Team invites you to offer sugges-tions, to write articles, and to help popularise the magazine.

F AaPAi JA. tg id-MAz ii RidPAiz wUjU GAiPVz. UAi g JA. PAggR DzsP i idz U Pjv P Zvz. n... J..

gtAi v U JA. gg R idPAi wAi PjvzVz.E wPAi Utl a , ZU r Pj.

M.H. RameshaEditor


DzsP i idz U-CU g v id PAi

g JA. PA*

pP:Q v idz q r Uz Azs Ez. C MAz

tz Jgq RU. QUz id, idz zPH zs. idAzg, i ifP AAzsU JAz Cx Vz. idz Cv, GU U gZAiPjv CP z-zU. Dzg MAz iv d. iidz gZ CvAv gvzz. Pn Pn U Az

U, Zgvg U , t, Q, f gU evU nz. tU evU CU U zQz. AUAzi JAz AiiU v. i P AvAvV qv. tU i CvAv t, U,s U ZjP QAzV z. vB

tU CUvvU Ag i v vAzV,vAzV i CUvvU PAqPAq. Czg id,ifP zP CvAv CUv U C0iV irPAq.ifP fAiiz i v zP VP f,AW f DgAz. CP UA, AW A U PnPAq.

ew, zAi U zsU, i zP g P MAz U Mrz. EAU C v s UAiAvt A.

Q v idz q C s AAzsz. KPAzg QAidvz idzAi. PlAz -, uAvg AAU, ggAig, -PPg, vg-U

6CPjAz v v, sz iqU irPAq ifPQAiiUv. Az djAiv UjPUv. Aii QUjAiiz u-v U, C C iUrz idP

gzV z PAlPAiUv. CAxg dj idzVz.i E v g JAz v f sfz. E

f Cz QP, gf Cz CQP E Cx QP fU agjav. KPAzg CzgAi zPwz. g PCz giyP Cx zP. EAz Cxz UPE Pz vAiU irzg, gPz (Uz)RVgz Cx C Uz JAz Jg D,

AiP, U gP. i v Ew zzP D qv, RPVCzqv Agz Ptv. v EzzQAv Ezg UD qz, P AvAz vUz a RPVvgAiz iqv Az. CzjAz v vAzgU, UU FqV id vAzgU Ujirz. B

Ez ifP U GU Vgz? JAigUzRB, Cv, C izsU EgvAi, CAigU QU Pq. Kzg, Uzg, ir v DAi

FqjP Aiw vg. EzjAz idP MAizQAv Plz DVz. Cz dz R Aiiz JAz zsj P,Az EAigU zsV. DU D-CAv Aiiz E. CwD, zg DUvz. zg MAiz. Cz PqP GAl iqvz.v zgU FqjP QU ziU rAivg.J jwAi CvP PgtgUvg. id vzjUJAivg.

DzsP id:EA v id DzsP idAz Ugwz.

KPAzg e, vAveU zz, - DgUqz ezVPgtAz UjPgtV DzsPgtVz. EAze v vAveU v GvAU wAi vz. i

g JA. PA


EAz z Egz Aiiz E J nU . EAzi QAiAv g Av j Fd. C CMAz PAz EAz PP fVAi, EAx CP AiPjDgU q, E qAiw. DzsPgtz QAi Cz 18Ai viz GvgzsAz DgA sVv. GzU z,ezVPgtv. EzjAz CvAv DzsP zs- PgtU sz. Zv. UgU z UjPgt Dv.fz wAiAz Pvz - DAiiU PAqAz.DzsPv Jz PtvqVv. 21 vi PAlg CAvjPeAiUAv PgAiv. PAlgU ivV vv Pv. t PAz rz zPggU zlzjzjAzrz P gggU, Az AigU CPg jAz zAvggU, iAiie zlV z. FU Jg , JzP . wAz rz Aw PzqzP U AUr CiAiPg t vUAiP U Uvz.Ez dP DvAPPjAiiz tU. Ez DzsP i idz U ErU AiPjAiiUwz.

i idz U:EA DzsP i id UAz vA vPwz.

Czg sgwAi ifP Ai U v.C Az zU eP, vAwP tUAi GvAUwAivzg Gv UjPvAi Azg CP UAzw. CjU Aw, Ai E. iU Pz V.Cg ZlnPU ZV izP zU P, evU Zgf PVz. F iv A wAi Czz sgwAiA wAi Q Pw. P lPAz A wAi

z AiU qAiwz. Dzg P Ez f CAv DVz.

U i idz DgA sAz Ezg , EADzsP idz C CP l ZV. U g vwvAiAi z uU Ugw z. Aiiz

pp. 5-16

8Ezg Aiiz Az vAzgAi, CPC s vAi gv Aii Az MAiz CxCPU. PjU DUz. FU gUU GtUAqgzjU CUv U U Zzg jUU. U PjUC zg E PjU t AzAi U EzEA DzsP PzAi CP U. Dzg EUCdUeAvg v z. A U ifP fz CAi AUUVg. fz wAiAz Pvz PV C PAqgwg. Dzg EA U ifP fz CAi AUUV PAqgw. C fz wAiAz Pvz PV, vz fz w eU PAq gw. CzPVAiAiU U AiUAz PgAiz.

ifP U ifP gU gfU JAzjUt z. QAi zP, U DUU gUU s AvidP CgUAmUz. D id UAz rvzU

EA DzsP i id CP U Jzj vz.CU RzUAzg qv, CPgv, CgU, gzU,Pl, Cgzs U gzs, zs, vAP-UlP ,nP, Zz, PlAP Wl, gzQu, AS , PPg AiPg DAw, PU sU, A , CvZg

evU zsP C v svzU. GUz evUPaAv wg JZ.DAii./Kq gU U CPP U EA DzsP i id Jzj wz. EA

DzsP i idz RV Aw U APAiPgv Ez. iP v l ZVz. E. Cz rQPAqC zq jw AzzVz. ZZg ZV ifP f vz. MAz jwAiiV zsUUUwzg. tAzg PK iqz JA s Aiwz. gUV tAz iq Aii iU, lP U EA i

zVz. Dzg zq zq Ugz AZAz t Az iqz v wAiV irPArzg.

g JA. PA


U g:EA DzsP i idz U wz g

vw. MAz Ai Uj qwzg, EAz Cz Pq PAqjAi PjAiz evU CzJg ZQvU vz. JZj vz. zz gUP Cx U aQv jg qz. Dzg DAvjP v iP Ai U j z. EAz dg Uzg ir tAv CPg A wzg. Dzg iP Ai

U A vg? CzPVAi EA U CvAv aI-U Zgrz AiU e gzfge CAxg i Pz Aw-UV vz PAiPUArzg. EA CP DgUz U jj AiU CPVz.

EA DzsP i idz U Jg s w.Jg EA CP UAz MAz MAz jwAirvgVzg. vAzgU MUVzg. C szg. Ezidz z zAz ifP C gz CAi

zAz MAiz. RV U nPz iPvAi, sU. jj Uz Cx jgz AiE. Eg. v Aiiz v v vAvvAvVg. MAz U MAz, CP PgtU Egv.

Ai R PgtU wzPAq C PgtUj Aiw PUvz. EzP z Ujj itP Aiv, CAzg iP zv irP P.Avg CU gUU CAzg PgtUU Pql P P.CAzU iv U CU gz z u vg zsCU wP zs.

zz U g dUw Av gU ifP U gQAv V g K. Dzg A w

ifP v Evg LwP U gdQAi PgtUAzV, zz U Vgz z AUwAiiVz. RV

pp. 5-16

10

ifP Ai PAq g ew zwAi, C vDZguAiAx v CiAi zwU DzsP iidz z v vV U ir.

id PAiid PAi AixPg CxirPzzg,

Ez idz PAivAiiUvz. idz ZvPvAiwPVz. KPAzg Aiig g U id qAivz.idz PAi ZlnP qAiv Egvz. CzPVAi Society

is a Dynamic State J Vz. CAzg id v PAi zg,Czg Cv V qvz. id Av gzg, Cz Azgvz. Dzg Cz jAi . EAz jwAi CxirPzzg, idz idPV iq J P,ZlnPU C id PAiUv. Dzg id PAizCx g DVz. CP jwAi CxPArzg. PgEz GavV v B AwUV iq PAi Cx JAz EvgjU Cg Pz Pz gUz, Aiz qz id PAiAz sPvg. E PgP zg Cx Avg gAijU CPA vj iq PAiAz vg. Dzg P gAijU Aiiqz Cx g qz id PAiU.

. JZ.Ji. gzAi, Cg Pg, idPAiV S z P. id PAi CxirPvqVzg Czg PAigvgzg, CP jwAi CzCxzAl. APU sVAiiV CUjjzg vqVgg idPAiPvgAzwzPAqg, AZz J dg id PAiPvgAzjUt PUvz. djUvqVgvg. vAi UU, UAqAqwU, GzsAi zyU CPjAi gPU, giU PPAqU, EAfAig Ai PlU,qPg gVU UAi M EU gUz, JgqAiAPz jgz vqUz i QAi. gUz Ez

g JA. PA


id PAi JAz jUtzg, i gU J PAiUid PAiUUv. EAx S vzzzjAz

gU J wU id PAi JAz jUt PUvz.id PAi CvAv vU Aiv GAl. QUvz U jj QVAv id PAiz U g

QAiU iv id PAi JAz Ut, UAUU vzAiUU AAzAv qAi aQv QAiUidPAiz jAz DZU Ej zAl. EAx AzUU

FqU gzA PgtUAz, id PAi CvAv zz v juPgPz vAwP A wAiV AivqAiwz. Dzg EAx jwU gzjAz, idPAizvP H vAzAv v SAi. Ez ztzz.

id PAiz U jAiiV CxirPzQAv ZVCx irPVz. CP U, gU UidPAiP AAz v PU EzP Pgt. Cz idz CP qsjU Aiiz Uj Ez, Pgt

iq AiPg, Mg mAi EjU Pg. v id PAiPvg JAz Pv iqgziqwgz J v PUU PgtVz. Cz w idPAiz U zAvgAi v PU. CP CPjUU Ezg U Uw. id PAiz U jAiiz iw

q Cz Zg iq CPv Ez. RV Ezgid PAi Pvz PAivvggzg v idPAiAWlU dj Ez.

id PAi v MAz AiPj PAiVz.Dzg GavV iq PAi C Jz V CxirPP. PAz Cz JAAv D jwiqzzg, AiiU C. djU Ai ir CgAiA AiPgV iqz dz id PAiUvz.

GzguU wjU rzPqzQAv,U U rAivg JAz PPlg v v

pp. 5-16

12

rzPAq wvg. Cz Eg CA DU.Ez dz id PAiUvz.

id , id PAi ZlnPU sgwAi idP v C. CU CPg CP jwAi iqvAzg. zz A wAi sUV, PAi ZlnPUCvV qAiv A. zAz iAi UtAz QU, dgVU? o ig, Cz CP gd-gtAig v PAiz vqVPArgz Ew z lU gV Ptz. EAx Ew dUw Aii gzAi U.

Dzg wg idPAi U z. z, idP z. wg idPAiz e, vv-zAvU, P-vAvU,U Cjav. KPAzg wg idPAi l Qzgivg, CjPg. zz CjP izjAi zwAiwg id PAi Dz irPVz. CAzg zzg wg id PAi CjPz Made in USA!Cz Pq M CjPg Cz sgvP vAz Plg. q.Qsq im Jg zz tdUj DVAU Az Uz iqwzg. Cg QAi gp

evU AAz A, A PZ zz MAzAidAi PUArzg. DV Ai Az sU UzCg sgvz wg id PAiz CPv Ez, v EzJAz UAqg. Cz D Pjv AAiz Sv GzU,Pt Uz mm Cg ev zg. CjU j Jwg id PAi Ai DgA Cwzg. CUvzJ jPgU MzVzg. U sgvz l z wgidPAi Pt 1936 g AAi g zgf

mm Udm Ds Ai P jAzgA sv. Czg z zPgV q. Qsq imCg PAi zg. zz wg id PAizAiU CgA sv.

g JA. PA


Uzg, wg id PAiAzg? JAz Za t.wg id PAiAzg id PAi v wAiVDAi irPAq id PAizAi Pt, vg w qz,z qzPAq wAi PUzVz. Cz gPj, Dg gPjCx AiA A U EAzg v vB id PAiPvUU AAz AW A Ai gA s iq PPAivvgUz. v e, PAi P, vv-zwU UvAvU P wgV id PAiz vqUzw id PAiUvz.

id PAiP U UU Jz Al. J Ugv, C id PAiz CPv, v Ez Egvz.

CAzg id PAi RV idz dg UCzg Psycho-Social Problems -ifP Ujj PAiVz. z U AiV CzsAiir CU gU (PgtU) CjvPAq P jg, Az gg iUU a z id

PAiVz. CP djU v dz Kz v D Az gg v wg Aii GAi Cx Q Ez

JAz Uwg. id PAiPvg Cz UvirPqvg. dz K JAz UvUz gv CzPjg PAqPz zsU. MAz jg UwzgRavV Cz CjU g. dg MAz Pq UJzj wgvg. CP dg CPvU gP DUzUCz UV jt v v EAz Pq D UUjg PU evU dg CPvU g AWnvAivU Egv. Dzg EU q J MAz jwAiAztP, Aiv Eg. id PAi U idPAiPvg U jg PU CPv U AWnvAivU AU q AztP U AivAiKr Jgqg q vAi (Bridge) U id PAiPvgP iqvg. Ez U Aii jgz. dg CPvU,P rPU, g Aii AWlU/ gPj Cg gPj

pp. 5-16

14

U AiA A U Aii jwAiiV Cg CPvUg v JAz RgV id PAiPvg iv vg.Czg evU DAii AWlAz Aii jwAiiV UqzP PAzg Pjv GAi vg. EA AiiAwP,DzsP AiUz i e, e U vAwPV GvAURgP Kjz U iPV, iPV C PU EAiwz.iP v l ZUwz. Z AvzAv iP PrAiiUwz. CzPV id PAi z ifP U jj z Dzv Pqvz. iP

Aw Ezg J zg Cz vtP iUvz. CAzg E CxPzAzg id PAi P qjUViv C idz Azz, z UzjUV, HPjUV,CAvjUV iv C Jz. id PAi JjUVJzPV. Dzg GjVAv GzjU a Dzv, Rv,RArv Pq P. KPAzg idz dg Azzg.zvg v-viUAz Aiiz UjP, ifP vUAzAavgzg. rv djzg. Jgq v HlP UwEzg,UwPg Ezg. CAxg Gzg, P t, C z DU Pz.Cz zz Azs evwv gV zqzsAi zsguU AzVz. CU PgUAzsz sUz gdw zP vvU Pq Vz.

Czg Pg J gPgU PU vUzPAq dg P tPViqw. F Ai id PAi id P tz UjU vz zsV v PAi vz.

id PAi eP ez Dzsgz vAwP PUU iAi vv zAvU UAq MAz eCx Vz. id PAi CvAv eP ez vAiAz. E Aiiz jwAi qs, Uq APUU CP.ew, zs, v AxU Uq, PAzPU. iv, vAvU e vvP iU idPAi CrPArz.zU Uwgg aAvg iv idPAiPvgUz. CAiV id PAi Pt

g JA. PA


qzPAq Cz Ai AiPz Ai AzgPAqU APav QUU, AzAiUU E Aii eUEg. CAxg iq J PAiU id PAiUVgzid g PAiUVgv.

id PAi dg evAi iq MAz PAizsVz.Cz Pq P PAi vAv, PU PAq PAi zVz. Ez v i id PAiPvgU jtv, Qv id PAiPvg Ptv. AiAWvi id PAiPvg P v CgCAAi GAl iqvg. Dzg Qv id PAiPvg AiA AiPgV iqvg. id PAi Pt

v vg w qzPAq zzsg id PAiPvg, idz,id PAi PvU vV PAi id

g i WlPUV AUr Vz. CU Q, Az vzAi wAiAz WlPz evU PAi vPz

zsU. vAv PU, vv U zAvU, CUPAq Cv Av v V, Av-AvV PAi zVz.

sgwAi ifP, A wP Ai id PAiJgq AvU Ugw z. zAizV, a PAzqzPAq Ag PAiU gAg v JgqAizVEv viAZU DzsP w id PAi. zAiz, zAi v AzP U JgqAiz, zAi wgid PAi. F DzsP w id PAiz gU sgwAi id gAgAi CvAv A PAz

Egz Ptz. Dzg CzP MAz wAi g Pq.id PAiU P V A wAi sUV qzPAq

A. Dzg wAiiV C.CAvggAi lz id PAiz GU tUAi

AAiP g AW Uz Avg id PAi tUAig AvU Ugwz. zAizV, id PAi QUAzCPAz GzgvAi PAi. JgqAizV id PAi

pp. 5-16

16

gPgz v AiA A U CrAi dg Ujj n U Cg DyP Mvq CAAzQU PU z AWnv ZlnPU v gAizV,id PAi zAiz wAi z U, Dv DyP

x UtU vUzPzAi Dv CAvB vz P AzDv f GvzP, vzAiP, DVg zsUAv DvUgUAv gPgAz Cx AiA A Az PU zwAz Prz PAiVz.

CAzg id PAi tUAi z Avz Cz QUCPAz (Charitable) PAiV DgA sv. Jgq AvzgPg v S V A U Az Az, dg DyP

CAU AAz U U r id PAiPAqg, g Avz id PAi MAz wgPAiV dg zAiz U vV jj MAz iUAiv. U id PAi Av-AvVz wAi g vv.

g JA. PA

* g JA. PA, zsPg, idPAi sU, PlP gd zAi, eQ Dgt, m, eg : 586108.


idPAi - MAz w

n... J.. gtAi* U Ji.**

` id JA z CPAz PvAz. d Ai dz JAAv wAi QAivz Dz jwAi id Ai djU g iqv Az.id PAiPU wAigz EAU

Pq Ptz. id Ai x JAzg vU gz.id Ai CA rzU. AizV QAiAi

MAz jwAi C j z Ai JjU MzV vz.id Ai QAi U a U j . Dzg

idz dU CU gPUAv CAU AizV wgz PtzVz.

id Ai MzV U jAiiz jwAi AUzP DU PUvz. Dzg Ai MzV n Czg zP

DUz Egwgz P Az sU qz. id AiMzVAv UU Cx iUAiUU CjuPjAiiV Pg. Cz P vvP jgCx AiUvz.

id Ai iq Aiiz QU zAv e,P U Pt CV DPv. Dzg s,x, Pgu EgAv Aiigzg Pq Ai djU giqz. id Ai Ai MzV U AiPj Av dUzg P, Cz Aiigzg jAi. QdVAi UAz wzAi E, CU CPvEzAi, E JA PAP CA id Ai CzsAiiq U. EzjAzV CPv EgAvgg, EzggJAz PAqrAiz PV CPU qzg vCPU qAiAvVz.

pp. 15-19

18

MmgAiiV id AiAz djU g AizV-- Av Cx djUVAi iqAv Jz.

djU id Ai idPAi JA v jPEz. idPAiP id Ai Jz. Dzg,idPAiAz idz wgAv U f

V wgAv dU CPvUU, UU P jwAiA PAiPU v C PAiU Cg

sUAv ir, Czg evAi Cg vRCAi Pt MAz QAi DVz.

idPAiz QU DzvAi Pq Uvz. KPAzg,wAi QU idz vz DzAv Ug, Wv, zsgUvUzP x v Z Egvz JAz AVz. FPgtAzV idPAi dU DPv v KAzCjv, D n Ai PAiPUzV z iqvz.

idPAiz zV Av U eP jwAz PrzWP U juPjAi Pq DVgv .CPvggg JA PAP CzsAi qz Ai MzV QAiAi idPAiz iq Uvz. PzAv CjU idPAiz z Dzv Pq Uvz.` id djU g iqAv MAz jwAi Aiizg,

` idPAi dU ev C PAiU ir CzgCg Pq sU Av ir Cg C xzv V MAz QAi DVz. PVgjU AizV zidPAiz MAz R CAVz.

idPAi MAz vg wAiAzg vU gz. KPAzgEzg jPAi g U Czg PAi RjAi g.idPAi 3 zs AvU P iqv.

CUAzg1. C PAiPU iqz.2. U P eP ez Az vqUlz.3. jg MzV z.zAi Avz dg PAiPUU RvAi

q Vz. dg vR CU AAzslAv d

q. n... J.. gtAi, U Ji.


PAiPU v CAiv U id itP FAvz DzvAi q Vz. DyP, ifP, PtP UQv tUAi wPAi CAU dg vR CU KUU AiPjAiiV. CAi Avz U UCzg jgP Mv q U. `CAi F Avz gUjAiiVz. idPAiPv F AvP Rvq PVgz Cv.

Jgq Avz Ai wAi v Cz vqUlCj qzVz. f V z Uz Ai.`Ai Egz Aii QAi Pq F dUw E.ifP, DyP U Ai Qg wAiUCzjAz gg DAi Egvz. Dzg JjU vqUlzU JAAv AiU U CV wg. UV AivqUlzg Jg Jqwzg. Dzg idPAi F Avzvz Dz PAiRjAi P Ai vqUlzPzsvAi rz. ifP, DyP Ai ggA sz Cjv Cz vqUlzjAz CzjAzAmU wPjuU vqAizVz.

gAi Avz U jg MzV , Uj ,jw v Czg u iqzg U U j Uvz.i dg ifP, DyP UAz ZvgVgvg.KPAzg, AzAmzAv vAzgU CjU Aii jw Uj P v Czg u U iq PAzg

U DZ iq CP Pq. UV gAiAvz, U jg MzV n idPAiPvv v. EzjAzV jg MzV AvidPAiz Rzz JAz z.F jwAiiV idPAi dU , CzP jg U

dU CAi iqAv PAiU CvAv eP,AiPz jwAi iqv Az. idPAi v ZlnPAiidTAiiV, idz vzAz MAz v jwAi

iqv Az Uwz. VgU, idPAiz PtP v Pqz CvPVz.

pp. 17-21

20 q. n... J.. gtAi, U Ji.

idPAi Pt qAiAi wAig x s Ag P. KPAzg, idPAiPvz

jwAi dg ev gv, Cg evU P iq P. FjwAi P idPAi Pt qAiAi zyUEg P. dg ev Gv Azs, AztP EzU idzidPAiPv juPjAiiV P iq zsUvz.

Azs, AztP, CxPP, xv, sUAvU idPAi iq idPAiPvURz.

idPAi Pt F n zyUU zszU, A P Ai vz U, vAi s, gAvgPPAi vrvz UU jzA v CzP vP U vg wAiqvz. F QAi lP Cw szg Ez PtzPq AiAv. Dzg, Cw P Cjv v eUvV P zU, Gv idPAiPvg CPUvz.

idPAiPv DAiiVg P. D Dv dgDU CU PgtUvz. idPAiz iUzAv

iAi AAzs Pj vv j i Ug Uv ifP PP AiA tAiz vvUidPAiP E q PjAiiV. id

PAiPv Ai uvP AwP U U CAiAvU djU E wgU gPUv. UzUidPAiz Rv E ErUzg Jgq iw.E RV wAiPz AiAzg idPAi

zsU. U zAisU J R UAiidPAi zsU idPAiP C RV. QAi

jt Qv g PAi s QUvidPAi, UA v, Czg AiVP CPU Cjv


AzUv PAi, zAiA Ugz wAiAzCA wz CzP vP U PAi zAiAWl zs, E UAi DgU DUgzAwgidPAi Azs zs, ifP QAi v idPAi

Dqv zs EU Cj v QAi idPAiPvU vz.F J zsU idPAiz UV. EU P

GAiU U P AAz DUwz; Dzg v vjwAi DU Qgz CVz. KPAzg, v z xfP Pl iAi iU UAAzsU Ul CjAiz f V wz. EAv

jwAi id PAiPv v PAizsU P CUvqzQ, v v iAi AAzsU Cj djUqP. idPAi MAz wAiiUz Cz fAiiU P. UzU iv idPAiz v UCzg GAiU idzgAv djU wAivz.

P : v id AU

pp. 17-21

* n... J.. gtAi, zsPg, idPAi sU, i UAUw,g .., g.

** U Ji., Azs zy, i UAUw, g .., g.

22 q. JA. t

id - MAz i i

JA. t*

id EAz zwAiz J iv JqPgwz. v z izsU vjwgiZgU C Qzg Cz nU d vz. w

wPU gAi lz CZUwg U zgzZ U vj wg AiU U. Pv, P, U,sZg, Dvv, Aig t CvZg (EwZU Ez UAq g

qAiwz JAz Uwz), Avz C vAgv.Ez UzU z gV id JAz lPPAqgvz. F CAiz PAZ GvP Egz. z At dVzg, Ez gAi zQgwg;Nz Egwg. Aiz, P, U, Pv, CvZgUqAiw. d. C J Pz Ez. ig Pz 5,600U 14,600 AizU qgzV Ew vz. PAi,DPt J fU PAqg MAz lUt. Dzg,MmgAiiV rzg CU A sAivAi AS Pq.CAx zvU vqU dU AS C ZVgQ;Cg AS Er idz ig Pq JgqjAz LzggUEgz.

idz CgU ZV qAiwgAv U vgMAz Pgtz. j gz qAi Pl WlUU sV MAi U . eUPg, PgvP AiU WV U vz; C sV lPvz (According to psychologists, we are

more sensitized to notice the negative than the positive. Thephenomenon is called automatic vigilance a strong tendency tonotice the undesirable and remember it). wPU Pq aUCvPgz AiU Pnv. MAiz PnzgNzgg? MAz g g V PAq g


AVvz PAqg. w MAz jU GZV Qzg C wV DP , C ZVCrU irz Uz Pq. x r gAv Aizz Ew Nz D QAz AwAi Ew Nz. MAiz P, q, Nz, D a , wAiA w Pq. CzAz i d w.

UAz ivP idz qAiwgz Azg. J idU, J Pz MAi PldvdvAiiVAi dgUv. Er z g g gzs QAiUz qAiv. l-, Pv - P, DgU-CgU, Aiz-

Aw, Pv-gPg, P-gPu, MAiz-Plz, dvAiiVgv, Egv, Uv. DzzjAz id MAizPlz JAz MAz Ravz wiP gz s.id MAiz Plz JAz zidAzg JAz PAZ j t.

idz jPidAz MAz Cv jP; Ez id JAz

Cz n vj g. j gzg AW A U,CU q wg g gU, C C j wgwAiU, EU MmV z nQgMAz jP id. PlA idz MAz RWlP, U z A U, j A U, DgU A U,AiiAiU, gdQAi PU, Pg, E idz jPAiMU gv. E UV qAiwzg id Cxzz, DgUVz Jz. Ezg z gV id. z zAv idz MAiz Plz MmnU Egv.id Av g. Cz Uwzz; Czg z uAiiUv

Egvz. DUwg z uU MAi Pl JAz C q zP CAgvz. zPZv ifP iUAz zsj ngvz. DyP, zsP,wP, iAi, Avz iU Aiizg s zsVzJAz E R. DyP iz s jzVzg, iAi,v wP iU PRUz. AAzsU gP

pp. 22-34

24 q. JA. t

PAqgz. U vV PAqz P P (g )idU jAiiVgAv PAqgz. P PzAv iU

z Uwgv. GzguU, MAz Pz v, Aiiz MAz PlAzg tUU CIvwAiiUzgU iqzg CAxg idAzjUwv. zs z Pg tPU 8-12UU iq Qv, EAz nz. idz Zz, zs U PjvDa z Pq zsg. FU C qAiw. vA wU sAzV AVP vUU AAz wAiU

rUw. EU Aiiz j Aiiz v JAzg. C q zAi jgv. F zAzid Czg WlPU v CAU A U j P/

P. CU P qt.

PlAP zU PlAU jw Vz JAz j t.

PlA idz WlP. PlAUz id H zzs. MAz Pz z UAz vAv. Ai(P) dg R GzUVv. C sP PlA Ev. CAx PlAU jAig, QjAig, AU g, UAq g,CPg, Pg Jg MmV wzg, MmV zrAiwzg.MmV Gtwzg. zsV P z Uv Av. PUjPUUgU vz. PVAv sPj P DPPv. PUjPUP zgQP aU z s z CPv Av, EzPVAi P ltUU U PAi. ltP Az, z Pv,CAi P P j, Aiigzg zAiiV, lzAz ir, qz DgA sv. zU wAUU PMAz j U Vgwz P, ggv CU Uzzg. Ai j g ltzg DPPVz, Ai fPAPz PV, ltP Azg C GAiAvv.ltz rz P v vAz v, zg zjAigAi l ltP gAv PgAiwzg, d. Dzg, CzEjU CPzjAz, CAx Aiv AzgAi. Az


P ltP Az Ai U S UqUz (emptynest). C sP PlAU sP PlAUz.

P Av P zgz g AvU vPlAU AtV gAiAvAi; E P CwAvgzg zU , v Hg Pj Eg, vnz rAz zgzg. U, UjPgt (urbanization).PUjQPgt (industrialization) v eUwPgt (globalization)UAzV, dg f z V, C sP PlA jzv.C sP PlA GvVv, Cz jz z, idvAz E CAi. Ai P ltP Azg,v U AgU, idz zuAiiAi, JAzz E Gz. E qAiwg z u MAizPlz JAz P zsj P. zz w JAzg Fz uAzV vAz vAijAz P zgzg, PUzvAz vAig z gAvv.

F Az sz, Az Ai Eg jAig qqz A su U gwz. Cjg Hj Rg, PPg,vPnU CPVzg. Mg v P Gv AUPVltP Pzg. Eg vg Ai Pvz PAz vP Ai GPArzg. z jAigJgqAig P P aU Nz UgP P ?JAz Pzg. CzP JgqAig Pl Gvg: U PPzPz Qg JAz. Cg iv D ZUav. JgqAig Pg, DzsP z s P Az,vAzvAijAz, zgiqvz; Ai MqAivz. Aigiw jAi P iqvz JAzVv. Nz ltPAz P g U AwgU JAz Cg CAi.CjU Gv z s QAv v PlAz Mv RVv.Cg DZ U-U vV vgz. CjU CzAiUv. Az ltP Az P N, PPgV,eUV, qPgV, AigV, EAfAigV, Pj CPjUV,zqgV AivgA UgAn K? DUz, DUgz.CzP z J C Nz g Pv, nz Hg, Ai

pp. 22-34

26 q. JA. t

Gz, C z f qgzP? U iqzifPV ? Cz z jAig DZ gt.

EAz Pt Ai P vAzvAijAz zgiqwz JAzAv d. ltP Az P, v U,vAzvAig U AgU zsv Pq; E EJAzg v, jAig P RUU P DU. J Cg vU q Uzz Ez. Ez U DzsP Ptrg g, irg GPg. EAx Pt U P? zAvgzP nz U AwgV, CAi Kzg GzUirPAq, djU PUAv zP CUAxPt g z zs? U FVg gPPt P? Aia Pz Zg.

E U PlAU Pv. UgU PlAP EAzUAiz. E PlAP f AiiAwPVz. Egz aU sP PlAU. vAz, v, v MAz Jgq P.Ai Cg Mgqg ivqz, P PAiz,MnU Pv Hl iqz Cg. vAz P P UUU E Jg. C U AzU U Vgvz.geU vAz V Aw qAiwgv. v UzgPz Aig g Uwg, Cg jZAiVg. Pz Aig g UAz wz Av. MAz j Ai PvAi. g g r Pz Aig Az Zjzg. Vz UgU AXPPP.

U DzsP Pt, UjPgt, PUjQPgt, eUwPgtUAz idz z uAiiVz. DyPV, PtPV,AzgzAz Uwz. Cz dzg CzjAz idP J MAizVz JAz Aia Pz Ai.

Pt A UE idz CAU A U j t. PlA Ai

z u DUwgz rz. Pt gAUz KUwzJAz j t. ASzAz zzg EAz Azgz. 1900 g sgvz Pgv 5%, 1945g


20%, Ezz EAz ig 75% DVz: gg 82%; AU g65%. PdU J v Jw Aw. ig 95% P U Uwzg. 80% U Pg q wz. 20% S VAi.6 jAz 14 z PU Gav Pt Pq Uwz. Dzg, xPPt qzg 15% vvg. U AzgCzs A PdUU gvg. zz Pd AiP 7% iv Pe Pt Pq.

P U Az UP Az CAQCAU Pg, EAz 20 PAzqv zU, 215 gdU q Ax.EUrAi 16,000 PdU. CU 1,800 t PUz. 1,522 EAfAijAU PdU 5,82,000zyUzg. 1,244 mQPU 2,65,000 zyUNzwzg. LLnU 10,000 zyU Nzwz EgzzAv Ugw nzg. Ezz vg wUV ng33 glz A U P iqw. 100 ri zAiU.EwZU zg Ptz P Pd Pt MzV Uwz.Er AZz Aig JdP z 3 (ZAiJJ CAvg). Ez Av q Pz Zg.

Dzg, g Pt A U w Vz JAz U PzZg. Ur xP Ptz w aAvdPVz. C PtzUtl PVz. dP ( Pj) U zz zrUV.CU Plqzg, AZ PaUg. Cgq EzgCzsPjg. Egg o iq. PjU o iqzwg. Pq Pj U JAz, U ZzAzDa Uwz. S V Pt A U Ezzg ZV. CEgz UgU. UgU ig 50% zyU S V UU Uwzg. C j PAzUV; C z iglz Vz. i dg S V UU v P j zP iv. F Jgq UAi A U CAvg z, D CAvgC Pv P s j, id EUAiiV wz.

Pd Ptz l Pq Plz. AZzg 200R zAiU z MAz E. qAiAzsU AZz Ugw n, C lz dU

PlV. lz AzsUU v. P dU

pp. 22-34

28 q. JA. t

25% CzsPg U S E. 57% CzsPjU JZr rV E.P dU Pt izs EAV DVz, D sAi tvjVz Jz Ptwz.

PdU P wg zAiizg JAxz. EAzC P wgz jPAi vUqAiiUz U JAz;f iqz. Gv Pt qz gAz zyUUvAvV Kzg iq P VzAi? CjU vAvV

Da z Pq g. Cg UjAi Pl, Kzgir, jPAi V, JAxzzg MAz Pj PVnPz; CAvg gV (P iqz) P PAiz. PdU w Pt qz gAz f q wgPg z ivU g V. M MAi qPgU Pzg,C rP Pf Pvz gAi PAv. M MAiGzsAiU Pzg C nZg mAU Pf Pvzgv AvgAv. U P f Pvz CAi l AzUiv MAi Aig DUz zsAv. U wPtP wfP q CAvg z. EAx Pt U P?

U Z MvPq EA Pt Ai iAisU Uw. Nzz, gAiz, Pqz-PAiz PAi sgz igV zPz gAiwz. jAig sgv, giAit, AZvAvz PvU Nzvz Azg. EA P Nzz sAli, Q i U.

70 U Az 6 vgUwAi Nz UgP PxJA Ugg AAzs j gtP PvU PEAz Pq Pv.

CuPlU-PUjPUvAvvg sgv P gAUU C Az.

v Av z U DgzsUAiUwg. vAv Az DgzsU Dz

irP PVv. z AZP AidAi Uj gPAw. CzPV g v CuPlU Plv. FCuPlU DzsP zUUAz PgAiAi. P DgAiz zsv. A zsAi. JgqAi


AidAi PUjPUU Mv Pq Ai. CAz AiPgzgzvAz U zrAi P , Gt C zgPAvAiA AidU C zAz UgwPAi irz, E MAi P U. EUAzV

C Az. d. Dzg EUU MAz qP q PqEz. Cz PAZ U t.

CuPlU v PUjPU itz EAz R PArg? CuPlU Pn C g Pj Ai. EzjAzCgz svz s UqAiiv. gvg vUfzsgVz sAi PzPAqg. C wz dggvgzg. CjU jg Pq PAz Pg Dzgrv. CAx jg jAiiV s PzPAqjU zgQv?U zgP Ai zszAi? s CPjUJAzzg jg jAiiV vjzAi? jgzs P CPjU Q jv. Gzz sPzPAqAz qz P Avg Ai. P CAiU siPgAz tAz wAz, Prz, eir zg. dV sPzPAq dg Pv KAi? Cg s UqAi dvAiCg Vzg; jgz D U V z.d gvgzg. Cg f v F ZgV aUwAi Pg zg ggz PvAi N wzP.W lg Cg z Z Pjv Nj, wAivz.EwZU zszz SAq fAi NAPgg CuPn zzU Ngz. CuPnAzV s PzPAq gvgz jVz 17 C Av vU irzg.j Av Cg PU v Vz. C Cg CU Awzg JAz HPzP PUvz. wZgV vUUwg CAi Cg g dUwU vj C jz PgudPVv; sAiAPgVv. sAiPzPAq w Pzz d E v iq zs?Ez jw s zsgu PAz 50 g d UAigAzzU zAiivU gmU CjUz APl H.

PUjPU U Dzz Ez Pv. EArAi AiElm Pg, EAz zz 2.13 Pn d s

pp. 22-34

30 q. JA. t

PzPAq gvgVzg. Cg Q 1.64 Pn CuPlUAzVs PzPAqg. 25 P UtUjPU Aiizg. 12.5 P

PUjPUAz vgzg. 6 P gAi GzUrAi vzg.

d, Pz Ai, zv Gv , ltUUPrAi g MzV , zq CuPlU CP. dg DyPw GvU, lz f q PUjPU P. zAzgAi P. CUV Pg vU iq P, Dzg, DvVU f U P? s PzPAq djU g iq q? CAx MAz EAgU JAiizg dAizVP irzAi? zq zq CuPlU itAz, PUjPUAz DVg j gz Pjv K .Cz HP. Ez id GzgUwgzgPv.

gdQAi EAz z gz Pngz gdQAi .

Kzg zz, gdQAi Ai,gdPgtU f Ai z z zs EJ wz. gdPgt Pv gwz. DqvUgg dPgt AzAv wzg. Eg AiQP vUU P zt zPAiiUwz. zz Av n iqz vKPP PAiPAz gdPgtU, Pj CPjU wzAwz.PZjAi jZgPg, Pg ZPg, U vg Ai dEg UAz qVgvg. i djVAv vlzg s Eg irPArz. D jZgPgEg U zgAv qPvg. Eg Aqw P AljgJAzgU PgzAi Pj U GAiV qw.EgAz dg P t v dj JAz AiazAv Pt.A Pz gdgU PgVzg, CjU dg U PPguAiizg Ev. CAz gd M iv u iqwz.EAz gdPgtUg D P iqwzg. zz Av CzPw.


e svz Av d P tAz U qv, PgDq swv z wz. dg v QAi EAz gdPgtz AvVz. dg U Pgz P g jz.EzjAzV dg C , Cv MUU PAiwz. djUgdPgtU , Dg , Ug PqAiiV, CgPj P Az. Dg C , gZ g CgVAi zg. djU Dg Ugzg,Cg P J Ai Azzg, Cg wgV Avzg,Cz CAiPvP Jq iqvz. FUU g AP iq UAq jz, P wvg zgP J zz,PU qzz Pz, nAi rz. UU gz;Cz s ZAi.

sZg idz J AvU vAqqwz. Pgq wg dwU Q g MAzg dg Q PzUAiAz gAUV wPU PlVv. CzP AiigdPgtAi gzs vg. CAz Cz dg P.gdPgtU q wg Lg f U. U iqCjU tAz Av? Cg gdPgtP Az Cg DJv? EAz Jz? Ez JjU wg Ai. EzPAqrAi MAz vdg w P?

EAz QU gwg DyP CgU AS v Uvrzg Jz qUvz. Dg Q Aiigzg itPgEgg JA Ci gvz. sZg MAz d wJAz d PjgAv Ptwz. MAz sZg gZU UV, M AiU P DAi iq PVAzg, CAx QAi JAz qQ vgz? zz CAxgAiigzg EzgAi? J U Kw.

zs, z v A wsgvz zsP, zP U AwP

gvzz. C v Gz v dUvzzz. Er gUU A wP sgvz. zU, ggGvU, Al gtU, EwAz PgPgiAit v sgvU . dUvzgz , QU

pp. 22-34

32 q. JA. t

sgwAig. Er i dAUP CAiUAv izs ( w) gaz j sgvz. U gzgC j Pz w AiU j U vU .gdPgt v Cx Ai j ZtP Cx z.Q.. 300g AzAi z gaz ZgP, v vUlg g. tAiAx AiiPgt sgwAi. Utv gz DAi sl v s gg g. PU, lPPgg zAqz. s , s sw, Pz jU j igz lPPggdUw g PAqA. PzAjPg t, Ew Pg Pt,P zArAxg z Pq. vAi P vsgvz PqU. APg, gid v zZAig n z

q z. vg, gAzg z gtg, rzrz. Pg, gz , ez, z, sZAi, Zv s, wgg, gAit Ug, Avz AigvB gtAig. DzsP Pz gP-PAzg dUvzg,sgwAi id Vz sg gU glg

CzP z, P.zQt sgv zUU q. wgw, , zg, wgu ,

vAeHg. PPij, , wgAvg; MAz Jgq; UrEz Hg E. JqzqAi z U. Gvgz gu,jzg, Cgx, x, x, zgP. z, UAii,z tPvU. P Cz, g, q,xg, Pdgz U C.J zzz q, A w. E nz

J tAvg. z J Mv qzAgAvPtvz? Dzg, EAzP E QlQz?zAiU Mqz. U rz. zg UUPz igwz. v dAiv JAz jz r J q Pgwz. CA Ai gzsAz jz r P,UU vz U. D Ai zBRz Az z

r zg a, Jq Zg vAqqwz. viqwgz CAiAz AZPgjU C v E. Czv C, CzAz fzsAz s Uwz. sZg dUwJq qAiwz; CzAz d QAi JAz v vAi


yPg qzg. t dUv JAz PAqrzr C iglz Vz. t tv CvVqAiwz. C CvZg U Uwz. zs, A wUUwAi? F r zs A iq zg vCvgw Az K Uz PZ Vz!

AiiP U?F U Gvj z s. F z gAv,

zg wAiAz , Ai, tU Cv MAz zsvAiP (polarity) MngAv PAqgvz. CAzg F g ggzs wU, U AiUAz DvVz. Av w (antimatter) MAz JAz e wz. UAi i QvPq g g gzs WlPUAz ga nz JAz eUw vg. ig MAi UtUgAv zUtU E.vgz z iq M Eg Uzazg DAi. Mg CvV wz N Cz QAiCzQAv ZV zz. gAig MwUV tPq iE tvUAi . EAx v qAiv Egv. g PqP e P AiAU gCx bAi (shadow) JAz zz. g, zg, A v Egvz. gAz U qUqE. CAz, P, U, , AZ Avz zUtUvqVP zsvU . C gz Ugw, CUAiAvtzqz Vg zj. CAzg, V bAi j; Cz j; Cz Uz s. DzzjAz bAiAiCv MPAq, Cjv, Czgq AirP PUvz.g jtg, jzg. g MAiz-Plz MmnUEgvz J je VgP, DAvjP CjgP.Dveg P. Ez IU Dv Pvg JAzPggz. CjAiz id GvU Ai z e.

D. g P q P U AiAvtzlPAq Gv id Jzqsz AP z. Cz CAiAz U vz. q

pp. 22-34

34

zAvz Pg i jzAv P fU GvP AiiPtU Aiiq C iv Gzgv. Ez q sP DAi (natural selection) JAz. DzzjAz, PqP AiAvtPqP. MAiz GAiP. FPAiPVAi id vVgz. ifP z uUP rAivz. CzPV PAi P. IvAz Uz,Cv.

PAi ivMAz j, Az idz zwAi U ivrz

PPAq QAig zg: id Pvgwz, d. Ez z z? JAz. CzP id z z zs C; Cz s PqJAz. CzPg DAiAz Cz U? JAzg. CjU CZPDV Pl Gvg CjU C, U DAiAl irv.CjU Pl Gvg Vv: EAAz U AwgVz Avg, PU P r, P r, r, Cg U C q r, UP r, Evgg Ai r,JAz Az, itPV, lAv, wAz .Cg Cz RArvV PAivg, vg (Cz ePAi). DU P MAigUvg; PlAMAizUvz. PlA MAizzg id MAizUvz.F ivU t JAz z. C zgAz f C ivU gv. id z U P , z z P. id vV z Uvz. zz Uvz. z?

q. JA. t

* JA. t, B zsP (v).


Issues and Concerns of Women StreetVendors in Karnataka

Shashidhar Channappa1Veena K.N2

V.J. Byra Reddy3

AbstractEver growing urban amalgamations attract people

from other geographical regions as an attractiveemployment destination. Most of these migrants lack skillor education or both in securing a job in formal / organizedsector. Also, in densely populated cities, many inmatesface the problem of unemployment due to variousreasons. Some of these reasons encourage men andwomen to take up vending on streets. Historically, streetvending has been a part of our culture and tradition.During the time of Krishna Deva Raya, in VijayanagarEmpire, street vending included selling of gold and silverarticles. In the recent times, street vending includesselling of eatables, vegetables and fruits, toys, cloth,woolen carpets and even electronic goods. Street vendorsform an integral part of our socio cultural and economiclife. Reports indicate that,street vendors constituteapproximately 2 per cent of the population of a metropolisand they contribute significantly to economy. But, it isdifficult to get a precise measure of population of streetvendors and their contribution to economy.

pp. 33-51

36 Shashidhar Channappa, Veena K.N., V.J. Byra Reddy

In the present paper, the results of data gatheredthrough interaction with more than 100 women streetvendors across various localities of Bangalore ispresented to identify some of the Issues and concerns ofwomen street vendors. A high percentage of women inthe age group of 25 to 40 years with low education levelworking for more than 8 hours a day have explained theirplights during the study. These women bear the brunt ofwhat is termed as illegal and arbitrary eviction of streetvendors as a very high percentage of women depend ontheir earnings.

1. Introduction:Street Vending has been an integral part of the tradition and

culture of India, ever since the civilization in India grew up tothe nascent trading. Hence, Street vending in India is as old asthe trade itself. In the past, given very less pressure of populationon the geographies, Street Vending was either considered partof normal trade or was accepted as one of the ways of trading.In the early 1900s with the beginning of the monetization of landcoupled with increasing pressure of population on thegeographies; out of necessity, vendors spilled over to streetsand found many people watching them and waiting for them tosell their articles. In the recent past, particularly in the last 40years, Street Vendorsare being noticed as aberrations on theStreets particularly with monetization of land at itsunprecedented peak and excessive pressures of population onthe geographies.

Now, these people Street Vendors form a formidablepopulation, variously called but generally grouped as belongingto Informal Sector of the Economy.


2. Historical and recent debates on informal economy:Street vendors in Mexico City; push-cart vendors in New York

city; rickshaw pullers in Calcutta; jitney drivers in Manila;garbage collectors in Bogot; and roadside barbers in Durban.Those who work on the streets or in the open air are visibleinformal workers. Other informal workers are engaged in smallshops and workshops that repair bicycles and motorcycles;recycle scrap metal; make furniture and metal parts; tan leatherand stitch shoes; weave, dye, and print cloth; polish diamondsand other gems; make and embroider garments; sort and sellcloth, paper, and metal waste; and more.

The least visible informal workers, the majority of themwomen, work from their homes. Home-based workers are to befound around the world. They include: garment workers inToronto; embroiderers on the island of Madeira; shoemakers inMadrid; and assemblers of electronic parts in Leeds. Othercategories of work that tend to be informal in both developedand developing countries include: casual workers in restaurantsand hotels; subcontracted janitors and security guards; daylabourers in construction and agriculture; piece-rate workers insweatshops; and temporary office helpers or off-site dataprocessors. Conditions of work and the level of earnings differmarkedly among those who scavenge on the streets for rags andpaper, those who produce garments on a subcontract from their

homes, those who sell goods on the streets, and those whowork as temporary data processors. Even within countries, theinformal economy is highly segmented by sector of the economy,place of work, and status of employment and, within thesesegments, by social group and gender. But those who workinformally have one thing in common: they lack legal and socialprotection.

Over the years, the debate on the large and heterogeneous

pp. 35-53


informal economy has crystallized into four dominant schoolsof thought regarding its nature and composition, as follows:

The Dualist school sees the informal sector of the economyas comprising marginal activitiesdistinct from and notrelated to the formal sectorthat provide income for thepoor and a safety net in times of crisis (Hart 1973; ILO1972; Sethuraman 1976; Tokman 1978).

The Structuralist school sees the informal economy assubordinated economic units (micro-enterprises) andworkers that serve to reduce input and labour costs and,thereby, increase the competitiveness of large capitalistfirms (Moser 1978; Castells and Portes 1989).

The Legalist school sees the informal sector as comprisedof plucky micro-entrepreneurs who choose to operateinformally in order to avoid the costs, time and effort offormal registration and who need property rights to converttheir assets into legally recognized assets (de Soto 1989,2000).

The Voluntarist school also focuses on informalentrepreneurs who deliberately seek to avoid regulationsand taxation but, unlike the legalist school, does not blamethe cumbersome registration procedures.Each school of thought subscribes to a different causaltheory of what gives rise to the informal economy.

The Dualistsargue that informal operators are excludedfrom modern economic opportunities due to imbalancesbetween the growth rates of the population and of modernindustrial employment, and a mismatch between peoplesskills and the structure of modern economic opportunities.

The Structuralists argue that the nature of capitalism/capitalist growth drives informality: specifically, theattempts by formal firms to reduce labour costs and


increase competitiveness and the reaction of formal firmsto the power of organized labour, state regulation of theeconomy (notably, taxes and social legislation); to globalcompetition; and to the process of industrialization(notably, off-shore industries, subcontracting chains, andflexible specialization).

The Legalistsargue that a hostile legal system leads theself-employed to operate informally with their own informalextra-legal norms.

The Voluntaristsargue that informal operators choose tooperate informallyafter weighing the costsbenefits ofinformality relative to formality.The dominant schools of thought have different perspectiveson this topic, although some do not explicitly distinguishbetween the two or adequately deal with both.

The Dualistssubscribe to the notion that informal units andactivities have few (if any) linkages to the formal economybut, rather, operate as a distinct separate sector of theeconomy and that the informal workforceassumed tobe largely self-employed comprise the less advantagedsector of a dualistic or segmented labour market. Theypay relatively little attention to the links between informalenterprises and government regulations. But theyrecommend that governments should create more jobs andprovide credit and business development services toinformal operators, as well as basic infrastructure andsocial services to their families.

The Structuralists see the informal and formal economiesas intrinsically linked. They see both informal enterprisesand informal wage workers as subordinated to the interestsof capitalist development, providing cheap goods andservices. They argue that governments should address the

pp. 35-53


unequal relationship between big business andsubordinated producers and workers by regulating bothcommercial and employment relationships.

The Legalists focus on informal enterprises and the formalregulatory environment to the relative neglect of informalwage workers and the formal economy per se. But theyacknowledge that formal firms what de Soto callsmercantilist interestscollude with government to setthe bureaucratic rules of the game (de Soto 1989). Theyargue that governments should introduce simplifiedbureaucratic procedures to encourage informal enterprisesto register and extend legal property rights for the assetsheld by informal operators in order to unleash theirproductive potential and convert their assets into realcapital.

The Voluntarists pay relatively little attention to theeconomic linkages between informal enterprises andformal firms but subscribe to the notion that informalenterprises create unfair competition for formal enterprisesbecause they avoid formal regulations, taxes, and othercosts of production. They argue that informal enterprisesshould be brought under the formal regulatory environmentin order to increase the tax base and reduce the unfaircompetition to formal businesses.

3. Definition of Street Vendors:Street vendors are identified as self-employed workers in the

informal sector who offer their labor to sell goods and serviceson the street without having any permanent built-up structure(National Policy on Urban Street Vendors [NPUSV], 2006, p. 11).Various studies have already confirmed the fact that streetvendors comprise one of the most marginalized sections of theurban poor. Street Vendors play a very dynamic role in the urbaneconomy, providing necessary items, which are largely both


durable and cost-effective, to average income-earninghouseholds at cheap and affordable rates. In addition, they helpmany small-scale industries to flourish by marketing the productsthat they manufacture (Bhowmik, 2001; Tiwari, 2000). Thus, theyhelp to sustain the urban economy to a great extent in terms ofgeneration of employment and income, and provision of servicesto others.

The policy document on street vendors documents.Streetvendor is defined as a person who offers goods and servicesfor sale to the public in a street without having a permanent built-up structure. There are three basic categories of street vendors:a. Stationary; b. peripatetic and c. mobile, Stationary vendorsare those who carry out vending on a regular basis at a specificlocation, e.g. those occupying space on the pavements or otherpublic places and/or private areas either open/covered [withimplicit or explicit consent] of the authorities. Peripateticvendors are those use who carry our vending on foot and selltheir goods and services and includes those who sell their goodson pushcarts. Mobile street vendors are those who move fromplace to place vending their goods or services on bicycle ormobile units on wheels, whether motorized or not, they alsoinclude vendors selling their wares in moving buses, local trainsetc.

4. Women Street Vendors in India:Women also, for some reason, take to vending on streets.

The reasons could be Lack of education, financial need, Familypressure or a combination of all these and many more. Being inan unorganized sector, lack of policies, law and regulations leadto certain difficulties during working. Women in particular, mightface a set of consequences during work.

Associations like National Association of Street Vendors ofIndia [NASVI] and other local NGOs work towards the protectionof street vendors livelihood. In 2010, the Supreme Court of India,

pp. 35-53


recognized street vending as a source of livelihood, and directedthe Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation to workout on a central legislation [policy], and a draft of the same wasunveiled to the public on November 11, 2011. The key point ofthe draft bill were, protection of legitimate street vendors fromharassment by police and civic authorities, and demarcation ofvending zones on the basis of traditional natural markets,proper representation of vendors and women in decision makingbodies, and establishment of effective grievance redressal anddispute resolution mechanism.

In essence the policy on Street Vendors, was drafted toaddress their issues and concerns.As several of the issues andconcerns this policy aims to address, have not been effectivelyaddressed, this paper intends to evaluate some of the veryimportant issues and concerns the policy on Street Vendors hasattempted to address. These issues and concerns have beenevaluated vis a vis the vending conditions faced by Women StreetVendors as it was found on a preliminary investigation that womenstreet vendors are doubly disadvantaged; firstly, as they arewomen and secondly they are street vendors. For this purpose235 women street vendors, vending in 3 districts of Karnatakawere extensively surveyed using a well-structured questionnaire.

Before, the results of the survey are discussed, for betterunderstanding, it is intended that the focus of the policy on streetvendors be provided. The major issues and concerns that

policy on street vendors are provided in the following pagesafter providing the definition of street vendors by the policydocument.

5. Provision of Civic Facilities :Municipal Authorities need to provide basic civic facilities in

Vending Zones / Vendors Markets which would include:i) Provisions for solid waste disposal;ii) Public toilets to maintain cleanliness;


iii) Aesthetic design of mobile stalls/ push carts;iv) Provision for electricity;v) Provision for drinking water;vi) Provision for protective covers to protect wares of street

vendors as well as themselves from heat, rain, dust etc;vii) Storage facilities including cold storage for specific

goods like fish, meat and poultry;and

viii) Parking areas.The Vendors Markets should, to the extent possible, also

provide for crches, toilets and restrooms for female and malemembers.

5.1 Public Health & HygieneEvery street vendor shall pay due attention to public health

and hygiene in the vending zone/vendors market concernedand the adjoining area. He/she shall keep a waste collectionbasket in the place of vending. Further, he/she shall contributeto/promote the collective disposal

5.2 Education & Skills TrainingStreet vendors, being micro entrepreneurs should be provided

with vocational education and training and entrepreneurialdevelopment skills to upgrade their technical and businesspotentials so as to increase their income levels as well as tolook for more remunerative alternatives.

5.3 Credit & InsuranceCredit is an important requirement in street vending, both to

sustain existing activity and to upscale it. Since vendors workon a turnover basis, they often take recourse to high interest loansfrom non-institutional lenders. Although they usually demonstratehigh repayment capacity, absence of collateral and firm

pp. 35-53


domiciliary status usually debars them from institutional credit.State Governments and the Municipal Authorities should enableSelf-Help Groups (SHGs) and organizations of street vendors toaccess credit from banks through mechanism like SHG-BankLinkage. The TVC should disseminate information pertaining toavailability of credit from various sources, especially micro-finance and should take steps to link street vendors with formalcredit structures. Street vendors should also be assisted inobtaining insurance through Micro-insurance and other agencies.With respect to credit, the Credit Guarantee Fund Scheme forSmall Industries (CGFSI), designed by the Ministry of Micro,Small & Medium Enterprises, Government of India and the SmallIndustries Development Bank of India (SIDBI) may be extendedto the street vendors. This scheme aims at resolving the problemof collaterals, and inducing banks to gradually move away froma completely risk-averse stance toward small scale industries.

The registration process undertaken by the TVC based onfield surveys through professional institutions/agencies and thedomiciliary status confirmed by them on the Identity Card asalso in their records should make it possible to cover a largenumber of street vendors under institutional credit.

6. Results of the Survey on Street Vendors in Karnataka:In the backdrop of this policy on Street Vendors and

particularly, its implicit expression on Women Street Vendors itis intended to discuss the results of the survey carried out toassess the issues and concerns of women street vendors inKarnataka.

6.1 Discussion on the Demographic profile of the womenstreet vendor along with some of their basic issues and concerns:

A total of 235 women street vendors spread across threedistricts of Karnataka viz., Bangalore, Bangalore Rural and


Shimoga were surveyed for their issues and Concerns in thebackdrop of the policy on Street Vendors by the HonorableSupreme Court of India.

The tables provided as Annexures 1 and 2 provide data ondemographics of the surveyed population; it could be read fromthe tables that 179[76.2%] of the women street vendors of thetotal belong to Karnataka, 37[15.7%] of them belong to Tamilnadu and 17[7.2%] others belong to Andra Pradesh, Whereas 2out of these 235 women street vendors belong to other states ofIndia. One interesting aspect that could be noted from this datais that almost 23% of these vendors are from Tamil nadu andAndhra Pradesh, who are part of the larger migrated populationsfrom these states into Karnataka. The age profile of therespondents show that 81.7% of the respondents are in the agegroup of 25 to 50 years, further this data shows a progressivedecline of the number of street vendors as the age advances, apossible indicator that street vending is a job capable for thepeople of the lower ages and not so for those who are older.The education profiles of the respondents show that out of the235 street vendors, 177[75.2%] of them has education equivalentor lower than the 7th standard and the rest of the 28 of them haveeducation up to matriculation; none of the street vendorssurveyed had education above matriculation; a possible inferenceis that people in the informal sector with educationalqualification above matriculation would not take to street vendingand may take up other better employment within this sector.The family size of the respondents is surprisingly lower thanwhat is normally expected of the lower income families; withalmost 62% of the women street vendors living in family size upto 4 and up to 96% of them living in family size up to 7. Onepossible attribute to such lower size of the families is that thestreet vendors surveyed for this study are from slightly better offdistricts of Karnataka including the capital itself. The data on

pp. 35-53


the number of earning members in the family indicate that about55 of the surveyed 235 women street vendors are the sole breadwinners of the family as against the popular belief that men arethe bread winners of the family; the reason for these women totake up street vending is to earn a source of livelihood for thefamily. Another 150 women street vendor are accompanied byanother earning member in the family; the very fact that in spiteof another earning member of the family these women have takento vending in the streets indicate that the quantum of earning ofthe other earning member needs supplement and /or the otherfamily member has taken to another occupation that supplementsthe income of the women street vendor.

The annexure-2 of this paper provides data on otherdemographics and Descriptives about a few of the importantvariables considered for the study in the backdrop of the policyon street vendors. From the data on the duration work, a verydisturbing trend could be noted; that number of women streetvendors who have been vending for more than 10 years is71[30.2%] and the number of women who have been vending inthe streets for 5 to 10 years is 51[21.7%] whereas the womenwho have been vending in the streets for less than two years is77[32.8%]. If one observes this trend in the table, it is quite clearthat these 77 women who have got into vending for the last 2years are the addition to the existing women street vendors, hencethis clearly indicates that the number of women who have takento street vending is higher in proportion to those who wereexisting in last 10 years or more. Or this data might actually beindicating that though higher number of women take to streetvending they may not continue to do so; if this is true, the reasonsfor this would be well worth knowing. As regard the duration oftime that these women vend in the streets; an interestingphenomena such as 65[27.8%] of the total of 235 women streetvendors vend for 6 hours or less in a day; making vending almost


a part-time employment. On the other side of the spectrum; thetoil of street vending expressed in terms of 66[28.1%] of the 235women street vendors vending for more than 10 hours in a day.The rest of the women street vendors that is, 104[44.3%] of themvend for anywhere between 6-10 hours in a day. The frequencywith which these women street vendors need to replenish theirstocks vary from Daily, Weekly and Monthly; while most of thewomen, 174[74.0%] out of the total 235 replenish their stocksdaily, inferring that they deal with perishable goods, 52[22.1%]replenish their stocks on a weekly basis, whereas another 9[3.8%]women replenish their stocks monthly. So far these women doinganother additional job to street vending is concerned; 214[91.5%]of the women street vendors out of the total 235 do not do anotheradditional job, but exclusively engage themselves in Streetvending, whereas 20[8.5%] of these, do an additional job to Streetvending to supplement their incomes. One among the importantprovisions for these street vendors in the policy on Street vendorsis the provision of public toilet for them; as regards this provision,in the survey it was asked whether they have access to a publictoilet nearby, if not an exclusive access to the same; 56[24.7%]of these women reported that they do have

access to some kind of public toilet facility, whereas a themajority of 179[76.2%] of them reported as having no access tothe public toilet facility near the place of vending.

6.2 Additional following-up discussion based on the resultson major issues and concerns of the women street vendors:

The data from these 235 women street vendors across thefour districts of Karnataka was subjected to simple statisticaltest of cross tabulation to further understand their issues andconcerns with particular reference to the policy on Street vendingby the honorable Supreme Court.

pp. 35-53


Table 1: Cross tabulation between the Place of Vending andMember of any Organisation

Member of anyOrganisation

Variables Yes No TotalPlace of Bangalore Count 9 36 45Vending South % of Total 3.8% 15.3% 19.1%

Bangalore Count 5 53 58North % of Total 2.1% 22.6% 24.7%Shimoga Count 30 39 69District % of Total 12.8% 16.6% 29.4%Nelamangala Count 1 62 63

% of Total .4% 26.4% 26.8%Total Count 45 190 235

% of Total 19.1% 80.9% 100.0%

The first of the cross tabulations to which the data wassubjected was to evaluate if the place of vending has any bearingon these women street vendors being members of any of thestreet vending organisations. Table 1 representing this crosstabulation clearly shows that 190[80.9%] of these women arenot members of any of the organisations representing the streetvendors; whereas 45[19.1%] of them are members of one of theorganisations representing the street vendors.

Analyzing the data in the table further, indicates that amongthe four districts, in the district, Shimoga the women street vendorsare far more organized than the remaining 3 districts; with about45% of the women street vendors affiliating with one or the other

organisations that represents them. It is rather surprising tofind that the women street vendors from the capital Bangaloreare not as organized as those of the district- Shimoga.

The Pearson Chi-Square value of this cross tabulation 43.101at3 degrees of freedom is significant at 5% level of significancewith p-value =0.000


Table 2: Cross tabulation between Member of anyOrganisation and Awareness of Right to Roadside Vending

Aware of Right toRoadside Vending

Variable Yes No TotalMember of Yes Count 14 31 45any % of Total 6.0% 13.2% 19.1%Organisation No Count 32 158 190

% of Total 13.6% 67.2% 80.9%Total Count 46 189 235

% of Total 19.6% 80.4% 100.0%Further, it was intended to see if being members of any of the

organisations help these women street vendors to be aware oftheir right to roadside vending. The table 2 shows the crosstabulation between the membership with the any of the streetvendors organisations with that of the awareness to roadsidevending. The table clearly shows that general awareness aboutroadside vending is abysmally low among the total of 235surveyed women street vendors with as many as 189[80.4%] notbeing aware of their right to roadside vending while only45[19.1%] of them being aware of this right.

When this data is further analyzed, it is found that though theawareness of their right to vend at the roadside is low amongboth members of the organisations and non-members; about 30%of the members of street vending organisations are aware ofthis right whereas the same awareness among the non-membersis about 17%. Such analysis lends to the thesis that being membersof the street vendors Organisation help them on this awareness.

The Pearson Chi-Square value for the cross tabulation betweenthe membership with the any of the street vendors organisationswith that of the awareness to roadside vending is 4.705 at 1degrees of freedom and the same is significant at 5% level ofsignificance with p-value =0.030

pp. 35-53


Table 3: Cross tabulation between Place of Vending andprovision of Public toilet facility

Public toiletfacility

Variable Yes No TotalPlace of Bangalore Count 23 22 45Vending South % of Total 9.8% 9.4% 19.1%

Bangalore Count 10 48 58North % of Total 4.3% 20.4% 24.7%Shimoga Count 21 48 69District % of Total 8.9% 20.4% 29.4%Nelamangala Count 2 61 63

% of Total .9% 26.0% 26.8%Total Count 56 179 235

% of Total 23.8% 76.2% 100.0%Besides awareness of road side vending and membership

among street vendors organisations; the data among the streetvendors from these four districts of Karnataka was cross tabulatedfor understanding the access to public toilets to these womenwith the place of vending. Table 3 shows the cross tabulationbetween access to public toilets to these women with the placeof vending. On the lines of Descriptives observed with referenceto the provision of public toilet facility to the women streetvendors the cross tabulation in table 3 clear shows that 179[76.2%]of these women from all the four districts do not have access topublic toilet facility; the Pearson Chi-Square value for crosstabulation between access to public toilets to these women withthe place of vending is 36.305at 3 degrees of freedom and thesame is significant at 5% level of significance with p-value=0.000

7. Conclusions:It is quite evident from the analysis above that these women

street vendors still face a lot of issues and concerns particularlywith respect to; working hours, public toilet facility, awareness


about organisations that work for them and particularlymembership to these organisations and about their rights on streetvending. Further from the foregoing discussion it could beconcluded that these women are generally illiterate and take tostreet vending mostly to supplement and /or compliment incomesfor livelihood of their families. Some of them [as many as over20% of these] are the single workers in the family and streetvending is the means for them to subsist their families and alsothat they are the breadwinners of the family. Quit a few of thesewomen[as many as 8%] do take up additional employment asstreet vending alone does not provide enough incomes to takecare of their families requirements.

The most important conclusion that could be derived fromthis study is that the policy on street vending is a non-starter inmaking lives of the street vendors a little comfortable thanhowever cruel-some it is now as it has been for many years.Particularly women street vendors are doubly disadvantaged asit is natural for them to not only earn livelihood for their familiesbut also rear their families to a meaningful existence.

References:1. Bhowmik, Sharit, K. 2001. Hawkers in the Urban Informal Sector: A

Study of Street Vendors in Seven Cities. Patna, India: NASVI.2. Bromley, Ray. 2000. Street Vending and Public Policy: A Global

Review. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy , Vol.20, No. 1, pp. 17.

3. Chen, Martha Alter. 2004. Rethinking the Informal Economy: Linkageswith the Formal Economy and the Formal Regulatory Environment.EGDI-WIDER Conference, September 17-18, Helsinki, Finland.

4. Chowdhury, Subhanil. 2011. Employment in India: What Does theLatest Data Show? Economic & Political Weekly, Vol. XLVI, No.32 (August 6), pp. 23-26.

5. McKinsey Global Institute. 2010. Indias Urban Awakening: BuildingInclusive Cities, Sustaining Economic Growth.

6. Krishnamurthy, J. and G. Raveendran. 2009. Measures of Labour ForceParticipation and Utilization. New Delhi: National Commission forEnterprises in the Unorganized Sector.

pp. 35-53


Annexure 1: Demographics of the Surveyed population

Variables Descriptors Frequency PercentBangalore North 45 19.1

Location of Bangalore South 58 24.7Vending Shimoga/Shikaripura 69 29.4

Nelamangala 63 26.8Total 235 100.0

Native State Karnataka 179 76.2Tamilnadu 37 15.7Andra Pradesh 17 7.2others 2 .9Total 235 100.0

Age [Years] 18 to 25 6 2.625 to 32 65 27.732 to 40 71 30.240 to 50 56 23.850 and above 37 15.7Total 235 100.0

Education Illiterate 98 41.7Up to 7th standard 79 33.6Metric/up to 10th 58 24.7standardTotal 235 100.0

Number of Up to 2 23 9.8individuals 3 to 4 122 51.9in family 5 to 7 79 33.6

More than 7 11 4.7Total 235 100.0

Number of Me alone 55 23.4earning 2 150 63.8members 3 29 12.3in family More than 3 1 .4

Total 235 100.0


Annexure 2: Demographics and Descriptives on fewimportant variable of the Surveyed population

Variables Descriptors Frequency PercentDuration of present Less than 2 36 15.3work [years] 2 to 5 77 32.8

5 to 10 51 21.7More than 10 71 30.2Total 235 100.0

Working hours Up to 3 10 4.3per day 3 to 6 55 23.4

6 to 10 104 44.3More than 10 66 28.1Total 235 100.0

Frequency of Daily 174 74.0replenishment Weekly 52 22.1

Monthly 9 3.8Total 235 100.0

Storage place for House 162 68.9remaining goods Place of 73 31.1

businessTotal 235 100.0

Doing additional job Yes 20 8.5No 215 91.5Total 235 100.0

Public toilet facility Yes 56 23.8No 179 76.2Total 235 100.0

1. Prof. Shashidhar Channappa- Head, Department of Social work, The OxfordCollege of Arts, Bangalore.

2. Dr.Veena K.N Associate Professor, Indus Business Academy, Bangalore.3. Dr. V.J.Byra Reddy Professor, University of Petroleum and Energy

Studies, Dehradun.

pp. 35-53

54 V. Kannappa Setty

Important Ethical Issues in Publishing aScientific PaperV. Kannappa Setty*

Abstract:The word ethics means to rules of conduct, norms

of behaviour, and theories of moral philosophy used forexamining, guiding or understanding moral Issues.Researchers are more responsible for conducting theirresearch work ethically and in agreement with theapproved protocol. There are many ethical issues whichare important to all types of researcher. Each one is brieflymentioned in the article.

Introduction:Objective of the present paper is to provide brief note on

important ethical issues in publishing a scientific paper.Scientific paper means a paper is an organized description ofhypotheses, data and conclusions, intended to educate the reader.If your research does not generate papers, it is just like not havingdone the study [1]. Some of the important issues of ethics inpublishing a scientific paper are discussed below.

Authorship Issues:Authorship issues always surface in all professions. Even if

people are exposed to publication process, they are expectedto have observed such situations with colleagues. Many Issues


tend to take place when writing a manuscript with several authors.Authorship disagreements can lead to embarrassment, anger,hostility, unpleasantness, broken down relationship and finally,can harm careers. [2,3] .

Major Author Responsibilities:Everyone must estimate some responsibility for accurateness

of their written material, but level of responsibility is reasonable.Some of the general rules for preparation and submission ofmanuscripts are listed below [4]:

Make sure that the authors research work is reliable All Authors must be aware about the submission and agree

with the content Should agree for the examination of their manuscript by

anonymous reviewers. Provide copies of related work submitted or published

elsewhere Obtain copyright permission if figures, tables or graphs

need to be reproduced Include proper affiliation etc...

Authorship of the Paper:Authorship must be limited to those who have made a

considerable contribution in the reported research work. Thepeople, who have participated in certain substantive aspects ofthe research study, must be acknowledged. The correspondingauthors have to make sure that all appropriate co-authors andno inappropriate co-authors are incorporated in the researchpaper designed for publish. All co-authors are required to havemade sure and standardise the final version of the research paperand have approved for its submission for publication [5].

pp. 54-60


Potential Causes of Authorship Issues:Two common causes of authorship problems which occur

are failure to reach the agreement at the commencement of theproject and discussions that are unclear and undocumented.Another cause relates to the contribution of authors either to thepaper itself or to the entire project over time. If an apprenticewriter, make assumptions about whether authorship is deserve.As a result, author may be either omitted or be included whenhe do not meet the authorship criteria. He also thinks thatinclusion of well-connected people may improve the reliabilityof his work. He also may feel that he should take an account ofteachers who mentored him. Finally, in a long-term project, heor other authors height of activity or contributions may getmodified [6 ].

Research Misconduct:Research misconduct means Fabrication, Falsification and

Plagiarism (FFP) in reviewing the research [7,4]. Fabrication is making up data and reporting them. Falsification is manipulating research materials, processes,

or changing data Plagiarism means the stealing of another persons ideas,

processes, and results without giving appropriate credit.

Plagiarism:Plagiarism is a major violation of truthfulness and involves

theft of intellectual property [8, 19]. As we start writing forpublication, should be careful to keep away from plagiarism, itmay not be an intentional act but an error. The responsibility forplagiarism lies ultimately with the writer. The important thing is,each manuscript should be copyrighted when it get published[9, 15]. Majority of editors and reviewers would argue that self-plagiarism is immoral. However, he can copy his material if heowns the copyrights [10].


Some of commonly asked questions related to plagiarisminclude [11].

Should all levels of plagiarism, ranging from paraphrasingwithout any citation about copying verbatim, be treatedthe same?

What due course of action is needed to validate plagiarism? Should the intentional plagiarist be treated differently than

the unintentional plagiarist?With regard to the all above mentioned questions, we can

find out exact answers from expert authors. Following are therecommendations which help to avoid plagiarism [12].

Use of quotation marks around the words taken from averbatim source.

Use ellipses (a space and three periods) for a part of thequotation omitted.

Use brackets around added words. Attempt to paraphrase the information, or summarize the

information derived from a variety of sources using onesown words etc...

Fundamental errors in published works:When an author discovers important mistakes in his/her own

published work, it is the authors responsibility to promptly informthe journal editor and cooperate with the editor to correct theresearch paper. If the publisher learns from a third party that apublished research work contains a major error, it is the obligationof the writer of the paper to promptly correct the paper [13].

Duplicate Publication:Duplicate publication involves publishing the same

information, in the similar layout, in more than one journal,Internet, or any other form of resources [6].

All the authors need to be practiced of one submission (singlesubmission of single manuscript to one journal at a time and no

pp. 54-60


resubmission to another journal until a written rejection has beenreceived from that particular journal) which is essential to guardthe writer and publisher.

The Editors must have exclusive rights to the manuscript. Theprinciple of one submission does not remove consideration forpublication of any writing paper previously rejected by anotherjournal. The main accountability for preventing duplicate ofpublication remains with the author. The Following lists ofprominent criteria which are necessary to consider the articleas duplicate [14] are

Identical content Highly similar articles with minimal modifications Several articles when one is enough Sequential articles about the development of work Similar articles for various disciplines

Ramifications:Majority of the time multiple ramifications result from

duplicate submissions and publications, ranging fromconsumption of valuable resources to further encouraging thepublish [15]. Rarely, editors will say yes to duplicate publicationsunder certain conditions, including agreement by editors of bothjournals, a subsequent version that precisely reflects the firstarticle in the second article informing the reader of the primarypaper [16].

Data Manipulation:Few researchers who manipulate their data in ways that

mislead others are violating both the basic values and broadlyaccepted professional standards of science and always fail tofulfil all three obligations. (Misleading data can also take placefrom poor experimental design or careless assessments as wellas from inappropriate manipulation) [17].


Acknowledgement of Source:The most important thing in paper writing are, author or

researcher must give proper acknowledgment for the work ofothers. Writer must cite publications that have been significantin determining the nature of the reported research work.Information obtained privately, through conversation,correspondence should not be reported without consent [18].

Conclusion:As researchers, everyone needs to uphold high standards of

scholarly work and stress the significance of integrity in spreadingthe knowledge. Intellectual work must be conducted responsiblyand ethically. Researchers must always keep in mind to carryown things rather than others.

References:1. Whitesides, G .A. M., 2004, http://www.ee.ucr.edu/~rlake/

Whitesides_writing_res_paper.pdf2. King, C.R., McGuire, D.B., Longman, A.J., & Carroll-Johnson, R.M.

(1997). Peer review, authorship, ethics, and conflict of interest.Image: Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 29, 163 167.

3. Fain, J.A. (1997). Maintaining scientific integrity in publications[Editorial]. Diabetes Educator, 23(3), 232.

4. On Being a Scientist: Responsible Conduct in Research; 2009,National Academy Press, Wash. D.C.

5. Managing Allegations of Scientific Misconduct: A GuidanceDocument for Editors, 2000, Office of Research Integrity, Officeof Public Health and Science, U.S

6. Berk, R.N. (1991). Is plagiarism ever insignificant?American Journalof Roentgenology, 157, 614.

7. Ethics in Publishing, www.arvo.org/eweb/arvo/pdf/EthicsPoster.pdf8. Malone, R.E. (1998). Ethical issues in publication of research.Journal

of Emergency Nursing, 24, 281-283.9. Blancett, S.S. (1993). Who is entitled to authorship? [Editorial].Journal

of Nursing Administration, 23(1), 3.10. King, C.R., McGuire, D.B., Longman, A.J., & Carroll-Johnson, R.M.

(1997). Peer review, authorship, ethics, and conflict of interest.Image: Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 29, 163-167.

pp. 54-60

60

11. Rogers, B. (1993). Using the words and works of others. Acommentary.AAOHN Journal, 41(1), 46-49.

12. Sly, R.M. (1997). Ethical writing and responsible medicalpractice.Annals of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, 79, 489-494.

13. Copp, L.A. (1993). Ethics and scholarly writing. Journal ofProfessional Nursing, 9, 67-68

14. Yarbro, C.H. (1995). Duplicate publication: Guidelines for nurseauthors and, editors.Image: Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 27(1),57.

15. Blancett, S.S., Flanagin, A., & Young, R.L. (1995). Duplicatepublication in the nursing literature.Image: Journal of NursingScholarship, 27(1), 51-56

16. Guidelines of The Optical Society (OSA) Concerning EthicalPractices in the Publication of Research, http://www.opticsinfobase.org/submit/review/ethical_guidelines.pdf

17. Ethics in Publishing, www.arvo.org/eweb/arvo/pdf/EthicsPoster.pdf18. Chris Graf et al ., Best Practice Guidelines on Publication Ethics: a

Publishers Perspective,international journal of clinical practice, 2007,61 (Suppl. 152), 126

19. Publishing Ethics Elsevier, http://www.elsevier.com/framework_products/ promis_misc/ethicalguidelinesforauthors.pdf

* V. Kannappa Setty, Ph.D Scholar and psychiatric social worker Adultpsychiatry, Unit-5 Psychiatric social work department, National Instituteof Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru - 560029.

V. Kannappa Setty


Book ReviewIndia Grows Old

K.Prabakar

Old Age in an Indifferent SocietyT.K.Nair (Ed.)Niruta Publications,Bangalore, 2013146 Pages; Price Rs. 200/-

The declining fertility and mortality rates and the increasinglife expectancy at birth as well as at older ages lead to increasein the global population of persons aged 60 years and above.The 60+ population in India was more than 100 million in 2012and that is estimated to be more than 323 million in 2050. As aproportion, one in five Indians will be 60 or over in 2050. Further,44 million people are estimated to be in their eighties. Thephenomenal increase in the number and proportion of elderlypeople will pose serious social, economic, health care, politicaland other challenges to the central and state governments aswell as to the Indian Society at large. In this book, edited by thewell-known social gerontologist Prof.T.K.Nair, the twelve articlesexamine some of the issues concerning the Indian elderly indepth. More specifically the definition of old age, situation ofolder people in the villages, abuse and neglect of the elderly,the health care challenges and the role of traditional Indianmedicine, life satisfaction in old age, national policy on seniorcitizens, social security, elder care legislation, researchpriorities in the field of ageing, elder care services in India, twomodels of community - based services for the elderly, and

pp. 59-65

62 Dr. K. Prabakar

indifferent attitude of society towards old age are analysed inthe articles.

The concept of old age is explained from differentperspectives by Prof.Nair. He says Old age is a relative conceptwhich varies from society to society. Depending on theexpectation of life, the definition of old age is found to varyfrom about 40 in some developing countries to 70 and beyond insome developed countries. Ayurveda, the traditional systemof Indian medicine, divides human life span into ten stages andcategorizes the aging persons into two broad groups: Vriddha(60 to 80 years) and Jaratha (above 80 years). In ancient China,the calendar year was named with the combination of two setsof Chinese characters one consisted of twelve characters andthe other five characters. Therefore, on becoming sixty-one yearsold, the name of that year becomes same as that of the year ofbirth. Hence the sixty-first year after birth is called Kanreki (returnof the calendar) which is often regarded as the beginning of oldage or second childhood.

Dr.Nair refers to an integrated concept of age proposed byPsychologist James Birren. He differentiates the concepts ofbiological, psychological and social age. Biological age refersto the position of an organism with respect to its remainingpotential longevity. Psychological age refers to an organismslevel of adaptability, that is, the state of those capacities whichpermit the individual to adapt to external and internalenvironmental demands. Social age is the individuals positionin expected age-graded social roles and social habits. A personsfunctional age is viewed as a composite index of his/herpotential biological, psychological and social capacities.

Dr.Nair concludes that old age defies any specific definition.It is not a mere statistical categorization or fact. The socialdefinition of old age depends on the norms of a particular society.


Aging and being an older person are essentially social andcultural phenomena.

The first research study on the elderly in India, perhaps, wasthat of Dr.H.M.Marulasiddaiah. Old People of Makunti,published in 1969, was based on a village study conducted fivedecades ago by him. The declining authority of the aged wasempirically observed in the village. Professor K.VisweswaraRaos article on the rural elderly in India analyses the situationof the older people in Indian villages. He also reviews therelevant policies and programmes.

Professor Devi Prasads artic le Struggle for Survival:Narratives of Abuse and Neglect of the Elderly in IndianFamilies presents heartrending case studies of the elderly whoare victims of abuse and neglect. Dr.Devi Prasad says that studieshave indicated that more than 95 percent of the abuse of elderlytake place at home. A majority of the elderly live with theirspouses, children, and grand children, and other relatives. Thatis why son, daughter-in-law, spouse and the daughter arefrequently reported to be the abusers. While the typical profileof an elderly victim of abuse, whatever be the form of abuse, isfound to be a woman, widowed, of advanced age, poor andassetless; a typical abuser is middle aged, a principal caregiver,and usually the offspring of the older person.

The case studies presented by Dr.Devi Prasad reveal differentangles of the abuse of the elderly. One angle is that the patternsof elder abuse and neglect reflect and reinforce the prevailingnegative stereotypes toward the elderly and their roles in society.The other angle is how we are constructing and explaining thephenomenon of maltreatment of the elderly in the larger contextof socio-economic realities.

In the article Research Priorities in the Field of Ageing,Dr.Siva Raju says the research on ageing in India was primarilyfocused on socio-economic and demographic profiles, living

pp. 61-67

64 Dr. K. Prabakar

arrangements, problems of and services to the aged, interpersonalrelationships especially of the urban elderly. A combination ofqualitative and quantitative approaches are required for a morecomprehensive understanding of ageing issues. Also widevariation in levels of development and socio-economic statusof people living in different geographical regions make nationallevel studies on elderly essential. Analysis of both secondaryand primary data needs to be attempted, wherever necessary,which in turn will help to focus on ageing issues, both at macroand micro levels.

According to WHO (2002) between 60-80% of the populationin developing countries and a growing percentage in developedcountries continue to avail services of traditional medicalsystems. In the article Ageing Population in India: the HealthSystem Role of Traditional Medicine, Dr.P.M.UnniKrishnan ofUN University observes that the approach to universal healthcoverage and health system development in India ispredominantly based on modern medical approach. In theNational Health Mission programmes traditional medicine isintegrated marginally and mainly in the form of dispensablemedicines and not as a holistic health care approach. Why areAyurveda and other traditional medical systems not called forto address the health-care challenges of the elderly? There is alot that these can offer in terms of preventive care, healthylifestyles, early detection of likely manifestation throughmethods such as prakriti analysis, treatment methods such aspanchakarma particularly in the case of chronic, debilitatingconditions.

K.N.Ajith presents a case study of CEWA, the first community-based elder care project, while Dr.Kalpana Sampaths casestudy is on a health care initiative, NMT. At a time when homefor the aged was the form of elder care service for the elderlyin India., Centre for the Welfare of the Aged (CEWA), formed in1979, pioneered community-based elder care services in India.


CEWAs Convictions: The best place for the wellbeing of the elderly is the

family. Services to the elderly should be provided where they live

or as near as possible. Elderly are resources of the community. Their talents and

resources are unlimited which should be identified,recognized, developed and utilised.

The elderly themselves will be able to manageprogrammes for their wellbeing with properencouragement from social welfare personnel asfacilitators and with necessary financial support.

The Chairman of the Tamilnadu Social Welfare AdvisoryBoard, who led a Committee of the Centre Social WelfareBoard in January 1985, made the following observations:The members very much appreciated the day centresrun by CEWA. They wanted to run such centres all overthe country and I am very happy that this programme ofyours is very much appreciated.

Nightingales Medical Trust (NMT) is a voluntary organizationworking for the well-being of the elderly in and around Bangalorethrough various innovative, family-based support systems for thesenior citizens of different socio-economic groups. Some ofNightingaless projects have emerged as models and arereplicated in other parts of the country, NMTs Centre forAlzheimers has a team of psychiatrists, physiotherapists andpsychologists who take care of the elders along with educatingthe family on the support required from them while dealing withDementia or Alzheimers patients. NMT also provides short termor respite care for the family having dementia person with them.This service is a boon for the family members when they have togo out of station or just want a break from caring for a shortperiod.

pp. 61-67

66 Dr. K. Prabakar

Prof.Nair examines in detail the schemes and laws initiatedby the government in the article The State and the Elderly.He also analyses the Elder Care Services in India in anotherarticle. The Government of India formulated the National Policyon Older Persons in 1999 giving rise to hopes to millions of elderlyin the country. But it remained almost a paper policy. So a revisedone called the National Policy on Senior Citizens was framed inMarch 2011. But that policy is not yet notified by the government.The Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior CitizensAct was a major legislation. But its implementation is far fromsatisfactory. The National Programme for Health Care of Elderly(NPHCE) in India, launched in 2010, to be introduced in 100districts in 21 states has not been put in place. In the developednations, economic development preceded populations ageing.But in India the reverse trend has been seen. The governmentdoes not appear to be serious about the implications of thisdemographic shift.

Life Satisfaction in Old Age has been assessed by Dr.Nairbased on a field study in Chennai City and in two nearby villages.The mean life satisfaction score of the elderly studied is low,that is, 7.89 while the range of the life satisfaction scores is from0 to 18. Life satisfaction score of the urban elderly is double thatof the rural elderly. Life satisfaction is found to be associatedwith health status, economic condition and belief in re-birth.

In the concluding article Old Age in an Indifferent Society,Dr.Nair discusses Indian familys changing role in caring for theelderly, issues relating to income security, age-ism, apathyof governments, and the growing indifference in Indian societytowards the older people. The pejorative image of a personwho is old simply because of his or her age is seen as a growingphenomenon in India too. Older persons are portrayed as sick,helpless and useless in television programmes in India. All overthe world there is a growing demand for a state-funded, universal,


non-means-related non-contributing pension scheme for theelderly. Dr.Nair advocates for a universal pension of Rs.2, 000per month which should be indexed to inflation. On the whole,the book Old Age in an Indifferent Society is a very goodcontribution to the field of ageing.

Dr. K. PrabakarCEO, Apollo Knowledge

pp. 61-67

Inviting NGO detailsPlease send your NGOs details to updatein the forthcoming 2nd edition of'Karnataka NGOs Directory' (1st impres-sion 2011, pages 366), by Niruta publica-tions.AiA AU iw PrAi 2Aizt gvg Uwz. zAiir vAAi iwAi PPr.

Niratanka, #244, 3rd Main, PoornachandraRoad, MPM Layout, Mallathahalli,Bangalore-560056Ph : 080-23212309, 9980066890e-mail : [email protected] [email protected] : http://trainingniratanka.blogspot.in

70

STATEMENT ABOUT OWNERSHIP AND OTHERPARTICULARS ABOUT NEWSPAPER

FORM IV

1. Place of Publication : Bangalore2. Periodicity of its publication : Monthly3. Printers Name : Ramesha M.H.

Nationality : IndianAddress : Niruta, No. 244, 3rd Main, Poornachandra

Road, MPM Layout, Mallathahalli,Bangalore-560056

4. Publishers Name : Ramesha M.H.Nationality : IndianAddress : Niruta, No. 244, 3rd Main, Poornachandra


5. Editors Name : Ramesha M.H.Nationality : IndianAddress : Niruta, No. 244, 3rd Main,Poornachandra


6. Name and address of : Ramesha M.H.individual who own the Niruta, No. 244, 3rd Main,Poornachandranewspaper and partners Road, MPM Layout, Mallathahalli,and shareholders holding Bangalore-560056more than one percent ofthe total capital

I, Ramesha M.H., hereby declare that the particulars given above are true to thebest of my knowledge and belief.

Sd/-Date : Ramesha M.H.

Publisher

74

Samaja Karyada Hejjegalu (SKH)Social Work Foot-prints

A bi-lingual (kannada English) Social Work Magazinepublished 4 times a year: January, April, July and October.Founded in 2,000 by M.H.Ramesha, a social work and humanresources professional, SKHs primary focus is to popularizesocial work and social development issues among socialworkers, social work educators, social developmentprofessionals, students and the Kannada-speaking people.

Guidelines for AuthorsBasic Requirements

Title of the article should be relevant to the objectivesof SKH.

An abstract of about 100 words. Length of article upto 2,000 words. References to be as per SKH style.If an article does not meet these requirements, the article

will be rejected.

DeclarationEach article should be accompanied by a declaration by

the author(s) that: He/she is the author of the article. The article is original The article has not been published, and has not been sentfor publication elsewhere.

A copy of permission from the co

social work magazine ,vol-4 april issue-2, 2014

Documents

glish social work magazine

bilingual magazine

bilingual mode

women of karnataka

book review article

agood article

research journal

book reviewindia