Sociology Now 1 st Edition Kimmel/Aronson Society: Interactions Groups and Organizations 3 c h a p t e r BOOK COVER ART This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performances or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program. Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2009 We spend our lives both trying to fit in and trying to stand out. Sociology is interested in how we decide and how we go about both. Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2009 Society: Putting Things in Context contextualizing society organized collection bounded by space same political authority shared sets of values/expectations structured social interaction identity construction social structure Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2009 The Social Construction of Reality social interaction Cooley and the Looking-Glass Self imagine how we appear conclusions/reactions of others develop self identity Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2009 The Social Construction of Reality Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2009 The Social Construction of Reality I and me (Mead) Goffman and the Dramaturgical Self presentation of self to others impression management dramaturgy face work Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2009 The Social Construction of Reality Nonverbal Communication body movements gestures facial expressions placement in relation to others laughter Verbal Communication ethnomethodology conversational shortcuts Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2009 The Social Construction of Reality Patterns of Social Interaction Exchange Cooperation Competition Conflict Coercion superordinate subordinate Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2009 The Elements of Social Structure Status Ascribed Status Achieved Status Master Status Roles expectations and performance role strain role conflict role exit 1.Doubt 2.Search for alternatives 3.Departure 4.New role Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2009 Groups group formal or informal dyad crowd group cohesion Groups and Identity Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2009 Groups Types of Groups Primary and Secondary expressive and instrumental In-Groups and Out-Groups in-group heterogeneity out-group homogeneity Reference Groups Cliques ... when in-groups and out-groups are divided on the basis of race, nationality, gender or other ascribed status, relations become more severe and violent Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2009 Groups Group Dynamics size matters leader hardcore members Conformity Diffusion of responsibility Stereotyping prejudice Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2009 Social Networks network lasting influence (Domhoff) looser and denser web (Simmel) Networks and Social Experience support in times of stress or illness strength of weak ties (Granovetter) Networks and Globalization ... online we can adopt new roles and statuses, changing not only our skills and interests, but our age, ethnicity, gender and sexuality at will. Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2009 Organizations organizations size purpose efficiency Types of Organizations Normative Organizations Coercive Organizations total institutions Utilitarian Organizations Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2009 Organizations Are We a Nation of Joiners? Democracy in America (de Tocqueville) decrease in normative organization participation Organizations: Race and Gender Inequality? rules favor some groups over others criteria is not necessarily neutral Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2009 Organizations Bureaucracy: Organization and Power Division of labor Hierarchy of authority Rules and regulations Impersonality Career ladders Efficiency Figure 3.3 Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2009 Organizations Problems with Bureaucracy Overspecialization Rigidity and inertia Ritualism Suppression of dissent The bureaucratic Catch-22 Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2009 Organizations bureaucratic personality Bureaucracy and Accountability Bureaucracy and Democracy The Iron Cage of Bureaucracy Globalization and Organizations Groups R Us: Groups and Interactions in the 21 st Century Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2009 What Does America Think? Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2009 What Does America Think? Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2009 What Does America Think?