some thoughts about the 'new' gold tablet from pherai

7/29/2019 Some Thoughts About the 'New' Gold Tablet From Pherai

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Some Thoughts about the 'New' Gold Tablet from PheraiAuthor(s): Alberto BernabReviewed work(s):Source: Zeitschrift fr Papyrologie und Epigraphik, Bd. 166 (2008), pp. 53-58Published by: Dr. Rudolf Habelt GmbH, Bonn (Germany)Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/20476511 .

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53

SOME THOUGHTS ABOUT THE 'NEW' GOLD TABLET FROM PHERAI1.The 'new' gold tablet

Robert Parker ndMaria Stamatopoulouhave recentlyditeda gold tablet iscovered n1904 in a fieldnear thehillMagoula Mati, close toPherai.I Itwas found yArvanitopoulos, ho presented n excavation eportn1906.2The tablet, orgottenor lmost centurynthe ationalArchaeologicalMuseum inAthens,was rediscoveredn2000, together ithArvanitopoulos' xcavationdaybooks.According tothedaybooks,the ablet as found n nosteothekerepository)hich contained heremains f a cremation,butbecause therepositoryas used by the wnerof the lotas buildingmaterial, itwas verydifficult orecover he ontext f thefind.The gold tablet s7 cm long nd 8mmwide andcontainstwo ncomplete exameterstheright artof the ablet eing lost). reases on its urface uggest hat twas originally olded.According toP. J. arsons,3the and of the ext's nscriberelongs tothe epigraphic' eriod,that s,the ate thcenturyC and the eginning f the rdcenturyC.The gold tablet as beenpublished gainbyFritzGraf andSarah I. Johnston,yFranco Ferrari ndLucia Prauscello, andbymyself inthe ppendix fmy edition f the rphic testimoniand fragments.4

2. TextThe gold tablet's extOF 495a) isas follows:

n1?1GP?PEJtQOC~flICTO)X0lQCOVCEXwOQYLC[brfl]TQOCX0OVLaCThXCLgl%TQOCOQEL[Ina firsteading herere a fewdoubts:rr TE PE 3TQOCgVCT6OV0l&COVc OQwl6Yc [- xAT`LV1-TQoCX0OVlWC T?Xri xualMrlTQ9OC Q?l[cC.Two textual roblems emain: hefirst,hat Q?kru -) occupiesa sedesmetrica that equires he equenceuu -; the econd,how tocompletethefirstexameter.For thefirstroblem, he asiestsolution s tosupposea fault y haplography,nd toreconstructTa>

tkXr. n this ase, T? coordinates 9QyLandTO?kf,othbeing dependent n FXw.XCLon the therhandcoordinatesAf'[tqTQOCOovcLacndMfTQolcOQ?l[c. Ferrari-Prauscello ropose tEkXcaL.or semanticreasons, his smore difficult o ccept,because, according o thetranslationf these uthors, hemystesstates: I am able toperform herites',whereaswe expecta statementbout the ctualcelebration f therites, ather han he apacity f themystes tocelebrate hem.We find ?X(l and ooQyLc together inAeschylus fr. 57.1 Radt ceFvdc KoTvtofc oQyL' exovT-c.5 Theverb 9XeLhas a double sense. Itmeans 'to have' because themystes 'knows' 09QYl, that is, he has seenandexperienced hem. ut frequentlyhis possession' f rite ecomesmore tangible ecause themystes

The Spanish Ministry of Education and Science has given financial support for the research of this paper (Consolider CProject HUM2006-09403). I am very grateful toAna Isabel Jim?nez San Crist?bal, Marco Santamar?a, Helena Bernab?, andSarah Watson for their interesting suggestions regarding a former draft of the text.1Parker-Stamatopoulou 2004 (actual date of publication 2007).2Arvanitopoulos 1907.3 Parsons ap. Parker-Stamatopoulou 2004, 5.4 Graf-Johnston 2007, 38-39; Ferrari-Prauscello 2007; Bernab? 2007, 456 (fr. 495a), henceforth I will quote the fragments of this dition sOF followedby a number. he tablet s included lso inBernab?-Jim?nezSanCrist?bal 2008:158-160and 266.

5 Ferrari-Prauscello 2007 try to eliminate this clear parallel on the basis that it is a conjecture by Nauck. It is, however, anexcellent conjecture and was accepted by Radt. Nauck's judgment is now confirmed by the text of this tablet.

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54 A. Bernabe'receives some objects, also calledOQ9LU, hich he keeps as a reminder f therites. arallel examplescanbe adduced:Theocr. Idyll.26.13 ci,v6' ?Ta6QUcF oc'Lv lcv60oc OQy1L 6xXw96Catull. 64.259obscura cavis ...orgia cistis, enecaHerc. Oet. 594f.orgia ferre/ ...condita cistis;Propert. .1.4 orgiaferre; lem.Al. Protr.2.22.4 (OF 590)OlClo & acL l LCTcLVcCTWXcL;l LAQ'JTO7V!1VWCClCLylcacLiT(V Xzi T' &9ArQQqToEUTav. OViCflCcAcli TtcdTa XUL JTVQUJJI&c ...XuA6QUXwV, OQYlOv AwovucovB acc('Qov ;7On the therhand,TO?krs a synonymf UkXETcl,s attested nnumerous assages.8 It isprobablethat PXk as beenpreferredormetrical reasons.Lastly 09Qlc and ktcTai re frequentlyoordinated.9o there s no need to correct FXrin orderto 'avoid thepleonastic (ifnot tautological) uxtaposition f 0Qy7L/TFXn'.10t seems clear that Qylaand kXUTaf,synonymfTe`k, constitute commonsequence. In this old tablet othwords aredirectobjects of 9Xw, in an fU97XOlVOVO onstruction.11The secondproblem s the acuna fter QyLC. arker-Stamatopoulouonsider dxXov as a possiblereading,12ut reject t. errari-Prauscello onsider thisreading highly nlikely n both linguistic ndsyntacticalrounds'13. hey arguethat he tatement: Ipossess/bear he acred rites/tokensfBacchus'would infact etterfit priest than n initiate. his argumentan be applied to their roposedeXw ...tCUccLC,ecause ifanyone is in a position to say 'I am able toperform herites', this ught to be apriest.On the ther and,Ferrari-Prauscello onvincinglyrguetodemonstraterphic nfluence n the ultsofDemeterChthonia both inCallatis andHermione,14 nd it annotbe a coincidence that nHermionethere as a cultofDionysusMelanaigis, related o the fterlife,15nd that nCallatis there as an activeDionysiac thiasos.16I am scarcelyconvincedby thereadingi6ofica proposed byBouraselis,17because a 'transitive,resultativeerfect' sneverdocumented ngold tablets or in rchaicepic.

6Cf. Henrichs 1969.7 Turcan 1992, 220: 'le mot ?Qyia a pris ... ? l'?poque hell?nistique, le sens concret qu'on retrouve plus tard chez les

po?tes latins, dans l'?pigraphie et dans la litt?rature gr?co-romaine imp?riales', cf. also Motte-Pirenne-Delforge 1992.8 In addition to the passages quoted by Parker-Stamatopoulou 2004, 13,mention can also be made of Poll. 1.35 x? ??|xucTf)Qia xai x? ?Qyia xeXexai xai T?Xr\mjcxix? xai xe^ecioufjyiai, Max. Conf. In Dion. Areop. ep. 8.6 x? |xucxf)Qia ...

x?Xr| xai xeXex?c ?n?Xovv. I cannot accept, however, the parallel of the Pelinna gold tablet OF 485.7 which they adduce,because I think that this verse must be read xeX?cac cuteQ, for the reasons furnished in the critical apparatus of OF, and inBernab?-Jim?nez San Crist?bal 2008, 90-91.9 For example D. H. 1.61.4 ?v?a \ir\iQiOecov leQ?v lOQUc?|U?voc ?Qyia xai xeXex?c xaxecxfjcaxo, Clem. Al. Protr.2.13.3 x? CauoOQatxcov ?Qyia xai xeXex?c, Themist. Or. 349b 6 ?Q(()ea)c xeXex?c xe xai opyia, Theodoret. 7.11 aixeXexai xai x? ?Qyia, IG II2 3639 c. 170AD (Anth.Gr.App. 318) 1-3Mvf|jia xo?' uipuj)av?c An,[oD]c [?]a[xooJoio???oQxac /UAJQLOV v co(j)LT|L xD?oc ?veyxauivoD, /?c xeXex?c ?v?^>r\ve xai o?ytcx Jt?vvuxot ?alJcxaLcEi)u?}jtou, Eus.PE 7.2.4 x? ?QYLOt xai x?c ?c?jivouc xeXex?c, Proel. Hymn. 4.15 ?Qyia xai xeXex?c.10 Ferrari-Prauscello 2007, 194.

11Parker-Stamatopoulou 2004, 10 point out that in this case one would expect, rather, c()?rjco. But it is probable that thepoet has preferred ?x simply because it is an cut? xoivo? construction.12 Parker-Stamatopoulou 2004, 10.13 Ferrari-Prauscello 2007, 194; cf. also Ferrari 2007.1 find this statement a bit curious, since I have always consideredsyntax a part of linguistics.14Ferrari-Prauscello 2007, 197f.15Cf. Jim?nez an Crist?bal forthcoming.16Cf. Avram 2002.

17Ap. Parker-Stamatopoulou 2004, 11.



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SomeThoughts bout the New'Gold Tabletfromherai 55

I prefer 6xXov, a) because there remany documented nstances f 69yLoc axxov, some in thesame sedesmetrica,18 nd b) because there remany connections etweenDionysus andDemeter andPersephone othinHermione and inCallatis.Therefore, considerthat hemostplausibletext s that ublished n the dition fGraf-Johnstonndfollowed ymyself:7tEPF, J QOC iVCTyOVOL6'COVC' ECxw QylA [BCxCoUAf'L`lzQoC X)OVLAC Ti'Xr Xcl MrTQO6C 6Q9i[C.Sendme tothethiasoi f the nitiates; have19the acredsymbolaand therites fDemeterChthoniaand the ountainMother.

3. The Pherai gold tablet nd 'O9QLxVarious differentriteria uggest hat he old tablet rom herai shouldbe placed in nOrphic context.3.1. The firstsgeographical:there s another old tablet romherai, onsidered learly rphic (OF493), andothers ave been found n hessalian area:Pharsalos (OF 477) and Pelinna (OF 485-486); theleafkeptinMalibu (OF 484) also comes from hessaly,andothers ere found nMacedonia. It is probable that ocuments f the amekind cf. ? 3.2), inthe amecontext,nthe ame areaand inthe ametimeperiodbelong tothe amereligious ontext.3.2. The gold tablets e know, found ntombs ndwritten nhexameters sometimes ingledwithshort rose statements)re orphic.20 heir function as to aid thedeceased to remember textthatsupposedly an influencehe ods of the nderworld o receive nitiatesn special place inHades. Thistablet as the amefunction.3.3. As regards he peaker nd the ddresseeof thetext, arker-Stamatopoulou ave convincinglyarguedthat he peaker s the eceased andthe ddressee ersephone, hichmakes the herai tablet imilar tomany other rphic gold tablets.213.4. Parker ndStamatopoulou tate:22OLucoL, ow attested orthefirst ime n a gold leaf,makesmore explicitthan o the ther xpressions uoted23 hat he lessed futurenvisagedby the oul is as a

member of a group. It also strongly suggests that the dead person may have been amember of a olACOC ...and that hismembership spart fhisorherqualification or blessed lot nthe fterlife."Nevertheless, fter xamining vidence about [VOCTCRnd,despite thefact that histerm s documented inOrphic gold tablets Pherai, F 493; Pella, OF 493b; Aigai, OF 496c-e andHipponion,OF474.16 - in this atter, ear 1cxXoL), and despite the clear relationship etweenOrphic and Bacchicrites24,he uthors each hypercriticalonclusion:25The onlycertain tatementhat anbemade is thatthe oul's claim tobe sentto oin the band f initiates' ust be based on an initiation hich ithas itselfundergone; s forthe haracter f that nitiation, hedivinenameswhich follow showwhat iswas not(Eleusinian nitiation),otwhat itwas."

18 For example (* indicates the same sedes m?trica): Theoc. 26.13* ?Qyia B?x%oo, Macedonius AP 11.63.1* ?QyiaB?xxou, Nonn. D. 44.219*, 45.25*, 46.81*, 46.107* ?Qyia B?xxou, cf. also other similar sequences like E. Ba. 998 ?an%i?Qyia, Thdt.HE 317 xai ol xoi)Aiovucou x? ?Qyia xexeXecu?voi.19 In the double sense T know/I possess'. Cf. the statements about ?Qyia supra and nn. 7 and 9.20Cf. Bernab?-Jim?nez San Crist?bal 2008, 179-205.

21 Parker-Stamatopoulou 2004, 6-7.22 Parker-Stamatopoulou 2004, 8.23 Se. Hipponion OF 414, 15-16 'you too will go along the sacred way by which the other mystai and bacchoi advance,glorious', Thurii OF 488.9 'you will be a god from mortal you were', Petelia OF 476.11 'you will reign with the other heroes',Pelinna OF 485.7 'and you will go under the earth, once you have accomplished the same rites as the other happy ones', ThuriiOF 488-489.7 T come as a suppliant before chaste Persephone, to see if,benevolent, she may send me to the dwelling of thelimpid ones'.24OF 497-505.

25 Parker-Stamatopoulou 2004, 10.



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56 A. Bernabe'

OcLacoc, owever, oes seem tobe documented n nother rphic gold tablet. antamaria lvarez hasproposed a new reading or difficultassage in a leaf fromhurii OF 487.2):2668ELOV? *0 laC 6FlelVCCLEE+V a.VOV?V' RCCkU7tVTCIn this eries f letters hefirstord (&6lOv) and thefinal nes (m4 Xkacyvov Fa XckaaWva)wereclear,but fortherest omeunconvincing eadings ere proposedand sometimes he assagewas left sa locusdesperatus.27antamariaAlvarez proposes:6?LOV EC OL'C ?i C' LVUL, +VXay 'vov ?V [taXca rAVTcYou must go totheright hiasos, earing nmind everythingerywell.The verse is notmetrical, ut twodactylic equencesbadlyassembled arevisible.Metrical irregularitysfrequentn the old tablets.The OLicoc is thegroupof the nitiatesn theNetherworld nd for themystes thegold tablet s 'aclaim ofmembership'28 hich enableshim tobe admitted n the ocus amoenus reserved nHades forthis roup. n the herai tablet, oo, themystes rgues that e isan initiaten somemysteriesrelated o nOrphic ambience.3.5. Dionysus is clearlymentionedin two hessalian gold tablets rom elinna (OF 485-486.2):dlU;lV ('FEQC+06vuL C' OTLBaXtocLC &UTOC?VC?.Furthermore,heownerof a gold tabletfrom mphipolis (OF 496n), awoman, definesherself s?VOIU A ovcov Buxxiov; in the ther eaf from herai (OF 493) thenomen acrumAV69LX?3r;Cl6O0VQCoV,ndoubtedly eferringo ionysos, is repeated, nd in that rom ipponion (OF 474.16)gVCTuLndP3/xxoLppear together.293.6. Parker-Stamatopoulouxhaustively ather uotations fANrWTfQ OOVcl.One is a passagefrom ausanias, accordingtowhich the akonians claim that heywere taught oworshipChthonianDemeterbyOrpheus.30 urthermore,he pithet OoviLU ppears in anOrphichymnto emeter (40.12)and,several enturies efore, n a gold tablet rom hurii,31 sapplied toKore.3.7. The presence in thisgold tablet fDemeter andM4TflQ oQiLa surprised hefirstditors ndfostered hetraditionalendencymongst ritishphilologiststodoubt the rphic character f thegoldtablets.32ut, asGraf-Johnstonointout,33 rpheuswas associatedwith thefoundationfmanymysteries (in fact, ith thefoundationf all kXETci).34nd on p. 155 they dd that he roup recallsthe urobpantheon; f.P.Gurob (OF 578): BQLWbo..AuTjrflQ ... P?0C . IQLXEJtayl7/ALOVVcoC.MiTiQ O'QcLC ppears in severalplaces35,but fromtheperspectiveofOrphica some are especially significant:ur. Cret. fr. 72.13 Kannicht (= OF 567.13)MTQ TO'Q?cLOl,na passagewhoseOrphic character eems evident36 r the quivalentexpressions Kov0fQrlv)MrtQoc 6OQ?LoiVoiiC,26 Santamar?a Alvarez, M. A., verbal communication. This proposal is accepted by Bernab? 2007, 455 (addenda et corri

genda) and by Bernab?-Jim?nez San Crist?bal 2008, 96, 258.27Cf.more details inBernab?-Jim?nezSan Crist?bal 2008, 96 and258.28 Graf-Johnston 2007, 95.29 Cf. Bernab?-Jim?nez San Crist?bal 2008,154-155 y 2-53.30Paus. 3.14.5 (OF 533) AfjprjTQa??XOovtav Aaxe?aipovioi p?v ce?eiv cj)aciJtaoa?ovxoc ccjnciv Qc))?a)c.31 Orph. H. 40.12 ci) xOovia, OF 492.8 ArjpfrteQ ...Koqt] X9ovta (Burkert :xaQrjx^ovia gold tablet).32West 1983, for example, completely ignores the gold tablets. It is very significant also that the first information offered byR. Parker (British Epigraphy Society, Newsletter N.S. no 9 spring 2003 (http://www.csad.ox.ac.uk/BES/newsletters/besnews9.

pdf) was entitled "A new unorphic gold tablet" and the report's end was: 'There is nothing Orphic here ... by the second half ofthe third century B.C. (the provisional date for the tablet) the possible routes to salvation had apparently multiplied.'33 Graf-Johnston 2007, 121.34 Cf. Bernab? forthcoming b, with bibliography. The initiate mentioned them, probably convinced that all of them were

related toOrpheus.35 Cf. Parker-Stamatopoulou 2004, 14-15: E. Hel. 1301ss. OQeta ... \xaxx\Q (referring toDemeter), Hipp. 144 (presentedas a goddess who can provoke madness, like Pan, Hecate and theCorybants), Ar. Av. 746 (invoked by the birds' chorus), HymnId. Dact. 8 and 23, Telest. fr. 6.2 Page, Poll. 5.13.36Cf. bibliography uoted inOF 567. It is curiousenough that arker-Stamatopoulou2004, 8 quote theline 10of thesame fragment, about Ai?c l?aiou p?cxrjc, but they do not highlight that in the same passage Mf]tr|Q o?eia ismentioned.



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SomeThoughts bout the New'Gold Tabletfromherai 57

0QyLo0kQvtuCLnOrph.H. 31.537or0Q9CCL6Qgo0VEkUTQFcLVMrTQO6C nthereferenceoOrpheus'works in rph.A. 21s., oraThuriigold tablet OF 492. 1) inwhichKvPEXEFIcLOQQcC ..AihrITQocarementioned.383.8. Parker-Stamatopoulound especiallyFerrari-Prauscello ffer nterestinguggestions oncerning the ult towhich this old tablet houldbe adscribed; errari-Prauscello lso pointoutmany orphicconnections, ut I do not refer ere to their onclusions,because I think hat tablecultshave aminorimportance n the tudy f thegold tablets. hey do not seem tobe related o stable cults; they renotfound n sanctuaries, ut intombs;they o notrefer opublic cults,butare found nthe rivate phere,andorpheotelestai ractise n itinerantraft39.3.9. The clearest rgumentnfavour f the rphic characterf the heraigold tablet s itstotal oincidencewith the erformativechema fmanyother ablets, ccording owhich the nitiateor somebodyonhis/herehalf)declaressomething or he akeofclaiming privileged ituation n the nderworld,samemberof a chosengrouptowhich he/she elongedwhile he/she as alive.The elements f this atterncanbe seen in thefollowing able:Gold tablet Initiate'sdeclaration Place that sclaimed forhimor declarationmade on hisbehalfHipponion I am the onofEarth and starryeaven the acredway of other 'CTCcLui ui PdxXoPetelia I am the onofEarth and starryeaven reignwith the therheroesPelinna you have accomplished therites go under the arthwith the therhappyonesliberationnd rebirthThurii488 I come from mong the ure, pure conversion into god, rebornIbelong toyourblessed race in the apof the oddessThurii 489-90 I come from mong thepure,pure tobe accepted inthe wellingon the impidIbelong toyourblessed race onesIhave paid the unishmentPherai 493 password /the nitiate s freefrom toenter nthe acredmeadowpunishmentThurii487 keeping everything erywell togo to theright hiasos / onversion ntogod in themeadows ofPersephonePherai493a I have celebrated therites / possess tobe accepted inthethiasos f initiates

OQyLaThere are also close ties etween his ablet nd those fPelinna. n ll of them akchos appears s guarantorof the oul's liberationndPersephone s the oddesswho can carry t ut.Both inthis ablet nd inonefrom elinna rites rementioned PelinnaOF 485 TEX?cCc neQ, herai t?Xiq).

4.ConclusionThe tablet rom herai showsthe amefeatures hich arecharacteristicf the rphic ambience:vocabulary, eographic rigin, ime, rchaeological ontext, aterial,divinities, unction, etricalpatterns ndperformativecheme.Moreover nothing n itcontradictsnOrphic context. he conclusion, thereforecannot e otherthan o ccept its rphic provenance.

BibliographyArvanitopoulos, A. 1907.Xoovix?, PAAH: 160.Avram, A. 2002. Der dionysische Thiasos inKallatis: Organisation, Repr?sentation, Funktion, inU. Egelhaaf37Ricciardelli 2000, 357, ad loc.

38 There is an interesting far antecedent of the relationship between K?re, Demeter and theMountain Mother in severalMycenaean tablets from Thebes: TH Fq (1) 126.1-2; (1) 130.1-2, etc., where ma-ka (i. e.M?i Tai), o-po-re-i (i. e. ?JtOQ?hi,a compound by?Jti, Mycenaean variantof ?m, and ?qoc), that s thegod or goddess (thegender in thistype f adjectivesis ambiguous) who is over themountain, and ko-wa (i.e. xOQf?i) are mentioned. Cf. Bernab?, forthcoming a, contra Duhoux2006.39Cf. OF 653-655, Jim?nez an Crist?bal 2008.



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58 A. BernabeGaiser - A. Sch?fer (eds.), Religi?se Vereine in der r?mischenAntike. Untersuchung zuOrganisation, RitualundRaumordnung, T?bingen, 69-80.Bernab?, A. 2007. Poetae Epici Graeci testimonia et fragmenta II fase. 3,Musaeus Linus Epimenides PapyrusDerveni Indices, Berlin-New York.

Bernab?, A. forthcominga. Las posibles menciones religiosas de Tebas, Simposio Internacional 55 a?os deMicenolog?a (1952-2007), Bellaterra, 12-13 abril, 2007.Bernab?, A. forthcomingb. Orfeo yEleusis, tobe published inSynthesis.Bernab?, A. - Casades?s, F. (eds.) 2008. Orfeo y la tradici?n ?rfica, un reencuentro,Madrid.Bernab?, A. - Jim?nez San Crist?bal, A. I. 2008. Instructionsfor theNetherworld. The Orphic Gold Tablets,Leiden-Boston.

Duhoux, Y. 2006. Adieu auma-ka enossien. Une nouvelle lectureenKN F 51 et ses cons?quences pour les tabletteslin?aireB de Th?bes, Kadmos 45, 1-19.Ferrari,F. 2007. Review ofGraf-Johnston 2007, BMCR 2007.10.15.Ferrari,F. - Prauscello, L. 2007. Demeter Chthonia and theMountain Mother inNew Gold Tablet fromMagoulaMati,ZFF162: 193-202.Graf, F. - Johnston,S. I. 2007. Ritual Textsfor theAfterlife.Orpheus and theBacchic Gold Tables, London-New

York.Henrichs, A. 1969. Die Maenaden vonMilet, ZPE 4: 223-241.Jim?nez San Crist?bal, A. 2008. Los orteotelestas y la vida ?rfica, inBernab?-Casades?s, 2008: 771-779.Jim?nez San Crist?bal, A. forthcoming.Dioniso Melan?gida, inActas del XII Congreso Espa?ol de Estudios Cl?sicos,Valencia 2007.Motte, A. - Pirenne-Delforge, V. 1992. Le mot et les rites.Aper?u des significationsde ?Qyicxetde quelques d?riv?s,Kernos5: 119-140.Parker,R. - Stamatopoulou, M. 2004. A new funerarygold leaf fromPherai, AE: 1-32.Ricciardelli, G. 2000. InniOrfici,Milano.Turcan, R. 1992. L'?laboration des myst?res dionysiaques ? l'?poque hell?nistique et romaine: de l'orgiasme ?l'initiation, inA. Moreau (ed.), L'Initiation, Montpellier, Universit? Paul Val?ry: I, 215-233.West, M. L. 1983. Orphie Poems, Oxford.

UniversidadComplutense AlbertoBernabe

Prof.AlbertoBernabeUniversidadComplutensedeMadridCiudadUniversitaria28040MadridEspafiaalbernab@filol.ucm.es

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