Solar panel primerSolar panels or Photovoltaic system is called that way as it uses the photovoltaic effectis the creation ofvoltageorelectric currentin a material upon exposure tolightand is aphysicalandchemicalphenomenon to generate electricity. 2 types of photovoltaic system Grid-tie systemOutput of PV systems is connected in parallel with the utility power grid. Power supply drawn from the utility grid will be correspondingly reduced by the amount of power that PV system generates. If there is little or no output from the PV system due to cloudy weather or at night, the electricity drawn from the utility grid will be correspondingly increased.In this way, there is no need to have storage batteries.

Off-Grid systemBatteries for energy storage are required to provide electricity under conditions when there is little or no output from the PV system. Off grid system are usually power DC loads, such as telecoms systems, rural lighting systems, parking sign lights, lightings in parks.

Where PVs can be installed in a building Many ways to install PV systems in a buildingExisting Buildings Mount PV modules on a frame on the roof top Parallel to the roof surface with a standoff of several centimetres (recommended more than 10 cm) to reduce module temp through air circulation.

North-south orientation to maximise the amount of solar energy received. Singapores proximity to the Equator means the modules compass orientation is not critical. Laying the modules flat will maximise exposure to the sun.

As flat-mounted modules may get dirty from trapped rain water and dust, it is better to mount the modules at an angle (10-15 for framed modules, or as little as 3-5 for unframed modules) to allow rain water to run off properly. The PV modules should be free of shade. Shading of any cell of a module may reduce the output of the entire module drastically. Therefore, shadows cast by tall trees and neighbouring buildings (including those to be built in future) should be avoided.

New Buildings In a new development, besides mounting on the roof top, the PV modules or panels could in a creative, aesthetically-pleasing manner be integrated into the building facade (this form of PV is commonly known as Building Integrated Photovoltaic or BIPV in short). This could be on any part of the roof or external walls that is well-exposed to sunlight e.g. skylights, claddings, windows, external shading devices. It could also be integrated into external structures such as canopies, car park shelters and railings.

No moving parts in PV installations, minimal maintenance are needed. Routine maintencance is required to ensure that the system is performing properly. Check for dirt build-up or shade encroachment Usually designed and installed to be self-cleaning through rain-water. Should be checked for corrosion Preventive maintenance works should be carried out every 6 months.

Examples of solar panel Used as a shade, prevent the glass-clad factory from overheating while generate electricity Generate electricity while acting as a part of the building cladding Used in balconies (allow good visibility whilst protecting privacy)

Solar PV yieldSolar PV systems entail high capital cost. Operating costs for Solar PV is negligible, annual maintenance cost beyond warranty period may amount to 0.5% to 1% of the capital cost of installation.

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