SOCIO ECONOMIC FACTORS AFFECTING SOCIO ECONOMIC FACTORS AFFECTING EXPLOITATION AND MANAGEMENT OFEXPLOITATION AND MANAGEMENT OF

TOPTOP　　 PREDATORSPREDATORS

Ｐ．　Ｍ．　ＭｉｙａｋｅＰ．　Ｍ．　Ｍｉｙａｋｅ

Exploitation Managements

•Biological (including echo-system and stocks) environment

•Oceanographic (physiochemical) environment

•Fishery and management policy

•Socio-economic

Exploitation Managements

•Biological (including echo-system and stocks) environment

•Oceanographic (physiochemical) environment

•Fishery and management policy

•Socio-economic

Fisheries

Historical catch by fishing gearsHistorical catch by fishing gears

0

500000

1000000

1500000

2000000

2500000

3000000

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Repo

rted

ladi

ng

(MT)

LonglinePole- and- linePurse seineOthers

Major technological changes in fishingMajor technological changes in fishing LonglineLongline Super-freezerSuper-freezer Deep settingDeep setting Shift from Large to small boatsShift from Large to small boats

Pole and linePole and line Forced water circulationForced water circulation Introduction of freezerIntroduction of freezer

Purse seinePurse seine Increasing holding-capacityIncreasing holding-capacity Bird raderBird rader Development of FAD fishingDevelopment of FAD fishing

Increasing small longline catchIncreasing small longline catch

WORLD

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

LA

ND

ING

(1000M

T)

SWO LLSMALL LLLARGE LL

Increasing Fishing CapacityIncreasing Fishing Capacity(particularly of large seiners)(particularly of large seiners)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

1981 1986 1991 1996 2001

Num

ber o

f vessels

0

100000

200000

300000

400000

500000

600000

Hold

ing c

apacity (

Cubic

meters)

NumberCapacity

Major economical changes in fishingMajor economical changes in fishing

Vessel construction cost (Negative?)Vessel construction cost (Negative?)

Fish price and demand (Positive?)Fish price and demand (Positive?)

Reduction of cost from landing to Reduction of cost from landing to consumers’ marketconsumers’ market

Operating cost (fuel, labor, material, Operating cost (fuel, labor, material, bait, etc.)bait, etc.)

Increasing coastal states rightIncreasing coastal states right

Cost for management (observers, VMS, Cost for management (observers, VMS, various mitigation procedures, etc)various mitigation procedures, etc)

Fuel priceFuel price

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Fu

el p

rice

(100

0 Y

en /

KL

)

Recent changes in fisheriesRecent changes in fisheries

Recent increase in purse seine fishing Recent increase in purse seine fishing capacity and consequently in catchcapacity and consequently in catch

Shift from large fish to small fishShift from large fish to small fish

Reduction of Y/R and AMSYReduction of Y/R and AMSY

Increase in coastal fisheries Increase in coastal fisheries (particularly of small longliners)(particularly of small longliners)

Impact of various gears on stockImpact of various gears on stock

Processing

Tuna (mt) used for canning and sashimiTuna (mt) used for canning and sashimi

0

500000

1000000

1500000

2000000

2500000

3000000

3500000

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Mat

erial

s (M

T)

by p

rodu

cts

"Sashimi" + FreshCanned (material)

Import price for canning and sashimiImport price for canning and sashimi

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001

Impo

rt p

rice

(U

S$/

MT

CannedFresh or frozen

Tuna product (in processed wght) shareTuna product (in processed wght) share

Product weight 2005

Canned82%

Fresh(Others)

4%

Fresh(J apan)

14%

Canned tuna producing countriesCanned tuna producing countries

0

200000

400000

600000

800000

1000000

1200000

1400000

1600000

1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004

Can

ned

prod

ucts

(ne

t w

eigh

t in

MT)

Others

Italy

Philippines

Indonesia

J apan

Iran

Mexico

Ecuador

USA (Inc. P.R.)

Spain

Thailand

Ｔｒａｄｅ　ａｎｄ　ｍａｒｋｅｔ　ｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅ

Sashimi marketSashimi market

Problems with trade dataProblems with trade dataNo reliable world statistics for a long period.No reliable world statistics for a long period.

Fresh, chilled or frozen tunas are given in Fresh, chilled or frozen tunas are given in processed weight but how processed is not given.processed weight but how processed is not given.

Fresh, chilled or frozen tuna are in wet weight, but Fresh, chilled or frozen tuna are in wet weight, but the canned product is in canned net weight.the canned product is in canned net weight.

Exports, imports, productions and re-exports are Exports, imports, productions and re-exports are often inconsistent.often inconsistent.

Fresh, chilled or frozen tunas can be used for Fresh, chilled or frozen tunas can be used for canning or fresh fish market. canning or fresh fish market.

Canned tuna may include other species than major Canned tuna may include other species than major tunas (e.g. bonitos)..tunas (e.g. bonitos)..

Canned tuna exports by cotinentsCanned tuna exports by cotinents

CANNED TUNA EXPORTS

0

100000

200000

300000

400000

500000

600000

1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001

NET W

EIG

HT (

mt)

AFRASIAEUROPEN.AMERICAS.AMERICA

ConsumptionConsumption

•No reliable world statistics for a long pNo reliable world statistics for a long period.eriod.•Consumptions are calculated as balancConsumptions are calculated as balance:e:• Production + Import - Export – Reexport - Production + Import - Export – Reexport -

Consumption of canned tuna by continentsConsumption of canned tuna by continents

CANNED TUNA

0

100000

200000

300000

400000

500000

600000

700000

800000

900000

1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001

PRO

DUC

TS W

EIG

HT (

MT)

AFRICAASIAN.AMERICAS.AMERICAEUROPE

Consumption of fresh, chilled and frozen Consumption of fresh, chilled and frozen tuna by tuna by continentscontinentsFRESH, CHILLED OR FROZEN

- 250000

0

250000

500000

750000

1000000

1250000

1500000

1750000

1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001

PR

OD

UC

T W

EIG

HT

(M

T)

AFRICAEUROPEN.AMERICAS.AMERICAASIA

Other socio-economic elementsOther socio-economic elements

Eco-system approach for fishery Eco-system approach for fishery managementsmanagements Evaluation of target species populationEvaluation of target species population Evaluation of impact of fisheries to the Evaluation of impact of fisheries to the

entire eco-system.entire eco-system. Evaluation of influence of eco-system to Evaluation of influence of eco-system to

target species.target species.

Farming

Development of tuna farmingDevelopment of tuna farming

Japanese import of farmed tunaJapanese import of farmed tuna

JAPANESE IMPORTS OF FARMEDBLUFIN TUNAS

BY SHIPPING COUNTRY

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

ES

TIM

AT

ED

RO

UN

D W

EIG

HT

(m

t)

Australia

MexicoCyprus

Korea

Greece

TunisiaLibya

Turkey

Italy

MaltaCroatia

Spain

Positive sides of farmingPositive sides of farming Add values to the captured fish.Price-rise for Add values to the captured fish.Price-rise for

many bait fish and hence economical gains fomany bait fish and hence economical gains for other local fisheries.r other local fisheries.

Increase job opportunities in farming areas.Increase job opportunities in farming areas. Provide fat meat of tuna to the market in a larProvide fat meat of tuna to the market in a lar

ge quantity and relatively low price.ge quantity and relatively low price. Provide high valued tuna on constant basis.Provide high valued tuna on constant basis. Stabilized tuna as an important trade commoStabilized tuna as an important trade commo

dity.dity.

Negative sides of farmingNegative sides of farming

Uncertainties in quantity, area, time and size of fish Uncertainties in quantity, area, time and size of fish of catches increased (possible tuna laundering.)of catches increased (possible tuna laundering.)

Excessive exploitation of bluefin stocks.Excessive exploitation of bluefin stocks. Tuna price in the Japanese market collapsed and Tuna price in the Japanese market collapsed and

lead many fishers to economic difficulties.lead many fishers to economic difficulties. Collapsed people’s taste bud (author’s opinion).Collapsed people’s taste bud (author’s opinion). Possible sanitary problem?Possible sanitary problem? Negative effects on environment?Negative effects on environment? Introduction of new parasites or disease by baitfish?Introduction of new parasites or disease by baitfish?

Production of farmed tuna vs. catchProduction of farmed tuna vs. catch

Estimted inputs and outputs of farmed tuna and Japanese importscompared with catches excluding Japanese

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Est

imat

ed w

eig

ht

in r

ou

nd

(M

T)

Japanese imports

Estimated output in round

Estimated inputs in round

Catch excluding Japanese

Japanese domestic and import BFTsJapanese domestic and import BFTs

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

Jan.2002 Jan.2003 Jan.2004 Jan.2005

Qu

an

tity

MT

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

Avg

. P

rice Y

en/K

g

Import BFT MT

Domestic BFT MT

Import BFT Yen/Kg

Domestic BFT Yen/Kg

Japanese price and quantity of Med. BFTJapanese price and quantity of Med. BFT

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

Jan-00 Jan-01 Jan-02 Jan-03 Jan-04 Jan-05

Fre

sh M

ed.

BF

T i

mp

ort

ed,

MT

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

5000

Fre

sh M

ed.

BF

T i

mp

ort

ed,

Yen

/Kg

Import (MT)

Import price

Thank you for listningP. M. Miyake