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l l l l l l n i I OMIu \ \ \

a quartc rly journal of port and exercise ~ c c n c e . . .

\ o lum r Number 3 /994

J S mn111\\lll'ki, R . Grucza

l . . : i l IWI a 1 ),1Foocu.l)lll;SporttSdGCJr AM ..O.ue . . l \~ r T ' ()..QIII IC.1ILIII ~ i W ) t4u \ort ~

Hfccl uf endurnnce lraining on h n n o r ~ u l u l n r yreuclions lo dyoamic exerl i r In Wt n o o ' ' 1 ' e ' ' ' o ' 1 e e . 1 o ' 1 1 ' o e ' e S ' ' o o o 14J

D. S ilkowski, G. Lutoslawska , M. Grabowska , R. Zdanowit'1 , A. KJusicwicz,B. KrltWt'I Yk1\dd-hac llllus and eleclrolyle balunce In mulc und female rowers 3 minullcr hricl heuvv exercise . . . . . . . 151

O. L Vinogradova , S. L Kuznct._'()V, B. S . S


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Editor-in-Chicf Romuald Stupni


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IN STITUTF. f SPORTWAR \AW

a quarterly journ al o sport and exercise sciences

Volume 11umber 3 1994

lnd excd in :Resen rch Alert ISI)Focus o n Sports Sc ie nce i n e ~ ISI )Sports Docum entation Mon thly Bulle tin

Jn stitute o f Sport Warsaw Polandh i s n e

-20R-L67B


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180 G. Lutostawskaet al.

39. VranicM , H.L.A.Lick:ey,O.Bjorlcman,D Wasserman (1987) Rcgulation of glucose productionand utilization in cxercise: Phys iologyand diabetes.Ca nJ Spo r t Sci 12(Suppl. 1):120S-126S

40.WassermanD H., M.Vranic(1986)lnteractionbetweeninsulin, glucagon, andca techolaminesinthc regulation of glucose production and uptake duri ng exercise: Physiology anddiabetes. In: B.Saltin(Ed.) Biochemistryof exercise. Human Kinetics Publ ishers,Champaign, lll . pp . 167-184

41.Weltrnan A.,C.M.Wood,CJ.Wo mack,S.E .Davis,J.L.Biurner,J.Alvarez, K.Sauer, G.A.Gaesser(1994) Catecholam ine and blood lactate responses to incrernenL1I rowingand running exercise.J .Appi.Phy io l. 76:1144-1149

42 .Winder W.W. ( 1985) Regulationof hepaticglucose production duringexercise.In: R.l.Terjung(Ed.),ExcrciscandSport ScienceReview.Macmillan, New York, pp. 131

Submittedforpublication11.04.1994

WPI.YW TRENINGU NA POWYSII.KOWE ZACHOWANIEso GLUKOZY WOSOCZU U WYSOKIEJ KLASY ZAPASNIKW, Pl.YWAKW 1 KAJAKARZY

StreszczenieCelem pracy bylo prz.Siedzenie wptywu treninguna c h o w ni es i ~glukozywekrwipo intensywnym

wysilku uosbwyczynowo r w i ~ c y c bzapasy, plywanie i kajakarstwo.W badaniacbuczestniczyly24 osoby 11zapasnikw, 8 plywakwi 5 kajakarzy. Badani zostali poddani wysilkom o w z r a s u~ c e jintensywnosci,do odmowy, dwukrotnie wc i ~ g uroku na p o c z ~t k ucykl u treningowegoi ponownie wokresiestartw. i ~ z ybadaniami zawodnicy realizowali ustalonyprzeztrenerw i wlasciwy dla danejdyscy lin y pr og ra m l rc ni ngowy . tt ~ i c y i p}ywacy wy konali lcsty wys ilk owc z zastosowan iemcrgometru rowcrowcgo,kajakarzc z zastosowanicm crgometru ajakowcgoEK I. W czasic wysilkwrej es tro w a no ~ o ~ s k ur c t 6 w s e c ai po c hta nianie tlc nu .Oznactc nia kwasu m lc kowcgo wy kowywa nopncd wysilkiem, po kaidcj fazie wysilku i3m n po jcgo zakor\czcniu. ~ i cn c glukozyw osoclu krwii y lnej oznaczanoprzed wysilkiemoraz13m npo jegozakoczeni u.Uzapasnikwtreningnie p l y n ~ lna powysilkowe Sll ienie glukozy w osoczu. U kajak:arzystwierdzono istotnywzrost s t ~ e n iglukozy(z 6.3 do 10.6 mmol-r\ u plywakw natomiast wykazanospadek (z 6.5 do 5.9 mmolt . Naleiyzaznaczy Ze u kaja kart y tre ni ng spowodowa l wuost u ptywa ow natom iast spade k wydolnoS citlenowej wyraionej pochtan ian iem tlenu oraz progowym zu:i.yciem tl enu wy ra:lonym jako procentV(hrnax .Wykazano takZe,i e we wszystkichbadanychdyscyplinach powysilkowet ~ e n i eglukozywosoczu by to po trcningu wysoce do datn io skorelowanc ze s ~ i c n i e mkwasu m lc ko w cgo. Aut orzysugerujf i.e korelacja ta moie by wyra zem wywotanej trening iem zw iykszonej m li amin k 11e-cholowych wregulacji metabnlizmuw wysi tku.


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Biology o f Spor t Vol. , N3, 1994

MORPHOLOGI C AL CB A R AC T E RI S TI CS O F F E M ALE BA S KETBALLPLAYERS

B.Matk ov i, B.R.M a tko vi, M. l va nekFaculty o f Physical Education, University oflagreb Croa ia

Morphologicalcharacteristics of female basketball junior p layers werestudied in 13 memers of the Croatian national junior team. Eighteen anthropometricvariableswere measured

according to standards set by the lnternational Biological Programand somatotyping wasdone by the Heath-Carter method. Body fat content was estimated by means ofbioe lect.ricalimpedance. s expected, the average body measures of young basketball players greatlyexceeded that reported for normal population in Croatia,as well as tbose of femalc junior

elite in Croatia sorne years ago andof USSR and Canadian national tearus. This retlects thetcndency toselcct taller individuals. Ccnterswere thetalles players(190.4em), thc forwards(184.2cm) and the guards wereconsiderab ly shorter(180.1 cm). Body mass and the percentcontent ofbody fat cbanged proportionally to body height but tbecente rs had highest bodyfat content (24.4%) and sorne of thc ccntcrs were even found to e obese. Lowest contentof body fat was found in thc guards (20.7%), thc fo rwards occupying intermediate position(23.9%). Biol.S port 11:181 -186 , 1994)

ey words: Basketball- Anlhropometry- Body composition- Females

ln troductionBas ketball is a game charac te rized by in tense bouts of activity ofsbon duration. Tbis poses

bigh demands regarding funetional capac itics oftbc pla ycrs. High pbysiological demands arenaturally associated witb morpbological cbaracteri stics. Funbennore , tbe size, sbape andcomposition of tbc body play an importan role as tbey may be of advantage for speciticplaying positions.

Wb en tbe antbropometric va riables meas u red were related to playing pos itions, tbe ce nters ,and then forwards, had largest limb lengtbs, circumferences and widths and tbe differenc esbetween the centers a nd guards were s ignifican . Tbi s is to be expected since centers and

forwards play near the basket wbere a Jarge body size is of advantag e.Tbcaim oftbis study was to cvaluatc morpbological cba racteristics offcmalc junior basketballplayers, tbeir somatotype and body composi tion , a nd to rela te bese cbaracteristics to playingpositions tbc pla yc rs onupy in tbe field.

Material and Meth ods

Antbrop omctric measurements were performed on 13 female basketball players, membe rsoftbe C roatian national juror tea m (16 years of age ), having 2 . 6 years oftraining experiencein basketball. Eighteen antbropometric variables were recorded a cco rding t o tbe lntemationalBiological Program: body bcight, body mass, fivc skinfolds (at trc eps, forcarm, subscap ular ,suprailiacand medial C"dlfsites),bumerus aud femurbonediam eters, Oexed aud relaxed bcepsgirtbs, foreann, tbigb and ca lf ginbs, biacro mial and bicristal widths, arm and Jcg leugtbs.

Reprint requests to: Dr. Bojan Matkovi, Faculty of Physica l Education, Univers ity of Zagreb.Ho rvaa nski zavoj 15 4 t (X)() Zagreb, Croa ia


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182 B Matkowi e t al.

Somatotyping was carried out according to tbe HeatbCarter metbod . Tbe pe rcent content o fbody fa t was estimated from measu rements ofbioeleetrical impedance by using a DannigerBody analyzer TV 1-1 0 [9).Subjects were classified according to tbeir playing positions (centres, guards, forwards).Student s t-test was used to analyze data , tbe Jevel o f P=O.OS being considered significan .

Results and i ~ c u s s o n

Tbc results are presented in Ta b les 1 and 2. Table 1 contains mean values ("' SD) o f allmeasured variables regarding all subjeets, Table 2 - tbe same data for differeut positions tbeplayers oecupy in the field (centres , guards and forwards).

Mean body beight o f girls studied was 185.0:1 6.6 cm, mean body weigbt - 72.0 6.7 kg,which exceeded significantly the respective values for normal population o f Ibis agc, asexpected. Tbey also exceeded mean values recorded in Croatian female basketball players

Table 1Basic morpbological cbaracteristics o f female basketball junior players (n=13)

Variable Mean. SO R.ange Variable Mea . . so R.angeBody ma.ss 72.06.7 56.6-8.03 Thigh ginb 57.03.6 49.5-62.7

Body beighl 185.06.6 170 .5 . 195.1 Ca lf ginb 37.22.3 33.0-41.0

l..eg lenglh 105.64 .5 96.4- 116.1 Subscapu lar skinfol 8.8:2.1 6.2- 13.6

rm lenghl 78 .7:3 .4 73.5-85 .5 Triceps ski nfold 14.1%2.7 8.6-20.3

Sboulder wid1h 39.2 1.2 37.5 . 41.5 orearm siOnfold 6.1 1.0 4.3 - 8.1

Bicris al widtb 29.81 .9 26.8-32.0 Abdominal skinfold 9.4:3 .5 5.6-17.4

Elbewwodlb 6.6:0 .2 6. 7 .0 Supra iliacskinfold 6.7: u 4.6 . 9.2

Kneewidlb 9.5: 0.4 8.9 - 10.3 Calf skinfold 11.63 .3 5.8-17.8

Biceps gir1h (F) 27.0 1.1 24.5 -2 8 .6 Percenl fat 22 .9 3.4 15.8 -27.9Bi""ps girlh (E) 25 .4:1.1 23 .0-26 .8 Lean body mass 55.44.1 45.9-61.3

oreann firth 23.7,.0 .8 22.2-24.9

sorne years ago [7], and even tbose in some national teams [6,14]. Tbis could be dueto botbse lection and growtb acceleration , but this reOects also tbe general treod in body bcigbt o fmaJe and f e m a l ~basketball players wbich, however , s lowed down recently (10]. Tbis is in

agreement wilh tbe view presented by Alexander [ l wbo considers body bcigbt as a goodprcdi ctorofbas ketball performance, rebou nding ability and points scored. As sbown by otbers


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Morphology o female basketball pl ayers 83

Tablc 2Morpbological characteristics of guards, centres and forwards

Variab le Guards entres Forwards Variab le Guards eo tres Forwards(o =4 (n = 5) (n = 4) (n = 4) (n =5) (n = 4)

Body mass 65.9,.5.3 77.8"' 72.7,.3.0Thigh

54.7,.3.3 57 .8 d .1 59.3,.3 .63 .6 girth

Body 180 .1,.5.7190.4%

184. b 3 .7 Calf girth 35 .2%1.4 39 .2% 1.7 ' 3 7 . b 1.6heighl 4 .8

Leg Jength 102 .4,.3 .6109.3"'

104 .9"' 1.2Subscapular

7.2%0.9 9 .1,. 1.5 10.9,.2.44 .2 ' skl nf old

Arm length 76.h2.2 81.8% 78 .0"' 2 .5 Tri ccps 12.7"' 2 .4 14.2%2.0 16 .3,.3.62.5' skl nfold

Shoulder38.5,.0.7 40.3"' 38 .6,. J . l

Forearm5.8,. 1.0 6 h J.l 6 .7,.0.8

wid th 0. 9 ' skl n(old

Bicri stal28.7 "' 1.7 31.1"' 29 .5"' 2.4

Abdominal7.0,.1.2

1IO. b 2 . 3

width 1.2' sklnfold11. 4%4 .5

Elbow6.5,.0 .1 6 .8,. 0.3 6.5,. 0.2

Suprailia c5.6, . 1.3 7.6,. 1.4 7 .2 ,. 0.8

width sklnfold

Knce 9.3,.0.2 9,8,.0 .4 9 .2,. 0.3 Ca lf sklnfold 9 .6,. 2.6 12.7,.2.4 13 .3,.5.0width

Biceps26 .3"' 1 5 27.4,.0.8 27 .s,.0.3 Percent FAT 20.7%3.7 24.4%3.3 23 .9d .5

girth (F)

Biceps24 .7"' 1.3 25 .8"' 1.0 25.9,.0.5 LBM 52.2"' 4.0 58.7,.2 .2 55.3 %2.2

girth (E)

Forearm23.0"' 0.6 24.4 ' 23 .6,. 0 .5 %LBM 79 .2"' 3.8 75 .5"' 2.8 76 . 1 '2 . 1

girth 0 .3 '

Significantly (P


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1

76

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11

MESOMORP HY

~ 1_ _,

- s-6_ 1 ENOOMORPHY E TO M PH Y

3 4 5 6 8

B Mat k ow i t a l

Flg .1Somatogram of tbc fcmalc

bas ketba ll j unio r playe rs(n=13)

tcams [12]. M ean va lues of sl


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M o rpholog y of fem a le b as ket ball pl ayers 185

compa rable sample o f female t ud e n t ~in Croatia [8[. As cornpared witb otber repons (2,14) ,our subjects ha ve a lo w e r fat content wbich may result from th e modern female basketball

wbicL is n owa da y s faster and more ag i l e, witb more jump5. Th e girls bad al so lcss fat tb anfcmalc tcnnis players (23.3 - 25.3 % ) o r somc track-and-ficld atblct cs (discus and javelinthrows, 25.0 - 33.8%), but s ignifica n y more tb en tbe gymnast s ( 11.0 - 17.0 % ) o r skaters(12.5%) (14).

Bod y compos ition o f our subjects depe nd ed on their playin g position . The guards hadlowest fa t content, differing significantly in tbat rc spcc t from ce ntres and fo rwards, wb i cbwas, bowever, bighly variable. Forward s and ce ntr es w e re alik e regarding tb e fat co nt e o , tb eforwards beingtbe most bo m oge neous group in tbat resp ec t . Similarr es ults ha v e heen reportedprcviously [3).

Body composition o f girls studied by us is probabl y, at l cast to so me ex tc nt , tb e res ul t o ftbe training proc ess and o f tbe specificity o f th e po s iti o n pl aycrs occu py in tb e fi e ld.Undoubtedly, the guards are tbosc wbo are tbc mo s t ac t ive o n es overlong pc ri o ds o ftb c ga m c.In con tr a s t that , centres, es pecially in h e fe ma l e ba s ke tb all, play a m ore s tati c rol e andbeca use of tbei r beigbt tbeir bigber fat co nte nt do cs no t a (fect sig nificantly t be bou n ce be ig bt .

R efe rence s

l Al exandc r M.J .L. ( 1976 ) c rela tionship oi so ma totype andse ledoo anthropome tric mcasures lobas ketball pe o rma nce i n h ighly skilled f emales. Res .Quart . 47:575-585

2. Bal e P. ( 198 1) Body composit ion a nd soma totype characteristicsof sportswomen. In: J .Broms (ed.)Th e Fe male Ath lete. Medicine a nd S pon, p. 15

3. Ba le P. 1 986) A review o ft h e phys ique and perfo rmance qualilies characterisl ic of games playersin spccific pos itions on the ficld play. Sport.Med.Pirys.Fitness26:109 122

4. Blas kowi M ., B.Ma tkovi, B. R.Matkovi ( 1989) Relationship betwcen morpho logjca l characteris tics an d perfo rmance in bas ke tba ll playcrs. Bioi.Sport6:21 4

5. Caner J .E.L. ( 1981) Soma totypcs of female athlctes . In: J.Borms ct al. The female athlete. Med.an d Spo1115

6. Ca rter J.E.L. (1984)Somato typcsof01ympicathlc tes from 1948to 1976 .Med.SportSci. 18:80- 1097. Ma tkcwi B.R ., S.Heimer, B. Matkowic ( 1990) Fiziotosko funkcionaln i pokazatelji kosa rkasica .

Kosar ka ski Med .Vjesn ik 2-3 :51-558 . M edved R., S .Ja n kowi, M. lvanck, N.Javornik (1992) Morfoloske osobitos ti s tudenta

kincziotogijc. / / rvals ki Sp ortskomed. Vjesnik 3:54-579. Medved R., i ~ i g o j- O u r a k o v B.R.MatkoviC(I993) Rclation betwccn thcanthropomet ricand

th c ioclcc tr ica l i mpcdA ncc mc thod o t 5 ~_ i ng ody rat pcrocntagc f criodicum Oialogorom 9 5 : t 5

10810. M i~ i g o j- D u r a o v M . ( 1990) Morfoloskc karaktcristikc vrhunskih kosarkasa . Kosarkaski

Med. Vjes nik 5:55 -60

11. N ieman O .C. (1990) Fitness and Sports Medicine : n introduction. Bull Publ is lting Company,Pa lo Al to, Ca l.

12. Sem ig i novs ky P .(1990) Morpholog ica l and functional characteris tics offemale baske tball p laycrsin CSS R. Savj e tovanj e kos arkas kih trencra. KSJ, Pula


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186 B Matk ow i t al

13. Sodhi H.S. (1980) Kinanthropomeuy and performance of top basketball playcrs. BritJ SportsMed 2-3 :139-144

14. Wels C L . (1 985 ) Women, Sport and Perfo rmance . Human Kin etic Publishers, Olampaign, 1

Submittcd for publication 12 .04 . 1994

MORFOLOGI CZ N C H R KTERY S TYK KOSZYK REKJUNIOREK

S t r suz n ie

Bada no m o r f o o g c zn ~ c h r k te r y s t yk ~ 13 k oszy ka rek , zawod nicze k chorwackiej reprezentacj i narodowej j unio rek. Wykonano pomiary 18 cech antropome trycznych zgo dni e z zalereniami i ~ d z y -narodowego Programu Biologjcznego. Pona dto okrcilono somatotypy t ~ Hea th -Otr tera. ZawartoSttuszczu w cie le okreSiono c t o d ~opomo5ci bioelek.trycznej. Zgodnie z ocze kiwaniem, srednie wymiarydala badanych koszy ka re k znacz ni e przewyiszaly odpowiednie wa rto5ci dla nonnalne j populacjiOlorwacji, jak rwniei d la chorwac klej reprezentacji juniorek sprzcd ki lku lat oraz d la re preze ntacjinarodowych ZSRR i Kanady . Odzwierciedla to t e n d en c j ~do c i ~ g l e jse lekcj i wyiszych osobni kwP n e c i ~ n e najwyiszym i zawodniczkam i byty srod kowe (190.4 cm), n a st ~ pn e zawodn icz k i atak u( 184.2 cm) i obrony (180.1 cm). Masa ciala i prooontowa zawartoS tluszczu w cicle zmienialy s i ~odpowiedn io do wzrost u, lecz zawo d nicz ki srod kowe mialy n w y i . s z ~zawartoS ttuszczu (24.4 ), anie kt6re z nich przekroClyly nawe t r ni ~ o tytosci. Naj mn iej ottuszczo ne by ty zawo dniCl ki obrony(20.7 ), a zawodniczki alaku zajmowaly p o s r e d n i ~p o z y c j ~(23.9 ).

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