sonnik clausen - dtu orbitorbit.dtu.dk/files/130979797/arcelik_sep2010.pdf · non-contact...

NON-CONTACT MEASUREMENTSNON CONTACT MEASUREMENTSTEMPERATURE, GAS & SURFACE PROPERTIES

SONNIK CLAUSENsenior scientist, Dr.

RISØ DTUØ

• 1956 Peaceful utilisation of nuclear energy

• 1976 Nuclear energy and other energy sourcessources

• 1986 Energy research in general

• 1990 R&D with energy • 1990 R&D with energy as the primary area

• 1994 State-owned enterpriseenterprise

• 2000 The last nuclear reactor is decom-missioned

• 2007 Merger with DTU

24/09/2010Arcelik, Non-contact methods2 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark

Activities at RISØActivities at RISØApplied Optical Diagnostics

• National reference Laboratory (-80ºC to 1600ºC) non-contact temperature• Special temperature, heat flux measurements, emissivity

EU j t H l M l A fil TRIRAT E ith• EU-projects: Hercules, Menelas, Aeroprofile, TRIRAT, Evitherm• Combustion research, flame measurements (v, T, φ, d, ci,…)• Process: insulation, oxy-fuel, steel, …y• Consultancy

• Close cooperation with industry


Applications IRApplications IR

• Temperature: Food, medicine, transport…• Errors: electrical installations, engines, components• Process: metal temperature furnace flue gas• Process: metal temperature, furnace, flue gas,…• Buildings: heat loose, insulation, …• Technical: approvement fireplaces, cars…• Security: road temperature, surveillance,…• Life: horse leg, research, medical,…• R&D: development of new products, optimisation,R&D: development of new products, optimisation,…• Safety: gas leak, hot spots,…


Properties of LightProperties of Light

t + r + a + s = 1

100 %

4 %92 %4 %

.


Defects in Silicon

0.8

0.9

1

RISØ15. juni 2005, sqcl

0.5

0.6

0.7

nsm

issi

on

%

100% transmission/100Base line (kontrol)Prøve nr 1Prøve nr 2Prøve nr 3Prøve nr 4

0.2

0.3

0.4

Tran

1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000Bølgetal cm-1

0

0.1

g

IR-camera sensitive at 2 0 6 7 μm is best


IR-camera sensitive at 2.0 – 6.7 μm is best

REFLECTIONREFLECTION

.

⎛ ⎞2

Reflection from 1 surface: R nn

=−+

⎛⎝⎜

⎞⎠⎟

11

2

Glass (n = 1.5): R = 0.040Water (n = 1.33): R = 0.020


ABSORPTIONABSORPTION


Color and TemperatureColor and Temperature

Temperature (°C) Colorp ( )────────────────────────650 - 750 red violet750 780 d k k i d750 - 780 dark karminred780 - 800 karminred800 - 830 orange/karminred800 - 830 orange/karminred830 - 880 dark orange880 - 1050 orangeg1050 - 1150 gellowl/orange1150 - 1250 gellow1250 1320 hit / ll1250 - 1320 white/gellow────────────────────────

h h d l h 6 0°C


The human eye detects light at temperatures over ca. 650°C

Visible versus IRRed painted alu plate

CCD IR-camera IR-camera

24/09/2010Arcelik, Non-contact methods10 Risø DTU, Technical University of DenmarkColors?

DESIGN of OPTICAL IR THERMOMETER


B M C bili RISØBest Measurement Capability RISØ

6

INTERCOMPARISONS5

6BEDSTE MÅLEEVNE RISØ (k=2) i området fra -80 oC - 1600 oC

Th9: 600 - 1300oC; 1-2oC deviationTRIRAT: -50 - 300oC; typical within 0.3oCTRIRAT: 300 - 800oC; within uncertainty

4

vne

oC

y

2

3

edst

e m

ålee

BM

C

1

2Be

.

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600o

0

2006, sqclData fil: "måleevne_DANAK2006.xls"

T


Temperatur oCTemperature

European comparison(TRIRAT)(TRIRAT)

1

TEMPERATURE DEVIATION (RISØ)

Preliminary result

0.6

0.8

Preliminary result

0.2

0.4

atio

n o

C

-0.2

0

erat

ure

devi

-0.6

-0.4Tem

pe

Risø - VSLRisø - PTBRisø - RaytekRisø - SP

-1

-0.8

Risø - CMARisø - NPLRisø - LNERisø - INM0.5% error on emissivity .


-50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Temperature oC

-1

Blackbody - Properties

PERFECT ABSORBER (α = 1)

PERFECT EMITTER ( 1)PERFECT EMITTER (ε =1)


TRACEABILITY ITS-90

• T [K] = t [°C] +273,15

• C2 = 0.014388 m K

L T eC

T Xλ

λ( ) ( )90

2

90 1−⋅L TL T X

e

eC

T

λ

λ λ

( )[ ( )]

90

902

90

1

1=

−⋅e 1


Plancks radiation lawPlancks radiation law

L TC

W m d( ) [ / ( )]λπ

λ=2 1 2L Te

W m dCT

( , )( )

[ / ( )]λλ

λλ

=−15

2

E T T W mBB ( ) [ / ]σ= 4 2

mλ

μ2896Tmaxλ =

Grey bodies does not exist (ε = constant)Grey bodies does not exist (ε = constant).Useful in heat transfer calculations, but not in non-contact temperature measurements

Radiated Power from Surface

1000

1200

W/m

2 ]

Radiated Power from Surface

400

600

800

dstrå

let e

ffek

t [W

0

200

400To

tal u

d

273 293 313 333 353 373Overflade temperatur [K]

250

300

m2 ]

150

200

250

et e

ffek

t [k

W/m

50

100

Tota

l uds

tråle


273 523 773 1023 1273Overflade temperatur [K]

0

Blackbody curvesTHEORYTHEORY

120000000

100000000 700oC200oC

80000000

m2 μ

m

200oC

60000000

dian

ce

W/m

20000000

40000000Rad

0

20000000


0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24Wavelength μm

Blackbody curvesMeasuredMeasured

2 μm3.3 μm10 μm 5 μm


No gas absorption in 8 – 14 μm range (ambient)

UNCERTAINTYUNCERTAINTY

ΔΔ

TTC

=εε

λ2

2

• Low temperature - low error

Cε 2

• Short wavelength – low error• Surface with high emissivity – low error

Valid for one-color pyrometer, and if reflections can be disregarded


TRICKS & TIPS

I i t l k d i t h l i i• Ice point: look down into hole in ice• Object at room temperature: perfect blackbody• Paint or use tape on shiny surfaces• Paint or use tape on shiny surfaces• Measure through opening in object• Compensation cable can be required


Definition of Emissi itDefinition of Emissivity

EMISSION COEFFICIENT (EMISSIVITY )EMISSION COEFFICIENT (EMISSIVITY, ε) :

FRACTION OF RADIATED THERMAL RADIATION FROM SURFACE COMPARED TO RADIATED ENERGY FROM A BLACKBODY ATCOMPARED TO RADIATED ENERGY FROM A BLACKBODY AT SAME TEMPERATURE

ε =RADIATED ENERGY FROM SURFACE at T

RADIATED ENERGY FROM BLACKBODY at TRADIATED ENERGY FROM BLACKBODY at T

OR

Radiation SURFACE T Radiation BLACKBODY= ⋅ε λ( , )

Emissivity dependents on temperature and wavelength


Emissivity dependents on temperature and wavelength

Geometry and emissivity

Table: Effective emissivity of grooved surfaceTable: Effective emissivity of grooved surface

L1/L3 v ε=0.1 ε =0.3 ε =0.5 ε =0.7 ε =0.9

0.5 180º 0.100 0.300 0.500 0.700 0.900 1 60º 0.182 0.462 0.667 0.824 0.947

1.46 40º 0.245 0.556 0.745 0.872 0.9632 29º 0 308 0 632 0 800 0 903 0 9732 29 0.308 0.632 0.800 0.903 0.973 3 19º 0.400 0.720 0.857 0.933 0.982 4 14º 0.471 0.744 0.889 0.949 0.9865 11º 0.526 0.811 0.909 0.959 0.989

v


Emissi it of hole/ca itEmissivity of hole/cavity

TotalL/D F_1-2 ( Ta = 0 K, T3 = T1 )

Shape Surface Emissivityfactor Avg. Min. Max.

0,00 1,0000 0,9600 0,9000 0,97000,50 0,3820 0,9844 0,9597 0,98841,00 0,1716 0,9929 0,9810 0,9947

L

2,00 0,0557 0,9976 0,9932 0,99823,00 0,0263 0,9988 0,9965 0,99913,30 0,0220 0,9990 0,9970 0,99933,90 0,0159 0,9993 0,9977 0,99955,10 0,0094 0,9995 0,9985 0,99975,80 0,0073 0,9996 0,9988 0,9997

DHIGH EMISSIVITY, , , , ,

8,00 0,0039 0,9998 0,9993 0,9999HIGH EMISSIVITY

OF BOTTOM!


Emissivity steelEmissivity steelEXAMPLE

1 0

0.8

1.0

Oxidized

0.6

0.8

vity

0.4Em

issiv

machined (grid fine)

0.2

M i l l (MA253) 500oC

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 200.0

Material: steel (MA253) at 500oC.


Wavelength μm

Emissivity paintEmissivity paint

1 11.1CO2

H2O

1

vite

t

0.9

Em

issi

v

0.8SuperthermPyromark 1200Hot PaintSenotherm

Aluminium coatet 3 gange,varmebehandlet ved 320oC

500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000B l t l 1

0.7

SenothermSenotherm + Hot PaintRISØ, 26 + 28 June 2002, sqcl


Bølgetal cm-1

Emissivity Coating ThicknessEmissivity Coating ThicknessAl / Pyromark (VSL-4)

1.0 RISØ

0.9

1.0 RISØ

0.8

ssiv

ity

0.7Em

is

500 oC350 oC

0.6 250 oC150 oC50 oC

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20Wavelength μm

0.550 C


Wavelength μm

Temperature Gradient

THERMALRADIATIONRADIATION

THERMAL HEATCONDUCTIONCONDUCTION

TσεΔT 4

=Example at 1000 K:

kΔX=Glass (k=1 W/m K): 57 K/mm

SS (k=17 W/m K): 3 K/mm


IR-Thermometer is the best method for poor conductors

Reflection Paint

8

6

Pyromark 1200Hot PaintSenotherm

6

eksi

on %

Supertherm (1 x coat)

4

ekul

ær r

efl

2Spe

500 1000 1500 2000 2500 30001

0


Bølgetal cm-120 μm 10 μm

Low Temperature & Errorsp

2.5 μm

4

Temperatur fejl ved 1% fejl på 1% emissivitet23oC i l t t

Temperature uncertainty at 1% uncertainty

3C

og 23oC omgivelsestemperatur

C

p y yon emissivity, and 23ºC ambient temperature

5 μm

2

tur

fejl

o CEr

ror

o C

10 μm

20 μm

1

Tem

pera

tpe

ratu

re

20 μm

2.5 μm0

TTe

mp

20 μm

-40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100-1


Temperatur oC Temperature oC

Other IR ApplicationsOther IR Applications

Welding errors in plastic

)• Find military targets• Find welding defects in plastic• Measure humidity

a)

• Measure humidity• Measure gas velocity• Control glass type/thickness

b)g yp /

• Security, ignition• …

Exhaust aircraft engine


Exhaust aircraft engine

Gas AbsorptionGas Absorption

Gas leak from Gas BottleGas leak from Gas Bottle

Small hole in bottle Seal not tightSmall hole in bottle Seal not tight

Cold gas is seen using a hot background


g g g

Model of vibrating water molecule


DATA BASE (NIR)

0.8

0.9

1

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

Tran

smittan

ce

0

0.1

0.2

0.3 1% CH4

1% CO1% CO2

1% NO

3000 4000 5000 6000 7000Wavenumbers cm-1

0 8

0.9

1

0 4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

Tran

smittan

ce

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4T

1% H20


3000 4000 5000 6000 7000Wavenumbers cm-1

0

HOT GAS CELLQuartz Fiber

3-zone Furnace

Gas CellGas Cell

Heatedgas line Quartz Fiber

FTIRMB155

Power Supply

DataGas Mixer

Water injection

MB155

Computer

Gasbottles

LoggerGas Mixer


Gas reference data

1

.96

.98Measured 1% CO spectrum

in hot gas cell at 1500ºC (red)

.92

.94

1900 1950 2000 2050 2100

Arbitrary / Arbitrary Overlay X-Zoom CURSOR

File # 1 : FOLDET3 Res=None1

.6

.8

.2

.4

10% CO2 at 1500ºC. Red curve: Hitemp


0

2000 2500 3000 3500 4000

Blue: measured

Calibration free (CH4)Calibration free (CH4)

1

0.96

ance

0.92

Tran

smitt

a

Hitran, 296 K, 1 atm, 1% CH4, 4 cm-1

Measured, 296 K, 1 atm, 1% CH4, 4 cm-1

0.88

4500 5000 5500 6000Wavenumbers cm-1

1

0.96

nce

24/09/2010Arcelik, Non-contact methods37 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark0.92

Tran

smitt

a



Theory – principles

S40

] T=1273 K2.9 μm

T

S

FOVIR 20

30

nce

[W m

-2 c

m-1

]

μ

Tw

Tg

0 2000 4000 6000 8000Wavenumbers

0

10

Rad

ia

.

1

),(),,(),(),,()()1( wTLicgTgTL

icgTmL λλτλλελ +=

)()(

1~)2(),,,(),,()2(

TLL

bicgT

icgTa

λλ

λνλαλε ==

),(),(

),()(),()3(

wTLgTLwTLmL

gTλλ

λλλα

−

−=


yHot gas cell: ε - τ

0.6ss

ivity Emission

Transmission

0.4 Em

is

0.5% CO2T = 1083 KRes = 4 cm-1vi

ty /

Res = 4 cm0.2

sorp

tiv

1900 2400 2900 3400 3900-0.0Ab

s


1900 2400 2900 3400 3900Wavenumbers cm-1

Example CO2

1073 K3

m1

Sr-1 0.9

2

W m

-2 c

m

0.6

0.8

smitt

ance

873 K

673 K

1

Rad

ianc

e

0.2

0.4

Tran

s

673 K

1800 2800 3800 4800 5800Wavenumbers cm-1

-0

R

1800 2800 3800 4800 5800W b 1

-0.1.

Wavenumbers cm 1 Wavenumbers cm-1


CO CO2 H2O sensoCO, CO2, H2O sensor


(i) (ii)Kedelvæg

FTIR spectroscopy

(i) (ii)Kedelvæg

gas flowg

L

FTIR a b c d e

L

250PC

Blackbody

395

.


IR gas analysisIR gas analysis

20

25

Emission spectrum:GB: 816.9ºC, ε=0.106

5

10

15

,Blackbody curve at 836.0ºC

0

2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500

1

.6

.8

1

Transmittance spectrumCO2, H2O, CO, CxHy, …

.2

.4

CO2, H2O, CO, CxHy, …


0

2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500

Wood flame gas conc.


OPTICAL METHODS

G t t d iti• Gas temperature and composition• Hot gas flow with dust• Fast respons time• Fast respons time• Large range• Fiber optics• 1 - ? process points• Non-intrusive


sonnik clausen - dtu orbitorbit.dtu.dk/files/130979797/arcelik_sep2010.pdf · non-contact...

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