sosci1 report
TRANSCRIPT
PHYSIOLOGICAL BASISOF BEHAVIOR
Prepared by:
Lopez, Shaira Rizza
Tanteco, Sebastian
Zorilla, Ina Claudette
ACTIVITY 1:
ACTIVITY:Direction: Look at the images and read their COLORS and not the words…
ACTIVITY:YELLOW BLUE ORANGE
BLACK RED GREEN
PURPLE YELLOW RED
ORANGE GREEN BLACK
BLUE RED PURPLE
GREEN BLUE
EXPLANATIONThe activity results to a left-right conflict.
Your left brain tries to tell you the color but your right brain insists on the word.
THENERVOUSSYSTEM
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM A biological highway of information Can receive, send, and interpret information
by electrical signals A complex network of nerve cells that
regulates our bodily functions and permits us to reach to the external world
It contains nerve cells or NEURONS
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM Neuron
It is the base of the nervous system Its basic purpose is to receive information
and send a signal to other neurons, muscles, or glands.
It is a nerve cell It has a cell body, a very long axon
sheathed in myelin, and dendrites.
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM Cell Body
Also known as the Soma Is the bulbous end of the neuron It contains the cell nucleus It makes use of nutrients to supply energy
for neuronal activity.
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM Axons
These are long cytoplasmic tubes that carries electric impulses from one part of the body to another.
They are insulated from each other by their myelin sheaths.
May have branches called terminal buttons at its end.
Myelin Sheath – the fatty insulating layer that surrounds many axons.
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM Dendrites
These are tiny branches at the ends of all neurons
Are organelles that sense the neurotransmitter secreted by the axon of another neuron
Dendrites and axons do not directly touch each other; there is a gap, called a synapse.
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 3 Types of Neurons
Sensory Neurons (Afferent)– posses a long dendrite and short axon. They carry sensory receptors to the CNS.
Motor Neurons (Efferent) – have long axon and short dendrites. They transmit messages to from the CNS to the muscles or the glands.
Interneurons (Connector) – located only in the CNS where there is a neuron-to-neuron connection.
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM Neurotransmitters
Chemicals, called neurotransmitters are released from one neuron at the presynaptic nerve terminal then they cross the synapse where they may be accepted by the next neuron at a specialized site called a receptor
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM Examples of Neurotransmitters
Acetylcholine – fecilitates learning and memory
Norepinephrine or Noradrenaline – too little may lead to depression; too much causes hyperactivity
Dopamine – too much may lead to Schizophrenic Reaction; too little causes Parkinson’s Disease
Epinephrine or Adrenaline – also called the fight-or-flight hormone
Endorphins – natural pain-killers or “feel-good” drugs
THECENTRAL NERVOUSSYSTEM
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Consists of the brain and the spinal cord It causes sensory information to the brain
by the afferent and efferent nerves It plays a key role in various reflexes It integrates the information that it
receives from, and coordinates the activity of, all parts of the bodies
Afferent – conveys impulse toward the CNS
Efferent – conveys impulse to effectors
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Spinal Cord
It is a bundle of nerve fibers, no thicker than the human thumb, that links the brain with the rest of the body
It is protected by the vertebral column Located at the dorsal side of the body and
links the brain to the rest of the body.
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Spinal Cord
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Brain
A mass of nerve tissue located in the head that controls the body’s function
It is protected by the skull It weigh 3lbs and contains 90% of the body
neurons It has two hemispheres: the left and right It has three major parts which consists of
the forebrain, midbrain, and the hindbrain
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM 3 Major Parts of the Brain:
1. Forebrain Occupies the largest part and the entire
upper portion of the skull It is composed of two major
hemispheres:the left and right Important Parts are the:• Thalamus• Hypothalamus• Cerebrum
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEMo Thalamus
It may be thought of as a kind of switchboard of information
Regulates the state of sleep and wakefulness
A by-station from the sensory organs to the cerebral cortex sensory regions
Has a somatosensory mapping of the body and has known integrative functions
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Hypothalamus
It collects and integrates a huge variety of information from the body and to organize neural and endocrine responses that maintain homeostasis
It controls the autonomic functions, emotions, endocrine functions, homeostasis, motor functions, regulates food and water intake, regulates sleep-wake cycle, and sex drive and hormones
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Cerebrum
It is the main area of the forebrain It is the part of the brain that controls
thought, memory and the senses It is divided into two parts - the right
hemisphere, which controls the left side of the body; and the left hemisphere, which controls the right side of the body.
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM 3 Major Parts of the Brain:
2. Midbrain Tracts between the cerebrum and the
spinal cord and functions as part of the overall impulse conduction system.
It also controls some auditory and visual responses
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM 3 Major Parts of the Brain:
3. Hindbrain It is close to the spinal cord Includes the Medulla Oblongata, Pons, and
Cerebellum• Medulla Oblongata - has an important
role in heartbeat, breathing, and blood circulation
• Pons - lies in the brainstem just above the medullaoblongata
• Cerebellum - maintains posture, coordinates muscular activities; called organ of motor coordination
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM The brain also consists of 4 lobes namely the:
1. Frontal Lobe - is located at the front of the brain and is associated with reasoning, motor skills, higher level cognition, and expressive language
2. Parietal Lobe - is located in the middle section of the brain and is associated with processing tactile sensory information such as pressure, touch, and pain
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM The brain also consists of 4 lobes namely the
3. Temporal Lobe - is located on the bottom section of the brain. This lobe is also the location of the primary auditory cortex, which is important for interpreting sounds and the language we hear
4. Occipital Lobe - is located at the back portion of the brain and is associated with interpreting visual stimuli and information
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
THEPERIPHERAL NERVOUSSYSTEM
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM It connects the CNS to sensory organs, other
organs of the body, muscles, blood vessels, and glands
This is divided into 2 major divisions namely the Somatic Nervous System and the Autonomic Nervous System
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM1. Somatic Nervous System
Made up of sensory system and motor nerves that activate skeletal muscles responsible for movement
Has 43 pairs of major nerves: 12 pairs of Cranial Nerves and 31 pairs of Spinal Nerves
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
2. Autonimic Nervous System Functions in an involuntary, reflexive
manner Acts as a control system functioning largely
below the level of consciousness, and controls visceral functions
Has 2 subsystems namely the Sympathetic Nervous System and the Parasympathetic Nervous System
Visceral – of relating to, or located on or among the viscera
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM1. Sympathetic Nervous System
involved in the “fight or flight” response during emergency situation or in high emotion
It increases alertness, stimulates tissue, and prepares the body for quick responses to unusual situations.
causes activation & energy expenditure
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
2. Parasympathetic Nervous System involved in “rest or repose” system as it
quiets the body and returns it to a lower intensity of arousal
calms the body after the emergency situation is resolved
involved in relaxation conserves energy and controls sedentary
SUMMARYOF THENERVOUSSYSTEM
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM is made up of glands that produce and
secrete hormones hormones regulate the body’s growth,
metabolism, and sexual development and function
Hormones are directly released on the bloodstream because they have no ducts or structured passageways to the organs that they serve
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Classification of Hormones
1. Steroids – lipids derived from cholesterol and it is secreted by the gonads, adrenal cortex, and placenta
2. Peptides – short chains of amino acids and it is secreted by the pituitary, parathyroid, heart, stomach, liver, and kidneys
3. Amines – derived from amino acid tyrosine and it is secreted by the adrenal medulla
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Pituitary Gland is the master gland and
influences growth, metabolism and regeneration
It is divided into 2 parts: the anterior and posterior
Growth Hormones (GH) is a peptide anterior pituitary hormone essential for growth. Too little GH may cause dwarfism and too much may cause gigantism.
Gonadotropins affect the gonads by stimulating gamete formation and production of sex hormones
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Prolactin is secreted near the end of
pregnancy and prepares the breasts for milk production
Antidiuretic Hormones (ADH) and oxytocin are produced in the hypothalamus and transported by axons to the posterior pituitary where they are dumped into the blood
ADH controls water balance in the body and blood pressure
Oxytocin is a small peptide hormone that stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Adrenal Glands enables us to cope with
stress It is divided into an inner medulla and an
outer cortex The medulla synthesizes amine hormones
while the cortex secretes steroid hormones The adrenal medulla consists of modified
neurons that secrete two hormones: epinephrine and norepinephrine
The adrenal cortex produces several steroid hormones in three classes: mineralcorticoids, glucorticoids, and sex hormones
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Thyroid Gland located in the neck and the
follicles in the thyroid secrete thyroglobulin, a storage form of thyroid hormone
Low production of thyroid hormones is called hypothyroidism
High production of thyroid hormones is called hyperthyroidism
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Pancreas contains exocrine cells that
secrete digestive enzymes into the small intestine and clusters of endocrine cells (pancreatic islets)and it secretes the hormones insulin and glucagon, which regulate blood glucose levels
Too high glucose level may result to hyperglycemia
Too low glucose level may result to hypoglycemia