SOLAR POWER PLANT

A SEMINAR ON

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE

BHARATPUR

Introduction

Solar power plant is based on the conversion

of sunlight into electricity, either directly

using photovoltaic (PV), or indirectly using concentrated

solar power (CSP). Concentrated solar power systems

use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a

large area of sunlight into a small beam. Photovoltaic

converts light into electric current using

the photoelectric effect. Concentrated solar power plants

first appeared in the 1980s

Diagram of solar power plant

About 5,000 trillion

kWh per year energy

is incident over

India’s land area

with most parts

receiving 4-7 kWh

per square meter per

day.

Solar Map of India

Component to be used…..

1) Solar module

2) Controller

3) Batteries

4) Inverters

5) Lighting load

Solar Module

Solar panel refers to a panel designed to absorb the sun's rays as a source of energy

for generating electricity or heating. A photovoltaic (in short PV) module is a

packaged, connected assembly of typically 6×10 solar cells.

Solar Photovoltaic panels constitute the solar module of a photovoltaic system that

generates and supplies solar electricity in commercial and residential applications.

Each module is rated by its DC output power under standard test conditions, and

typically ranges from 100 to 365 watts.

The efficiency of a module determines the area of a module given the same rated

output – an 8% efficient 230 watt module will have twice the area of a 16% efficient

230 watt module. There are a few solar panels available that are exceeding 19%

efficiency.

A single solar module can produce only a limited amount of power; most

installations contain multiple modules. A photovoltaic system typically includes a

panel or an array of solar modules, a solar inverter, and sometimes

a battery and/or solar tracker and interconnection wiring

How a panel is created?

An individual PV cell typically produces 0.6 watts and are joined in an module to produce

the required power.

Solar Panel specifications

Sr No. Name Rating

1 Peak Power 195W

2 Optimum operating Voltage 36.6V

3 Optimum operating current 5.33A

4 Open Circuit Voltage 45.4V

5 Short Circuit Current 5.69A

6 Module Efficiency 15.3%

7 Operating Temperature -40°C to 85°C

Working of A solar cell

o Photoelectric effect

When a light of certain frequency falls on the surface of a metal

Electrons will absorb the energy

If incident light energy is greater than the work function(minimum energy

required to remove the loosely bound valence electrons)of the metal Then the

photo electrons will be emitted and

The excess energy is converted to the kinetic energy of electron.

When solar panels are placed in the sunlight , photons will strike

the surface and emits electrons.

As a result electron hole pair is created in the solar cell.

When external circuit is connected to the solar cell , electrons

flow in the circuit and the current is generated.

Controller

Controller's main function is to make solar power system

is always in the vicinity of the maximum power generation

in order to obtain maximum efficiency.

The charge control usually the PWM (pulse width

modulation) control, so that the whole system is always

running at maximum power point Pm near the area.

Discharge control mainly refers to when the battery power

shortage, system failures, such as open or reversed when

the battery cut off switch.

Currently both Hitachi developed a tracking control point

Pm, and can track the sun moving parameter of the

"sunflower" type of controller, the battery components will

be fixed about 50% efficiency.

As technology and material reasons, a single cell generating capacity is very limited,

practical solar cells in a single cell by series and parallel to form a battery system, called

the battery components.

Single cell is a silicon diode, according to the electronic characteristic of semiconductor

materials, when the sun light shines from the P Type and N Type conductivity of two

different types of homogenous composition of semiconductor materials when the PN

junction, under certain conditions, solar radiation absorbed by the semiconductor material

in the conduction band and valence band of nonequilibrium carrier generation is electron

and hole. Barrier at the PN junction with the existence of strong builtin area electrostatic

field, which can be formed in the light of the current density J, shortcircuit current Isc, open

circuit voltage Uoc.

If the sides of the builtin electric field leads to the electrode and connected to the load, by

the PN junction theory, the connection circuit and the load form the loop, there is

"photocurrent“ flows through the solar modules to achieve the power of the load P output.

Theoretical studies have shown that the peak power of solar modules Pk, by the local solar

radiation intensity and the end of the average electricity load (electricity demand) decisions.

Batteries

Inverter

An electric battery is a device consisting of two or more electrochemicalcells that convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy.

Each cell has a positive terminal, or cathode, and a negative terminal, or anode.The terminal marked positive is at a higher electrical potential energy than is theterminal marked negative.

The terminal marked negative is the source of electrons that when connected toan external circuit will flow and deliver energy to an external device.

When a battery is connected to an external circuit, electrolytes are able to moveas ions within, allowing the chemical reactions to be completed at the separateterminals and so deliver energy to the external circuit.

It is the movement of those ions within the battery which allows current to flowout of the battery to perform work. Although the term battery technically meansa device with multiple cells, single cells are also popularly called batteries.

How to choose a solar panel

Selecting the right technology : The selection of solar panel technology

generally depends on space available for installation and the overall cost of the

system.

Selecting the right manufacturer for better warranty.

Check operating specifications beyond STC ratings

Negative Tolerance can lead to a lower system performance and reduced

capacity

Solar Panel efficiency under different conditions and over time.

Working of solar power plant

1) Photovoltaic Electricity – This method uses photovoltaic cells that absorb

the direct sunlight just like the solar cells you see on some calculators.

2) Solar-Thermal Electricity – This also uses a solar collector: it has a mirrored

surface that reflects the sunlight onto a receiver that heats up a liquid. This

heated liquid is used to make steam that produces electricity.

Photovoltaic Electricity

As light hits the solar panels, the solar radiation is converted into direct

current electricity (DC).

The direct current flows from the panels and is converted into alternating

current (AC) used by local electric utilities.

Finally, the electricity travels through transformers, and the voltage is

boosted for delivery onto the transmission lines so local electric utilities can

distribute the electricity to homes and businesses.

The Types of Solar Electric Systems

1) The Stand Alone System

Standalone, or off-grid, solar power systems consist of solar panels and a battery

bank.

Used in rural areas and regions where there is no access to the utility grid.

Very good at giving economical electricity.

2) Grid-Tie Solar System

Very useful for homes that are already linked to the utility grid.

Primary advantage is the cheap price of utility.

The system needs to be wired with an inverter that creates ac electricity, which is

needed for linking to the utility grid.

Stand Alone System

Grid-Tie Solar System

Advantages

Solar energy is a clean and renewable energy source.

Once a solar panel is installed, solar energy can be produced free of charge.

Solar energy will last forever whereas it is estimated that the world’s oil reserves

will last for 30 to 40 years.

Solar energy causes no pollution.

Solar cells make absolutely no noise at all. On the other hand, the giant machines

utilized for pumping oil are extremely noisy and therefore very impractical.

Very little maintenance is needed to keep solar cells running. There are no moving

parts in a solar cell which makes it impossible to really damage them.

In the long term, there can be a high return on investment due to the amount of

free energy a solar panel can produce, it is estimated that the average household

will see 50% of their energy coming in from solar panels

Disadvantages

Solar panels can be expensive to install resulting in a time-lag of many years for

savings on energy bills to match initial investments.

Electricity generation depends entirely on a countries exposure to sunlight; this could

be limited by a countries climate.

Solar power stations do not match the power output of similar sized conventional

power stations; they can also be very expensive to build.

Solar power is used to charge batteries so that solar powered devices can be used at

night. The batteries can often be large and heavy, taking up space and needing to be

replaced from time to time.

Solar power plant in India

Sr No. Power Plant Name Location Capacity

(MW)

1 Charanka Solar Power Plant Gujarat 221

2 Neemuch Solar Power Plant Madhya Pradesh 151

3 Sakri Power Plant Maharashtra 125

4 Rajasthan Solar Project Rajasthan 50

5 GEDCOL Solar Power Plant Odisha 50

6 NTPC’s Solar Power Project Madhya Pradesh 50

7 GEDCOL Solar Power Plant Odisha 48

8 Bitta Solar Power Plant Gujarat 40

9 Dhirubhai Ambani Solar Plant Rajasthan 40

Uses of solar energy

Heaters Green houses

Cars water pumps

Lights Desalination

Satellites Chilling

Dryers Solar ponds

Calculators Thermal

Commercial use

On an office building , roof areas can be covered with solar panels .

Remote buildings such as schools , communities can make use of solar energy.

In developing countries , this solar panels are very much useful.

Even on the highways , for every five kilometres ,solar telephones are used.

Applications

Solar car

Solar heater

Solar light