sol review for unit ten civil rights movement …pams-palmiere.wikispaces.com/file/view/unit 10 -...
TRANSCRIPT
“Jim Crow” laws in the South – and throughout the United States – created separate schools and public facilities, separating white students from African-Americans, Latinos, or Asian students.
Separate public facilities were created across America, including restrooms, lobbies, restaurant and theatre seating, and water fountains.
Races were isolated from one another socially.
SEGREGATION IN AMERICA
The Supreme Court case of Plessy V. Ferguson (1896) was a ruling which allowed segregation and “Jim Crow” laws to stay in place for more than fifty years.
The ruling stated that segregation was legal, as long as the institutions created were “separate but equal.”
In general, there was plenty of separate, but not very much equal. Facilities for blacks were almost always of a poorer quality.
PLESSY V. FERGUSON
The case of Brown V. Board of Education, Topeka, KS ended legal segregation in the public schools when the decision was announced in 1954.
NAACP lawyer Thurgood Marshall argued the segregation violated the 14th Amendments “equal protection” clause.
Chief Justice Earl Warren agreed, and segregated schools were struck down by the Supreme Court “with all deliberate speed.”
BROWN V. BOARD OF EDUCATION, TOPEKA, KS
Rosa Parks started the Montgomery Bus Boycott on December 1, 1955 when she was arrested for refusing to give up her seat to a white man on the bus.
Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. led the Montgomery Bus Boycott.
MLK founded the Southern Christian Leadership Conference after winning a victory for the Civil Rights Movement here.
The NAACP argued the legal aspects of the case – victorious, again!
THE MONTGOMERY BUS
BOYCOTT, 1955 - 1956
THE MONTGOMERY BUS
BOYCOTT IS VICTORIOUS
The Montgomery Bus
Boycott brought
together three very
important Civil Rights
leaders: Rosa Parks,
who was arrested,
Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., who
led the movement, and
Thurgood Marshall, who argued the case
against segregation on
the Montgomery City
Busses successfully.
The Greensboro Four organized the first successful sit-in of a lunch counter in the South. College
students – especially members of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) –
used this tactic throughout the Civil Rights Movement in order to cause economic consequences to
segregationists and racist businesses.
SIT-INS
The Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) led the Freedom Rides in the summer of 1961. There goal was to take
busses all the way from Washington, D.C. to New Orleans, LA – and to test the laws against segregation on
interstate busses. The group met potentially deadly violence along the way, and were subjected to arbitrary arrest
and imprisonment along the way. Eventually, members of the group decided to fly to New Orleans.
THE FREEDOM RIDERS
In Anniston, Alabama, the Freedom Riders Greyhound bus
was firebombed and it’s tires were slashed by racist mobs.
THE FREEDOM RIDES
Most of the protests which were organized during the Civil Rights Movement were planned ahead of time by organizations that believed in non-violence, civil disobedience, and passive resistance. The Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) was one such group. More prominent, though, was Martin Luther King’s Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) which organized the marches in Birmingham, Alabama and supported the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom in August of 1963.
ORGANIZED PROTESTS IN
BIRMINGHAM, ALABAMA
At the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, Martin Luther King delivered the “I Have a
Dream” Speech and activists demanded the Civil Rights legislation – eventually, the Civil Rights
Act of 1964.
THE MARCH ON WASHINGTON
FOR JOBS AND FREEDOM
The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was established in 1909 by W.E.B. DuBois. The NAACP played a major role in filing legal challenges against segregation throughout the 1950s and 1960s – and most of them were successful, thanks to Thurgood Marshall. They assisted students like the Little Rock Nine in making the transition to integrated schools. The group also played an important role speaking out against racism and violence in the South during the 1950s and 1960s.
NAACP
Passive Resistance: Resistance against law enforcement was a major part of the SCLC and Martin Luther King, Jr.’s strategy to make change in the United States. Although he encouraged people to break unjust laws, King never advocated violence.
Civil Disobedience: Breaking the law in an orderly and organized manner. Often, Martin Luther King organized marches or protests which were called “Unlawful assemblies.” In these cases, he asked his followers to go to jail peacefully and to accept the consequences with the knowledge that “undeserved suffering is redemptive.”
Non-Violence: King advise to respond to brute force with “soul force.” Even when the police or angry racist mobs used violence against African-American protesters, he advised marchers to turn the other cheek.
Christian Beliefs: It is important to remember that MLK was a real Christian Minister – he was strongly influenced by Jesus Christ, Gandhi, and other pacifist theologians.
PRACTICES OF DR. MARTIN
LUTHER KING, JR.
Dr. Charles Drew created the blood banking system that allows blood transfusions to take place and saves lives
every day. His work was especially vital to helping soldiers survive during the Second World War.
NOTABLE AFRICAN-AMERICANS
Henry Louis Gates is a professor of history at Harvard University and a leading intellectual.
He has authored several books, many of which argue that a Euro-centric version of American history is not an accurate portrayal of the past. Indeed, African-American perspectives – and the perspectives of women and other minority groups are essential to understanding history.
HENRY LOUIS GATES,
HISTORIAN AND INTELLECTUAL
I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings:
The free bird leap son the back of the wind
And floats downstream ill the current ends
And dips his wings in the orange sun rays
And dares to claim the sky.
But a bird that stalks down his narrow cage
Can seldom see through his bars of rage
His wings are clipped and his feet are tied
So he opens his throat to sing.
The caged bird sings with fearful trill
Of the things unknown but longed for still
And his tune is heard on the distant hill, for
The caged bird sings of freedom
The free bird thinks of another breeze
And the trade winds soft through the sighing trees
And the fat worms waiting on a dawn-bright lawn
And he names the sky his own.
But a caged bird stands on the grave of dreams
His shadow shouts on a nightmare scream
His wings are clipped and his feet are tied
So he opens his throat to sing
The caged bird sings with a fearful trill
Of things unknown but longed for still
And his tune is heard on the distant hill
For the caged bird sings of freedom.
- by Maya Angelou
MAYA ANGELOU - POET
Lyndon Baines Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 into law after helping to push the legislation through
Congress. The law forbid segregation, discrimination in hiring practices, and
CIVIL RIGHTS LEGISLATION
In the Election of 1964, it had become apparent that many African-Americans still had a difficult time accessing the ballot in parts of the Deep South. After the Selma March of 1965, when hundreds of peacefully assembled African-Americans were beaten by Alabama State Troopers for simply organizing a demonstration, public support for the Voting Rights Act gained momentum.
The Voting Rights Act was passed in 1965 to guarantee that all African-Americans were able to vote in national elections. Lyndon Baines Johnson signed the bill into law.
THE VOTING RIGHTS ACT OF 1965
During the 1960s, women still faced obstacles to advancement and
significant disadvantages in the workplace:
1. Discrimination against women in hiring practices was
common, and it was legal until 1964.
2. Companies paid lower wages for women than for men doing the
same job. This is still common practice in the United States.
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 forbid discrimination in hiring practices according to race. It was not only a victory for African-Americans during the Civil Rights Movement, but also for women.
CHANGING ROLE OF WOMEN
Goals of the National Organization for Women (NOW) included equal opportunity
and equal pay for equal work. They also supported reproductive rights and women’s
health issues. The group advocated for the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA).
THE NATIONAL ORGANIZATION
FOR WOMEN
Today, the number of athletic scholarships offered by colleges and
universities for men and women is the same, giving female athletes the
ability to complete in sports on the college level.
TITLE NINE – EQUAL
OPPORTUNITY FOR WOMEN
The Equal Rights Amendment, despite its failure, and a focus on equal opportunity employment created a wider range of options and advancement for women in business and public service:
Section 1. Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex.
Section 2. The Congress shall have the power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article.
Section 3. This amendment shall take effect two years after the date of ratification
Despite the relative simplicity of this proposed amendment to the Constitution, the Equal Rights Amendment was never passed.
THE EQUAL RIGHTS
AMENDMENT (ERA)