sociologiis Sesavali – pirveli leqcia

1. sociologia rogorc mecniereba.

2. sociologiuri midgomebi.

3. mikro da makro sociologiuri Teoriebi.

4. sociologiuri kvlevis meTodebi

5. sociologia da sxva socialuri mecnierebebi

6. Teoriuli dilemebi:

a. struqtura da aqtori;

b. konfliqti da konsensusi;

g. samyaros ganviTarebis modelebi;

d. genderuli dilema.

daskvna

neil smelzeri

1. sociologia rogorc mecniereba. sociologia, martivad rom vTqvaT, adamianis Seswavlis erT-erTi saSualebaa. sociologebi

cdiloben gaigon ratom iqcevian adamianebi garkveuli saxiT, ratom qmnian jgufebs, midian

omSi, Tayvans scemen rames, qorwindebian, xmas aZleven, e.i. yvelaferi rasac adgili aqvs

adamianebTan, rodesac isini erTmaneTTan urTierToben. Mmokled, sociologia SeiZleba

ganisazRvros, rogorc sazogadoebisa da socialuri uirTierTobebis mecnieruli Seswavla.

ra gvaqvs Cven mxedvelobaSi, rodesac vsaubrobT sazogadoebis mecnierulad Seswavlaze?

Ees rom naTeli gaxdes ganvixiloT, magaliTad, gamokvleva, romelic Caatara Cemma erT-erTma

studentma. (Cveni gansazRvrebis meore da mesame nawils Cven detalurad SevexebiT am wignis me-3-e TavSi).

Cemma studentma, markma, gadawyvita gaego Tu rogor uyureben adamianebi TaRliTobas. man

moamzada anketebi da dauriga studentebs berklis, kaliforniis universitetis teritoriaze

(stroul plazasa da aleaze). anketaSi iyo ramodenime kiTxva. students jer unda gaeca

pasuxi kiTxvaze Tu ra ufro cudia _ gadasaxadebTan dakavSirebuli sicrue Tu daxmarebebTan

dakavSirebuli TaRliToba. (gadasaxadebTan dakavSirebuli sicrue niSnavs Seni Semosavlis

Sesaxeb waradgino araswori cnobebi da Tavi aarido savaldebulo gadasaxads; daxmarebebTan

dakavSirebuli TaRliToba _ es aris saxelmwifosagan im fulis miReba, romelic Sen kanoniT

ar gekuTvnis).

anketaSi studentebma miuTiTes asaki, ganaTleba, mSoblebis saqmianoba, ojaxis Semosavali. sul gamokiTxul iqna 100 studenti. studentebma gamoTqves TavianTi azri Tu romeli

TaRliToba ufro gansakicxia. Seagrova ra yvela monacemebi, e.i. pasuxebi, marks unda SeerCia

maTi klasifikaciis meTodi, raTa gamokvlevas qonoda azri. man Tavidan sakuTar Tavs dausva

ramodenime kiTxva. vin ufro cdilobs Tavi aaridos dadgenil gadasaxads _ Raribebi Tu

saSualo klasis warmomadgenlebi? albaT saSualo klasis warmomadgeneli, im martivi mizezis

gamo, rom mas meti fuli aqvs da maSasadame, upriania iTaRliTos gadasaxadebze. ician ra, rom

motyueba ar SeiZleba, saSualo Semosavliani ojaxi cdilobs imarTlos Tavi, irwmunebian, magaliTad, rom mTavroba Zalze did daaqveiTebs akeTebs maTi xelfasebidan, rom gadasaxadis

sidide imaT daadgines, vinc ukanonod Rebulobs daxmarebas. aseTi ojaxebidan gamosul

studentebze gavlena aqvs mSoblebis Sexedulebebs, da isinic albaT Tvlian, rom daxmarebis

arakanonieri miReba uaresia, vidre savaldebulo gadasaxadebisagan Tavis arideba.

Semdeg marki ayalibebs Tavis hipoTezas: saSualo Semosavliani ojaxidan gamosuli

studentebi Tvlian, rom daxmarebis arakanonieri miReba uaresia, vidre dadgenili

gadasaxadebisaTvis Tavis arideba. ra viTarebaa Raribi ojaxebidan gamosul studentebTan mimarTebaSi? xom ar miaCniaT maT,

rom gadasaxadebisagan Tavis arideba meti gankicxvis Rirsia, vidre daxmarebis ukanono miReba?

maT SeuZliaT miiRon daxmareba an icxovron siRaribis doneze. amitom isini, albaT dadebiTad CaTvlidnen saxelmwifosagan raimes miRebisaken miswrafebas. Ggarda amisa, SeiZleba es

studentebi gaaRizianos bevri fulis mqone adamianebma da CaTvalon, rom mdidrebs ufro

maRali gadasaxadebi unda qondeT. Mmarkis hipoTeza: dabalSemosavliani adamianebis azriT

dadgenili gadasaxadebisagan Tavis arideba ufro gasakicxia, vidre daxmarebis arakanonieri

miReba.

#1 cxrilis gacnobisas Tqven darwmundebiT, rom markis mier miRebuli monacemebi

asabuTeben mis hipoTezas: rogorc etyoba, marTlac arsebobs kavSiri ojaxis Semosavalsa da

TaRliTobis sxvadasxva saSualebebTan studentebis damokidebulebas Soris. garda amisa,

studentTa Sexedulebebze gavlena aqvs mSoblebis ganaTlebas. 1-2 cxrilebi mowmoben, rom:

rac ufro maRalia mSoblebis ganaTlebulobis done, miT ufro metia albaToba, rom maTi Svilebi mzad arian gakicxon daxmarebebis ukanono miReba. rac ufro dabalia es done, meti

albaTobaa, rom Svilebi gakicxaven gadasaxadebze Tavis aridebas.

miRebuli monacemebis analizis Sedegad marki akeTebs Ddaskvnas, rom gansaxilveli

problemisadmi gansxvavebuli damokidebuleba ganapiroba sazogadoebriv klasebs Soris

gansxvavebam. saSualo klasis warmomadgenlebi naklebad kicxaven gadasaxadebze Tavis aridebas,

xolo dabali klasi _ daxmarebis ukanono miRebas, magram, rogorc Cans, erTi socialuri

klasis warmomadgenlebs axasiaTebT midrekileba gakicxon meoris qceva da ara sakuTari.

cxrili #1.

mSoblebis Semosavlis gavlena damokidebulebaze ori saxis TaRliTobasTan. Semosavali Seadgens 15000 dolarze mets

weliwadSi (52 gamokiTxuli)

Semosavali Seadgens 15000 dolarze naklebs weliwadSi

(48 gamokiTxuli)

kiTxva

daxmarebis ukanono

miReba ufro cudia

gadasaxadebisgan Tavis

arideba ufro cudia

daxmarebis ukanono miReba ufro cudia

gadasaxadebisgan Tavis

arideba ufro cudia

studentebi pasuxi %

87 13 42 56

cxrili#2.

mSoblebis ganaTlebis done da damokidebuleba or saxis TaRliTobasTan. erT – erTi mSobeli mainc or weliwadze mets

swavlobda kolejSi (53 gamokiTxuli)

orive mSobeli or weliwadze naklebs swavlobda

kolejSi

kiTxva

daxmarebis ukanono

miReba ufro cudia

gadasaxadebisgan Tavis

arideba ufro cudia

daxmarebis ukanono miReba ufro cudia

gadasaxadebisgan Tavis

arideba ufro cudia

studentebi pasuxi %

75 25 32 68

gamokvlevis markiseuli proeqti SeiZleba CaiTvalos sociologiurad, oTxi mizezis gamo.

jer-erTi, monacemebi man aiRo realuri cxovrebidan _ miiRo Sesaswavli faqtebi. meore,

gamokvleva ise Camoayaliba, rom misi analizi SeiZleba Semadgeneli nawilebis mixedviT

(magaliTad, man mSoblebis Semosavali dayo or kategoriad: weliwadSi 1500 dolarze naklebi

da masze meti). Mmesame, man anketaSi mocemuli pasuxebis gansxvavebebi daasabuTa socialur

klasebze Teoriis daxmarebiT. Dda meoTxe, man gaaanaliza socialuri urTierTobebi,

gamoavlina Tu rogor moqmedebs Svilebze mSoblebis pozicia da cxovrebis wesi.

ra aris sociologia? markis gamokvleva SeiZleba CaiTvalos sociologiad miniaturaSi: faqtebi, ganzomileba,

hipoTezebis formulireba da socialuri urTierTobebis gamovlena. Mmarks surda ara

ubralod aexsna studentTa damokidebuleba sicruesa da TaRliTobasTan. is miiswrafvoda

aexsna es mecnierulad. Aam mizniT man Camoayaliba hipoTeza, Sekriba monacemebi da hipoTeza

Seamowma monacemTa analizis safuZvelze. swored aseTi midgoma gansazRvravs sociologias,

rogorc sazogadoebriv mecnierebas. gansakuTrebul mecnierebad Camoyalibeba sociologiam daiwyo mxolod ori saukunis win. Mmisi damfuZneblebi, XIX saukunis evropeli mecnierebi

(maTi ideebisa da Teoriebis mokle ganxilva mocemuli iqneba am wignis calkeul TavebSi)

cdilobdnen gaegoT da aexsnaT is uzarmazari cvlilebebi, romlebic gamoiwvia samrewvelo

revoluciebm, demokratiuli ideebisa da institutebis ganviTarebam. Aamerikuli sociologia,

romelic Camoyalibda XIX saukunis dasasruls, dakavSirebulia ZiriTadad samrewvelo

qalaqebis iseTi socialuri problemebis SeswavlasTan, rogorebicaa siRaribe, danaSauli da

sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis depersonalizaciaa. aSS universitetebSi pirveli sociologiuri

fakultetebi gaixsna XIX saukunis 90-ian wlebSi. Cveni saukunis 20-ian wlebSi ,,Cikagos

skolis” mecnierebma, romlebic iyvnen Cikagos universitetis sociologiis fakultetis

TanamSromlebi, pirvelebma ganaxorcieles savele gamokvlevebi realur cxovrebiseul situaciebSi. Aaman mniSvnelovnad aamaRla sociologiuri dakvirvebebis sizuste. dReisaTvis

sociologia aRiarebuli saswavlo disciplinaa, Seiswavleba kolejebSi, rogorc

sazogadoebrivi disciplina, gamoiyeneba socialuri programebis SemuSavebisa da

ganxorcielebisaTvis, sazogadoebaSi mimdinare cvlilebebis gasaanalizeblad; is mniSvnelovan

rols asrulebs kolejebis zogadsaganmanaTleblo programebSi. ganvixiloT detalurad

sazogadoebis Seswavlis es gansakuTrebuli saSualeba.

sazogadoeba mikroskopis qveS. Cveulebriv, gare samyaros Cven vyofT ,,faqtebis” sam gansxvavebul jgufad. Aarsebobs

biologiuri faqtebi: sunTqva, kveba, Zili da a.S. arsebobs fsiqologiuri faqtebi, magaliTad,

sasiyvarulo emociebi, siZulvili, an, vTqvaT aRqma, ferweruli naSromis WvretiT miRebuli

siamovneba. Dda arsebobs sociologiuri faqtebi, dakavSirebuli sazogadoebasTan da socialur

urTierTobebTan. Cven viRacasTan vmegobrobT, gvyavs TanamSromlebi, viricxebiT garkveul

jgufebSi. Tu samyaros amgvarad SevxedavT, TiTqosda logikis mixedviT mecnierebis yoveli

sfero unda swavlobdes faqtebis garkveul jgufs da ar unda exebodes sxva faqtebs. Mmagram sinamdvileSi es midgoma uvargisia. erTi da igive faqtiT SeiZleba dainteresdes mTeli rigi

mecnierebebi.

ganvixiloT qcevis martivi magaliTi: qalbatoni yidulobs oTx bileTs havais

kunZulebze gadasafrenad, sadac is da misi ojaxi gaatarebs orkvirian Svebulebas.

fsiqologma moisurva gaego, Tu am qalbatonma ratom airCia maicdamainc havais kunZulebi.

ekonomisti bileTebis SeZenas ganixilavda im kuTxiT, Tu rogor SeeZlo am qabatons sxvagvarad daexarja Tavisi fuli. sociologi aRniSnavda, rom sami sxva mgzavri aris am

qalbatonis meuRle da Svilebi; mas daebadeboda kiTxva, rogor SeeZloT maT gavlena mis

gadawyvetilebaze. Tqven SeiZleba darwmundeT, rom gansxvavebuli mecnieruli disciplinebi

sxvadasxvagvarad xsnian qcevis erTsa da imave elementebs. Aanalizis Semdegi etapia swored

sociologiuris da ara sinamdvilis fsiqologiuri, ekonomikuri an sxva xasiaTis

interpretacia. (monaTesave sociologiur disciplinebze qvemoT visaubrebT).

2. sociologiuri midgomebi.

gansxvavebuli faqtebis asaxsnelad da Sesaswavlad sociologia iyenebs xuT ZiriTad midgomas.

1. pirvelia demografiuli midgoma. sityva ,,demografia” berZnuli sityva ,,demos”-isasgan modis rac ,,xalxs” niSnavs (,,demokratias” _ igive fuZe aqvs). Ddemografia _ mosaxleobis

Seswavlaa, gansakuTrebiT Sobadobis, sikvdilianobis, migraciis da adamianebis amasTan

dakavSirebuli saqmianobis. magaliTad, mesame samyaros erebis demografiuli analizi mogvcemda

maTi ekonomikuri CamorCenilobis mizezis axsnas, rom isini iZulebuli arian saSualebebis didi nawili daxarjon swrafad mzardi mosaxleobis gamokvebaze (ufro detalurad

demografiuli Taviseburebebis aspeqtebs ganvixilavT 8 da 18 TavebSi).

2. meore midgomaa fsiqologiuri. Aadamianis qcevas is agvixsnis adamianis, rogorc

pirovnebisadmi misi mniSvnelobis TvalsazrisiT. Seiswavleba motivebi, azrebi, Cvevebi,

socialuri ganwyoba, adamianis Sexeduleba sakuTar Tavze. aseTi midgoma axasiaTebs

fsiqologias, magram is aseve damkvidrda sociologiaSi. socialuri fsiqologebi mraval

problemebs Seiswavlian, maT Soris iseTebs, rogorebicaa Tu rogor yalibdeba socialuri

ganwyoba, socializaciis procesSi sazogadoebisa da pirovnebis urTierToba, panikasa da

areulobebis situaciebSi ganwyobis formireba da gavrceleba (detalurad es sakiTxebi

ganixileba 4,5 da 19 TavebSi). 3. koleqtivisturi midgoma gamoiyeneba, rodesac Cven vswavlobT or an met adamians,

romlebic qmnian jgufebs an organizaciebs. rodesac sociologi Seiswavlis iseT pirvelad

jgufebs, rogoricaa ojaxi, iseT formalur organizaciebs rogorebicaa armia an kompania

,,jeneral motorsi”, eseni iTvlebian individebis koleqtivebad. Mmkvlevars SeuZlia aseTive

midgoma gamoiyenos ojaxis Seswavlisas, rodesac es ojaxi gegmavs mogzaurobas havais

kunZulebze. maT SeuZliaT ganixilon movlenaTa Tanmimdevroba, romelTac xeli Seuwyves

dasasvenebeli adgilis SerCevas da Seecadon daiWiron aq garkveuli kanonzomiereba. maT

SeuZliaT aseve Seiswavlon ojaxis wevrebs Soris komunikaciis procesi da gaaanalizon, Tu

rogor Seuwyo xeli saboloo gadawyvetilebas Zalauflebis gavrcelebam ojaxSi. Qqonda Tu

ara ojaxis erT romelime wevrs sxvebze meti Zalaufleba? Tu qonda, ratom? Dda rogori gavlena qonda mas movlenaTa svlaze?

Mmocemuli midgoma SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas jgufebis, biurokratiuli organizaciebisa

da sxvadasxva gvaris erTobebis Seswavlisas. is daesmareba sociologs gaaanalizos

konkurencia politikur partiebs Soris, rasobriv safuZvelze arsebuli konfliqtebi, moqiSpe

jgufebi. is dagvexmareba agreTve gavigoT, Tu rogor xdeba erTi klasis, rasis, eTnikuri

warmomavlobis, an asakis, sqesis mixedviT adamianTa gaerTianeba sakuTari interesebis

dasacavad. Ggarda amisa es midgoma mniSvnelovania koleqtiuri qcevis Seswavlisas, magaliTad

brbos, auditoriis reaqciis, agreTve sazogadoebrivi moZraobebis, rogorebicaa feminizmi,

brZola moqalaqeobrivi uflebebisaTvis (am sakiTxebze visaubrebT 5,6,8,9,12 da 19 TavebSi).

4. meoTxe midgoma avlens urTierTmimarTebebs. sazogadoebrivi cxovreba ganixileba ara masSi monawile calkeuli adamianebis mixedviT, aramed maTi rolebiT gapirobebuli

urTierTobebiT maT Soris. roli ewodeba qcevas, romelsac adamianisagan moelian, rodesac mas

garkveuli pozicia ukavia jgufSi. magaliTad, msxvili korporaciis kadrebis ganyofilebaSi

Tqven RimiliT SegxvdebaT mosamsaxure, CamogarTmevT paltos, Semdeg mdivani mogawvdiT

anketas da Seatyobinebs Tqvens mosvlas. Dda bolos, gagesaubrebaT ganyofilebis ufrosi.

davadgenT ra jgufis SigniT arsebul rolebs, Cven SevZlebT gamovavlinoT urTierToba

jgufis wevrebs Soris da maSasadame, gavaanalizoT misi struqtura.

Cvens sazogadoebaSi asobiT roli arsebobs: politikosis, amomrCevelis, patronis,

mosamsaxuris saqmiani adamianis, momxmareblis, policielis, tusaRis da a.S. adamianTa qcevebi

garkveuli saxiT xorcieldeba am rolebis Sesabamisad ara mxolod SeyvarebulebTan an ojaxis doneze, aramed iseTi ZiriTadi socialuri institutebis donezec, rogoricaa, magaliTad,

ganaTleba da religia.

5. mexuTe, bolo midgoma kulturologiuria. is gamoiyeneba kulturis iseTi elementebis

safuZvelze qcevebis analizisas, rogorebicaa sazogadoebrivi wesebi (namdvili an

nagulisxmevi) da sazogadoebrivi Rirebulebebi (gamomdinare religiuri, politikuri da

socialuri interesebidan). Kkulturologiuri midgomisas, qcevis wesebi an normebi,

ganixilebian rogorc faqtorebi, romlebic ganapirobeben calkeuli adamianebis qcevis wesebsa

da jgufebis qmedebebs. magaliTad, sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis mixedviT mkvleloba,

gaupatiureba, gaqurdva isjeba. arseboben agreTve normebi, romlebic igulisxmeba: adamians nu

ucqer jiqur, nu uTiTeb TiTiT, nu iReWebi Ria piriT, Tu dReobaze midixar miitane saCuqari. ideebi, romlebic gansazRvraven Tu romeli sazogadoebricvi miznebia sasurveli, Sedian

kulturis sxva aspeqtSi. es ideebi cnebebia, maT eZaxian Rirebulebebs, isini gansazRvraven

socialur normebs. magaliTad, sazogadoebaSi sadac adamianis sicocxle fasobs

damkvidrebulia mkvlelobisa da sxvebisaTvis zianis miyenebis ganmkicxavi maRali, mdgradi

normebi (kulturologiuri midgomis specifikas ganvixilavT 2,4,5 da 15 TavebSi).

bagiris gadaqaCva. sociologebi iyeneben am xuT midgomas da isaxaven or ZiriTad mizans: kvlevis Sedegad

miRebuli monacemebis analizi; am monacemebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli msgavsebisa da

gansxvavebisaTvis saukeTeso axsnis Zieba. monacemebis analizis procesSi sociologi Seiswavlis sazogadoebis stabilurobisa da cvlilebebis mizezebs. marTlacda, sazogadoebis

SigniT mudmivad mimdinareobs bagirebis gadaqaCva. socialuri Zalebis erTi Zlieri sistema

miiswrafvis stabilurobisaken, sazogadoebrivi institutebisa da sxva aspeqtebis

SenarCunebisaken. Zalebis meore sistema miiswrafvis cvlilebebisaken _ Zvelis darRvevisa da

axali sazogadoebrivi formebis Seqmnisaken. sazogadoebisa da misi institutebis sxvadasxva

doneze Seswavlisas Cven mraval konteqstSi SevniSnavT am daZabul process.

sociologiuri Tvalsazrisebi. xuTi sociologiuri midgoma, romlebzec axlaxan vsaubrobdiT, gviCveneben Tu ramdenad

didia gamokvlevebis sfero sociologiaSi. swored amitom sociologiaSi adgili aqvs

specializacias, zogierTi maTgani ikvlevs biurokratias, sxvebi gansxvavebul socialur

institutebs, magaliTad, ojaxs an religias, mesameni aanalizeben urTierTobebs socialur

klasebs Soris, da bolos, meoTxeni swavloben masobrivi kulturis movlenebs.

sociologebi gansxvavdebian ara mxolod kvlevis sferoebis mixedviT; maT aqvT

gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebi imaze, Tu ra uwyobs xels sakvlevi monacemebis miRebas, e.i.

romel faqtorebs aqvT meti zemoqmedebis unari sazogadoebriv cxovrebaze. es gansxvavebebi asaxulia am wignis TiTqmis yovel TavSi, axla ki Cven ganvixilavT mxolod ZiriTad sadavo

sakiTxebs.

sociologebi ikvleven sazogadoebas or, mikro da makro doneze. mikrosociologia Seiswavlis adamianTa urTierTobebs yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi _ interaqcias, maT

urTierTqmedebebs. Aam kuTxiT moRvawe mkvlevarebi Tvlian, rom socialuri movlenebis gageba

SesaZlebelia mxolod im sazrisebis analizis safuZvelze, romlebsac TviT adamianebi aniWeben

am movlenebs erTmaneTTan uTierTobebis procesSi. maTi kvlevis mTavari Temaa _ individebis

qceva, maT mier gadadgmuli nabijebi, motivebi, mniSvneloba, romlebic gansazRvraven

urTierTobebs adamianebs Soris da romlebic, Tavis mxriv zemoqmedeben sazogadoebaSi

mimdinare cvlilebebze an mis stabilurobaze. makrosociologia ZiriTad yuradRebas uTmobs qcevis modelebs, rac exmarebaT nebismieri

sazogadoebis arsis wvdomaSi. es modelebi, romelTac sxvagvarad struqturebs veZaxiT

gulisxmoben iseT socialur institutebs, rogorebicaa ojaxi, ganaTleba, religia, aseve

politikuri da ekonomikuri wyoba. Aadamianebi dabadebidanve CarTulni arian socialuri

struqturebis mocemul sistemaSi, ganicdian maT did gavlenas. makrosociologi ZiriTad

yuradRebas uTmobs sazogadoebis sxvadasxva nawilebis urTierTobis Seswavlas, isini

cdiloben aseve gaigon Tu rogor icvlebian es urTierTobebi.

3. mikro da makro sociologiuri Teoriebi. mikrosociologiuri Teoriebi. sociologebma sazogadoebaSi adamianTa urTierTobebis aRwerisa da axsnis mizniT

Camoayalibes rigi Teoriebi. Jorj homansi (1973) Tvlis, rom adamianTa urTierTobebis gageba

SeiZleba waxalisebisa da dasjis principebis safuZvelze _ adamianebi mzad arian gaimeoron qmedebebis is modelebi, romelTa gamo isini uaxloes warsulSi ama Tu im formiT iqnen

dajildoebulni (qeba, aRfrTovaneba, siyvaruli, fuli da a.S.).

harold harfinkelma (1967) Seqmna eTnomeTodologiis Teoria, sadac mTavari yuradReba

eTmoba rwmenaze dafuZnebuli wesebisa da cnebebis Seswavlas, romlebic adamianebs Soris

urTierTobebis procesSi gansazRvraven maT qcevebs. Eervin hofmanis (1959) TvalsazrisiT,

cxovreba Teatrsa hgavs, da man adamianTa urTierTobebi aRwera ,,menejmentis STabeWdilebebis”

terminebSi. hofmanis azriT adamianebi sicocxleSi, rogorc msaxiobebi scenaze rolebs

TamaSoben, romlebsac cnobierad iReben sakuTar Tavze, raTa moaxdinon STabeWdileba da

gavlena sxva adamianebze.

mikrosociologiur doneze sxva mniSvnelovani midgoma iwodeba simbolur interaqcionizmad. Aam midgomis momxreebs miaCniaT, rom adamianebi gare samyaros zemoqmedebaze

reagireben, uSualod msgavsad bayayebisa, romlebic rogorc ki gaigoneben buzis

zuilsEavtomaturad akeTeben damWer moZraobebs eniT. Nnacvlad amisa adamianebi maTze

zemoqmedebis mqone stimulebs aniWeben gansazRvrul mniSvnelobebs da reagireben, pirvel

rigSi, am mniSvnelobebsa da simboloebze da ara uSualod gare samyaros stimulebze.

simbolo, romlebzec reagireben adamianebi SeiZleba iyos sityva, sagani, distancia

urTierTobaSi myof adamianebs Soris, saxis gamometyveleba, qcevebi.

sityva ,,sdeq”, an raime sxva, Cawerili lamaz samkuTxedSi da dakerebuli modur jinseba

an perangze, Tavis odnavi daqneva romliTc megobars aniSneben wasvlis dro ariso, aseve

warmoadgenen simboloebs. Aadrindeli gamocdileba da simbolobis mniSvnelobis urTierTgageba

umetes SemTxvevaSi aumjobesebs urTierTobas. Mmagram zogjer simboloebis mniSvneloba gaugebaria. aseT SemTxvevebSi adamianis qcevebi Zneladasaxsnelia. rodesac ucnobi saubars

gaabams TqvenTan, Tqven cdilobT CawvdeT misi qcevis azrs. iqneb mas Tqveni motyueba surs?

Aan misi interesi Tqvendami gamowveulia romantikuli mizezebiT? Aan SeiZleba es adamiani

daxmarebas saWiroebs? ramdenadac Cven araferi ar viciT ucnobze, Cven vcdilobT gavigoT misi

sityvebis azri, misi qmedebis motivebi, raTa pasuxad swori reaqcia gvqondes.

simboluri interaqcionizmis Teoriis momxreebi aanalizeben adamianebis qmedebebs

yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. isini aaSkaraveben im mniSvnelobebs, romlebsac adamianebi aniWeben

Tavis qcevebs da am mniSvnelobebis gampirobebel faqtorebs. simbolur interaqcionizmsa da

mikrosociologiis sxva koncefciebs Cven ganvixilavT am wignis me-5-e TavSi. makrosociologiuri Teoriebi.

Mmakrosociologiuri donis mkvlevarebi, rogorc wesi, ori urTierTkonkurentuli

ZiriTadi Teoriebidan: funqcionalizmisa da konfliqtebis Teoriidan emxrobian erT-erTs.

sazogadoeba, rogorc cocxali organizmi: funqcionalizmi. funqcionalizmis Tvalsazrisi sazogadoebasa da sazogadoebis struqturaze pirvlad

gamoxata herbert spenserma XIX saukuneSi. man sazogadoeba Seadara cocxal organizmebs,

adamianis sxeuls. Cvens sxeulSi yoveli organo _ guli, tvini kuWi da a.S. _ asruleben

adamianis sasicocxlod specifikur funqcias. organizmis sxvadasxva organoebi qmnian

urTierTdakavSirebul sistemas. Tu erTi organo wyvets funqcionirebas an arasakmarisad

intensiuria organizms ar ZaluZs normaluri funqcionireba da SeiZleba saerTod gamovides

mwyobridan. Ffunqcionalizmis mimdevrebi sazogadoebas ganixilaven rogorc mravali

nawilisagan Sedgenil organizms: samxedro, ekonomikuri, samedicino, religiuri da a.S.

sazogadoebis yoveli nawili asrulebs Tavis funqcias da rac ufro meti gansxvavebaa am

funqciebs Soris miT ufro Znelia erTi maTganis meoriT Canacvleba. spenserma safuZveli Cauyara funqcionalizms, didma frangma sociologma emil durkhemma

brwyinvaled ganaviTara is. durkhemi ase msjelobs: Tu sazogadoeba Sedgeba mravali

nawilebisagan da yovel maTgans gavlena aqvs mTeli sistemis funqcionirebaze, maSin

sazogadoebrivi movlenebis axsna SeiZleba sazogadoebriv sistemaSi misi nawilebis analizis

mixedviT. Ddurkhemis Teoria axsnis yvela sazogadoebriv movlenas, maT Soris deviantur

(normebidan gadaxrili) qcevebsac, Tumca erTi SexedviT arc ki Cans misi socialuri funqcia.

Mme-7-e TavSi SevityobT, rom durkhemis azriT socialurad aRiarebuli miznebisa da

Rirebulebebidan gadaxras aqvs garkveuli pozitiuri mniSvneloba. magaliTad, mkvleloba

adamianebs aZlevs SesaZleblobas dadebiTad Seafason wesebi, romlebic krZalavs mkvlelobas

da mkvlelis dasjiT isini gamoxataven TavianT Tanxmobas am wesebis mimarT. Tanamedrove funqcionalistebi _ talkot parsonsi, robert mertoni da kingsli devisi

_ spenserisa da durkhemis mimdevrebi arian. maTi ZiriTadi midgoma mdgomareobs sazogadoebis

nawilebis gansazRvraSi, maTi dadebiTi da uaryofiTi funqciebis gamovlenaSi, maT iseT

gaerTianebaSi, romelic iZleva sazogadoebis, rogorc organuli erTianobis suraTs. qvemoT

moyvanili xuTi punqti asaxavs Tanamedrove funqcionalizmis Teoriul CarCoebs.

1. sazogadoeba _ es aris erT mTlianobad Sekruli nawilebis sistema.

2. sazogadoebrivi sistemebi inarCuneben mdgradobas, radganc maTSi arsebobs kontrolis

iseTi Sinagani meqanizmebi, rogorc samarTaldamcavi organoebi da sasamarTlo.

3. disfunqcia, ra Tqma Uunda arsebobs, magram maTi daZleva xdeba TavisTavad da bolos da

bolis mkvidrdebian sazogadoebaSi. magaliTad, 60-iani wlebis radikalebma da hipebma

bevri ram Secvales Cvens sazogadoebaSi: gare samyarosadmi axali midgoma, undobloba umaRlesi Zalauflebisadmi, qalisa da mamakacis Cacmulobis Tavisufali stili, magram

dRes, 20 wlis mere, radikalebi da hipebi Caylapa istebliSmentis garemom, romelSic

isini Sevidnen, gaxdnen iuristebi, pedagogebi, birJis maklerebi.

4. cvlilebebs Cveulebriv aqvs TandaTanobiTi da ara revoluviuri xasiaTi.

5. socialuri integracias anu imis SegrZnebas, rom sazogadoeba aris sxvadasxva

Zafebisagan Semdgari Zlieri qsovili, qmnis qveynis moqalaqeTa umravlesobis Tanxmoba

daicvan Rirebulebebis erTi da igive sistema. magaliTad, ingliselebi eTanxmebian

monarqiis aucileblobas; aSS Tanabari SesaZleblobebis principebis aRiareba qveynis

umravlesobis msoflmxedvelobaa.

RirebulebaTa es sistema _ yvelaze saimedo sayrdenia sazogadoebrivi sistemisaTvis (darendoerfi, 1959).

mdidrebi da Ratakebi; konfliqtis Teoria.

Kkonfliqtis Teoria ZiriTadad Camoyalibda karl marqsis nawarmoebebis safuZvelze, romelsac miaCnda, rom klasobrivi konfliqti Cadebulia sazogadoebis safuZvelSi.

klasobrivi konfliqti Cndeba imitom, rom adamianebis gayofili arian gansxvavebul klasebad,

rac asaxavs maT mdgomareobas ekonomikur sistemaSi. marqsis TvalsazrisiT burJuaziuri

sazogadoebis ZiriTadi klasebia kapitalistebi da daqiravebuli muSebi. Aam or klass ar

gaaCniaT saerTo Rirebulebebi, kapitalistemi miswrafian ibatonon muSebze da eqsploatacia

gauwion maT. Sedegad aRniSnuli klasebi mudmivad mtroben erTmaneTs.

Mmarqss miaCnda, rom politikuri konfliqtebis imravlesobis safuZvelia klasobrivi

brZola. Mman ivarauda, rom eqspluatirebuli klasi aRdgeba da revolucia gardaqmnis

sazogadoebas. marqsis Teoriis Tanaxmad klasobrivi brZola aris istoriis mamoZravebeli

Zala. (Cven kvlav davubrundebiT marqsis Teoriis zoierT aspeqtebs 9,15 da 20 TavebSi). Cvens saukuneSi Seiqmna konfliqtebis ramdenime Teoria. erT-erT yvelaze mniSvnelovan

Tanamedrove Teoriad iTvleba germaneli sociologis ralf daredndorfis koncefcia.

darendoerfi uaryofs marqsis ideas imis Sesaxeb, rom sazogadoebis ZiriTadi konfliqtSi

myofi jgufebi _ esaa klasebi, romlebic Camoyalibdnen ekonomikuri niSnebis mixedviT.

darendorfis azriT, konfliqtis mTavari mizezi is faqtia, rom adamianebs aqvT Zalaufleba

meore adamianze. ZiriTadi konfliqtebi xdeba imaT Soris visac aqvs es Zalaufleba da visac

is ara aqvs.

darendorfma Camoayaliba konfliqtis Teoriis ZiriTadi debulebebi.

1. nebismieri sazogadoebis mTavari ganmasxvavebeli niSnebia batonoba, konfliqti da

daTrgunva. 2. sazogadoebrivi struqtura efuZneba adamianTa erTi jgufis Zalauflebas meoreze,

magaliTad, muSebze mewarmeTa, jariskacebze oficrebisa, studentbze pedagogebis da

a.S.

3. TiToeuls am jgufTagan aqvT sakuTari interesebi, miuxedavad imisa jgufis wevrebs

gacnobierebuli aqvs es Tu ara; sxvadasxva jgufebis interesebi gansxvavebulia da

winaaRmdegobaSia erTmaneTTan. magaliTad, konfliqti SeiZleba gaCndes mogebis msurvel

saqmian adamianebsa da bunebis dacvis moZraobis aqtivistebs Soris, romelTac

ainteresebT haerisa da wylis sisufTave.

4. rodesac adamianebi gaacnobiereben TavianT saerTo interesebs, maT SeuZliaT Seqmnan sazogadoebrivi klasi, rac SeiZleba gamovlindes profkavSirul moZraobaSi,

politikuri partiis lobis saxiT da a.S.

5. klasobrivi konfliqti mwvavdeba Tu: mTeli Zalaufleba moqceulia ramodenime adamianis

xelSi, xolo danarCenebi absoluturaad uufleboni arian; uufleboebs

Zalauflebisaken gzebi gadaketili aqvT; adamianebs Tavisuflad SeuZliaT politikuri

jgufebis Seqmna (darendorfi, 1959).

Sedareba da kontrasti. funqcionalizmi da konfliqtebis Teoria arsebiTad gansxvavdebian. funqcionalistebi,

Cveulebriv, sazogadoebas ganixilaven, rogorc savsebiT mdgrad da erT mTlianobas,

kinfliqtis Teoriis warmomadgenlebs ki miaCniaT, rom aq mudmivad mimdinareobs cvlilebebi da adgili aqvs konfliqtebs. Ffunqcionalistebi did mniSvnelobas aniWeben zogadi

Rirebulebebis mimarT sazogadoebis yvela wevris Tanxmobas, xolo konfliqtis Teoriis

warmomadgenlebi ZiriTadad yuradRebas uTmoben sazogadoebis erTi nawilis mier meoris

daTrgunvas. orive Teorias aqvs Tavisi naklovanebebi. Ffunqcionalistebi ugulvebelyofen im faqts,

rom sazogadoebebis umravlesobebSi arasodes ar miiRweoda sruli Tanxmoba Rirebulebebis

sakiTxebze; konfliqtebis Teoria ver arkvevs Tu rogor xerxdeba mudmivi cvlilebebis dros

sazogadoebebis SenarCuneba da arseboba. magaliTad, aSS ZiriTadi politikuri partiebi ver

Tanxmdebian ekonomikuri politikis sakiTxebSi, magram miuxedavad gansxvavebisa SexedulebebSi,

respublikelebic da demokratebic kompromisis wyalobiT yovel wels axerxeben federaluri

biujetis damtkicebas.

am Teoriebs Soris dava grZeldeba da albaT arc Sewydeba uaxloes xanebSi. magram, es

arcaa aucilebeli, radgan orive midgoma ar ewinaaRmdegebian erTmaneTs samkvdro-

sasicocxlod. ra Tqma unda, sazogadoeba ver iarsebebs zogierTi zogadmiRebuli Rirebulebebis gareSe da unda miaRwios integrirebis raime dones, winaaRmdeg SeTxvevaSi ea

ar iqneboda sazogadoeba. meore mxriv, savsebiT gasagebia, rom sazogadoebis SigniT mravali

jgufi imyofeba erTmaneTTan konfliqtSi, rom cvlilebebi mudmivia. ufro swori iqneboda am

ori midgomis Teoriuli gaerTianeba.

4. sociologiuri kvlevis meTodebi faqtrobrivi monacemebis Sekreba. Cven SevexeT sxvadasxva midgomeb, romelTac iyenebs

sociologia da gavecaniT zogierT ZiriTad sociologiur Teorias. dRes, rodesac

sociologiis Teoriul aspeqtebze ukve gvaqvs met-naklebi Sexeduleba, saWiroa gavigoT Tu

rogor muSaoben sociologiebi? rogor axerxeben isini faqtobrivi masalis sekrebas? raSi

mdgomareobs sociologiuri gamokvleva?

hipoTezebi da Teoriebi. Ggamokvleba xSirad iwyeba maSin, rodesac intuicia gikarnaxebs ama

Tu im movlenis mizezs. magaliTad, Cemi studenti marki intuiciurad grZnobda, rom

gansxvavebebi studentTa socialur ganwyobebSi SeiZleba aixsnas maTi mSoblebis Semosavlebis mixedviT.

faqtebis or jgufs (magaliTadd, garkveuli socialuri klasis wevrobasa da

sazogadoebriv-politikur pozicias Soris) Soris mizezobrivi kavSiris Sesaxeb varauds

hipiTeza ewodeba. HipoTeza ise unda iyos Camoyalibebuli, rom SesaZlebeli iyos misi

uaryofa an damtkiceba.

hipoTezebi ar arseboben ideebTan kavSirebis gareSe. isini yovelTvis efuZnebian erT an ramdenime Teorias. Teoriebad iwodebian mtkicebebi, romlebic Seicaven urTierTdakavSirebul

hipoTezebs. Mmarkma SearCia garkveuli hipoTezebi imitom, rom Tavad emxroboda garkveul

Sexedulebebs adamianTa qcevebsa da poziciebze sazogadoebrivi klasis gavlenis Sesaxeb. misi

Sexedulebebi sxvagvari rom yofiliyo (mas rom ZiriTadi gavlenis SesaZlebloba

religiisaTvis mieniWebina) is Camoayalibebda hipoTezebis sxva sistemas, an gamoTqvamda

varauds im monacemebis kavSirebis Sesaxeb, romlebic man Sekriba.

maSasadame, sociologiuri codnis Semadgeneli nawilebia faqtebi, hipoTezebi da

Teoriebi. markis gamokvlevaSi faqtebia studentTa pasuxebi. Mmisi erT-erTi hipoTezis

Tanaxmad studentebis damokidebuleba TaRliTobisadmi kavSirSia maTi mSoblebis ganaTlebis

donesTan. is eyrdnoboda Teoriul wanamZRvrs, rom socialuri-klasobrivi interesebi didad ganapirobeben studentTa msoflmxedvelobas.

sociologiur meTodebad iwodebian is wesebi da saSualebebi, romelTa daxmarebiT

dgindeba kavSiri faqtebs, hipoTezebsa da Teoriebs Soris.

Semdeg ganyofilebaSi Cven mokled ganvixilavT zogierT meTodebs, danarTSi maT ufro

detalurad SevexebiT.

cvladebi. Cven ukve avRniSneT, rom sociologia miiswrafis mecnierulad axsnas sazogadoeba

da sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebi. marki Tavis gamokvlevaSi cdilobda aewera ara mxolod

studentebis damokidebuleba sicruisadmi. is cdilobda gamokiTxulTa pasuxebi aexsna maTi

mikuTvnebulobiT sazogadoebis romelime klasisadmi. Mmisi naSromi, rogorc yvela gamokvlevebi socialuri mecnierebebis sferoSi efuZneboda im varauds, rom sazogadoebriv

movlenebs aqvT TavianTi mizezebi. adamianTa ama Tu im damokidebulebas TaRliTobisadmi aqvs

Tavisi mizezebi.

zustad aseve, gansazRvruli faqtorebi ganapirobeben adamianebis gadawyvetilebebs

qorwinebis Sesaxeb, xmis micemas, raimes Tayvaniscemas, plaJze wasvlas an aidaxos StatSi

gamgzavrevas. aseTi mizezebi rom ar arsebobdes iZulebuli viqnebodiT gveRiarebina, rom

socialuri qcevebi SemTxveviTia da auxsneli.

sociologebi cdiloben daadginon mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSirebi, dainaxon damokidebuleba

cvlilebebs Soris. cvlads Cven vuwodebT cnebas, romelic sxvadasxva mniSvnelobebs

Rebulobs. Aasaki cvalebadi movlenaa. Mmas mTeli rigi mniSvnelobebi aqvs: 6 Tve, 18 weli, 47 weli da a.S. marki socialuri klasis wevrobasa da studentTa mimarTebas sicruisadmi

ganixilavda, rogorc cvladebs. sazogadoebrivi klasis wevroba man ganszRvra Semosavlebisa

da ganaTlebis ori dinis gamoyofiT: maRali da ufro dabali, Semdeg sicruisadmi

damokidebulebis gamoavlenisas daeyrdno kiTxvebze pasuxebs: ra ufro dasaZraxia _

gadasaxadebze Tavis arideba Tu daxmerebis ukanono miReba. sociologiuri gamokvlevebis

umravlesoba cdilobs gamoavlinos da gazomos erTi specifikuri movlenisaTvis

damaxasiaTebeli variaciebi (markis gamokvlevaSi _ damokidebuleba sicruisadmi), xolo Semdeg

axsnas es variaciebi sxva movlenis gavleniT (mocemul SemTxvevaSi _ sazogadoebrivi klasis

wevrobiT). Ppirvel movlenas ewodeba damokidebuli cvladi, meores, romelic axsnis an aris

pirvelis mizezi _ damoukidebeli cvladi. rodesac sociologi winaswar xvdeba kavSirs damoukidebel da damokidebul cvladebs Soris, is ayalibebs hipoTezas. Mmarkis gamokvlevaSi

studentTa mimarTeba sicruisadmi (damokidebuli cvladi) gapirobebulia maTi

mikuTvnebulobiT romelime socialuri klasisadmi (damoukidebeli cvladi). sxva sityvebiT,

damokidebul cvladze, anu qcevaze, gavlena aqvs damoukidebel cvlads.

vTqvaT, Tu Cemi studentebi wlis pirvel naxevarSi warmatebiT gaarTmevdnen Tavs swavlas, xolo meore naxevarSi moeSvebodnen, maTi niSnebi SegviZlia CavTvaloT cvladebad.

damoukidebel cvladad am SemTxvevaSi unda miviRoT swavlis wina periodis gamocdileba.

orive SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba davadginoT erTi da igive mizezi, romlebmac gamoiwvia

studentebis reaqcia Cems leqciebze. albaT, pirvel semestrSi studentebs izidavda Cemi

loialuri damokidebuleba da studentebi kargad swavlobdnen; studentebi, romlebmac Cems

leqciebze siaruli meore semestridan daiwyes da sxva leqtorebisagan miCveuli iyvnen

moulodnel gamokiTxvebsa da aucilebel daswrebas, Cems loialobaze reagireba moaxdines

swavlis SesustebiT.

kvlevis meTodebi. droTa ganmavlobaSi sociologiam mravalgvari meTodi SeiZina sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi

mizez-Sedegobrivi mimarTebebis gamosavlenad. Cven maT mokled SevexebiT mocemul TavSi, xolo

danarTSi detalurad ganvixilavT.

SerCeviTi ganxilva. XIX saukunis Sua wlebSi mravali qveynis mTavrobebi regularulad atarebda mosaxleobis Tvlas an aRweras. dawyebuli 1790 wlidan aSS mosaxleobis aRwera

xorcieldeboda yovel 10 wliwadSi. sociologiuri gamokiTxva aRweria analogiuria. is

gamoiyena Carlz butma, rodesac ikvlevda siRaribis dones londonSi da frederik le pleim,

romelic ikvlevda safrangeTis mSromelTa klass. Aam da sxva evropeli sociologebis mier

SemuSavebul iqna SerCeviTi ganxilvis Tanamedrove meTodi. am meTodis arsi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom sistematurad ikribeba monacemebi adamianTa qcevisa da ganwyobis Sesaxeb da es keTdeba

respondentebis specialurad SerCeul jgufSi, romlebic mogviTxroben TavianT Sexaseb da

gamoxataven TavianT azrs sxvadasxva sakiTxebis Sesaxeb.

dReisaTvis SerCeviTi ganxilva, albaT, yvelaze xSirad gamoiyeneba socialur

mecnierebebSi. is SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas socialuri faqtebis, rogorc aRweris, aseve axsnis mizniT. Mmkvlevari mondomebiT iwyebs Sesaswavli adamianebis jgufis (an sxva

erTobebisa, magaliTad ojaxis) dadgenas. am jgufs ewodeba generaluri erToba. aq Sedis

sazogadoebis yvela wevri, romlebsac axasiaTebs mkvlevarisaTvis saintereso Tviseba. SeiZleba

SevarCioT nebismieri niSani: demokratebi, romlebmac xma misces wina arCevnebSi, 20 wlamde

orsuli qalebi, zangebi, detroitis policielebi. sociologis mier Seswavlili erTobebi _

es aris adamianTa jgufebi, romelTac aqvT erTi an ramodenime saerTo Tviseba. xSirad jgufi

imdenad didia, rom TiToeulis ganxilva saWiroebs droisa da finansebis did xarjebs.

Aamitom, praqtikuli mosazrebebidan gamomdinare, Semdeg etapze mkvlevari iwyebs gansaxilveli

generaluri erTobis SerCeva _ gamoyofas. sworad SerCevis SemTxvevaSi vRebulobT

generaluri erTobisaTvis damaxasiaTebel adeqvatur monacemebs. SerCevis Semdeg unda Camoyalibdes kiTxvebi SerCeuli respondentebisaTvis. aucilebelia

gamokiTxvis Sedegebis registracia, klasifikacia da dajameba (Cveulebriv kompiuteris

saSualebiT). SerCeviTi ganxilvis meTods didi upiratesobebi aqvs. es aris saukeTeso

saSualeba miiRo reprezentaciuli warmodgena adamianebis qcevebisa da maTi cxovrebiseuli

poziciis Sesaxeb. magram, radganac am SemTxvevaSi yvela pasuxebi miRebulia uSualod

respondentebisagan, zogierT mkvlevars miaCnia, rom es meTodi bolomde ver wvdeba pasuxebis

siRrmes.

savele gamokvlevebi. aSS socialuri pirobebis pirvel did gamokvlevebSi mecnierebi

adamianebs akvirdebodnen realuri cxovrebis pirobebSi. Ees meTodi, cnobili savele

gamokvlevebis saxeliT, pirvlad gamoyenebul iqna Cveni saukunis 20-ian wlebSi ,,Cikagos skolis” warmomadgenlebis mier, romelic (rogorc ukve cnobilia) 40-ian wlebamde batonobda

amerikul sociologaSi. dResac savele gamokvlevebi aris sociologiuri gamokvlevebis erT-

erTi mTavari meTodi.

SerCeviT gamokiTxvasTan SedarebiT savele gamokvlevebs aqvT erTi upiratesoba.

gamokiTxvisas mkvlevari Txovs adamianebs gaixsenon, Tu rogor iqceodnen isini da ras

grZnobdnen, adre romeliRac situaciaSi. Sedegad, miRebuli monacemebi mowyvetilia realur

cxovrebas. savele gamokvlevebSi mkvlevaro moxsnis am problemas: isini imyofebian moqmedebis

adgilze da uSualod akvirdebian maTTvis saontereso movlenaTa svlas. magaliTad, kolejis

gundis wevri studenti-sociologi uSualod xedavs, rogor iyeneben gundis wevrebi dopings

da ra Tqma unda, miiRebs ufro realur monacemebs, vidre is, romelic ubralod ekiTxeba fexburTelebs dopingis Sesaxeb.

yovelive amis gamo, savele gamokvlevebiT miRebuli informacia ufro saimedoa, vidre

gamokiTxvis Sedegad miRebuli. Aamave dros, savele gamokvlevebis monacemebic SezRudulia,

radganac ixilaven mxolod erT viTarebas. amitom erTi gundis mier dopingis gamoyenebis

gamokvleva bevrs gveubneba am jgufis Sesaxeb, magram saeWvoa es informacia gamogvadges sxva

gundebze misi gavrcelebis SemTxvevaSi.

meTodebi da gazomva. faruli dakvirveba. vTqvaT, Cven gvainteresebs, zrdis Tu ara informacia aviakatastrofebis Sesaxeb transportis am saxeobis mimarT adamianebis SiSs. Ppasuxis miRebis erTi saSualebaa _

daveyrdnoT martiv gamokiTxvas: aviakatastrofis Semdeg SevarCioT mgzavrebis erTi jgufi

Cikagos aeroportSi da meore jgufi drois im monakveTSi, rodesac katastrofebi ar xdeboda,

SeiZleba SevadaroT orive jgufis simSvide maTive sityvebze dayrdnobiT. magaram,

katastrofebis Semdeg SiSis Temaze kiTxvebiT pirdapiri mimarTva mgzavrebisadmi, ver

mogvcems saimedo Sedegebs. Aadamianebs xSirad aseT grZnobebze saubris survilic ara aqvT, ara aqvT survili sustebadD CaTvalon. xSirad arc SeuZliaT TavianTi grZnobebis gamoTqma,

arc imaze saubari, rom aforiaqebuli arian.

amasTan dakavSirebiT fsiqologebma da sociologebma SeimuSaves rigi meTodebi

katastrofebis informaciiT gamowveuli SiSis Sesafaseblad, romlebic efuZneboda adamianebis

qcevebze dakvirvebebs da ara maT pasuxebs dasmul kiTxvebze. erT aspirants undoda

Seemowmebina hipoTeza imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor aisaxeba es SiSi alkoholuri sasmelebiT

vaWrobaze Cikagos aeroportSi. Mmagram man ver moaxerxa Caetarebina es eqsperimenti, radganac

aeroportis barebi mudmivad gadavsebuli iyo momxmareblebiT, ZiriTadad imitom, rom maTi

farTobi obieqturad ver Seesabameboda aeroportis mgzavrebis mzard simravles. Aam

situaciaSi SeiZleba aRniSno mxolod mgazavrebis mzadyofna moTminebiT daelodon zant barmens.

Aaspiranti ukan ar ixevda, man gadawyvita Seeswavla Tu ra gavlenas axdens informacia

katastrofebis Sesaxeb salaroebSi aviabileTebis raodenobis gayidvaze. Mman Seadara

raodenobrivi monacemebi mgzavrebis Sesaxeb Cikagos or aeroportSi da daadgina, rom, rogorc

Cans, informacia katastrofebis Sesaxeb mxolod drois mokle monakveTebze amcirebs

mgzavrebis raodenobas. SemdgomSi sociologebma iujin uebma da donald kempbelma Seiswavles

sahaero katastrofebis gavlena aeroportebSi gayiduli sadazRvevo polisebis raodenobis

zrdasa da fasze. Aamgvarad, adamianebis mousvenrobisa da wuxilis done kvlav Semowmda ara

maTi uSualo gamokiTxviT, aramed maT qcevebze dakvirvebiT. Tu barebis tevadoba sakmarisi

iqneboda albaT moxerxdeboda SiSis indeqsis dadgena sami maCveneblis mixedviT: cvlilebebi

alkoholuri sasmelebis, sadazRvevo polisebisaa da samgzavro bileTebiT vaWrobaSi. aseTi mravalganzomilebiani kvlevis Sedegebi SeiZleba Sedarebul iqnas SiSi Sesaxeb mgzavrebis

monayolTan. G

gamokvleva, romlis drosac adamianebma ar ician, rom adgili aqvs maTi qcevebis analizs

faruli dakvirveba ewodeba. es meTodi mniSvnelovania, radgan amcirebs mkvlevaris gavlenas

adamianis qcevebze. zogierTi sociologi, romelic am meTods iyenebs Tvlis, rom aq miRebuli

Sedegebi ufro saimedoa, vidre gamokiTxvis Sedegebi. faruli dakvirvebis meTodis efeqturoba

ver icavs mas erTi, eTikuri problemisagan. SeiZleba dadgindes cvlilebebi alkoholuri

sasmelebis, sadazRvevo polisebis, bileTebis gayidvaSi ise, rom ar Seexo pirovnebebs, _ am

SemTxvevaSi eTikuri problema minimumzea dayvanili. magram, rodesac monacemebs agrovebT

konkretul adamianebze, romelTac ar ician, rom maTi qcevebi kvlevis obieqtia, Cndeba kiTxva Cveni Carevis Sesaxeb maT pirad cxovrebaSi. es gansakuTrebiT naTelia iseTi saCoTiro

sakiTxebis kvlevisas, rogoricaa Tambaqos moweva, sma, narkotikebi an seqsualuri cxovreba.

mokled, faruli dakvirvebis meTodTan dakavSirebiT Tavs iCens winaaRmdegoba mecnierul

Rirebulebebs Soris, e.i. SedarebiT zusti da dasabuTebuli monacemebisaken swrafva, da

sazogadoebis eTikuri Rirebulebebi.

istoriuli analizis meTodi. didma germanelma sociologma maqs veberma gamoiyena

kvlevis istoriuli meTodi, rodesac aanalizebda kavSirs religiur da socialur

cvlilebebs Soris. is darwmunebuli iyo rom protestantizmSi da gansakuTrebiT Jan kalvinis

(XVIs.) moZRvrebaSi Cadebulia garkveuli mowodeba TviTdisciplinisaken, rac aucilebeli pirobaa saqmiani warmatebisaTvis amis dasamtkiceblad man yuradRebiT Seiswavla didi

protestantebis qadagebebi, gansakuTrebuli yuradRebiT ekideboda maT azrebs Tavdadebuli

Sromis, TviTSezRudvis, droisa da fulis gonivrulad gamoyenebis Sesaxeb.

aseve aanalizebda benJamin franklinis nawarmoebebs, romelic didad afasebda saqmian

warmatebebs. garda amisa man Seiswavla ramodenime religiis istoria _ magaliTad, indoeTisa

da CineTis, _ sadac saqmian warmatebebs ar eqceoda iseTi yuradReba, rogoric protestantul

evropaSi, da aRmoaCina, rom es Temebi ar gvxvdeba yvela religiaSi.

hipoTezebis Sesamowmeblad istoriuli dokumentebis gamoyeneba mravali sociologisaTvis

kvlevis mniSvnelovani meTodia. isini swavloben mosaxleobis warsulSi Catarebuli aRweris

masalebs, sasamarTlo oqmebs da saeklesio davTrebSi Canawerebs, raTa gaigon rogor icvleba ojaxebis Semadgenloba da maTi migraciis xasiaTi. did revoluciebSi monawile adamianTa

xasiaTebis Taviseburebebis gasagebad isini ecnobian policiis arqivebs. istoriulo meTodi

mniSvnelovania imaTTvis, visi azriTac warsulis Seswavla ara nakleb Rirebulia

sazogadoebisa da sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis gasagebad, vidre maTi dRevandeli

mdgomareobis kvleva.

eqsperimentuli gamokvlevebi. XIX saukunis bolosaTvis sociologebma daiwyes

bunebaTmecnierebebisa da fsiqologebis mier Camoyalibebuli eqsperimentuli kvlevis

principebis gamoyeneba. aRmoCnda, rom eqsperimentuli kvlevis Tavisebureba _ situaciis

kontrolireba _ did daxmarebas uwevs sociologs adamianTa mcire jgufebis Seswavlis dros. Ees meTodi dRemde farTod gamoiyeneba, rodesac sociologs saqme aqvs liderobasTan

dakavSirebul problemebTan, TanamSromlobisa da konkurenciis pirobebSi qcevis modelebTan.

aseTi gamokvlevebis zogierTi Sedegebi moyvanilia me-5-e TavSi. eqsperimentuli kvlevis arsis

gasagebad ganvixiloT Semdegi magaliTi.

mkvlevars undoda gaego, maswavleblis Sesaxeb studentis Sexedulebaze axdens Tu ara gavlenas am maswavleblis SarSandeli studentebis msjeloba amave maswavleblis Sesaxeb.

eqsperimentatorma SearCia studentTa ori jgufi, romlebSic sakmaod msgavsia studentTa

raodenoba, asaki, qal-vaJTa Sefardeba. pirvel jgufs eubneba, rom maswavleblis SarSandeli

studentebi Zalze dabal Sefasebas aZlevs maswavlebels. meore jgufs ki aranair informacias

ar aZlevs studentTa Tvalsazrisze. mecadineorbis damTavrebis Semdeg yovel jgufs sTxoven

maswavleblis daxasiaTebas.

pirveli jgufi eqsperimentulia _ masze moaxdina gavlena SarSandelma studentebma,

romelic damoukidebeli cvladia. meore jgufs sakontrolo ewodeba, damoukidebel cvlads

masze gavlena ar qonia.

an martivad. gamoiyeneba arsebiTad ori identuri jgufi. Ppirveli Rebulobs stimuls (magaliTad informacias SarSandeli studentebisagan), meore ki ara. Sedegebis Sedarebisas

sociologi akeTebs daskvnas stimulis gavlenis Sesaxeb.

cvladebis kontroli. Cvens mier moyvanil martiv eqsperimentSi mkvlevari darwmunda,

rom jgufebi analogiuri arian raodenobrivi SemadgenlobiT, asakis mixedviT da qal-vaJTa

SesabamisobiT. es aris kontrolis gamoyenebis magaliTi. jgufebi rom gansxvavebulebi

yofiliyvnen amas eqneboda gavlena Sedegze. magaliTad, didi jgufis studentebi ufro dabal

Sefasebas miscemdnen maswavlebels, vidre mcire jgufebis studentebi: maT ufro nakleb

intensiuri kontaqtebi aqvT maswavleblebTan. Tu jgufi romelmac miiRi SarSandeli

studentebisagan informacia da jgufi, romelsac es informacia ar miuRia gansxvavebuli

iqnebodnen raodenobrivad, maSin Cven ver davadgendiT Tu ram ganapiroba gansxvaveba SexedulebebSi _ SarSandeli studentebis mier miwodebulma informaciam Tu jgufSi

studentTa raodenobam. raodenobrivi da sxva cvladebiT (magaliTad asakiT) jgufebis

SerCevisas, gansxvavebis es albaTuri mizezebi Cven migvaCnia mudmivebad, e.i. vakontrolebT maT

da vrwmundebiT, rom SarSandeli studentebis Tvalsazrisi _ erTaderTi damoukidebeli

cvladia (albaT gansxvavebis safuZveli) mocemul eqsperimentSi.

ama Tu im socialuri problemis eqsperimentuli Seswavlisas mkvlevars saqme aqvs

damoukidebeli cvladebis simravlesTan, Tanac bundovania maTi erTmaneTTan kavSiri da kavSiri

damokidebul cvladTan. Kkvlevis procesSi aucilebelia cvladebis raodenobis Semcireba, maTi

erTmaneTisagan izolireba da am gziT yoveli maTganis gavlenis gansazRvra. es xorcieldeba

specialuri kontrolis saSualebiT. Eeqsperimentuli kvlevis Catarebisas es ar warmoadgens gansakuTrebul siZneles: damoukidebeli cvladi SeyavT mxolod eqsperimentul jgufSi,

sakontrolo jgufSi ara. orive jgufidan miRebuli Sedegebis gansxvaveba gvawvdis

informacias damoukidebeli cvladis Sesaxeb.

aRniSnuli saxis kontrolis gamoyeneba sxvagvari gamokvlevebis dros, magaliTad,

SerCeviTi ganxilvis dros, cota ufro Znelia. studentTa sicruisadmi damokidebulebis

Seswavlisas markma ori kavSiri gamoavlina:

1. mSoblebis Semosavalsa da studentTa Tvalsazriss Soris;

2. mSoblebis ganaTlebasa da studentTa Sexedulebebs Soris.

miRebuli pasuxebis religiuri poziciebis Sesabamisad, klasificirebis SemTxvevaSi marki

albaT aRmoaCenda, rom protestantebis TvalsazrisiT ufro dasaZraxi iqneboda daxmarebebis

ukanono miReba, vidre gadasaxadebisaTvis Tavis arideba, maSin, rodesac kaTolikebi

sawinaaRmdego poziciaze iqnebodnen.

magram SeiZleba ki religiuri mrwamsis mizezobriv faqtorad miReba? aris ki protestantizmsa da kaTolicizmSi iseTi rame, rasac SeuZlia gavlena iqonios studentebze

aRniSnul viTarebaSi? iqneb gansxvaveba imiT aris gamowveuli, rom aSS ganaTlebis done da

Semosavali Cveulebriv protestantebs ufro maRali aqvT, vidre kaTolikebs? sociologia

cdilobs pasuxi gasces amgvar kiTxvebs da iyenebs cvladebis kontrolisaTvis specialur

meTodebs.

5. sociologia da sxva socialuri mecnierebebi

sociologia sazogadoebriv mecnierebaTagan erT-erTia, romelic Seiswavlis adamianis qcevebs

da sazogadoebrivi institutebis funqcionirebas. codnis am sferoTagan yovels gaaCnia

ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi, magram xSirad isini erTmaneTs emTxvevian.

anTropologiaSi gamoiyeneba sociologiisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli mravali meTodi, magram

anTropologia Seiswavlis ZiriTadad mcire zomis aradasavlur tomebs, maSin rodesac sociologia ikclevs Tanamedrove did sazogadoebebs evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi.

magaliTad, anTropologebis Seswavlis obieqtia indielTa kvakiutlis tomis ,,potCatlis”

saxeliT cnobili ceremoniebi, romlis procesSi mamakaci acxadebs Tavis pretenziebs ufro

maRali mdgomareobis Sesaxeb da anadgurebs Tavis simdidres.

ekonomika _ es aris warmoebis, ganawilebisa da moxmarebis gansxvavebuli resursebis kvleva.

ekonomistebi ZiriTad yuradRebas uTmoben iseTi Temebis Seswavlas, rogorebicaa umuSevroba,

inflacia da saerTaSoriso vaWroba. ekonomistebisaTvis tipiuria inflaciis gavlenis kvleva

momxmareblis SemsyidvelobiT unarze.

politikuri mecniereba Seiswavlis adamianebis ZalauflebaSi mosvlis gzebs da aseve

sazogadoebaSi Zalauflebis ganawilebas. Ppolitologia ZiriTadad garTulia mTavrobis, politikuri partiebis, saerTo interesebis mqone erTobebis saqmianobiT, agreTve amomrCevelTa

qcevis specifikis SeswavliT. magaliTad, maT SeuZliaT daadginon ratomaa, rom erTi da igive

pirveladi jgufebis wevrebi, rogorc wesi, xmas yovelTvis aZleven erTsa da imave kandidats.

da bolos, fsiqologia _ es aris individualuri qcevis mecnieruli kvleva.magaliTad,

fsiqologi aanalizebs, Tu rogor SeiZines adamianebma metyvelebisa da kiTxvis Cvevebi. rodis

mimarTaven swavlis procesSi waxalisebasa da dasjas; rodis yalibdeba pirovnebis

ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi da mimarTeba gare samyarosTan. erTi cnobili fsiqologiuri

eqsperimenti xazs usvams adamianebis mzadyofnis dones daqvemdebarebodnen avtoritetis nebas,

maSinac ki, rodesac sTavazobdnen umweo msxverplze eleqtruli deniT zemoqmedebas.

sociologia da sazogadoeba rogorc yvela mecnieri sociologic miznad isaxavs gazardos

codna samyaros Sesaxeb, romelSic Cven vcxovrobT. Ees Rirebulia ara mxolod Tavis Tavad,

aramed mniSvnelovania agreTve Tanamedrove civilizaciis ganviTarebisaTvis.

SeiZleba ise Candes, rom, radgan sociologTa umravlesoba muSaobs kolejebsa da

universitetebSi, isini mowyvetili arian biznesisa da politikis samyaros. studentebi xSirad

adareben erTmaneTs TavianT swavlebas kolejebSi da realur cxovrebas, da gamoTqma ,,spilos Zvlis koSkebi” gulisxmobs maswavlebelTa mowyvetas realurobidan. Aam stereotips

SecdomaSi SevyavarT, sociologiasa da realur samyaros Soris uamravi kavSirebia.

sociologia da sazogadoebrivi problemebi. Upirveles yovlisa unda aRiniSnos, rom sociologiis ganviTarebisaTvis, iseve, rogorc sxva sazogadoebrivi mecnierebebisaTvis,

saWiroa garkveuli politikuri klimati, romelic xels Seuwyobs mis srulyofasa da

ayvavebas. axali codnis misaRebad aucilebelia kvlevis Tavisufleba, misi Sedegebis

gamoqveynebis Tavisufleba, miuxedavad imisa, rogor Sexvdebian mas, da aseve darwmunebuli unda iyo, rom ar eqneba adgili religiuri da politikuri motivebiT devnas. totalitarul

sazogadoebaSi sociologiis ganviTareba da sxva sazogadooebrivi mecnierebebisac,

paralizebulia Zalauflebis xSiri Carevisa da represiebis gami misi mxridan. sociologiis

ganviTarebaze uSualod zemoqmedeben sazogadoebrivi problemebi da krizisebi. 30-iani wlebis

didi depresiis periodSi sociologebi ZiriTad yuradReba uTmobdnen umuSevrobis kvlevas da

mis gavlenas ojaxur cxovrebaze; meore msoflio omis dros sociologTa didi nawili

swavlobda propagandis rols da mis gavlenas mosaxleobis moralur cnobierebaze.; SfoTian

60-ian wlebSi sociologebis interesi mimarTulia sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis iseTi mxareebis

mimarT, rogorebic iyo studenturi moZraobebi da brZola moqalaqeobrivi uflebebisaTvis.

Cvens sinamdvileSi sociologebi did yuradRebas uTmoben seqsisa da qalisa da mamakacis uTanasworobis problemebs. es magaliTebi cxadyofen Tu rogor asaxavs sociologia

mTlianobaSi sazogadoebriv problemebs. bevri misi kerZo sfero, magaliTad kriminologia,

siRaribis sociologia, fsiqikuri janmrTelobisa da fsiqikuri avadmyofobis sociologia,

aseve mowmoben mis mWidro kavSirs sazogadoebriv problemebTan.

amave dros, is faqti, rom sociologia ikvlevs raRac movlenebsa da procesebs,

adasturebs masTan dakavSirebuli problemebis seriozulobas. aSS gunar mirdalis mier

Catarebul rasobrivi urTierTobebis klasikur gamokvlevebs, romelTa Sedegebi gamoqveynda

1944 wels, uzarmazari gavlena qonda, ara mxolod imitom, rom damajereblad aCvena am qveyanaSi zangebis Cagruli mdgomareoba, aramed imitomac, rom cxadi gaxada am viTarebis

pirdapiri winaaRmdegoba amerikaSi gamocxadebuli Tanasworobis ideebTan.

sociologiis gamoyeneba. sociologiuri codna mravali gziT Sedis sazogadoebis farTo

fenebSi. jer-erTi, specialistTa mzardi raodenoba iyenebs Tavis sociologiur momzadebas

iseT samTavrobo dawesebulebebSi, rogorebicaa, magaliTad, mosaxleobis aRweris biuro

(Bureau of the Census), agreTve organizaciebSi, romelTac saqme aqvT alkoholisa da

narkotikebis borotad gamoyenebasTan.

meore, sociologebisa da sxva sazogadoebaTmcodneebis mier SemuSavebuli meTodebi

Seiswavleba da gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva sferos specialistebis mier. naTeli magaliTia _ sazogadoebrivi azris gamokiTxva _ ZiriTadad sociologebisa da statistikosebis mier

damuSavebuli da gamoyenebuli isini did rols asruleben bazrisa da sazogadoebrivi azris

gamokvlevebSi.

garda sociologiis gaoyenebis ukve miTiTebuli sferoebisa, sociologTa da sxva

sazogadoebaTmcodneTa moRvaweoba uzrunvelyofs farTo informacias, rac aucilebelia

socialur politikaSi gadawyvetilebebis misaRebad. magaliTad, Tu aSS jandacvisa da

socialuri uzrunvelyofis saministro gadawyvets literaturis gavrcelebis sakiTxs,

romelic xels Seuwyobda qorwinebagareSe bavSvebis raodenobis Semcirebas, sociologia

miawvdis informacias mosaxleobis jgufebze, romlebSic aRiniSneba ukanonod dabadebulTa

maRali done, imis Sesaxeb, ra zomiT miaRwevs am jgufebamde es kompania, ramdenad efeqturad gaakontrolebs literaturis gavrceleba Sobadobis process. bolos, sociologiuri

gamokvlevebi daexmarebian socialuri politikis gatarebis Semdeg Sedegebis Semowmebis

saqmeSi. magaliTad, sociologebma Seafases ,,gonebrivi ganviTarebis” programis Sedegebi,

romelic gamiznuli iyo skolebSi wasvlis wina periodSi Raribi ojaxebis bavSvebisaTvis.

am programis Seswavlam aCvena, rom is zrdida bavSvebis gonebrivi ganviTarebis

koeficients. marTalia, Semdgomma gamokvlevebma aCvenes, rom es bavSvebi ori wlis mere aRar

gansxvavdebodnen am maCveneblebiT sxva bavSvebisagan. Mmagram samagierod, siymawvileSi isini

ukve iSviaTad CamorCebodnen swavlaSi, xSirad amTavrebdnen saSualo skolas da ufro miiswrafodnen umaRlesi saswavleblebisaken, vidre am programis gareT darCenili bavSvebi.

(brauni, grotbergi, 1980). aseTi saxis gamokvlevebs SefasebiTi ewodeba da is farTod

gavrcelda bolo 15-20 wlis ganmavlobaSi.

6. Teoriuli dilemebi

sociologiaSi oTxi ZiriTadi Teoriuli mimarTuleba arsebobs:

1. funqcionalizmi – konti, diurkemi. romelime sociologiuri moqmedebis an

institutis funqciis Seswavla niSnavs SeviswavloT da gavaanalizoT maTi wvlili

sazogadoebis rogorc mTelis funqcionirebisa da gaviTarebis uzrunvelyofis saqmeSi. sazogadoeba superorganizaciaa.

2. struqturalizmi. sosiuris Tanaxmad enis struqturis analizi niSnavs im wesebis

Ziebas, romlebic Seadgenen enis uxilav da ganuyrel safuZvels. ena da mniSvneloba. sosiuri

amtkicebda, rom sityvaTa mniSvnelobebi warmoiqmneba enis struqturebis meSveobiT da ara im

obieqtebiT romlebsac es sityvebi aRniSnaven.

3. simboluri interaqcionizmi. simboluri interaqcionizmi did mniSvnelobas aniWebs

aqtiur da Semoqmed individs, vidre sxva danarCeni Teoriuli midgomebi.

4. marqsizmi. marqsistebi gansxvavebiT sxva sociologebisgan gansakuTrebul

mniSvnelobas aniWeben sazogadoebis klasobriv dayofas, klasTa konfliqts, agreTve

Zalauflebisa da ideologiis problemebs.

Teoriuli dilemebi

rogoria am oTxi Teoriuli poziciis SedarebiTi Rirebuleba? TiToeul maTgans yavs

mxurvale momxreebi, magram cxadia rom zogierT mimarTebaSi es koncefciebi avseben erTmaneTs.

funqcionalizmi da marqsizmis versiaTa umravlesoba koncentracias axdenen socialuri

jgufebisa da sazogadoebebis cxovrebis msxvil masStabiani aspeqtebis Seswavlaze. isini

principulad orientirebulni arian “did sakiTxebze” – “rogor uzrunvelyofen sazogadoebebi

TavianT mTlianobas”? an “rogoria socialur cvlilebaTa ZiriTadi mizezebi”?

simboluri interaqcionizmi, piriqiT yvelaze metad dakavSirebulia socialuri

cxovrebis pirovnul mxareebთან. struqturalizmi sxva midgomebisgan gansxvavdeba imiT, rom Tavis yuradRebas ZiriTadad

socialuri saqmianobis kulturul Tvisebebze amaxvilebs.

amgvarad, sociologiuri problemebis ganxilvisas zogierTi xarisxiT SeiZleba

visargebloT yvela Teoriis nayofiT, Tumca gansazRvrul mimarTebebSi isini Riad

upirispirdebian erTmaneTs.

arsebobs ამ მიდგომების შესაბამისი ოთხი ZiriTadi Teoriuli dilema - sakiTxebi, romlebic warmoadgenen mudmivi kamaTisa da diskusiis wyaros

1. rogori xarisxiT varT Cven SemoqmedebiTi sawyisebis srulfasovani matareblebi,

romlebic aqtiurad vaxdenT sakuTari cxovrebis warmoebas? SeiZleba Cveni moqmedebebis

didi nawili aris Cvengan damoukideblad arsebuli fundamenturi Zalebis gavlenis

Sedegi? am sakiTxisadmi damokidebuleba yovelTvis yofda da yovelTvis gayofs

sociologebs. simboluri interaqcionizmi xazs usvams adamianuri qcevis aqtiur

SemoqmedebiT Semadgenel elementebs. sami danarCeni midgoma (marqsizmis zogierTi aspeqtis gamoklebiT) aqcents akeTebs Cvens saqmianobaze socialuri institutebis

gavlenis maiZulebel xasiaTze.

2. meore dilema dakavSirebulia sazogadoebaSi arsebul Tanxmobasa (konsesussa) da

konfliqtTan. zogierTi Tvalsazrisis Tanaxmad pirvel adgilze dgas sazogadoebisTvis

damaxasiaTebeli wesrigi da harmonia. am Sexedulebebis momxreebi, memkvidreobiTobas da

konsesuss sazogadoebaTa yvelaze bunebriv maxasiaTeblebad Tvlian, rogor Zlieradac

ar unda Seicvalos isini droTa ganmavlobaSi. sxva sociologebi, xazs usvamen

socialuri konfliqtis siRrmiseul bunebas. isini Tvlian rom sazogadoebrivi

cxovrebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia interesTa danawevreba – danawileba, daZabuloba da

brZola. maTi azriT, mtkiceba rom adamianebi ZiriTadad mSvidobis moyvarulni, mSvidobiani Tanaarsebobisken midrekilebis mqone arsebebi arian, mcdaria. TviT im

SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac aris Ria konfrontacia, sazogadoebaSi arsebobas inarCunebs

interesTa principuli sxvaoba, romelic gansazRvrul momentSi SeiZleba aqtiur

konfliqtad iqces.

3. mesame dilema dakavSirebulia ara imdenad adamianuri saqmianobis an mTlianad

sazogadoebis maxasiaTeblebTan, ramdenadac Tanamedrove socialuri ganviTarebis

TvisebebTan. bWoba exeba im faqtorebs romlebic gavlenas axdenen Tanamedrove

sazogadoebebis TviT bunebaze. es dilemma momdinareobs aramarqsistuli da marqsistul

midgomebs Soris gansxvavebebidan. igi koncentrirdeba Semdegi sakiTxis garSemo: rogori

xarisxiTa da doniT gansazRvravs Tanamedrove msoflios ganviTarebas marqsis mier gamoyofili ekonomikuri faqtorebi? meores mxriv, rogori xarisxiT SeuZlia

alternatiul faqtorebs(socialurs, politikurs da kulturuls) gansazRvron

socialuri ganviTareba Tanamedrove epoqaSi.

4. arsebobs Teoriis meoTxe fundamenturi problema, romelic saeWvoa warmoSobiliyo

orTodoqsaluri koncefciis CarCoebSi, magram romlis ignorireba metad aRar SeiZleba.

problema isaa rom sociologiur analizSi Semoyvanil unda iqnes genderis gageba.

warsulis yvela didi figura sociologiaSi iyvnen mamakacebi, da Tavis SromebSi isini

praqtikulad yuradRebas ar uTmobdnen im faqts, rom adamianuri arsebebi qalebad da

mamakacebad iyofian. maT SromebSi individebi warmogvidgeba abstraqtul “moqmed

pirebad”, romlebic “saSualo sqess” miekuTvnebian da ara rogorc qalebi da kacebi. ramdenadac tradiciul sociologiaSi genderis problemis dayenebisas ar arsebobs

raime safuZveli, romelsac SeiZleba daeyrdnoT, amitom es problema SesaZloa dRes

yvelaze rTulia am oTxidan.

genderis problemasTan dakavSirebuli erTerTi Teoriuli dilema Semdegia: SemovitanoT

Tu ara “genderi” rogorc sociologiuri kategoria Teoriul sociologiaSi? SeiZleba

ukeTesi iyos genderis sakiTxebis ganxilva Tu mas davanawevrebT mTel rig specifikur

faqtorebad, romlebic gansazRvraven qalebis maiZulebel qcevas sxvadasxva situaciebSi?

xolo Tu sxva mxridan mivudgebiT, arsebobs ki yvela kulturaSi is maxasiaTeblebi romlebi

ganasxvaveben “qalebisa da kacebis socialur qcevebs”? anda genderuli dayofa SeiZleba avxsnaT sxva socialuri gansxvavebebis (mag. klasobrivi dayofa) terminebSi?

struqtura da moqmdeba

erT - erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani Tema, romelic diurkemma warmoWra da Semdeg ki sxvebma ganaviTares, aris is, rom sazogadoeba romelic gvaerTianebs rogorc Tavis wevrebs namdvilad

uqmnis Tu ara Cvens saqmianobas socialur SezRudvebs. diurkemi amtkicebda, rom sazogadoebas

individze upiratesoba prioritetad aqvs. igi aris raRac ufro meti vidre individualur

aqtTa ubralo jami, amitom socialuri struqturis kvlevisas, Cven vejaxebiT “myari” da

“magari”, “xisti” Tvisebebis mqone maxasiaTeblebs, romlebic SeiZleba materialuri garemos

struqturebs SevadaroT. warmovidginoT adamiani, romelic imyofeba ramdenime karian oTaxSi.

oTaxis agebuleba zRudavs individis SesaZlo moqmedebebis wres. magaliTad kedlebisa da

karebis ganlageba gansazRvravs gasasvlelisa da Semosasvlelis ganlagebas. diurkemis azriT

socialuri struqtura msgavsi wesiT ukeTebs reglamentirebas Cvens saqmianobas.igi sazRvrebs

uwesebs Cvens individualur moqmedebebs. CvenTvis igi iseTive “garegania” rogorc dasaxelebuli oTaxis kedlebi. mocemuli Tvalsazrisi diurkemis mier gamoTqmulia mis

cnobil SeniSvnaSi:

„rodesac vmoqmedeb rogorc Zma, qmari an moqalaqe,rodesac vasruleb imas,rac

xelSekrulebiTaa gaTvaliswinebuli, me vasruleb Cemi pirovnebisa da Cemi qmedebebis miRma

samarTliTa da adaT – CveulebebiT dadgenil movaleobebs. maSinac ki, rodesac isini

eTanadebian Cems sakuTar grZnobebs da Sinaganad gaTavisebuli maqvs maTi realoba, es

ukanaskneli mainc erTgvarad obieqturi rCeba, radgan aRniSnuli movaleobebi piradad Cemi

qmnadobis nayofi ki ar aris, aramed aRzrdis wyalobiTaa SeZenili. amasTan, xSirad xdeba, rom

Cven ZirisZirobamde ar vicnobT Cvenze dakisrebul movaleobebs da iZulebuli varT, kodeqsSi

veZioT an rCeva vkiTxoT maTi ganmartebis unaris mqone pirebs! zustad aseve, daibada Tu ara, morwmune adamians Tavisi religiis mzamzareuli, Camoyalibebuli wes – Cveulebebi da

miTiTebebi daxvda; raki isini arsebobdnen amqveynad mis movlinebamde, maSasadame,arsebobdnen

mis miRma. leqsikur niSanTa maragi, romliTac vsargeblob Cemi azrebis gadmosacemad;

savaluto sistema, romelsac viyeneb valebis gadasaxdelad; kreditis saSualebebi,romlebiTac

vsargeblob Cem komerciul urTierTobebSi; Cveulebebi, romelTac vicav Cem profesiul

saqmianobaSi da a.S. – yovelive es moqmedebs maSinac, roca me maT ar viyeneb. dae, Tundac es

yovelive ganixilon saTiTaod, sazogadoebis yvela wevris mimarT, Sedegi erTnairi iqneba.

maSasadame.azrovneba, moqmedeba da grZnoba xasiaTdebian im yuradsaRebi saSualebebiT, romlebic

arseboben individualuri cnobierebisagan damoukidebld, mis sazRvrebs miRma.“ (e. diurkemi

sociologiis meTodis wesebi. Tbilisi, 2001, gv.36–37).

diurkemis Tvalsazriss mravali momxreebi yavs, magram igi mZafr kritikas iwvevs. ra aris

“sazogadoeba” kiTxuloben kritikosebi, Tu ara mraval individualur aqtTa erToblioba? Tu

Cven vswavlobT romelime jgufs, vxedavT am dros ara koleqtiur arsebas aramed individTa

jgufs, romlebic erTmaneTTan imyofebian sxvadasxvagvari wesiT urTierTqmedebaSi.

”sazogadoeba” aris mxolod individTa simravle, romlebic asruleben mowesrigebul

moqmedebebs erTmaneTis mimarT. mocemuli Tvalsazrisis Tanaxmad Cven vmoqmedebT mizandasaxul

– Tu mimarTulad ukve imis ZaliT, rom varT adamianebi da vsuldgmulobT, varsebobT

samyaroSi, romelic gamsWvalulia kulturuli sazrisebiT. am poziciis Tanaxmad socialuri

movlenebi ar arian sxva nivTebis msgavsi, rameTu damokidebulni arian im simbolur mniSvnelobebze romlebiTac Cven aRvWurvavT Cvens moqmedebebs – vasazrisianebT Cvens

moqmedebebs. Cven varT ara sazogadoebis qmnilebani, aramed misi Semqmnelni.

Sefaseba

saeWvoa rom es winaaRmdegoba odesme bolomde amoiwuros ramdenadac igi arsebobs im momentidan, rac Tanamedrove moazrovneebma pirvelad daiwyes adamianuri saqmianobis axsnis

sistemuri kvleva-Zieba. ufro metic kamaTi ar SemoisazRvreboda mxolod sociologiiT. Tqven

TviTon unda gadawyvitoT romeli poziciaa WeSmaritebasTan axlos.

da mainc ar unda gavazviadoT moyvanil TvalsazrisTa gansxvavebebi. rasakvirvelia, am

midgomebidan arcerTs ar SeuZlia absoluturi WeSmaritebis floba, magram Zalian advilad

SeiZleba SevniSnoT kavSiri maT Soris. cxadia, zogierT situaciaSi upiratesoba diurkemis

Tvalsazriss aqvs. socialuri institutebi winuswreben nebismier individs, magram aseve

ueWvelia isic, rom maT Cveni SezRudvis SesaZleblobac aqvT. ase, magaliTad, me aravar

fuladi sistemis gamomgonebeli, romelic Cvens qveyanaSi arsebobs. me aseve ara maqvs arCevani, visargeblo imiT Tu ara, Tu me msurs miviRo saqoneli da momsaxureba, romelic fulze

iyideba. sxva tradiciuli institutebis msgavsad fuladi sistema arsebobs sazogadoebis

yvela calkeuli wevrisgan damoukideblad, da reglamentacias uwesebs mis saqmianobas.

meores mxriv, aSkarad mcdaria debuleba, rom sazogadoeba CvenTan mimarTebaSi imdenadve

“garegania” rogorc fizikuri samyaro . fizikuri samyaro arsebobas gaagrZelebs maSinac ki

erTi adamianic ki rom ar arsebuliyo dedamiwis zurgze, magram igive amtkico sazogadoebis

Sesaxeb- cxadi uazrobaa. sazogadoeba aris garegani calkeuli individebis mimarT, magram igi

Tavisi gansazRvrebis Tanaxmad SeuZlebelia garegani iyos yvela individebisTvis.

ufro metic Tumca diurkemis “socialur faqtebs” ZaluZT Cveni saqmianobis SezRudva,

magram maT ar ZaluZT misi determinireba Tu gansazRvra. me SemiZlia vicxovro ise rom ar

visargeblo fuliT, Tu mtkiced gadavwyvet amas, Tumca aseTi gadawyvetilebisas SesaZloa

Zalian cud viTarebaSi Cavvarde. adamianma mudmivad unda akeTos arCevani, ara ubralod

pasiurad reagirebdes mis garSemo mimdinare xdomilebebze. “struqturuli” da “saqmianobiTi”

midgomebs Soris arsebuli winaaRmdegobebis gadalaxvas SeiZleba xeli Seuwyos imis

gacnobierebam, rom Cveni yoveldRiuri saqmianobis msgavsad Cven aqtiurad vqmniT da vcvliT

socialur struqturas. magaliTad, Cvens mier fuladi sistemis gamoyeneba umniSvneloa, magram

igi aucilebeli wvlilia am sistemis arsebobis SenarCunebaSi. Tu yvela adamiani, anda maTi

umravlesoba, romeliRac momentSi miiRebs gadawyvetilebas Tavi aaridos fuliT sargeblobas, maSin fuladi sistema daiSleba.

konfliqti da konsesusi konfliqtis da konsesusis problemebis Sesaxeb TvalsazrisTa Sedareba upriani da

mizanSewonili iwqneba Tu mas kvlavac diurkemidan daviwyebT. diurkemi sazogadoebas

ganixilavs rogorc urTierTdamokidebul nawilTa erTobliobas. funqcionalistTa

umravlesobas sazogadoeba warmoudgeniaT rogorc gaerTianebuli mTlianoba, romelic

erTmaneTTan mWidrod dakavSirebuli struqturebisgan Sedgeba. es debuleba gansakuTrebiT

exmianeba diurkemis azrs “socialur faqtTa” maiZulebel “garegan” xasiaTze. magram analogia

am SemTxvevaSi tardeba ara Senobis kedlebTan, aramed adamianis sxeulTan, tanTan.

adamianis organizmi (sxeuli) mravali sxvadasxva nawilisgan Sedgeba(rogoricaa, tvini,

guli, filtvebi, RviZli da a.S.) misi SenarCunebisa da funqcionirebis saqmeSi organoebi

erTmaneTTan harmoniaSi unda muSaobdnen, Tu aseT harmonias adgili ara aqvs maSin mTeli

organizmi safrTxeSi aRmoCndeba. diurkemisa da agreTve parsonsis Tanaxmad igive xdeba

sazogadoebaSic. raTa sazogadoebam SeZlos arsebobis gagrZeleba aucilebelia misma Semadgenelma specializirebulma instututebma (politikuri sistema, religia, ojaxi,

ganaTlebis sistema) erTmaneTTan harmoniulad unda imoqmedon. amgvarad sazogadoebis arseboba

damokidebulia kooperaciaze (Sromis danawilebaze) romelic Tavis TavSi gulisxmobs

sazogadoebis Semadgeneli nawilebis saerTo konsesuss . (sayovelTao Tanxmobas anu rogorc

konti ityoda consensus omnium), anu sazogadoebis wevrebis Tanxmobas ZiriTad

Rirebulebebze. isini ki vinc konfliqtis problemas ganixilaven, gansxvavebul poziciaze

dganan. . maTi ZiriTadi debulebebi SeiZleba Zalian advilad vaCvenoT, Tu magaliTis saxiT

gamoviyenebT marqsis mier mocemul klasobrivi konfliqtis cnebas. marqsis Tanaxmad

sazogadoeba iyofa klasebad, ramdenadac resursebis gansxvavebul odenobas floben. ramdenadac

arsebobs gamoxatuli uTanasworoba, amdenad SeimCneva interesTa sxvaoba, romelic “CaSenebuli” aRmoCndeba socialur sistemaSi. interesTa es konfliqti gansazRvrul momentSi

klasebs Soris aqtiur brZolaSi gadadis, romelmac SeiZleba dabados radikaluri

cvlilebebis procesi. am midgomis yvela momxre ase did mniSvnelobas ar aniWebdnen klasebs

rogorc marqsi. zogjer gansxvavebaTa safuZvels, romlebic mniSvnelovani aRmoCndeba

konfliqtis dros, rasobriv jgufTa an politikur fraqciaTa Soris damokidebulebebSi

xedaven. magram, rogoric ar unda yofiliyo konfliqturi jgufebi, sazogadoeba Tavidanve

ganixileba rogorc daZabulobebiT savse ram da TviT yvelaze stabiluri socialuri

safuZvelic ki gamoiyureba antagonistur dajgufebaTa Soris aramyari balansis saxiT.

Sefaseba

debulebebi konfliqtisa da konsesusis Tanafardobis Taobaze saeWvoa rodesme dasruldes.

miuxedavad amisa konsesusis da konfliqtis poziciebs Soris arsebuli gansxvaveba, Cemi azriT,

imaze ufro radikalurad gamoiyureba vidre es sinamdvileSia. am ori poziciis savsebiT

SeuTavseblobis Sesaxeb bWoba araa gamarTlebuli. nebismier sazogadoebas aqvs da aerTianebs

gansazRvruli gvaris erTianoba ZiriTadi Rirebulebebis Sesaxeb da nebismieri sazogadoeba,

ueWvelia, gulisxmobs konfliqtis arsebobas.

ufro metic, sociologiuri analizis erTerT ZiriTad wess swored socialuri sistemis

SigniT konfliqtsa da konsensuss Soris kavSirebis kvleva warmoadgens. gansxvavebul jgufTa mier aRiarebuli Rirebulebebi da maTi wevrebis mier dasaxuli miznebi, xSirad asaxaven

saerTo da dapirispirebul interesTa narevs. TviT marqsistuli midgomac ki aRiarebs, rom

antagonistur klasebs Soris raRac saerTo interesebi arsebobs, mag. kapitalistebs

esaWiroebaT muSebi TavianTi sawarmoebis gasamarTavad xolo muSebs amave zomiT esaWiroebaT

kapitalistebi, romlebic maT gasamrjelos aZleven. msgavs viTarebebSi Ria konfliqti

xangrZlivi ver iqneba, ufro savaraudoa moxdes ise rom orive mxarisTvis saerTo gadawonis

gansxvavebebs, Tumca zogjer SeiZleba piriqiTac ki moxdes.

aseve sasargeblo cneba, romelic warmosdgeba konfliqtis da konsesusis analizis dros

aris ideologia – Rirebulebebisa da Sexedulebebis erToblioba romelic xels uwyobs ufro Zlieri jgufebis poziciebis SenarCunebas ufro nakleb Zlierebis mqone jgufebis mimarT,

xels uwyobs maTi batonobis SenarCunebas. Zalaufleba, ideologia da konfliqti mudam

mWidrod arian erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli. mravali konfliqti warmoiSoba Zalauflebis

mopovebis gamo, rameTu igi mis mompoveblebs privilegiebsa da upiratesobebs aZlevT.

Zalauflebis mqoneT SeuZliaT Tavisi batonobis SesanarCuneblad gamoiyenon ideologiuri

saSualebebi, magram aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi maT ZaluZT Zalis gamoyenebac. mag: feodalizmis epoqaSi aristokratebis batonoba ganmtkicebuli iyo ideiT, rom rCeul adamianTa mcire

nawili dabadebuli iyo imisaTvis rom ebatonaT. magram aristokratebi xalisiT mimarTavdnen

Zaladobas imaT mimarT, vinc gabedavda da xels aRmarTavda maT Zalauflebaze.

Tanamedrove msoflios saxeebi

marqsistuli perspeqtiva. rogorc adrec aRvniSneT marqsi Tanamedrove sazogadoebebs

ganixilavda rogorc kapitalisturs. Tanamedrove epoqaSi mimdinare socialuri cvlilebebis safuZvelSi mdebare wamyvani impulsi ekonomikuri transformaciebis moTxovnilebaa. romlebic

kapitalisturi warmoebis ganuyofel nawils warmoadgenen. kapitalizmi – gacilebiT

dinamiuri ekonomikuri sistemaa, vidre yvela misi winamorbedi sistema iyo. kapitalistebi

erTmaneTs ejaxebian im SesaZleblobebisTvis raTa SeeZloT miyidon TavianTi saqoneli

momxmareblebs. raTa SeinarCunon arseboba da gadarCnen sabazro konkurenciis pirobebSi,

firmebma TavianTi produqcia rac SeiZleba efeqturad da iafad unda awarmoon. amas ki

mivyavarT mudmiv teqnologiur inovaciebTan. ramdenadac sawarmoo procesebSi gamoyenebuli

teqnologiebis efeqturobis amaRleba, warmoadgens erTerT saSualebas da wess, romlis

mixedviTac kompaniebs ZaluZT dajabnon TavianTi konkurentebi.

aseve seriozuli stimulebi arsebobs saqonlis gasaRebis bazrebis ZiebisaTvis, iafi

nedleulis SeZenis SesaZleblobebi da iafi muSaxelis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobebi. amitom

kapitalizmi, marqsis mixedviT warmoadgens mudmivad gafarToebad sistemas, romelic mTels

msoflios ipyrobs. aseTi wesiT xsnis marqsi dasavluri industriis gavrcelebas globaluri

masStabiT.

marqss hyavs, rogorc mrvalricxovani momxreebi, ise mowinaaRmdegeebi da kritikosebi .

kritikosebi cdiloben marqsis Sexedulebebis uaryofas da gvTavazoben alternatiul

midgomebs im faqtorTa analizisaTvis romlebic gansazRvraven Tanamedrove msoflios.

praqtikulad yvela mkvlevari eTanxmeba imas, rom kapitalizmma didi roli iTamaSa Tanamedrove msoflios CamoyalibebaSi. magram sociologTa nawili amtkicebs, rom marqsma

gadaWarbebiT Seafasa is roli romelic iTamaSa momxdar cvlilebebSi wmindad ekonomikurma

faqtorebma, da garda amisa, aRniSnaven, rom kapitalizmi ar aris Tanamedrove socialuri

ganviTarebis centri, rogorc amas marqsi varaudobda. avtorTa umetesoba aseve skeptikurad

afaseben mis mtkicebas, rom socialisturi sistema aucileblad Secvlis kapitalizms.

maqs veberis Tvalsazrisi

marqsis kritikosebidan erTerTi pirveli da yvelaze seriozuli kritikosi maqs veberi

iyo. maqs veberis mier SemuSavebuli marqsis poziciis alternatiuli pozicia dResac inarCunebs Tavis mniSvnelobas. misi azriT, Tanamedrove socialur ganviTarebSi gadamwyveti

roli araekonomikurma faqtorebma iTamaSes. maqs veberis yvelaze cnobili da sakamaTo Sroma

“protestantuli eTika da kapitalizmis goni” amtkicebs, rom kapitalisturi

msoflmxedvelobis Camoyalibebis dros fundamenturi mniSvneloba hqondaT religiur

Rirebulebebs gansakuTrebiT im Rirebulebebs romlebic dakavSirebuli iyvnen puritanobasTan.

marqsis sawinaaRmdegod es msoflmxedveloba warmoiSva ara ekonomikuri cvlilebebisgan rogorc aseTisgan.

veberis azriT, kapitalizmi rogorc ekonomikuri saqmianobis organizaciis gansazRvruli

wesi, aris mravalTagan mxolod erTi faqtori, romelmac gavlena iqonia socialur

ganviTarebaze Tanamedrove periodSi. kapitalisturi ekonomikuri meqanizmis ufro

fundamentur safuZvlad mogvevlina mecniereba da biurokratia. mecnierebam Camoayaliba

Tanamedrove teqnologia. Tavis mxriv , biurokratia warmoadgens adamianTa didi jgufebis

efeqturi organizaciis erTaderT wess, da amitom igi gardauvlad gaizrdeba da

gafarTovdeba ekonomikuri politikuri zrdis zomis Sesabamisad. mecnierebis, Tanamedrove

teqnologiebis da biurokratiis gamovlenas veberi arsebiTad aRwers rogorc racionalizacias. racionalizacia niSnavs ekonomikuri da socialuri cxovrebis organizaciis

efeqturobis principis Sesabamisad teqnikuri codnis safuZvelze.

Sefaseba

orive pozicia jerjerobiT kvlav inarCunebs arsebobis uflebas rameTu kargad gvixsnis

Tanamedrove msoflios ganviTarebas, xolo Tanamedrove sazogadoebebis ganviTarebis gzebis

faqtologiuri kvlevebi gvexmareba imis garkvevaSi msoflioSi mimdinare cvlilebebi orive

mxaris poziciebs rogor ganamtkicebs.

genderis problema

marTalia am problemas ar ukavia centraluri adgili. Tanamedrove sociologiis

fuZemdeblebTan. magram zogierTi nawyveti maTi Sromebidan gvaZlevs saSualebas vilaparakoT

am problemis maTeuli xedvis specifikaze. mag. diurkemi Tavis EerTerT SromaSi

“TviTmkvleloba” SeniSnavs rom “mamakaci mTlianad aris sazogadoebis produqti” maSin

rodesac qali mniSvnelovnad didi zomiT bunebis produqtia”. aviTarebs ra am dakvirvebebs igi

mamakacis Sesaxeb wers: “misi gemovneba, miswrafeba da iumori ufro koleqtiuri warmoSobisaa,

maSin rodesac misi Tanamgzavris igive Tvisebebi ufro organizmiT ganisazRvreba. kacis

moTxovnilebebi amgvarad Zlier gansxvavdeba qalis moTxovnilebebisgan. : sxva sityvebiT mamakaci da dedakaci igiveobrivni ar arian, maT aqvT gansxvavebuli gemovneba da midrekilebebi,

vinaidan qalebi nakleb socializebulni arian da ufro axlos arian bunebasTan vidre

mamakacebi.

dRes msgavs Tvalsazriss aravin gaiziarebs, vinaidan qalis specifikuri individualoba

igive zomiT yalibdeba socializaciis saSualebiT , rogoradac kacis individualoba. da

mainc, zogierTi Sesworebebis Setanis Semdeg diurkemis mtkiceba-dasabuTeba genderis bunebis

formirebis xedvis erT-erTi SesaZlo wesTagani aRmoCndeba. mxedvelobaSi aqvT is, rom

genderuli gansxvaveba ZiriTadad qalsa da kacs Soris arsebul biologiur gansxvavebebs

emyareba. aseTi Tvalsazrisi aucileblad ar niSnavs imas, rom genderuli gansxvavebebi uwinares yovlisa TanSobilia. piriqiT, igi varaudobs rom qalis socialuri pozicia misi

qaluroba, ZiriTadad ganisazRvreba bavSvTa SobiT da aRzrdiT. Tu es Tvalsazrisi sworia,

maSin genderuli gansxvaveba nebismieri sazogadoebis atributia. mamakacebis da dedakacebis

uTanasworoba Zalauflebis flobaSi im faqts asaxavs, rom qalebi zrdian bavSvebs da arian

maTi mTavari aRmzrdelebi, maSin rodesac mamakacebi moqmedeben, “saWiro sferoebSi” :politikaSi, omSi da a.S.

marqsis Tvalsazrisi arsebiTad gansxvavdeba am poziciidan. marqsisaTvis genderuli

gansxvaveba Zalauflebasa da statusSi mxolod sxva gansxvavebas, uwinares yovlisa, klasobriv

gansxvavebas asaxavs. misi azriT, primitiul sazogadoebaSi ar aris arc klasobrivi da arc

genderuli gansxvaveba. mamakacis batonoba qalze warmoiSoba mxolod klasebis gaCenasTan

erTad. rodesac Cndeba qorwinebis instituti, qalebi mamakacTa “kerZo sakuTrebis” erT erT

formad gardaiqmnebian. qalebi amgvar monobas maSin daaRweven Tavs rodesac sazogadoebis

klasobrivi dayofa daZleuli iqneba. da kvlavac mxolod Zalian cota vinme Tu daeTanxmeba am

azrs dRes, magram is SeiZleba ufro misaRebi gaxdes Tu Teziss ganvaviTarebT. klasobrivi faqtori ar aris erTaderTi im socialuri gansxvavebebis gansazRvrebaSi romlebic moqmedeben

qalebisa da kacebis socialur qcevaze. sxva faqtorTagan aRsaniSnavia eTnikuri da

kulturuli mikuTnebuloba da identoba. magaliTad savsebiT SesaZlebelia rom eTnikuri

umciresobebis kuTvnili qalebi (mag: zangebi amerikaSi) . ufro Tanaswor damokidebulebaSi

arian Tavisive jgufis mamakacebTan mimarTebaSi, vidre umravlesobisadmi kuTvnil qalebTan

mimarT e.i. TeTr qalebTan mimarTebaSi.an SeiZleba moxdes ase, rom, qalebi romlebic

gansazRvrul kulturas miekuTvnebian ufro meti saerTo niSnebi aqvT amave kulturis mqone

mamakacebTan, vidre industriuli sazogadoebis qalebTan.

Sefaseba

am dilemaSi CarTuli sakiTxebi friad mniSvnelovania da pirdapir dakavSirebulia im

gamowvevasTan romelic sociologebs avtorma – feministebma (qalebma) esroles. miuxedavad

imisa rom dRes sociologiaSi momravlda qalebisadmi miZRvnili gamokvlevebi dRemde rCeba

iseTi sferoebi romlebSic qalTa specifikuri saqmianoba da interesebi jer kidev sustadaa

Seswavlili. “qaluri problematikis Setana” sociologiaSi TavisTavad ar niSnavs genderuli

problemis gadaWras ramdenadac genderi gulisxmobs gansxvavebas rogorc qalebis ise

mamakacebis identurobasa da qcevebSi, moqmedebebSi. dRes Riad rCeba sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu

rogori xarisxiT SeiZleba axsnili iqnas genderuli gansxvavebebi sxva sociologiuri

konteqstebis da cnebebis meSveobiT da piriqiT, rogori xarisxiT esaWiroeba sxva danarCen socialur movlenebs genderul terminebSi axsna. rasakvirvelia sociologias rogorc

amxsneli mecnierebis zogierTi mniSvnelovani amocana am problemebis efeqtur gadawyvetasTan

iqneba dakavSirebuli.

daskvna

ogiust konti (AUGUSTE CONTE) (1798-1857)

ogiust konts xSirad moixsenieben sociologiis mamad: man sazogadoebis Sesaswavlad

pirvelma gamoiyena mecnieruli meTodi. is varaudobda, rom mecniereba daexmareba sazogadoebis

marTvis faruli kanonebis wvdomaSi. aseT midgomas man Tavidan socialuri fizika daarqva, Semdeg ki sociologia, rac niSnavs ,,mecnierebas sazogadoebis Sesaxeb”.

konti daibada safrangeTSi 1798 wels. masze Rrma gavlena moaxdina safrangeTis

revoluciiT gamowveulma socialurma da politikurma Zvrebma. Tavis ZiriTad naSromebSi konti gamodis ganmanaTleblobis epoqis metafizikuri Sexedulebebis winaaRmdeg, rac gabatonebuli

iyo revoluciamdel safrangeTSi. konti miiswrafis sazogadoebis Sesaswavlad SeimuSavos racionaluri meTodi, romlis safuZveli iqneboda dakvirveba da eqsperimenti. mas imedi qonda,

rom aseTi, xSirad pozitivizmad wodebuli, midgoma uzrunvelyofda ufro mdgradi

sazogadoebrivi wesrigis praqtikul safuZvels.

kontis pozitivisturi sociologia ori koncefciisagan Sedgeba: socialuri statika da

socialuri dinamika. socialuri statika naTels fens urTierTobebs socialur institutebs

Soris. sazogadoebaSi, varaudobda konti, rogorc cocxal organizmSi, nawilebi harmoniul

urTierTobaSi arian. Kkonti drwmunebulia, rom sazogadoebas axasiaTebs stabiluroba,

magram mas mainc ainteresebda socialuri dinamika, socialuri cvlilebebis procesebi.

socialuri dinamikis Seswavla mniSvnelovania imitom, rom es xels uwyobs reformebs da

exmareba bunebrivi cvlilebebis gamokvlevaSi, rasac adgili aqvs socialuri struqturebis gardaqmnisa da daSlis Sedegad.

sociologiis ganviTarebis msvlelobaSi ori idea ikveTeba. Oorive maTganis saTave

ogiust kontis Sromebia. Ppirvelia _ mecnieruli meTodebis gamoyeneba sazogadoebis

Sesaswavlad. Mmeorea _ mecnierebis praqtikuli gamoyeneba socialuri reformebis

Casatareblad. Kkonti darwmunebulia, rom mecnieruli codna SeiZleba emsaxuros

sazogadoebis keTildReobas.

mokle Sinaarsi.

1. sociologia _ es aris sazogadoebisa da sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis Seswavla. is

monacemebs (faqtebs) iRebs realuri samyarodan da cdilobs maT axsnas mecnierul

analizze dayrdnobiT. sociologiam mecnierebad Camoyalibeba daiwyo daaxloebiT ori

saukunis ukan.

2. sociologebi iyeneben ramodenime ZiriTad midgomas. Demografiuli midgoma gvaZlevs

sazogadoebis daxasiaTebas Sobadobis, sikvdilianobis da migraciis Seswavlis gziT.

fsiqologiuri midgoma aanalizebs adamianTa qcevebs, qcevis motivebs, azrs, socialur

ganwyobas. Koleqtivisturi midgoma gamoiyeneba jgufebisa da organizaciebis Seswavlisas.

meoTxe midgoma gulisxmoba sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis, rogorc sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis Seswavlas. mexuTe, kulturologiuri _ aanalizebs qcevbs kulturis iseT

elementebTan kavSirSi, rogorebicaa sazogadoebrivi normebi da Rirebulebebi.

3. sociologia Seiswavlis sazogadoebas or, mikro da makrodoneze. mikrosociologia

ZiriTad yuradRebas uTmobs adamianTa yoveldRiur urTierTobebs, makrosociologia

ikvlevs sazogadoebis ZiriTad struqturebs.

4. mikrosociologiur doneze ZiriTadi aris simboluri urTierTqmedebis (interaqcionizmis)

Teoria. am Teoriis momxreebs miaCniaT, rom adamianebi garkveul mniSvnelobas (simboloebs)

aniWeben gare samyaros zemoqmedebas da metwilad am simboloebze reagireben da ara TviT

zemoqmedebaze. warsulis gamocdileba da yvelas mier gaziarebuli, erTnairad gagebuli

simboloebi aadvileben urTierTobebs. 5. makrosociologiur doneze arsebobs ori Teoria: funqcionalizmi da konfliqtis Teoria.

funqcionalistebi sazogadoebas ganixilaven, rogorc urTierTdakavSirebuli nawilebis

sistemas, romelTagan yovelive axdens gavlenas mTelis funqcionirebaze. sxvadasxva

nawilebis normaluri funqcionirebis Sedegad vRebulobT mdgrad, erTian sazogadoebas.

konfliqtis Teoriis safuZvels warmoadgens marqsis debuleba, rom adamianebi ekonomikur

sistemaSi maTi adgilebis Sesabamisad, dayofili arian klasebad da konfliqti am klasebs Soris garduvalia. Kkonfliqtis Teoriis zogierTi Tanamedrove mimdevari ZiriTad

mniSvnelobas aniWebs Zalauflebis danawilebis sistemas da ara ekonomikur gansxvavebas.

6. sociologiuri gamokvleva iwyeba hipoTeziT _ debulebiT, romelic varaudobs, rom erTi

faqti mizezSedegobrivad aris dakavSirebulia meoresTan. Teoria aris

urTierTSesabamisobaSi moyvanili hipoTezebis sistema. sociologiuri meTodebi _ es aris

wesebi da saSualebebi, romlebic erTmaneTs gadaabamen faqtebs, hipoTezebsa da Teoriebs.

7. cvladi aris cneba, romelmac SeiZleba miiRos sxvadasxva mniSvneloba. sociologiis

umravlesi gamokvleva cdilobs gamoavlinos romelime garkveuli movlenis cvlilebebi, es

aris damokidebuli cvladi, xolo Semdeg axsnas es cvlilebebi sxva movlenebTan kavSirSi,

es aris damoukidebeli cvladi. 8. sociologiuri gamokvlevebis ZiriTadi meTodebia SerCeviTi ganxilva, savele gamokvleva,

istoriuli meTodi da eqsperimenti. am meTodebis gamoyenebiT mkvlevari cdiloba

gaakontrolos Sesaswavli movlenis yvela SesaZlebeli mizezi, ixilavs ra maT cal-calke.

Eqsperimentis an sxva meTodiT kvlevis dros sociologi amcirebs damoukidebeli

cvladebis raodenobas.

9. sociologiis ganviTarebisaTvis aucilebelia politikuri klimati, romelic xels

Seuwyobs mkvlevaris Tavisuflebas, gamokvlevis Sedegebis publikaciis SesaZleblobas da

gamoricxavs represiis muqaras. sociologiis ganviTarebaze gavlena aqvs sazogadoebriv

problemebsa da krizisebs. Tavis mxriv, sociologebis moRvaweoba exmareba sazogadoebas

problemebis dadgenasa da maTdami yuradRebis gamaxvilebaSi. 10. sociologiuri codna sazogadoebaze gavlenas Semdegnairad axdens:

1). specialisti sociologebi muSaoben saxelmwifoebriv da kerZo organizaciebSi;

2). sociolgebis mier SemuSavebuli meTodebi gamoiyeneba sxva sferoebSi;

3). sociologebs SeuZliaT Secvalon adamianTa damokidebuleba movlenebisadmi, aseve

miawvdian informacias socialuri politikis sakiTxebze gadawyvetilebebis misaRebad;

4). sociologiuri gamokvlevebi gvexmareba arsebuli socialuri politikis qmediTobis

SemowmebaSi.