Some British History…England and exploration – changes occur before they begin: from Catholicism to

Protestant

Henry VIII (1509-1547) • Married to Catherine, no son that lived 1509• 1529 asked for divorce, church said no, defied married Anne Boleyn• severed ties with Rome, made himself head of English church, confiscated church

land (church owned 25%, collected 320,000 lbs)• reform had already been brewing – Lutheranism, Calvinism• divorce from Catherine made 100 years of hostility with Spain

Edward VI (1547-1553)

Mary I (1553-1558)• tried to restore Catholicism to England

British Monarchy

Elizabeth I (1558-1603)• virgin queen, Virginia, England minor power

(Spain and France)• England was ready to become Protestant,

Catholics try to overthrow• Created a strong church of England, most

Puritans were loyal• Sends group to Roanoke 1587

British Monarchy

James I (1603-1625)• Ended war with Spain• Opposed Puritan elimination of Bishop• Puritans split Separatists v. Non-separatists• 1606 December sent 100 men and 4 boys– Jamestown

Charles I (1625 -1649)• Eliminate Puritan influence within the church• Dismissed Puritan ministers

What was it like to live in England?

during the 1500 and 1600s?• 70-80% peasants• taxes, rents to landlords and church officials were heavy• sharp rise in population from about 55 million in 1450 to 100

million in 1600• towns were small with disease, dirt, lived close to one another• cottage industry – artisans, merchants formed guilds to

control employment, prices, and sale of goods• more people, fewer jobs, higher prices• vagabonds – looking for work, food; government passed “poor

laws” whipped vagrants and sent home

PURITANS: Influence

How do they influence New England?Puritans: Who are they? What do they believe? Where did they

come from?1. Martin Luther 1517 – 95 thesis, stop giving money for forgiveness– Protestant reformation – can’t buy but must earn salvation

2. John Calvin 1620s France believed in predestination– Salvation by God’s grace- work hard to receive that salvation not just

good deeds• Salvation is the deliverance from evil, soul from sin

– Stern moral code

PURITANS:

3. A Puritan is a radical Calvinist– During the reign of James I group split: separatist v.

non-separatist– Separatist believed had to leave corrupt Church of

England – went to Holland and then on to the New World, afraid of assimilating into Dutch culture

– Non-separatist believed they could reform the church from within• Later founders of the “City Upon the Hill” 1629• Purify the Church of England

PURITANS: Beliefs

4. Beliefs:– Live in accordance with God’s will; covenant with God – kept contract

God would grant them saving grace; strong sense of purpose, willingness to sacrifice

– Wine from god, drunkenness from the devil– Good behavior from everyone – individual and community or god

would punish the entire community – storms and disease– Watched other members of community for swearing, drunkenness,

unlawful sex, theft, assault, murder, idleness– Church membership prerequisite for political participation; legally

required to attend church services– Land given based on family size, need and skills valued by the

community– Parents are responsible for making their children adhere to God’s will

Why did they leave?

– Unemployment, low wages– Show charity was difficult– Fighting impulse to desert family, drink– Delaying marriage until 25 made temptation

difficult– Difficulty dealing with James I

Who was a Puritan?

1. Middle – landowning gentry, university educated clergy, intellectuals, merchants, shopkeepers, artisans, yeoman farm

What is Congregationalism?

– Self-governing congregations ignored authority of Anglican Bishop

– Male saints – majority vote decided minister, elected a board of elders to handle finances, decided who was saint

– All adult males to attend services and pay set rates (tithes) to support local churches

– Conversion experience (public)• Read the Bible 1647 Old Deluder Act every town 50 or more

households to create a school, first step to public education, did NOT require attendance, boys more than girls

• Harvard in 1636 – ministers, but after completed studies

Influence on New England

• City Upon the Hill– John Winthrop – community founded on religion

sense of reciprocity and charity

Demise of the Puritans in NE

– second generation not as willing to become saints, 1650 less than half• noone wanted to be grilled in front of relatives and friends

– baptized only babies born to saints, grandchildren would be unbaptized

– 1662 Half-Way Covenant – children of all baptized members even non-saints to receive baptism• church membership given to children but could not take

communion or vote, left “half-way”• signaled end of Puritan way – religious fervor not the

same, shrinking number of saints

Chesapeake: Plantation

Plantation – great house near a river, surrounded by trees and shrubs; laundry and smokehouse, kitchen, schoolhouse, further away were barns and slaves quarters

• 50 acre headright system allowed for this to happen• by 1670s created a vast amount of freedmen who used to

be servants wandered, dodging tax collector, working for wages, hunting, stealing; single, male, and armed

• Wm. Berkley saw danger, governor from 1641-1652 and then again in 1660, worried about poverty-stricken freedmen…1676 fears justified Bacon’s rebellion

Growing TensionBacon’s Rebellion – fighting Indians which eventually attacked leaders, burned capital,

drove out governor and friends; redistribute the wealth as much as possible• Attacked Indians blamed them for poverty: killed many, kept fur, wampum, and

Indians for slaves• died of a fever and left group no long range plans• Berkley hung remaining leaders though King had pardoned • Shows tension in society; whites and Indians, land vs. labor class, shows power of

economics and racism• Servants were still added every year in large numbers, still becoming free, still

could not afford the land on which to sustain their freedom, sold their lives for several years to face the prospect of working on another man’s plantation – constant danger to planter

• No slave rebellion ever had the same success• Once the interior became safer, the competition for land decreased and the

freeman could once again acquire land

Origins of Slavery:

Phase I (1619-1640)– some indentured servants

Phase II (1640-1660) – growing number of slaves, children inherited status

Phase III (1660…) officially recognized slavery by creating laws

- 1661 “lifelong, inheritable racial status” - 1705 strict legal codes defined place in society and set

standards and code of conduct

Why did slaves replace servants?

• Indentured servants became more difficult to import because of a decline in the English population between 1650-1700

• Labor pool declines, wages increase

• Monopoly of Royal African Company broken allowed for larger shipments of slaves

• after 1690s slavery relaxed strains of Bacon’s Rebellion “maintain control over black race”

• tobacco required large labor resource• high mortality rate callous about human life, once people lived

longer slaves became the better investment• servants were treated like slaves except they received their

freedom at the end of 4-7 years

Caribbean Tradition of Slavery

• 1640s code of conduct for non-whites• needed to produce sugar, large capital• sugar needed many workers• Africans could endure the conditions• Barbados 1661 “Guarantee decent treatment for slaves”

– No definition of adequate food, shelter; women – dress, men-pants, hat

– Lived in shacks, worked to exhaustion– No legal rights – no trial by jury, no guarantee of fair hearing– No restrictions on punishments– Arrived in 20s , lived 10 years, kept native traditions– Barbados eventually imported to Carolina’s

Why did slavery remain?

– they could safely be denied rights that the English could demand

– could be subjected to harsh punishments without recourse in the courts

– could be kept unarmed, unorganized, unable to resist– color made it difficult to escape– it allowed the planter to grow large amounts of crops

without creating a dangerous class of poor, discontent freedmen

– unlike in the Caribbean, slaves remained in families and eventually the number of slaves increased naturally; slaves did have some semblance of a family life

MERCANTILISM: Economy of Colonies

Mercantilism: economic subordination of the colony to the mother country

• Mother country exports finished products to the colony– Guaranteed market– Increases number of jobs available

• Mother country imports raw materials from colony– Preserves natural resources– Exploits resources of colony

Mercantilism

• Mother country seeks favorable balance of trade– Exports more than imports– Imposes regulation to ensure proper balance

• Regulations 1651 null and void then 1660 and 1663– No foreign trade for the colony (Navigation Acts)

• Must pass through mother country, enumerated goods (sugar, cotton, indigo, dyewoods, ginger, tobacco)

• All trade must move on mother country’s ships, crews ¾ British

• All goods going to colonies must come from Britain

Mercantilism

– No colonial industry (Woolen/Hat/ Iron Acts)• Colony remains depended on mother country• Colony should not become dependent on foreign trade

– Regulatory Taxation• Protective tariffs on foreign imports to the colony• Revenue raised for the mother country

– No colonial self-government• Mother country avoids challenges to its economic authority• Colonies can’t enact pro colonial/anti-mother country laws

Failures of Mercantilism

- Free trade was already established• Migration incentives promised economic opportunity• Religious and political strife at home

– absence of leadership and attention paid– legislation was late in coming

– absence of a foreign office• refusal of appointed officials to travel to the colonies

– lacked first hand knowledge– officials were bribed or proved incompetent

- different colonies had different problems

Effects of the Colonies

a. British shipsi. 1750s 1/3 of vessels were American ownedii. diversified the North, more self-sufficient, ship-buildingiii. created major port cities, Philadelphia was 2nd largest port 1770

b. enumerated goodsi. No restriction on grain, livestock, fish, lumber, rum 60% colonial exportsii. used duty money to encourage production of silk, iron, dyes, hemp, lumberiii. forbade colonies from textiles, large scale clothingiv. no profitable clothing until 1820v. free to produce iron

RestorationRestoration, of Charles II, brought Navigation Acts• NE did not fit into mercantilism well, farmers, fisherman fed West Indies but

nothing else of importance…..– Fur until depleted animals– Lumber a minor resource– Rocks with no valuable minerals– Resources limited so they distributed what the rest of the world wanted,

competed with the mother country– Disobedience was more profitable – merchant work directly with French could

undersell merchant who took goods to England and then to colonies because of duty

– NE looked wearily at the king and his policies to bring them under his control– 1673 passed plantation duty leaving plantation pay, Holland instead of Boston

already had paid duty, did not stop smuggling• easier to control the Dutch than Englishmen