south america argentina bolivia brazilchilecolumbia ecuador paraguay peru uruguayvenezuela
TRANSCRIPT
Effects of Time
Early InhabitantsAmerindians
• First lived as nomadic tribes
• First people to cultivate cacao, chilies, corn, kidney and lima beans, potatoes, squash, tomatoes, and tobacco
Incas • Lived in the Andes in what is now Peru
• Cut terraces into steep hillsides and used irrigation canals to carry water to their crops
• No written language
Google Images
Effects of Time Continued…
ColonizationSpanish and Portuguese-16th century
• Established plantations to grow sugar cane, tobacco, and other crops to export to Europe
• Brought millions of Africans to Latin America and forced them to work as slaves
Strong African traditions
• Roman Catholic missionaries came to convert Indians to Christianity
• Established a new system of government
• Brought new languages
Google Images
Overall CultureMain Ethnic Groups
Caucasian, African, and Indian
LanguagesSpanish is official language in 9 countriesMany Indians speak native languagesBrazilians speak dialects of Portugal
ReligionsRoman Catholic is most popular
Protestant sects becoming more popularOther religions include Judaism, Hinduism, and native religions
TransportationAirplanes are used for communicationLong railways and paved roads
GovernmentMost countries use some form of a republic as government.
Overall Culture Continued…Agriculture
Main food crops are maize, rice, wheat, beans and root crops such as cassava and potatoes. Major biological resource-anchovies
MusicInfluenced by Native South Americans and the SpanishSongs usually about Earth, seasons, harvest time, love, family, children, and starsDifferent music for different occasions
Instruments used include flutes, rattles, guitars, violins, and oboes.Popular styles of music include Waltzes, Tango, Salsa, and Soca
EducationMore literate men than literate womenMore literacy in urban areas than in ruralArgentina, Chile, Guyana, and Uruguay all have literacy rates greater than or equal to 96%.
Communication & HolidaysPopular Gestures
Be right back- draw a circle in air with index fingerSorry- stick out hand, as if to shake hands, and twist wrist as if wavingPointing- puckering or pursing of the lipsUp the road- lift chin upImpolite Gestures
• Yawning, whistling, yelling to get someone's attention or pointing with the index finger
HolidaysAno Nove- New Years Day
• Fireworks and live music
Carnival Rio- 5 days up to Ash Wednesday
• Conga drums, costumes, group dancing, parades, parties, sambas, street parades, and music
Christmas- December 24-25• Gift exchange and big meals
Dia de le Raza- October 12• Celebrates discovery of
Americas and ethnic mixing
CULTURE SPHERES
European-commercial
The most “Latin” part of South AmericaIncludes the Pampas - temperate grasslandsEconomically most advancedTransportation networks and quality of life are excellent.
CULTURE SPHERES
Amerind-subsistence
Correlates with the former Inca EmpireFeudal socioeconomic structure persistsIncludes some of South America’s poorest areasSubsistence agriculture must contend with difficult environmental challenges.
CULTURE SPHERES
Tropical-plantation
Resembles Middle America’s RimlandLocations, soils, & tropical climates favor plantation crops, especially sugar.Initially relied on African slave labor
CULTURE SPHERES
Mestizo-transitional
Surrounds the Amerindian-subsistence region
A zone of mixture- culturally & agriculturally
Transitional -- economic connotations
CULTURE SPHERES
Undifferentiated
Characteristics are difficult to classify.Sparsely populatedIsolation and lack of change- notable featuresDevelopment of Amazonia may prompt significant changes.
SOUTH AMERICA’S CULTURE SPHERES
Tropical-plantation
European-commercial
Amerind-subsistence
Mestizo-transitional
Undifferentiated
ArgentinaEthnic Groups
97% white (Italian and Spanish)3% mestizo, Amerindian, or non-white
Religions92% Roman Catholic (< 20% practicing)2% Protestant 2% Jewish4% Other
LanguagesSpanish (Official)Italian, English, German, French
GovernmentRepublic
Economy Agriculture and Industry
• sunflower seeds, lemons, soybeans, grapes, corn, tobacco, peanuts, tea, wheat, livestock
• food processing, motor vehicles, consumer durables, textiles, chemicals and petrochemicals, printing, metallurgy, steel
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Buenos_Aires-Puerto_Madero-Hilton-River_View.jpg
BoliviaEthnic Groups
30% Quechua, 30% mestizo25% Aymara,15% white
LanguagesSpanish, Quechua, AymaraAll official
Religions95% Roman Catholic5% Protestant
GovernmentRepublic
EconomyAgriculture and Industries
• soybeans, coffee, coca, cotton, corn, sugarcane, rice, potatoes; timber
• mining, smelting, petroleum, food and beverages, tobacco, handicrafts, clothing
http://www.mayuc.com/images/bolivia-tiahuanaco_statues.jpg
BrazilEthnic Groups
53.7% white and 6.2% black 38.5% mulatto (mixed white and black) 0.9% other and 0.7% unspecified
Religion73.6% Roman Catholic and 15.4% Protestant1.3% Spiritualist and 0.3% Bantu/voodoo1.8% other,0.2% unspecified and 7.4% none
LanguagesPortuguese (official)
Spanish, English, French
GovernmentFederative Republic
EconomyAgriculture and Industries
• coffee, soybeans, wheat, rice, corn, sugarcane, cocoa, citrus; beef
• textiles, shoes, chemicals, cement, lumber, iron ore, tin, steel, aircraft, motor vehicles and parts, other machinery and equipment
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Gramado.7.jpg
ChileEthnic Groups
95% white and white-Amerindian3% Amerindian2% other
Religion70% Roman Catholic, 15.1% Evangelical, 1.1% Jehovah’s Witness, and 1% other Christian4.6% other8.3% none
Languages Spanish
GovernmentRepublic
EconomyAgriculture and Industries
• Grapes, apples, pears, onions, wheat, corn, oats, peaches, garlic, asparagus, beans, beef, poultry, wool, fish and timber
• Copper, other minerals, foodstuffs, fish processing, iron and steel, wood and wood products, transport equipment, cement, textiles
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Torres1.jpg
ColumbiaEthnic Groups
58% mestizo, 20% white, 14% mulatto, and 4% black
3% mixed black-Amerindian and 1% Amerindian
Religion90% Roman Catholic
10% other
LanguagesSpanish
GovernmentRepublic where executive branch dominates governmental structure
EconomyAgriculture and Industries
• Coffee, cut flowers, bananas, rice, tobacco, corn, sugarcane, cocoa beans, oilseed, vegetables, forest products, and shrimp
• Textiles, food processing, oil, clothing, footwear, beverages, chemicals, cement, gold, coal, and emeralds
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Lezo.jpg
EcuadorEthnic Groups
65% mestizo, 25% Amerindian7% Spanish and others3% black
Religions95% Roman Catholic5% other
LanguagesSpanish (official)Amerindian languages
GovernmentRepublic
EconomyAgriculture and Industries
• Bananas, coffee, cocoa, rice, potatoes, manioc (tapioca), plantains, sugarcane, cattle, sheep, pigs, beef, pork, dairy products, balsa wood, fish and shrimp
• Petroleum, food processing, textiles, wood products, and chemicals
http://www.export.gov.il/Eng/_Uploads/3846ecuador.jpg
ParaguayEthnic Groups
95% mestizo5% other
Religions89.6% Roman Catholic, 6.2% Protestant, and 1.1% other Christian1.9% other or unspecified1.1% none
LanguagesSpanish (official)Guarani (official)
GovernmentConstitutional republic
EconomyAgriculture and Industries
• Cotton, sugarcane, soybeans, corn, wheat, tobacco, cassava (tapioca), fruits, vegetables, beef, pork, eggs, mild, and timber
• Sugar, cement, textiles, beverages, wood products, steel, metallurgic, electric power
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Paraguay-001.jpg
PeruEthnic Groups
45% Amerindian, 37% mestizo, and 15% white3% black, Japanese, Chinese, or other
Religions81% Roman Catholic, 1.4% Seventh Day Adventist, and 1.4% other Christian0.6% other16.3% unspecified or none
GovernmentConstitutional republic
LanguagesSpanish and Quechua (official)
Aymara and minor Amazonian languages
EconomyAgriculture and Industries
• Asparagus, coffee, cotton, sugarcane, rice, potatoes, corn, plantains, grapes, oranges, coca, poultry, beef, dairy products, fish, and guinea pigs
• Mining and refining of minerals, steel, metal fabrication, petroleum extraction and refining, natural gas, fishing and fish processing, textiles, clothing, and food processing
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Peru_Machu_Picchu_Sunrise_
2.jpg
UruguayEthnic Groups
88% white8% mestizo4% black
Religions66% Roman Catholic, 2% Protestant1% Jewish31% nonprofessing or other
LanguagesSpanish and PortunolBrazilero (Portuguese-Spanish mix)
GovernmentConstitutional republic
EconomyAgriculture and Industries
• Rice, wheat, corn, barley, livestock, and fish
• Food processing, electrical machinery, transportation equipment, petroleum products, textiles, chemicals, and beverages
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Playa_Pocitos.jpg
VenezuelaEthnic Groups
Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Arab, German, African, and indigenous people
Religions96% Roman Catholic and 2% Protestant2% other
LanguagesSpanish (official)Indigenous dialects
GovernmentFederal republic
EconomyAgriculture and Industries
• Corn, sorghum, sugarcane, rice, bananas, vegetables, coffee, beef, pork, milk, eggs, and fish
• Petroleum, construction materials, food processing, textiles, iron ore mining, steel, aluminum, motor vehicle assembly
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Altamira.JPG