solar mppt thesis

8/17/2019 Solar MPPT Thesis

1/49

STUDY OF MAXIMUM POWER POINT

TRACKING (MPPT) TECHNIQUES IN A SOLAR

PHOTOVOLTAIC ARRAY

A PROJECT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT

OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF

Bachelor of Technolog

!n

Elec"r!cal Eng!neer!ng

B

Arjav Harjai (!"EE!#$)

A%&i'& *&ar+,aj (!"EE!--)

Mr./0.1ja0a Sa1+&i%i2ra&a (!"EE!-3)

D4ar/51/ 67 E89/ri9a8 E12i1ri12

Na/i61a8 I1'/i/./ 67 T9&168620

R6.r8a:"3$!!;< Ori''a

#


2/49

STUDY OF MAXIMUM POWER POINT

TRACKING (MPPT) TECHNIQUES IN A SOLAR

PHOTOVOLTAIC ARRAY

A PROJECT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT

OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF

Bachelor of Technolog

!n

Elec"r!cal Eng!neer!ng

B

Arjav Harjai (!"EE!#$)

A%&i'& *&ar+,aj (!"EE!--)

Mr./0.1ja0a Sa1+&i%i2ra&a (!"EE!-3)

D4ar/51/ 67 E89/ri9a8 E12i1ri12

Na/i61a8 I1'/i/./ 67 T9&168620

R6.r8a:"3$!!;< Ori''a

$


3/49

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

%e &o'l( l!)e "o e*+re,, o'r gra"!"'(e "o&ar(, all "he +eo+le &ho ha-e con"r!.'"e( "he!r

+rec!o', "!/e an( effor", "o hel+ ', !n co/+le"!ng "h!, +ro0ec"1 &!"ho'" &ho/ !" &o'l( no" ha-e

.een +o,,!.le for ', "o 'n(er,"an( an( anal2e "he +ro0ec"3

%e &o'l( l!)e "o "han) Pr67= S.'6v61 Sa5a1/a1 De+ar"/en" of Elec"r!cal Eng!neer!ng1 o'r

Pro0ec" S'+er-!,or1 for h!, g'!(ance1 ,'++or"1 /o"!-a"!on an( enco'rage/en" "hro'gho'" "he

+er!o( "h!, &or) &a, carr!e( o'"3 H!, rea(!ne,, for con,'l"a"!on a" all "!/e,1 h!, e('ca"!-e

co//en",1 h!, concern an( a,,!,"ance ha-e .een !n-al'a.le3

%e are al,o gra"ef'l "o Dr= *=D= S.%.+&i1 Profe,,or an( Hea(1 De+ar"/en" of Elec"r!cal

Eng!neer!ng1 for +ro-!(!ng "he nece,,ar fac!l!"!e, !n "he (e+ar"/en"3

La,"1 .'" no" "he lea,"1 &e &o'l( l!)e "o "han) o'r (ear fr!en( S.%&aa1/a Ra1a'i12& for h!,

con,"an" hel+ an( ,'++or" "hro'gho'" "he leng"h of "he +ro0ec"3

Ar0a- Har0a! 4#56EE5789

A.h!,he) Bhar(&a0 4#56EE5::9

Mr'"'n0aa San(h!.!graha 4#56EE5:;9


4/49

CERTIFICATE

Th!, !, "o cer"!f "ha" "he Pro0ec" en"!"le( >STUDY OF MAXIMUM POWER POINT

TRACKING (MPPT) TECHNIQUES IN A SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC ARRAY?

,'./!""e( . Ar0a- Har0a!1 A.h!,he) Bhar(&a0 an( Mr'"'n0aa San(h!.!graha !n +ar"!al

f'lf!ll/en" of "he re='!re/en", for "he a&ar( of Bachelor of Technolog Degree !n Elec"r!cal

Eng!neer!ng a" Na"!onal In,"!"'"e of Technolog1 Ro'r)ela 4Dee/e( Un!-er,!"91 !, an a'"hen"!c

&or) carr!e( o'" . "he/ 'n(er / ,'+er-!,!on an( g'!(ance3

Da"e> 4Prof3 S3 Sa/an"a9Place> Ro'r)ela De+ar"/en" of Elec"r!cal Eng!neer!ng

NIT1 Ro'r)ela

7


5/49

A*STRACT

The nee( for rene&a.le energ ,o'rce, !, on "he r!,e .eca',e of "he ac'"e energ cr!,!, !n "he

&orl( "o(a3 In(!a +lan, "o +ro('ce $5 G!ga&a"", Solar +o&er . "he ear $5$51 &herea, &e

ha-e onl real!2e( le,, "han half a G!ga&a"" of o'r +o"en"!al a, of March $5#53 Solar energ !, a

-!"al 'n"a++e( re,o'rce !n a "ro+!cal co'n"r l!)e o'r,3 The /a!n h!n(rance for "he +ene"ra"!on

an( reach of ,olar P? ,,"e/, !, "he!r lo& eff!c!enc an( h!gh ca+!"al co,"3 In "h!, "he,!,1 &e

e*a/!ne a ,che/a"!c "o e*"rac" /a*!/'/ o."a!na.le ,olar +o&er fro/ a P? /o('le an( ',e "he

energ for a DC a++l!ca"!on3 Th!, +ro0ec" !n-e,"!ga"e, !n (e"a!l "he conce+" of Ma*!/'/ Po&er

Po!n" Trac)!ng 4MPPT9 &h!ch ,!gn!f!can"l !ncrea,e, "he eff!c!enc of "he ,olar +ho"o-ol"a!c

,,"e/3

:


6/49

CONTENTS

# In"ro('c"!on ##

#3# The nee( for Rene&a.le Energ ##

#3$ D!fferen" ,o'rce, of Rene&a.le Energ ##

#3$3# %!n( +o&er ##

#3$3$ Solar +o&er #$

#3$3< S/all h(ro+o&er #$

#3$37 B!o/a,, #$

#3$3: Geo"her/al #$#3< Rene&a.le Energ "ren(, acro,, "he glo.e #<

$ L!"era"'re Re-!e& #:

< S"an(alone Pho"o-ol"a!c S,"e/ Co/+onen", #6


7/49

737 L!/!"a"!on, of Per"'r. @ O.,er-e algor!"h/


8/49

LIST OF FIGURES

F!g're #3# > Glo.al energ con,'/+"!on !n "he ear $55 6 #<

F!g're S!ngle (!o(e /o(el of a P? cell #

F!g're I? charac"er!,"!c, of a ,olar +anel # Flo&char" of Per"'r. @ O.,er-e algor!"h/ Re='!,!"e !/+le/en"a"!on for MPPT ,,"e/ Un/a,)e( .loc) (!agra/ of "he /o(ele( ,olar P? +anel Plo" of O'"+'" -ol"age of P? +anel -, "!/e &!"ho'" MPPT 75

F!g're ;3$ > Plo" of Po&er o'"+'" of P? +anel -, "!/e &!"ho'" MPPT 75

F!g're ;3< > Plo" of O'"+'" ?ol"age a" loa( ,!(e -, "!/e &!"ho'" MPPT 7#

F!g're ;37 > Plo" of O'"+'" c'rren" a" loa( ,!(e -, "!/e &!"ho'" MPPT 7#

F!g're ;3: > Plo" of Po&er o."a!ne( a" loa( ,!(e -, "!/e &!"ho'" MPPT 7$

F!g're ;3; > Plo" of PI Con"rol ga!n -, "!/e &!"ho'" MPPT 7$

F!g're ;36 > Plo" of O'"+'" -ol"age of P? +anel -, "!/e &!"h MPPT 7<

F!g're ;3 > Plo" of Po&er o'"+'" of P? +anel -, "!/e &!"h MPPT 7<

F!g're ;38 > Plo" of calc'la"e( MPPT ?ref -ol"age -, "!/e &!"h MPPT 77

F!g're ;3#5 > Plo" of O'"+'" ?ol"age a" loa( ,!(e -, "!/e &!"h MPPT 77

8


9/49

F!g're ;3## > Plo" of O'"+'" c'rren" a" loa( ,!(e -, "!/e &!"h MPPT 7:F!g're ;3#$ > Plo" of Po&er o."a!ne( a" loa( ,!(e -, "!/e &!"h MPPT 7:

F!g're ;3#< > Plo" of PI Con"rol ga!n -, "!/e &!"h MPPT 7;

8


10/49

LIST OF TA*LES

Ta.le # > Charac"er!,"!c, of (!fferen" MPPT "echn!='e, #: $8

Ta.le $ > D!fferen" +ara/e"er, of "he ,"an(alone P? ,,"e/


11/49

I1/r6+.9/i61

= T& 1+ 76r R1,a%8 E1r20

Rene&a.le energ !, "he energ &h!ch co/e, fro/ na"'ral re,o'rce, ,'ch a, ,'nl!gh"1 &!n(1 ra!n1

"!(e, an( geo"her/al hea"3 The,e re,o'rce, are rene&a.le an( can .e na"'rall re+len!,he(3

Therefore1 for all +rac"!cal +'r+o,e,1 "he,e re,o'rce, can .e con,!(ere( "o .e !ne*ha',"!.le1

'nl!)e (&!n(l!ng con-en"!onal fo,,!l f'el, #3 The glo.al energ cr'nch ha, +ro-!(e( a rene&e(

!/+e"', "o "he gro&"h an( (e-elo+/en" of Clean an( Rene&a.le Energ ,o'rce,3 Clean

De-elo+/en" Mechan!,/, 4CDM,9 $ are .e!ng a(o+"e( . organ!2a"!on, all acro,, "he glo.e3

A+ar" fro/ "he ra+!(l (ecrea,!ng re,er-e, of fo,,!l f'el, !n "he &orl(1 ano"her /a0or fac"or

&or)!ng aga!n," fo,,!l f'el, !, "he +oll'"!on a,,oc!a"e( &!"h "he!r co/.',"!on3 Con"ra,"!ngl1

rene&a.le energ ,o'rce, are )no&n "o .e /'ch cleaner an( +ro('ce energ &!"ho'" "he har/f'l

effec", of +oll'"!on 'nl!)e "he!r con-en"!onal co'n"er+ar",3

=@ Di77r1/ '6.r9' 67 R1,a%8 E1r20

=@= Wi1+ 46,r

%!n( "'r.!ne, can .e ',e( "o harne,, "he energ


12/49

=@=@ S68ar 46,r

The "a++!ng of ,olar energ o&e, !", or!g!n, "o "he Br!"!,h a,"rono/er John Her,chel : &ho

fa/o',l ',e( a ,olar "her/al collec"or .o* "o coo) foo( ('r!ng an e*+e(!"!on "o Afr!ca3 Solar

energ can .e '"!l!2e( !n "&o /a0or &a,3 F!r,"l1 "he ca+"'re( hea" can .e ',e( a, ,olar "her/al

energ1 &!"h a++l!ca"!on, !n ,+ace hea"!ng3 Ano"her al"erna"!-e !, "he con-er,!on of !nc!(en" ,olar

ra(!a"!on "o elec"r!cal energ1 &h!ch !, "he /o," ',a.le for/ of energ3 Th!, can .e ach!e-e( &!"h

"he hel+ of ,olar +ho"o-ol"a!c cell, ; or &!"h concen"ra"!ng ,olar +o&er +lan",3

=@= S5a88 &0+r646,r

H(ro+o&er !n,"alla"!on, '+ "o #5M% are con,!(ere( a, ,/all h(ro+o&er an( co'n"e( a,

rene&a.le energ ,o'rce, 63 The,e !n-ol-e con-er"!ng "he +o"en"!al energ of &a"er ,"ore( !n

(a/, !n"o ',a.le elec"r!cal energ "hro'gh "he ',e of &a"er "'r.!ne,3 R'nof"her!-er

h(roelec"r!c!" a!/, "o '"!l!2e "he )!ne"!c energ of &a"er &!"ho'" "he nee( of .'!l(!ng re,er-o!r,

or (a/,3

=@=# *i65a''

Plan", ca+"'re "he energ of "he ,'n "hro'gh "he +roce,, of +ho"o,n"he,!,3 On co/.',"!on1 "he,e

+lan", relea,e "he "ra++e( energ3 Th!, &a1 .!o/a,, &or), a, a na"'ral .a""er "o ,"ore "he ,'n,

energ an( !el( !" on re='!re/en"3

=@=- G6/&r5a8

Geo"her/al energ !, "he "her/al energ &h!ch !, genera"e( an( ,"ore( 8 &!"h!n "he laer, of

"he Ear"h3 The gra(!en" "h', (e-elo+e( g!-e, r!,e "o a con"!n'o', con('c"!on of hea" fro/ "he

core "o "he ,'rface of "he ear"h3 Th!, gra(!en" can .e '"!l!2e( "o hea" &a"er "o +ro('ce ,'+erhea"e(

,"ea/ an( ',e !" "o r'n ,"ea/ "'r.!ne, "o genera"e elec"r!c!"3 The /a!n (!,a(-an"age of

#$


13/49

geo"her/al energ !, "ha" !" !, ','all l!/!"e( "o reg!on, near "ec"on!c +la"e .o'n(ar!e,1 "ho'gh

recen" a(-ance/en", ha-e le( "o "he +ro+aga"!on of "h!, "echnolog #53

= R1,a%8 E1r20 /r1+' a9r6'' /& 286%

The c'rren" "ren( acro,, (e-elo+e( econo/!e, "!+, "he ,cale !n fa-o'r of Rene&a.le Energ3 For

"he la," "hree ear,1 "he con"!nen", of Nor"h A/er!ca an( E'ro+e ha-e e/.race( /ore rene&a.le

+o&er ca+ac!" a, co/+are( "o con-en"!onal +o&er ca+ac!"3 Rene&a.le, acco'n"e( for ;5 of

"he ne&l !n,"alle( +o&er ca+ac!" !n E'ro+e !n $558 an( nearl $5 of "he ann'al +o&er

+ro('c"!on 63

Fi2.r = B G86%a8 1r20 961'.54/i61 i1 /& 0ar @!!; "

A, can .e ,een fro/ "he f!g're #3#1 &!n( an( .!o/a,, occ'+ a /a0or ,hare of "he c'rren"

rene&a.le energ con,'/+"!on3 Recen" a(-ance/en", !n ,olar +ho"o-ol"a!c "echnolog an(

con,"an" !nc'.a"!on of +ro0ec", !n co'n"r!e, l!)e Ger/an an( S+a!n ha-e .ro'gh" aro'n(

"re/en(o', gro&"h !n "he ,olar P? /ar)e" a, &ell1 &h!ch !, +ro0ec"e( "o ,'r+a,, o"her rene&a.le

energ ,o'rce, !n "he co/!ng ear,3

#


14/49

B $5581 /ore "han : co'n"r!e, ha( ,o/e +ol!c "arge" "o ach!e-e a +re(e"er/!ne( ,hare of "he!r

+o&er ca+ac!" "hro'gh rene&a.le,3 Th!, &a, an !ncrea,e fro/ aro'n( 7: co'n"r!e, !n $55:3

Mo," of "he "arge", are al,o -er a/.!"!o',1 lan(!ng !n "he range of


15/49

@ Li/ra/.r Rvi,

S"'(!e, ,ho& "ha" a ,olar +anel con-er",


16/49

I" !, -er ,!/+le "o !/+le/en" an( ha, h!gh eff!c!enc .o"h 'n(er ,"a"!onar an( "!/e -ar!ng

a"/o,+her!c con(!"!on, #$3

#;


17/49

S/a1+a861 P&6/6v68/ai9 S0'/5 C654611/'

= P&6/6v68/ai9 988

A +ho"o-ol"a!c cell or +ho"oelec"r!c cell !, a ,e/!con('c"or (e-!ce "ha" con-er", l!gh" "o elec"r!cal

energ . +ho"o-ol"a!c effec"3 If "he energ of +ho"on of l!gh" !, grea"er "han "he .an( ga+ "hen

"he elec"ron !, e/!""e( an( "he flo& of elec"ron, crea"e, c'rren"3

Ho&e-er a +ho"o-ol"a!c cell !, (!fferen" fro/ a +ho"o(!o(e3 In a +ho"o(!o(e l!gh" fall, on n

channel of "he ,e/!con('c"or 0'nc"!on an( ge", con-er"e( !n"o c'rren" or -ol"age ,!gnal .'" a

+ho"o-ol"a!c cell !, al&a, for&ar( .!a,e(3

=@ PV 56+.8

U,'all a n'/.er of P? /o('le, are arrange( !n ,er!e, an( +arallel "o /ee" "he energ

re='!re/en",3 P? /o('le, of (!fferen" ,!2e, are co//erc!all a-a!la.le 4generall ,!2e( fro/

;5% "o #65%93 For e*a/+le1 a "+!cal ,/all ,cale (e,al!na"!on +lan" re='!re, a fe& "ho',an(

&a"", of +o&er3

= PV 56+8i12

A P? arra con,!,", of ,e-eral +ho"o-ol"a!c cell, !n ,er!e, an( +arallel connec"!on,3 Ser!e,

connec"!on, are re,+on,!.le for !ncrea,!ng "he -ol"age of "he /o('le &herea, "he +arallel

connec"!on !, re,+on,!.le for !ncrea,!ng "he c'rren" !n "he arra3

T+!call a ,olar cell can .e /o(ele( . a c'rren" ,o'rce an( an !n-er"e( (!o(e connec"e( !n

+arallel "o !"3 I" ha, !", o&n ,er!e, an( +arallel re,!,"ance3 Ser!e, re,!,"ance !, ('e "o h!n(rance !n

"he +a"h of flo& of elec"ron, fro/ n "o + 0'nc"!on an( +arallel re,!,"ance !, ('e "o "he lea)age

c'rren"3

#6


18/49

Fi2.r =B Si128 +i6+ 56+8 67 a PV 988

In "h!, /o(el &e con,!(er a c'rren" ,o'rce 4I9 along &!"h a (!o(e an( ,er!e, re,!,"ance 4R ,93 The

,h'n" re,!,"ance 4R SH9 !n +arallel !, -er h!gh1 ha, a negl!g!.le effec" an( can .e neglec"e(3

The o'"+'" c'rren" fro/ "he +ho"o-ol"a!c arra !,

II'9 I+ (=)

I+E I6 ( GV+ HT : ) (=@)

&here Io !, "he re-er,e ,a"'ra"!on c'rren" of "he (!o(e1 = !, "he elec"ron charge1 ?( !, "he -ol"age

acro,, "he (!o(e1 ) !, Bol"2/ann con,"an" 4#3


19/49

U,!ng ,'!"a.le a++ro*!/a"!on,1

I I'9 I6 (((VIR')1T) : ) (=#)

&here1 I !, "he +ho"o-ol"a!c cell c'rren"1 ? !, "he P? cell -ol"age1 T !, "he "e/+era"'re 4!n el-!n9

an( n !, "he (!o(e !(eal!" fac"or

In or(er "o /o(el "he ,olar +anel acc'ra"el &e can ',e "&o (!o(e /o(el .'" !n o'r +ro0ec"

o'r ,co+e of ,"'( !, l!/!"e( "o "he ,!ngle (!o(e /o(el3 Al,o1 "he ,h'n" re,!,"ance !, -er h!gh

an( can .e neglec"e( ('r!ng "he co'r,e of o'r ,"'(3

Fi2.r =@ B I:V 9&ara9/ri'/i9' 67 a '68ar 4a18

#8


20/49

The I? charac"er!,"!c, of a "+!cal ,olar cell are a, ,ho&n !n "he F!g're


21/49

=# *66'/ C61vr/r

A, ,"a"e( !n "he !n"ro('c"!on1 "he /a*!/'/ +o&er +o!n" "rac)!ng !, .a,!call a loa( /a"ch!ng

+ro.le/3 In or(er "o change "he !n+'" re,!,"ance of "he +anel "o /a"ch "he loa( re,!,"ance 4.

-ar!ng "he ('" ccle91 a DC "o DC con-er"er !, re='!re(3

I" ha, .een ,"'(!e( "ha" "he eff!c!enc of "he DC "o DC con-er"er !, /a*!/'/ for a .'c)

con-er"er1 "hen for a .'c).oo," con-er"er an( /!n!/'/ for a .oo," con-er"er .'" a, &e !n"en( "o

',e o'r ,,"e/ e!"her for "!ng "o a gr!( or for a &a"er +'/+!ng ,,"e/ &h!ch re='!re, $


22/49

=#= M6+ 64ra/i61 67 /& *66'/ C61vr/r

%hen "he ,&!"ch !, clo,e( "he !n('c"or ge", charge( "hro'gh "he .a""er an( ,"ore, "he energ3 In

"h!, /o(e !n('c"or c'rren" r!,e, 4e*+onen"!all9 .'" for ,!/+l!c!" &e a,,'/e "ha" "he charg!ng

an( "he (!,charg!ng of "he !n('c"or are l!near3 The (!o(e .loc), "he c'rren" flo&!ng an( ,o "he

loa( c'rren" re/a!n, con,"an" &h!ch !, .e!ng ,'++l!e( ('e "o "he (!,charg!ng of "he ca+ac!"or3

Fi2.r =- B M6+ 64ra/i61 67 *66'/ C61vr/r

$$


23/49

=#=@ M6+ @ 64ra/i61 67 /& *66'/ C61vr/r

In /o(e $ "he ,&!"ch !, o+en an( ,o "he (!o(e .eco/e, ,hor" c!rc'!"e(3 The energ ,"ore( !n "he

!n('c"or ge", (!,charge( "hro'gh o++o,!"e +olar!"!e, &h!ch charge "he ca+ac!"or3 The loa( c'rren"

re/a!n, con,"an" "hro'gho'" "he o+era"!on3 The &a-efor/, for a .oo," con-er"er are ,ho&n !n

F!g're


24/49

Fi2.r =" B Wav76r5' 76r a *66'/ C61vr/r #

$7


25/49

# MaJi5.5 P6,r P6i1/ Tra9i12 A826ri/&5'

#= A1 6vrvi, 67 MaJi5.5 P6,r P6i1/ Tra9i12

A "+!cal ,olar +anel con-er", onl


26/49

The cho!ce of "he algor!"h/ (e+en(, on "he "!/e co/+le*!" "he algor!"h/ "a)e, "o "rac) "he

MPP1 !/+le/en"a"!on co," an( "he ea,e of !/+le/en"a"!on3

#=@= Pr/.r% O%'rv

Per"'r. @ O.,er-e 4P@O9 !, "he ,!/+le," /e"ho(3 In "h!, &e ',e onl one ,en,or1 "ha" !, "he

-ol"age ,en,or1 "o ,en,e "he P? arra -ol"age an( ,o "he co," of !/+le/en"a"!on !, le,, an( hence

ea, "o !/+le/en"3 The "!/e co/+le*!" of "h!, algor!"h/ !, -er le,, .'" on reach!ng -er clo,e

"o "he MPP !" (oe,n" ,"o+ a" "he MPP an( )ee+, on +er"'r.!ng on .o"h "he (!rec"!on,3 %hen "h!,

ha++en, "he algor!"h/ ha, reache( -er clo,e "o "he MPP an( &e can ,e" an a++ro+r!a"e error

l!/!" or can ',e a &a!" f'nc"!on &h!ch en(, '+ !ncrea,!ng "he "!/e co/+le*!" of "he algor!"h/3

Ho&e-er "he /e"ho( (oe, no" "a)e acco'n" of "he ra+!( change of !rra(!a"!on le-el 4('e "o &h!ch

MPPT change,9 an( con,!(er, !" a, a change !n MPP ('e "o +er"'r.a"!on an( en(, '+ calc'la"!ng

"he &rong MPP3 To a-o!( "h!, +ro.le/ &e can ',e !ncre/en"al con('c"ance /e"ho(3

#=@=@ I19r51/a8 C61+.9/a19

Incre/en"al con('c"ance /e"ho( ',e, "&o -ol"age an( c'rren" ,en,or, "o ,en,e "he o'"+'"

-ol"age an( c'rren" of "he P? arra3

A" MPP "he ,lo+e of "he P? c'r-e !, 53

(+P+V)MPP+(VI)+V (#=)

!IV+I+VMPP (#=@)

+I+VMPP : IV (#=)

$;


27/49

The lef" han( ,!(e !, "he !n,"an"aneo', con('c"ance of "he ,olar +anel3 %hen "h!, !n,"an"aneo',

con('c"ance e='al, "he con('c"ance of "he ,olar "hen MPP !, reache(3

Here &e are ,en,!ng .o"h "he -ol"age an( c'rren" ,!/'l"aneo',l3 Hence "he error ('e "o change

!n !rra(!ance !, el!/!na"e(3 Ho&e-er "he co/+le*!" an( "he co," of !/+le/en"a"!on !ncrea,e,3

A, &e go (o&n "he l!," of algor!"h/, "he co/+le*!" an( "he co," of !/+le/en"a"!on goe, on

!ncrea,!ng &h!ch /a .e ,'!"a.le for a h!ghl co/+l!ca"e( ,,"e/3 Th!, !, "he rea,on "ha" Per"'r.

an( O.,er-e an( Incre/en"al Con('c"ance /e"ho( are "he /o," &!(el ',e( algor!"h/,3

O&!ng "o !", ,!/+l!c!" of !/+le/en"a"!on &e ha-e cho,en "he Per"'r. @ O.,er-e algor!"h/ for

o'r ,"'( a/ong "he "&o3

#=@= Fra9/i61a8 641 9ir9.i/ v68/a2

The near l!near rela"!on,h!+ .e"&een ?MPP an( ?OC of "he P? arra1 'n(er -ar!ng !rra(!ance an(

"e/+era"'re le-el,1 ha, g!-en r!,e "o "he frac"!onal ?OC /e"ho(3

VMPP V69 (#=#)

&here ) # !, a con,"an" of +ro+or"!onal!"3 S!nce ) # !, (e+en(en" on "he charac"er!,"!c, of "he P?

arra .e!ng ',e(1 !" ','all ha, "o .e co/+'"e( .eforehan( . e/+!r!call (e"er/!n!ng ? MPP an(

?OC for "he ,+ec!f!c P? arra a" (!fferen" !rra(!ance an( "e/+era"'re le-el,3 The fac"or ) # ha,

.een re+or"e( "o .e .e"&een 536# an( 5363 Once ) # !, )no&n1 ?MPP can .e co/+'"e( &!"h ?OC

/ea,'re( +er!o(!call . /o/en"ar!l ,h'""!ng (o&n "he +o&er con-er"er3 Ho&e-er1 "h!, !nc'r,

,o/e (!,a(-an"age,1 !ncl'(!ng "e/+orar lo,, of +o&er3 #:3

$6


28/49

#=@=# Fra9/i61a8 '&6r/ 9ir9.i/ 9.rr1/

Frac"!onal ISC re,'l", fro/ "he fac" "ha"1 'n(er -ar!ng a"/o,+her!c con(!"!on,1 IMPP !,

a++ro*!/a"el l!nearl rela"e( "o "he ISC of "he P? arra3

IMPP

@

I'9

(#=-)

&here ) $ !, a +ro+or"!onal!" con,"an"3 J'," l!)e !n "he frac"!onal ?OC "echn!='e1 ) $ ha, "o .e

(e"er/!ne( accor(!ng "o "he P? arra !n ',e3 The con,"an" ) $ !, generall fo'n( "o .e .e"&een

536 an( 538$3 Mea,'r!ng ISC ('r!ng o+era"!on !, +ro.le/a"!c3 An a((!"!onal ,&!"ch ','all ha,

"o .e a((e( "o "he +o&er con-er"er "o +er!o(!call ,hor" "he P? arra ,o "ha" ISC can .e

/ea,'re( ',!ng a c'rren" ,en,or#:3

#=@=- F.0 L62i9 C61/r68

M!crocon"roller, ha-e /a(e ',!ng f'22 log!c con"rol +o+'lar for MPPT o-er la," (eca(e3 F'22

log!c con"roller, ha-e "he a(-an"age, of &or)!ng &!"h !/+rec!,e !n+'",1 no" nee(!ng an acc'ra"e

/a"he/a"!cal /o(el1 an( han(l!ng nonl!near!" #:3

#=@=3 N.ra8 N/,6r

Ano"her "echn!='e of !/+le/en"!ng MPPT &h!ch are al,o &ell a(a+"e( for /!crocon"roller, !,

ne'ral ne"&or),3 Ne'ral ne"&or), co//onl ha-e "hree laer,> !n+'"1 h!((en1 an( o'"+'" laer,3

The n'/.er no(e, !n each laer -ar an( are ',er(e+en(en"3 The !n+'" -ar!a.le, can .e P?

arra +ara/e"er, l!)e ?OC an( ISC1 a"/o,+her!c (a"a l!)e !rra(!ance an( "e/+era"'re1 or an

co/.!na"!on of "he,e3 The o'"+'" !, ','all one or ,e-eral reference ,!gnal, l!)e a ('" ccle

,!gnal ',e( "o (r!-e "he +o&er con-er"er "o o+era"e a" or clo,e "o "he MPP #:3

$


29/49

Ta%8 B C&ara9/ri'/i9' 67 +i77r1/ MPPT /9&1i.' -

MPPT /9&1i. C61vr219 I54851/a/i61 Pri6+i9 S1'+ 4ara5/r''4+ 96548Ji/0 /.1i12

Per"'r. @ o.,er-e ?ar!e, Lo& No ?ol"age

Incre/en"al ?ar!e, Me(!'/ No ?ol"age1 c'rren"

con('c"ance

Frac"!onal ?oc Me(!'/ Lo& Ke, ?ol"age

Frac"!onal I,c Me(!'/ Me(!'/ Ke, C'rren"

F'22 log!c con"rol Fa," H!gh Ke, ?ar!e,

Ne'ral ne"&or) Fa," H!gh Ke, ?ar!e,

$8


30/49

#= Pr/.r% O%'rv A826ri/&5

The Per"'r. @ O.,er-e algor!"h/ ,"a"e, "ha" &hen "he o+era"!ng -ol"age of "he P? +anel !,

+er"'r.e( . a ,/all !ncre/en"1 !f "he re,'l"!ng change !n +o&er P !, +o,!"!-e1 "hen &e are go!ng

!n "he (!rec"!on of MPP an( &e )ee+ on +er"'r.!ng !n "he ,a/e (!rec"!on3 If P !, nega"!-e1 &e are

go!ng a&a fro/ "he (!rec"!on of MPP an( "he ,!gn of +er"'r.a"!on ,'++l!e( ha, "o .e change(3

Fi2.r #= B S68ar 4a18 9&ara9/ri'/i9' '&6,i12 MPP a1+ 64ra/i12 46i1/' A a1+ * 3

F!g're 73# ,ho&, "he +lo" of /o('le o'"+'" +o&er -er,', /o('le -ol"age for a ,olar +anel a" a

g!-en !rra(!a"!on3 The +o!n" /ar)e( a, MPP !, "he Ma*!/'/ Po&er Po!n"1 "he "heore"!cal

/a*!/'/ o'"+'" o."a!na.le fro/ "he P? +anel3 Con,!(er A an( B a, "&o o+era"!ng +o!n",3 A,


31/49

,ho&n !n "he f!g're a.o-e1 "he +o!n" A !, on "he lef" han( ,!(e of "he MPP3 Therefore1 &e can

/o-e "o&ar(, "he MPP . +ro-!(!ng a +o,!"!-e +er"'r.a"!on "o "he -ol"age3 On "he o"her han(1

+o!n" B !, on "he r!gh" han( ,!(e of "he MPP3 %hen &e g!-e a +o,!"!-e +er"'r.a"!on1 "he -al'e of

P .eco/e, nega"!-e1 "h', !" !, !/+era"!-e "o change "he (!rec"!on of +er"'r.a"!on "o ach!e-e

MPP3 The flo&char" for "he P@O algor!"h/ !, ,ho&n !n F!g're 73$3

Fi2.r #=@ B F86,9&ar/ 67 Pr/.r% O%'rv a826ri/&5


32/49

#=# Li5i/a/i61' 67 Pr/.r% O%'rv a826ri/&5

Fi2.r #= B C.rv '&6,i12 ,r612 /ra9i12 67 MPP %0 PO a826ri/&5 .1+r

ra4i+80 var0i12 irra+ia19 3

In a ,!"'a"!on &here "he !rra(!ance change, ra+!(l1 "he MPP al,o /o-e, on "he r!gh" han( ,!(e of

"he c'r-e3 The algor!"h/ "a)e, !" a, a change ('e "o +er"'r.a"!on an( !n "he ne*" !"era"!on !"

change, "he (!rec"!on of +er"'r.a"!on an( hence goe, a&a fro/ "he MPP a, ,ho&n !n "he f!g're3

Ho&e-er1 !n "h!, algor!"h/ &e ',e onl one ,en,or1 "ha" !, "he -ol"age ,en,or1 "o ,en,e "he P?

arra -ol"age an( ,o "he co," of !/+le/en"a"!on !, le,, an( hence ea, "o !/+le/en"3 The "!/e

co/+le*!" of "h!, algor!"h/ !, -er le,, .'" on reach!ng -er clo,e "o "he MPP !" (oe,n" ,"o+ a"

"he MPP an( )ee+, on +er"'r.!ng !n .o"h "he (!rec"!on,3 %hen "h!, ha++en, "he algor!"h/ ha,

reache( -er clo,e "o "he MPP an( &e can ,e" an a++ro+r!a"e error l!/!" or can ',e a &a!"

f'nc"!on &h!ch en(, '+ !ncrea,!ng "he "!/e co/+le*!" of "he algor!"h/3


33/49

#=- I54851/a/i61 67 MPPT .'i12 a %66'/ 961vr/r

The ,,"e/ ',e, a .oo," con-er"er "o o."a!n /ore +rac"!cal ',e, o'" of "he ,olar +anel3 The

!n!"!all lo& -ol"age o'"+'" !, ,"e++e( '+ "o a h!gher le-el ',!ng "he .oo," con-er"er1 "ho'gh "he

',e of "he con-er"er (oe, "en( "o !n"ro('ce ,&!"ch!ng lo,,e,3 The .loc) (!agra/ ,ho&n !n F!g're

737 g!-e, an o-er-!e& of "he re='!re( !/+le/en"a"!on3

Fi2.r #=# B R.i'i/ i54851/a/i61 76r MPPT '0'/5


34/49

- M6+8i12 67 '/a1+a861 PV '0'/5

-= S68ar 4a18

The en"!re ,,"e/ ha, .een /o(ele( on MATLAB $558a an( S!/'l!n)3 The .loc) (!agra/

of "he ,olar P? +anel !, ,ho&n !n F!g're :3# an( F!g're :3$3 The !n+'", "o "he ,olar P? +anel are

"e/+era"'re1 ,olar !rra(!a"!on1 n'/.er of ,olar cell, !n ,er!e, an( n'/.er of ro&, of ,olar cell, !n

+arallel3

Fi2.r -= B Ma'+ %869 +ia2ra5 67 /& 56+8+ '68ar PV 4a18


35/49

Fi2.r -=@ B U15a'+ %869 +ia2ra5 67 /& 56+8+ '68ar PV 4a18

The ,!/'la"!on !, carr!e( o'" for a cell ,'rface "e/+era"'re of $ C1 ;5 ,olar cell, !n ,er!e, an( 7

ro&, of ,olar cell, !n +arallel3 The !rra(!a"!on 4,ho&n !n F!g're :3


36/49

Fi2.r -= B Irra+ia/i61 'i21a8 (Wa// 4r '= 95= vr'.' /i5)

-=@ MPPT I1/r7a9i12

The con"rolle( -ol"age ,o'rce an( "he c'rren" ,o'rce !n-er"er ha-e .een ',e( "o !n"erface "he

/o(ele( +anel &!"h "he re," of "he ,,"e/ an( "he .oo," con-er"er &h!ch are .'!l" ',!ng "he

S!/Po&erS,"e/, /o('le of MATLAB3 The .loc) (!agra/ for "he /o(el ,ho&n !n F!g're :37

!, a ,!/'la"!on for "he ca,e &here &e o."a!n a -ar!ng -ol"age o'"+'"3 Th!, /o(el !, ',e( "o

h!ghl!gh" "he (!fference .e"&een "he +o&er o."a!ne( on ',!ng an MPPT algor!"h/ an( "he +o&er

o."a!ne( &!"ho'" ',!ng an MPPT algor!"h/3

To co/+are "he +o&er o'"+'" !n .o"h "he ca,e, ,"a"e( a.o-e1 "he /o(el !, e='!++e( &!"h a

/an'al ,&!"ch a, ,ho&n3 %hen "he ,&!"ch !, "hro&n "o "he lef" "he c!rc'!" .+a,,e, "he MPPT

algor!"h/ an( &e o."a!n "he (e,!re( +o&er1 -ol"age an( c'rren" o'"+'", "hro'gh "he re,+ec"!-e

,co+e,3 Con"rar!l &hen "he ,&!"ch !, "hro&n "o "he r!gh"1 "he e/.e((e( MPPT f'nc"!on .loc) !,

!ncl'(e( !n "he c!rc'!" an( &e o."a!n "he (e,!re( o'"+'", "hro'gh "he re,+ec"!-e ,co+e,3


37/49

Fi2.r -=# B SIMULINK M6+8 67 MPPT '0'/5 .'i12 PO a826ri/&5


38/49

-= *66'/ C61vr/r

A .oo," con-er"er ha, .een ',e( !n o'r ,!/'la"!on3 I" f!n(, a++l!ca"!on, !n -ar!o', real l!fe

,cenar!o, l!)e charg!ng of .a""er .an)1 r'nn!ng of DC /o"or,1 ,olar &a"er +'/+!ng e"c3 The

,!/'la"!on ha, .een (one for a re,!,"!-e loa( of


39/49

Ta.le $ ,ho&, "he (!fferen" +ara/e"er, "a)en ('r!ng "he ,!/'la"!on of "he /o(el3

Ta%8 @ B Di77r1/ 4ara5/r' 67 /& '/a1+a861 PV '0'/5

Para5/r Va8. /a1 76r 'i5.8a/i61

Solar Mo('le Te/+era"'re (T) $C

No of ,olar cell, !n ,er!e, (NS) ;5

No of ro&, of ,olar cell, !n +arallel (NP) 7

Re,!,"ance of loa( (R)


40/49

3 R'.8/'

3= Ca' B R.11i12 /& '0'/5 ,i/&6./ MPPT

Fi2.r 3= B P86/ 67 O./4./ v68/a2 67 PV 4a18 v' /i5 ,i/&6./ MPPT

Fi2.r 3=@ B P86/ 67 P6,r 6./4./ 67 PV 4a18 v' /i5 ,i/&6./ MPPT

75


41/49

Fi2.r 3= B P86/ 67 O./4./ V68/a2 a/ 86a+ 'i+ v' /i5 ,i/&6./ MPPT

Fi2.r 3=# B P86/ 67 O./4./ 9.rr1/ a/ 86a+ 'i+ v' /i5 ,i/&6./ MPPT

7#


42/49

Fi2.r 3=- B P86/ 67 P6,r 6%/ai1+ a/ 86a+ 'i+ v' /i5 ,i/&6./ MPPT

Fi2.r 3=3 B P86/ 67 PI C61/r68 2ai1 v' /i5 ,i/&6./ MPPT

7$


43/49

3=@ Ca' @B R.11i12 /& '0'/5 ,i/& MPPT

Fi2.r 3=" B P86/ 67 O./4./ v68/a2 67 PV 4a18 v' /i5 ,i/& MPPT

Fi2.r 3=; B P86/ 67 P6,r 6./4./ 67 PV 4a18 v' /i5 ,i/& MPPT

7


44/49

Fi2.r 3=$ B P86/ 67 9a89.8a/+ MPPT Vr7 v68/a2 v' /i5 ,i/& MPPT

Fi2.r 3=! B P86/ 67 O./4./ V68/a2 a/ 86a+ 'i+ v' /i5 ,i/& MPPT

77


45/49

Fi2.r 3= B P86/ 67 O./4./ 9.rr1/ a/ 86a+ 'i+ v' /i5 ,i/& MPPT

Fi2.r 3=@ B P86/ 67 P6,r 6%/ai1+ a/ 86a+ 'i+ v' /i5 ,i/& MPPT

7:


46/49

Fi2.r 3= B P86/ 67 PI C61/r68 2ai1 v' /i5 ,i/& MPPT

7;


47/49

" C6198.'i61

The /o(el ,ho&n !n F!g're :37 &a, ,!/'la"e( ',!ng SIMULIN an( MATLAB3 The +lo",

o."a!ne( !n "he (!fferen" ,co+e, ha-e .een ,ho&n !n Cha+"er ;3

The ,!/'la"!on &a, f!r," r'n &!"h "he ,&!"ch on no MPPT /o(e1 .+a,,!ng "he MPPT algor!"h/

.loc) !n "he c!rc'!"3 I" &a, ,een "ha" &hen &e (o no" ',e an MPPT algor!"h/1 "he +o&er o."a!ne(

a" "he loa( ,!(e &a, aro'n( 8: %a"", 4F!g're ;3:9 for a ,olar !rra(!a"!on -al'e of : %a"", +er ,=3

c/3 I" /'," .e no"e( "ha" "he P? +anel genera"e( aro'n( $:5 %a"", +o&er 4F!g're ;3$9 for "h!,

le-el of ,olar !rra(!a"!on3 Therefore1 "he con-er,!on eff!c!enc ca/e o'" "o .e -er lo&3

The ,!/'la"!on &a, "hen r'n &!"h "he ,&!"ch on MPPT /o(e3 Th!, !ncl'(e( "he MPPT .loc) !n

"he c!rc'!" an( "he PI con"roller &a, fe( "he ?ref a, calc'la"e( . "he P@O algor!"h/3 Un(er "he

,a/e !rra(!a"!on con(!"!on,1 "he P? +anel con"!n'e( "o genera"e aro'n( $:5 %a"", +o&er 4F!g're

;393 In "h!, ca,e1 ho&e-er1 "he +o&er o."a!ne( a" "he loa( ,!(e &a, fo'n( "o .e aro'n( $#: %a"",

4F!g're ;3#$91 "h', !ncrea,!ng "he con-er,!on eff!c!enc of "he +ho"o-ol"a!c ,,"e/ a, a &hole3

The lo,, of +o&er fro/ "he a-a!la.le $:5 %a"", genera"e( . "he P? +anel can .e e*+la!ne( .

,&!"ch!ng lo,,e, !n "he h!gh fre='enc P%M ,&!"ch!ng c!rc'!" an( "he !n('c"!-e an( ca+ac!"!-e

lo,,e, !n "he Boo," Con-er"er c!rc'!"3

Therefore1 !" &a, ,een "ha" ',!ng "he Per"'r. @ O.,er-e MPPT "echn!='e !ncrea,e( "he eff!c!enc

of "he +ho"o-ol"a!c ,,"e/ . a++ro*!/a"el #$; fro/ an earl!er o'"+'" +o&er of aro'n( 8:

%a"", "o an o."a!ne( o'"+'" +o&er of aro'n( $#: %a"",3

76


48/49

; R7r19'

# Re,o'rce an( Energ Econo/!c, C %!"hagen #887 El,e-!er

$ Se/ana Sc!en"f!ca L Pe(ron! $557 Google Boo),

Rene&a.le Energ an( "he En-!ron/en" %!ll!a/ E3 Gla,,le CRC

Pre,, $5#5

#5 I/+ac" of Enhance( Geo"her/al S,"e/, 4Eg,9 on "he Un!"e( S"a"e, !n "he $#," Cen"'r> An

A,,e,,/en" Te,"er1 Jeffer,on %3 e"3 al3 $55;

## A(-ance( Algor!"h/ for con"rol of Pho"o-ol"a!c ,,"e/, C3 L!'1 B3 %' an( R3 Che'ng

#$ A ne& Analog MPPT Techn!='e> TEODI N3 Fe/!a1 G3 Pe"rone1 G3 S+agn'olo1 M3 ?!"ell!

#


49/49

#: Co/+ar!,on of Pho"o-ol"a!c arra /a*!/'/ +o&er +o!n" "rac)!ng "echn!='e Pa"r!c) L

Cha+/an1 Tr!,han E,ra/

#; De,!gn an( ,!/'la"!on of Pho"o-ol"a!c &a"er +'/+!ng ,,"e/ A)!h!ro O!

solar mppt thesis

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