solid waste mgt india

8/2/2019 Solid Waste Mgt India

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SOLID WASTE

MANAGEMENT

IN INDIA


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Indias Population = 1027 MillionAs per 2001 Census

Urban Population = 285 Million

Urban Areas = 5161

(Cities / Towns)


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TREND OF URBANIZATION

Year Year Year Year1951 1991 2001 2021

1. Number of Urban 2795 3768 5161 --Agglomerations / Towns

2. Urban Population 62.0 217.0 285.0 550.0(in million)

3. As percentage of total 17.3% 25.72% 27.8% 41%Population


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MAGNITUDE OF PROBLEM

- Per capita waste generation increasing by1.3% per annum

- With urban population increasing between3 3.5% per annum

- Yearly increase in waste generation isaround 5% annually


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- India produces 42.0 million tons ofmunicipal solid waste annually at present.

- Per capita generation of waste varies from200 gm to 600 gm per capita / day. Average

generation rate at 0.4 kg per capita per dayin 0.1 million plus towns.

- Collection efficiency ranges between 50% to90% of the solid waste generated.


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- Urban Local Bodies spend around Rs.500/-to Rs.1500/- per ton on solid waste

management of which,

* 60-70% of the amount is oncollection alone

* 20% - 30% on transportation

* Hardly any fund is spent on

treatment and disposal of waste

- Crude dumping of waste in most of thecities


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Characteristics of Municipal Solid Waste

Compostable / Bio-degradable = 30% - 55%matter (can be converted

into manure)

Inert material = 40% - 45% (togo to landfill)

Recyclable materials = 5% - 10%(Recycling)

These percentages vary from city to city dependingon food habits


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PRESENT STATUS OF WASTE MANAGEMENT

- STORAGE OF WASTE AT SOURCE IS LACKING

- DOMESTIC WASTE THROWN ON STREETS- TRADE WASTE ON ROADS / STREETS- CONSTRUCTION DEBRIS LEFT UNATTENDED- BIO-MEDICAL WASTE DISPOSED IN MUNICIPAL

WASTE STREAM- INDUSTRIAL WASTE DISPOSED OF IN OPEN

AREAS

- SEGREGATION OF RECYCLABLE WASTE AT SOURCE

NOT DONE

- PRIMARY COLLECTION OF WASTE NOT DONE ATPLACE OF GENERATION


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Contd../..

- DESIGN & LOCATION OF MUNICIPAL WASTE STORAGEDEPOTS INAPPROPRIATE, RESULTING IN LITTERING OF

GARBAGE .

- STREET SWEEPING NOT DONE EVERYDAY

- WASTE TRANSPORTATION DONE IN OPEN VEHICLES

- WASTE PROCESSING PARTIALLY PRACTISED IN 35ULBs ONLY

- FINAL DISPOSAL DONE THROUGH CRUDE DUMPING

- RAG PICKERS COLLECT RECYCLABLES FROMMUNICIPAL BINS / DUMPSITES AND LITTER THEWASTE CAUSING INSANITARY CONDITIONS


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REASONS FOR IMPROPER MANAGEMENT OF WASTE

Lack of planning for waste management while planning

townships

Lack of proper institutional set up for waste management,planning and designing in urban local bodies

Lack of technically trained manpower

Lack of community involvement

Lack of expertise and exposure to city waste managementusing modern techniques / best practices

Lack of awareness creation mechanism

Lack of Management Information Systems

Lack of funds with ULBs

Indifferent attitude of ULBs to levy user charges andsustainability


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RECOMMENDED APPROACHES TO WASTEMANAGEMENT

1. Possible Waste Management Options :

(a) Waste Minimisation(b) Material Recycling(c) Waste Processing (Resource Recovery)

(d) Waste Transformation(e) Sanitary Landfilling Limited land availability is a

constraint in Metro cities.

2. Processing / Treatment should be :

(i) Technically sound(ii) Financially viable(iii) Eco-friendly / Environmental friendly(iv) Easy to operate & maintain by local community

(v) Long term sustainability


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RECOMMENDED APPROACHES TO WASTE PROCESSING& DISPOSAL

I WEALTH FROM WASTE (PROCESSING OF ORGANIC WASTE)

(A) WASTE TO COMPOST

(i) AEROBIC / ANAEROBIC COMPOSTING

(ii) VERMI-COMPOSTING

(B) WASTE TO ENERGY

(i) REFUSE DERIVED FUEL (RDF) / PELLETIZATION

(ii) BIO-METHANATION

II RECYCLING OF WASTE

III SANITARY LANDFILLING

IV TREATMENT OF BIO-MEDICAL WASTE SEPARATELY


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VARIOUS TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS RECOMMENDEDFOR WASTE PROCESSING

TOWNS GENERATING GARBAGE

UPTO 50 METRIC TONS / DAY(MT/DAY) = VERMI-COMPOSTING

BETWEEN 50 MT & 500 MT / DAY = VERMI-COMPOSTING +MECHANICAL COMPOSTING

MORE THAN 500 MT / DAY = MECHANICAL COMPOSTING +REFUSE DERIVED FUEL(RDF)FROM REJECTS KEEPING IN

VIEW THE TYPE OF THE CITY(INDUSTRIAL OR NON-INDUSTRIAL)

ORBIO-METHANATION


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TENTH PLAN PROPOSALS

Requirement of funds as per 10th Plan document for0.1 million plus towns as per 1991 Census are asunder:-

Capital Investment = Rs.23226.00 million

Equipment replacement = Rs. 1355.00 millioncost

________________

Rs.24581.00 million________________

Based on January, 2000 prices


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INITIATIVES BY GOVERNMENT OF INDIA

Bio-medical Waste Handling Rules, 1998 -

Notified

Municipal Solid Waste Management Rules,2000 Notified.

Reforms Agenda (Fiscal, Institutional, Legal)

Technical Manual on Municipal Solid WasteManagement

Technology Advisory Group on MunicipalSolid Waste Management

Inter-Ministerial Task Force on IntegratedPlant Nutrient Management from city

compost.


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Tax Free Bonds by ULBs permitted byGovernment of India

Income Tax relief to Waste Management agencies

Public-Private Partnership in SWM

Capacity Building

Urban Reforms Incentive Fund

Guidelines for PSP and setting up of RegulatoryAuthority

Introduction of Commercial Accounting System inULBs & other Sector Reforms

Model Municipal Bye-Laws framed / circulated forbenefit of ULBs for adoption

Financial Assistance by Government of India -

12th Finance Commission Grants


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DEVOLUTION OF 12TH FINANCE COMMISSION GRANTSFOR WASTE MANAGEMENT RS.2500.00 CRORES

( RS. IN MILLION)

(I) COLLECTION AND TRANSPORTATION - 3864.4EQUIPMENT & MACHINERY

(II) COMPOST PLANTS - 10012.3

(III) SANITARY LANDFILL DEVELOPMENT - 10568.8-------------------

TOTAL 24445.5------------------

DEVOLUTION TO ULBs BY 12TH FINANCE - Rs.19439.4 MillionCOMMISSION

PRIVATE SECTOR INVESTMENT - Rs.5006.2 MillionENVISAGED THROUGH PPP IN

COMPOSTING / SANITARY LANDFILLING


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NATIONAL URBAN RENEWAL MISSION

CENTRAL / STATE GRANTS ARE PROPOSED TO BE PROVIDED

FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Grant

LoanCentre State

Cities with 4 million pluspopulation

35% 15% 50%

Cities with one million pluspopulation but less than 4

million

50% 20% 30%

Other cities 80% 10% 10%


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MAIN ISSUES

- ABSENCE OF SEGREGATION OF WASTE AT SOURCE

- LACK OF TECHNICAL EXPERTISE ANDAPPROPRIATE INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT

- UNWILLINGNESS OF ULBs TO INTRODUCE PROPER

COLLECTION, SEGREGATION, TRANSPORTATIONAND TREATMENT / DISPOSAL SYSTEMS

- INDIFFERENT ATTITUDE OF CITIZENS TOWARDS WASTEMANAGEMENT DUE TO LACK OF AWARENESS

- LACK OF COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION TOWARDS WASTEMANAGEMENT AND HYGIENIC CONDITIONS

- LACK OF FUNDS WITH ULBs


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RECOMMENDATIONS

- Outsourcing of all activities under Solid Waste

Management Services recommended by 12thFinance Commission for using grants

- ULBs to concentrate on segregation of waste atsource

- Waste processing like composting, bio-methanation should be done through public-privatepartnerships / private sector

- Final disposal viz. sanitary landfilling to be doneunder public private partnerships / private sector

- Bio-medical waste to be managed by Central Bio-Medical Waste Management Facilities.

solid waste mgt india

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