sociology theory
DESCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: sociology theory](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022050804/54b9c3df4a79597f318b45a7/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon
Behavioral PsychologyBehavioral Psychology
Dr. Bill Bauer
EDUC 202
![Page 2: sociology theory](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022050804/54b9c3df4a79597f318b45a7/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon
Overview
Understanding LearningEarly Explanations of LearningContiguity and Classical ConditioningOperant ConditioningApplied Behavior AnalysisBehavioral Approaches to Teaching & ManagementRecent Approaches: Self-Regulated Learning & Cognitive Behavior ModificationProblems & Issues
![Page 3: sociology theory](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022050804/54b9c3df4a79597f318b45a7/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon
Concept Map for Chapter 6
Behavioral Viewsof
Learning
Understanding Learning
Early Explanations
of Learning
Contiguity and
Classical
Conditioning
Operant
Conditioning
Applied
Behavior
Analysis
Behaviorism,
Teaching &
Management
Self-Regulated
Learning & Cognitive
Behavior Modification
Problems & Issues
Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon
![Page 4: sociology theory](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022050804/54b9c3df4a79597f318b45a7/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon
Permanent change
Change in behavior or knowledge
Learning is the result of experience
Learning is not the result of maturation or temporary conditions (illness)
Definition of Learning
![Page 5: sociology theory](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022050804/54b9c3df4a79597f318b45a7/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon
Contiguity Learning
Learning by simple associations: PairingStimulus → ResponseExamples: Golden Arches = McDonalds Times tables (7 X 8 = 56) States & capitals (Lansing, MI)
![Page 6: sociology theory](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022050804/54b9c3df4a79597f318b45a7/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon
Pavlov: Classical Conditioning
Pavlov’s dilemma
Involuntary responses: Respondents
Generalization
Discrimination
Extinction
![Page 7: sociology theory](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022050804/54b9c3df4a79597f318b45a7/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon
UnconditionedStimulus
UnconditionedResponse
Classical Conditioning
![Page 8: sociology theory](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022050804/54b9c3df4a79597f318b45a7/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon
NeutralStimulus
NeutralStimulus
UnconditionedResponse
UnconditionedResponse
UnconditionedStimulus
UnconditionedResponse
UnconditionedStimulus
Classical Conditioning
![Page 9: sociology theory](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022050804/54b9c3df4a79597f318b45a7/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon
NeutralStimulus
NeutralStimulus
UnconditionedResponse
UnconditionedResponse
UnconditionedStimulus
UnconditionedResponse
UnconditionedStimulus
Repeat pairing US with NSRepeat pairing US with NS
Classical Conditioning
![Page 10: sociology theory](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022050804/54b9c3df4a79597f318b45a7/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon
NeutralStimulus
NeutralStimulus
UnconditionedResponse
UnconditionedResponse
ConditionedStimulus
ConditionedStimulus
ConditionedResponse
ConditionedResponse
UnconditionedStimulus
UnconditionedResponse
UnconditionedStimulus
Repeat pairing US with NSRepeat pairing US with NS
Classical Conditioning
![Page 11: sociology theory](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022050804/54b9c3df4a79597f318b45a7/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon
Classical Classroom Examples
A first grader feels ill when recess time approaches because he was beat up on the playground the last 3 days in a row.
Certain smells that can elicit nauseous sensations (Hopefully NOT from the cafeteria!)
Speech phobia : cold sweat, shaking knees and hands
Phobias in general
![Page 12: sociology theory](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022050804/54b9c3df4a79597f318b45a7/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon
Skinner: Operant Conditioning
Operants : Deliberate actions
Thorndike’s Law of Effect
ABC’s
Reinforcement
Punishment
![Page 13: sociology theory](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022050804/54b9c3df4a79597f318b45a7/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon
Types of Consequences
![Page 14: sociology theory](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022050804/54b9c3df4a79597f318b45a7/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon
Types of Reinforcement
Positive reinforcementExamples: Praise Teacher attention Rewards
Negative reinforcement Avoid the loss of privileges Take away an aversive stimulus
![Page 15: sociology theory](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022050804/54b9c3df4a79597f318b45a7/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon
Types of Punishment
Presentation Punishment Detention Extra work
Removal Punishment Loss of recess Loss of privileges
![Page 16: sociology theory](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022050804/54b9c3df4a79597f318b45a7/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon
Kinds of Reinforcement & PunishmentKinds of Reinforcement & Punishment
Behavior encouragedBehavior encouraged Behavior suppressedBehavior suppressed
Stimulus presented
Stimulus presented
Stimulus removed or withheld
Stimulus removed or withheld
PositiveReinforcement:
Praise / reward
PresentationPunishment:
Detention / extrawork
NegativeReinforcement
Avoid losingpoints
Removal Punishment
Loss of recess /grounded!
See Woolfolk, Figure 6.1, p. 208 and Table 6.1, p. 209
![Page 17: sociology theory](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022050804/54b9c3df4a79597f318b45a7/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon
Reinforcement Schedules
Continuous
Interval Ratio
Fixed
Ratio Interval
Variable
Intermittent
Types of Reinforcement Schedules
Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon
![Page 18: sociology theory](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022050804/54b9c3df4a79597f318b45a7/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon
Reflection Questions
What is the difference between punishment and negative reinforcement?What schedule of reinforcement is best for building persistence? Why?What happens when all reinforcement is withdrawn?
![Page 19: sociology theory](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022050804/54b9c3df4a79597f318b45a7/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon
Controlling Antecedents
![Page 20: sociology theory](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022050804/54b9c3df4a79597f318b45a7/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon
Antecedents
Providing previous information about expected behaviorsSignaling when a behavior should be emittedCueing: Lights off means “Be quiet!”Prompting: Verbal reminder after students do not get quiet after lights were turned off : they missed the cue.
![Page 21: sociology theory](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022050804/54b9c3df4a79597f318b45a7/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon
Applied Behavior Analysis
Baseline behavior
Target behavior
Classroom application:1 - Specify the desired behavior
2 - Plan a specific intervention
3 - Keep track of the results
![Page 22: sociology theory](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022050804/54b9c3df4a79597f318b45a7/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon
Interventions: Encouraging Positive Behavior
Teacher attention
Premack principle
Shaping
Positive practice
See Guidelines,
Woolfolk, pp. 214 &
217
![Page 23: sociology theory](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022050804/54b9c3df4a79597f318b45a7/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon
Coping with Undesirable Behaviors
Negative reinforcement: ‘No recess until…’
Satiation: ‘I would like 1000 of those perfect spit wads,
please!’
Reprimands: soft & private
Response cost
Social isolation
Punishment
See Guidelines, Woolfolk, p. 220
![Page 24: sociology theory](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022050804/54b9c3df4a79597f318b45a7/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon
Coping with Undesirable Behaviors
Cautions: Use a two pronged approach:Punishment for undesired behaviorClarify and reinforce desired
behavior
![Page 25: sociology theory](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022050804/54b9c3df4a79597f318b45a7/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon
Behavioral Approaches to Teaching & Management
![Page 26: sociology theory](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022050804/54b9c3df4a79597f318b45a7/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon
Teaching : Mastery Learning
Students must
demonstrate
competence before
moving to next unit
Mastery means 80 –
90% correct
Focuses on basic skills
![Page 27: sociology theory](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022050804/54b9c3df4a79597f318b45a7/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon
Behavioral Management
Group consequences
Token reinforcement
Contingency contracts
![Page 28: sociology theory](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022050804/54b9c3df4a79597f318b45a7/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon
Recent Approaches: Self-Regulation &Cognitive Behavior Modification
The object of teaching a child is to enable him to get along without his teacher.
Elbert Hubbard
![Page 29: sociology theory](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022050804/54b9c3df4a79597f318b45a7/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon
Self-Regulated Learning
Self management Set goals and make the goals public
Note: Standards and effect on performance
Evaluate & record performance
Promote self-reinforcement
See Family & Community Partnerships,
Woolfolk, p. 227
![Page 30: sociology theory](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022050804/54b9c3df4a79597f318b45a7/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon
Cognitive Behavior Modification & Self-Instruction
Similar to self-regulated learning
Adds thinking and self-talk
More cognitive than behavioral approach
![Page 31: sociology theory](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022050804/54b9c3df4a79597f318b45a7/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon
Cognitive Behavior Modification & Self-Instruction
Teaching self-talk: Demonstrate & supervise Talk out loud while practicing, student imitates Whisper while practicing, student
imitates Work toward private speech while
practicing
See Woolfolk, Figure 6.4, p. 229
![Page 32: sociology theory](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022050804/54b9c3df4a79597f318b45a7/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon
Reflection Question
What is a habit you would like to change? How would you implement the steps of cognitive behavior modification to change your habit?
Make a graphic organizer or flow chart to illustrate your goal and steps toward meeting that goal.
![Page 33: sociology theory](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022050804/54b9c3df4a79597f318b45a7/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon
Problems & Issues
Extrinsic rewards may lead to loss of interest in learning for learning’s sake
Decrease in motivation
Motives for influencing student
behaviors: control?
See Point▼Counterpoint, Woolfolk
pp. 230-231
![Page 34: sociology theory](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022050804/54b9c3df4a79597f318b45a7/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon
Summary
Understanding LearningEarly Explanations of LearningContiguity and Classical ConditioningOperant ConditioningApplied Behavior AnalysisBehavioral Approaches to Teaching & ManagementRecent Approaches: Self-Regulated Learning & Cognitive Behavior ModificationProblems & Issues
![Page 35: sociology theory](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022050804/54b9c3df4a79597f318b45a7/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon
Review Questions
Define learning.How does a neutral stimulus become a
conditioned stimulus?Discriminate between generalization and
discrimination.What defines a consequence as a reinforcer?
As a punisher?How are negative reinforcement and
punishment different?
![Page 36: sociology theory](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022050804/54b9c3df4a79597f318b45a7/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon
Review Questions
How can you encourage persistence in a behavior?What is the difference between a prompt and a cue?What are the steps in applied behavior analysis?How can the Premack principle help you identify reinforcers?When is shaping an appropriate approach?
![Page 37: sociology theory](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022050804/54b9c3df4a79597f318b45a7/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon
Review Questions
What are some cautions in using punishment?What is mastery learning?Describe group consequences, token programs, and contracts.What are the steps in self-management?What are the main criticisms of behavioral approaches?
![Page 38: sociology theory](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022050804/54b9c3df4a79597f318b45a7/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon
End Chapter 6