soil physical propertiesthe soils with this color pattern reflect rapid internal soil drainage. ......
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Soil Physical PropertiesThe soils with this color pattern reflect rapid internal soil drainage. ... Soil Physical Properties Author: Kathryn C. Haering Created Date: 7/27/2012 2:07:54](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050400/5f7d8acc9d431218bd6e3d95/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Soil Physical Properties
Dr. Steven Hodges Dept. of Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences
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Objectives Soil Color Soil Texture Soil Structure Density and Compaction
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Munsell Color Book Summary Darkest shades of a hue
are at the bottom; lightest shades are on top.
Weakest chroma (grayest color) is at the left; strongest chroma is at the right.
Hue
Value
Chroma
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High Organic Matter (>25%) Dark Colors
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Heavy Minerals (Fe bearing ore) Dark Colors Quartz sands are lightly colored
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Fluctuating tides result in Fe reduction which makes the Iron soluble and thus no longer coats the soil particles.
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The yellowish brown colors throughout this soil indicate that Iron (Fe) is in the oxidized form.
The soils with this color pattern reflect rapid internal soil drainage.
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This clayey soil has red oxidized Iron coating the soil particles.
Iron content is 2-3% of this soil.
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Aquic Conditions
Identifying an aquic moisture regime requires that soils: are saturated with water for prolonged periods are reduced (low oxygen) have redoximorphic features (reduced and
oxidized conditions)
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Types of Redoximorphic Features
Redox Concentrations – areas of oxidized iron Redox Depletions – areas where iron is depleted Reduced Matrix – except for concentrations, soil
shows effects of reduced oxygen conditions
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Fe Masses & Fe Depletions
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Reduced Matrix
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Soil Drainage Class Well
drained Moderately
well Somewhat
poorly Poorly
drained
Depth to gray colors
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Soil Texture
Definition: Size distribution of mineral particles Fine earth fraction: < 2 mm Coarse fragments: > 2mm
SAND – SILT – CLAY
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Soil Particle Size (USDA Classification) Clay <0.002 mm Silt 0.002-0.05 mm Sand 0.05-2.00 mm
Very Fine Sand 0.05-0.10 mm Fine Sand 0.10-0.25 mm
Medium Sand 0.25-0.50 mm Coarse Sand 0.50-1.00 mm
Very Coarse Sand 1.00-2.00 mm
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Clay-sized minerals and Clay Minerals
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Soil Textural Triangle
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Sand Texture
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Loamy Sand Texture
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Sandy Loam Texture
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Loam Texture
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Silt Loam Texture Dark color is due to ~2% organic matter
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Silty Clay Loam Texture
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Clay Texture
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Percentage of sand, silt and clay in the major soil texture classes.
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Textural Class & Water Retention in Soils
How strong are the interactions between water and soil particles?
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Soil Pore Space Sands
Loams
Clays
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Coarse Fragments
Gravels and pebbles: 2 mm – 3” Cobbles (round) and/or flags (flat): 3” – 10” Stones and boulders - >10”
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The upper horizons have <5% stones
The lower horizons have 40-50% stones
Increased stone content decreases soil water holding capacity.
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Surface coarse fragments impede tillage and when in the extreme, make grazing by animals difficult.
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This stony soil has 50% + coarse fragments.
Bedrock is shown at the bottom of the profile.
This soil is droughty.
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Structure Arrangement or grouping of primary soil
separates (sand, silt, clay, organic matter) into secondary groupings
a.k.a. aggregates or peds
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Aggregation (structure) Creates a network of large interconnected pores
Allows water infiltration (surface)
Allows excess water to leave the soil, thus
promoting aeration in low soil horizons
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macro pores
micro pores
Macro vs. Micro Pores
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Left side freshly tilled Large Macro Pores
Right side tilled Then compacted Slowed infiltration
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Types of Structure Spheroidal
Granular Crumb
Blocklike Angular blocky Sub angular blocky
Platy
Prism-Like Prismatic Columnar
Structureless Massive Single grain
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Strong, medium, granular structure
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Strong, medium, platy structure
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Fragments of platy structure
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Strong, medium, angular blocky structure
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Strong, coarse, prismatic structure
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Strong, coarse, prismatic structure
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This soil shows:
A – Weak, Fine, Granular Upper B – Medium Blocky Lower B – Strong, Coarse,
Blocky
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This soil shows: A – Weak, Fine, Granular Upper B – Medium
Blocky Lower B – Strong, Coarse,
Blocky
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Compaction
High Bulk Density = Lower Pore Space
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Bulk Density = 1.38 52% Solids 48% Pore Space
Bulk Density = 1.96 74% Solids 26% Pore Space
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Tillage and heavy equipment compacted a zone just below the plow layer of this profile.
Cotton roots would not penetrate layers with bulk densities of more than 1.8.
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Not ripped Plow pan Ripped
Effect of “Ripping” on the compacted traffic pan.
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This “Root Mass” represents “in place” root distribution on a soil with a plow pan.
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This “Compacted” area is due to foot traffic resulting in a poor rooting environment.
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The edge of this compacted sample shows horizontal fractures.
This was caused by heavy equipment traffic on a lawn.
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The light colored area (20” to 48”) is a naturally occurring “Fragipan.”
Commonly the Bulk Density in such horizons is >1.8
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“Expansive Clays” This shows cracking due to expansive clays that change
volume on wetting and drying.