sources of air pollution in india - climate studies | a conservative inr 20l per premature life lost...

Sources of Air Pollution in India

2010

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Vehicle exhaust Road dust

Power plants Industrial

Diesel gensets Residential

Waste burning

Non-anthropogenic

Vehicle exhaust

National Transport Emissions

Delhi Transport Emissions

In Delhi, 20 min of idling for cars = Rs. 1 crores in fuel losses (~$150,000) per day

Driving time is spent idling for passenger

cars

Ludhiana Delhi Vizag

Goel & Guttikunda, 2014

On-road Idling Pollution

20%

“Pollution Under Check” (PUC) Data Analysis

Petrol

Car

Motorcycle

Fuel Station Surveys

2-3 minutes per response

age mix

vehicle usage by age fuel efficiency

Goel et al., 2014

Delhi On-road Emissions

Atmospheric Environment (2015)

National Transport Emissions 2030 2

01

2

20

30

Planning Commissions NDTPC report; Guttikunda and Mohan, 2013 More @http://www.urbanemissions.info

Coal, Ore, Cement, Fertilizers, Salt, Sugar

Road vs. Rail Freight Movement??

Rohtang pass, Himachal Pradesh

Sectoral Linkages – Freight

Future Scenarios for Transport Emissions

Power plants

2017 2020

2025 2030

Coal-fired thermal power plants

2013 2014


Draft standards proposed in April, 2015 Amended in December, 2015


30 100 100 0.03

old

new

old

new

old

new

HYSPLIT Animations of Forward Trajectories Mumbai Cluster (State: Maharashtra)

April, 2010 July, 2010

October, 2010

The 24 lines are trajectory lines started at

every hour of the day. These are trajectories

for one day of each month and indicative of

the flow of emissions from power plant

clusters and do not represent the strength

of the emissions or dispersed pollution. All

the trajectories are started at 275m above

ground level.


Assuming a conservative INR 20L per premature life lost Health impacts using GBD methodology


Average FGD cost = 0.15 cents per kWh generated India coal based generation average = 1.05 billion MWh Which translates to a required cost = 1.6 billion USD = 9,500 crores

Average solar cost Rs.15 per kWh (over 25 year generation period) 2030 demand is expected to triple; if 1/3rd is replaced with solar Cost = INR 15,75,000 crores (or INR 63,000 crores per year)

Telecom towers

TRAI Green report

40% power from grid

60% from diesel

Estimates 2 billion

litres of annual

diesel consumption

Total number of mobile connections 950 million INR 1 per month cess per connection = INR 1140 crores per year

Brick kilns

Brick Kilns - still an Urban problem

Advected pollution

Moved but not

cleaned

Guttikunda et al. (2013) “Emissions inventory and health impact analysis for Delhi, India” @ Atmospheric Environment

This is still an Urban problem

Moved but not

cleaned

Guttikunda et al. (2015) “Characterizing emissions in Chennai and Visakhapatnam, India” @ Air Quality Atmosphere & Health

What is burning at the kilns?

Workers pushing a

mixture of agri-waste

and powdered coal at

a kiln outside Delhi,

India

What else is burning at the kilns?

Source: Charles W. Schmidt (2013), Environ Health Perspect; DOI:10.1289/ehp.121-A242

A worker soaks dry cow dung in a mixture of kerosene

and gasoline at a kiln near Amritsar, India.

Quarries outside Pune city

Quarries outside Pune city

Unofficial sectors??

Residential

National scale inventory gridded, with a district level base Four sub-categories Cooking Water heating Space heating Lighting

Grid size is 0.25 degrees (~25km)

all the districts (640) are mapped to the census 2011 codes

Each grid is tagged with overlapping district and state code Intersecting grids are tagged multiple times, based on the overlapping district area

Gujarat

Madhya Pradesh

Maharashtra

Each grid is tagged urban or rural, based on the identified built-up area (database downloaded from U.of.Wisconsin SAGE program)

Gujarat

Madhya Pradesh

Maharashtra

Grid level population data is obtained from CEISEN GRUMP and Landscan 2013 and adjusted to the Census 2011 levels at the state level

(district to grid area overlaps was used for intersections)

Gujarat

Madhya Pradesh

Maharashtra

For each district, CENSUS 2011 provides share of HH’s using different fuels – segregated into urban/rural areas and inside/outside cooking

Gujarat

Madhya Pradesh

Maharashtra

an example of the census file http://www.censusindia.gov.in/DigitalLibrary/Tables.aspx

cooking category – HH10

fuel classifications Firewood, crop residue, cow dung, coal or charcoal, kerosene, LPG, biogas,

electricity, and others

cooking classifications cooking inside the house, cooking outside the house, and no cooking

regional classifications rural vs. urban areas within the district

http://www.censusindia.gov.in/DigitalLibrary/Tables.aspx


lighting category – HH7

fuel classifications kerosene, electricity, solar, others




heating category – HH10

fuel classifications Firewood, crop residue, cow dung, coal or charcoal, kerosene, LPG, biogas,

electricity, and others




population clause – C-14


age classifications 1yr and 5yr groups within the district


surface temperature – WRF 2012 Day and night time monthly averages (deg C)

Residential PM2.5 Emissions – India 2013

CK = cooking; LG = lighting; WH = water heating; SH = space heating

Residential BC Emissions – India 2013

CK = cooking; LG = lighting; WH = water heating; SH = space heating

gridded water heating emissions

OCT NOV DEC

JAN FEB MAR

gridded water heating emissions

JUL AUG SEP

APR MAY JUN

gridded space heating emissions

JAN FEB MAR

APR MAY JUN

gridded space heating emissions

JUL AUG SEP

OCT NOV DEC

Share of HH fuel consumption to outdoor PM2.5 pollution

Waste burning

UEinfo

Non-anthropogenic

regional dispersion modeling

WRF and CAMx setup

simulations in hindcast and forecast mode

www.indiaairquality.info

http://www.indiaairquality.info/

www.delhiairquality.info

http://www.indiaairquality.info/

sources of air pollution in india - climate studies | a conservative inr 20l per premature life lost...

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