southeast cattle advisor marketing school | march 8 th
TRANSCRIPT
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Dr. Dennis Hancock Extension Forage Specialist
Crop and Soil Sciences – UGA
Dr. Dennis Hancock Extension Forage Specialist
Crop and Soil Sciences – UGA
Maximizing Forages as an Economical Feed ResourceMaximizing Forages as an Economical Feed Resource
Southeast Cattle Advisor Marketing School | March 8th
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Looking Ahead
• Gain/acre vs. ADG
• Stocking Rate
• Grazing Days
Photo credit: Noble Foundation.
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Looking Ahead
• Focusing on Forage Quality Optimizing Digestibility
(TDN, IVDMD, etc.) Maximizing Dry Matter Intake
(DMI) Maximizing Feed Efficiency
(FE)
Photo credit: Noble Foundation.
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Looking Ahead
• Observations of Stocker Productivity in Major Forage System Types Legumes!!!
Photo credit: Noble Foundation.
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Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Month
Forage Needed – Forage ProvidedForage Needed – Forage Provided
Warm-seasonperennial grassesWarm-seasonperennial grasses
Winterannual(small grain/annual ryegrass)
Winterannual(small grain/annual ryegrass)
Cool-seasonperennial grassesCool-seasonperennial grasses
Rela
tive
Fora
ge P
rovi
ded
Rela
tive
Fora
ge P
rovi
ded
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Forage Productivity Differs Throughout the Year
Forage Productivity Differs Throughout the Year
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Quality Differences in the Major Forage Species
Quality Differences in the Major Forage Species
40
50
60
70
80
Dig
estib
le D
M, %
Trop
ical Annual
Grasses
Cool S
eason P
erennial
G
rasses
Cool S
eason A
nnual G
rasses
Leg
um
es
Tropical P
erennial
Grasses
Dry Cow
Stocker’sNeeds
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The Relationship between Fiber (NDF) and Dry Matter Intake (DMI)
The Relationship between Fiber (NDF) and Dry Matter Intake (DMI)
Fiber (NDF) Level
Inta
ke
Intake toMeet Needs
Intake is Physically LimitedDry Matter Intake (DMI)
Dig. Energy Intake
Dig. Energy Intake
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The Relationship between Fiber (NDF) and Dry Matter Intake (DMI)
The Relationship between Fiber (NDF) and Dry Matter Intake (DMI)
Fiber (NDF) Level
Inta
ke
Intake toMeet Needs
Intake is Physically Limited
Dry Matter Intake (DMI)
Dig. Energy Intake
Dig. Energy Intake
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Georgia’s Stocker Forages
High Quality Forage Systems
Georgia’s Stocker Forages
High Quality Forage SystemsA. NE Tall fescue + Clover
B. Winter Annual Grass Prepared Seedbed
+ A. Ryegrass Hay/Baleage+ Supplementation
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Georgia’s Stocker Forages
High Quality Forage Systems
Georgia’s Stocker Forages
High Quality Forage Systems
A. NE Tall fescue + Clover (Upper Pied.) Spring Only
B. Winter Annual Grasses (& Legumes?) Sodseeded
+ A. Ryegrass Hay/Baleage+ Supplementation
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Georgia’s Stocker Forages
High Quality Forage Systems
Georgia’s Stocker Forages
High Quality Forage Systems
A. Winter Annual Grasses (& Legumes!) Sodseeded or Prepared Ground
B. Tifton 85 BermudagrassC. Summer Annuals (distant 3rd)
+ A. Ryegrass Hay/Baleage+ Supplementation
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Efficiencies of Grazing and Mechanized Harvest
Efficiencies of Grazing and Mechanized Harvest
Method Efficiency
Grazing
Continuous Stocking 30-40%
Slow Rotation (3-4 paddocks) 50-60%
Moderate Rotation (6-8 paddocks)
60-70%
Strip Grazing 70-80%
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Mechanical
Hay 30-70%
Silage 60-85%
Green Chop 70-95%
Efficiencies of Grazing and Mechanized Harvest
Efficiencies of Grazing and Mechanized Harvest
Method Efficiency
Grazing
Continuous Stocking 30-40%
Slow Rotation (3-4 paddocks) 50-60%
Moderate Rotation (6-8 paddocks)
60-70%
Strip Grazing 70-80%
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Grazing PressureGrazing Pressure
Productivity Per Animal vs. Per Acre
Productivity Per Animal vs. Per Acre
Undergrazing Overgrazing
Undergrazing Overgrazing
Product animal
Product animal
Product acre
Product acre
Gain/acreADG
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Grazing PressureGrazing Pressure
Productivity Per Animal vs. Per Acre
Productivity Per Animal vs. Per Acre
Product animal
Product animal
Undergrazing Overgrazing
Undergrazing Overgrazing
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Grazing PressureGrazing Pressure
Undergrazing Overgrazing
Undergrazing Overgrazing
Productivity Per Animal vs. Per Acre
Productivity Per Animal vs. Per Acre
Product animal
Product animal
Product acre
Product acre
O
pti
mum
Opti
mum
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Productivity Per Animal vs. Per Acre
Productivity Per Animal vs. Per Acre
Bottomline:• When evaluating grazing research, look at ADG,
Gain/acre, Grazing Time, and Stocking Rate simultaneously.
ADG
Gain/acre
GrazingDays
Stocking Rate
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Effect of Tall Fescue and the Endophyte on Stocker Production
Effect of Tall Fescue and the Endophyte on Stocker Production
ADG GainStocking
RateGrazing
Time(lbs/hd/d) (lb/acre) (hd/acre) (days)
Fall
Jesup E+ 1.5 137 1.5 63Jesup E- 2.3 211 1.5 63Jesup NE 2.1 188 1.5 63GA 5 NE 2.2 209 1.5 63
Parish, 2001. University of Georgia Ph.D. Dissertation.
In the fall, tall fescue is either “Boom or Bust.”
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Effect of Tall Fescue and the Endophyte on Stocker Production
Effect of Tall Fescue and the Endophyte on Stocker Production
ADG GainStocking
RateGrazing
Time(lbs/hd/d) (lb/acre) (hd/acre) (days)
Fall
Jesup E+ 1.5 137 1.5 63Jesup E- 2.3 211 1.5 63Jesup NE 2.1 188 1.5 63GA 5 NE 2.2 209 1.5 63
Spring
Jesup E+ 0.8 119 1.6 91Jesup E- 2.2 313 1.6 91Jesup NE 1.8 251 1.6 91GA 5 NE 2.2 308 1.6 91
Parish, 2001. University of Georgia Ph.D. Dissertation.
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Effect of Tall Fescue, Endophyte, and White Clover on Stocker Production in
the Spring
Effect of Tall Fescue, Endophyte, and White Clover on Stocker Production in
the Spring
Jesup Tall Fescue and Durana White Clover. 3-yr trial. Eatonton, GA.Hill, Andrae, and Bouton (unpublished data)
ADG Gain(lbs/hd/d) (lb/acre)
E+ 1.10 126NE 1.83 186E+ & WC 1.60 150NE & WC 2.61 252
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Winter Annual Forage Systems
Winter Annual Forage Systems
Overseeding Winter Annuals into Bermuda
• Ryegrass (Annual)• Rye• Oats• Wheat• Triticale
Overseeding Winter Annuals into Bermuda
• Ryegrass (Annual)• Rye• Oats• Wheat• Triticale
• Arrowleaf clover• Crimson clover• Red clover*
• Arrowleaf clover• Crimson clover• Red clover*
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Winter Annual Forage QualityWinter Annual Forage Quality
SpeciesCrude
Protein
Total Digestible Nutrients
Annual Yield*
------- % ------- lbs DM/acre
Ryegrass 10-20 56-74 10,630
Oats 8-14 55-70 7,100
Wheat 8-14 52-70 7,110
Rye 8-14 50-70 4,850
Arrowleaf 14-17 56-75 3,470
Crimson 14-16 57-75 3,570
Quality ranges are approximate and are highly dependant upon forage maturity at grazing/harvest. Yields are 3-yr averages from GA and AL.
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Jan FebMar AprMay Jun Jul AugSep OctNovDec -
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
4,500
5,000
Annual Ryegrass Oats
Wheat Rye
Yie
ld
(dry
lb
s/a
cre
)Winter Annual Forage
DistributionWinter Annual Forage
Distribution
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Winter Annuals: When and How Much
Winter Annuals: When and How MuchTypical Distribution of Available Forage: Rye and
Annual Ryegrass
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
J an Feb Mar Apr May J un
Av
ail
ab
le F
ora
ge
(dry
lb
s/a
cre
)
Rye
Annual Ryegrass
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Effect of Winter Annual Mixture on Beef Production
Effect of Winter Annual Mixture on Beef Production
ORG RG RRG TRG WRG
ADG (lbs/hd/d)
Winter 1.19 0.73 1.39 1.11 1.20
Spring 2.45 2.60 2.39 2.07 2.37
Beck et al., 2007. J. Anim. Sci. 85:536-544 (SW Arkansas, Avg. of 2 yrs)
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Effect of Winter Annual Mixture on Beef Production
Effect of Winter Annual Mixture on Beef Production
ORG RG RRG TRG WRG
ADG (lbs/hd/d)
Winter 1.19 0.73 1.39 1.11 1.20
Spring 2.45 2.60 2.39 2.07 2.37
Gain (lb/acre)
253 239 281 219 256
Beck et al., 2007. J. Anim. Sci. 85:536-544 (SW Arkansas, Avg. of 2 yrs)
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Effect of Winter Annual Mixture on Beef Production
Effect of Winter Annual Mixture on Beef Production
ORG RG RRG TRG WRG
ADG (lbs/hd/d)
Winter 1.19 0.73 1.39 1.11 1.20
Spring 2.45 2.60 2.39 2.07 2.37
Gain (lb/acre)
253 239 281 219 256
Cost of Gain ($/lb) $0.29 $0.28 $0.25 $0.39 $0.28
Net Return ($/acre) $110 $106 $144 $56 $115Beck et al., 2007. J. Anim. Sci. 85:536-544 (SW Arkansas, Avg. of 2
yrs)
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0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Yie
lds (
dry
lb
s/a
cre
)
Winter Annual Forage Systems
Winter Annual Forage Systems
Rye Yields: Tifton
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Winter Annual Forage Systems
Winter Annual Forage Systems
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Yie
lds (
dry
lb
s/a
cre
)
Ryegrass Yields: Tifton
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Mechanical
Hay 30-70%
Silage 60-85%
Green Chop 70-95%
Efficiencies of Grazing and Mechanized Harvest
Efficiencies of Grazing and Mechanized Harvest
Method Efficiency
Grazing
Continuous Stocking 30-40%
Slow Rotation (3-4 paddocks) 50-60%
Moderate Rotation (6-8 paddocks)
60-70%
Strip Grazing 70-80%
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Winter Annual Forage: Ryegrass Cost per ton of INTAKE
Winter Annual Forage: Ryegrass Cost per ton of INTAKE
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Best-Case Average Worst-Case
Co
st
($/d
ry t
on
of in
tak
e)
Continuous Stocking Rotational Stocking Strip Grazing
Cost of Intake for Hay($60/1000 lb roll and 70% Efficiency)
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Beef Production on Selected Winter Annual Regimens vs. No Winter Annual
Beef Production on Selected Winter Annual Regimens vs. No Winter Annual
Treatment N Added
Added Grazin
g ADGGain/acre
(lbs/ac per yr) (d/yr) (lbs/hd/d) (lbs)
No Annuals 100 0 1.57 293
Ryegrass 150 53 1.76 422
Arrowleaf + Crimson
0 24 1.94 410
Rye + Arrowleaf + Crimson
100 81 1.92 560Hoveland et al., 1978. Agron. J. 70:418-420.
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Stocker Performance on Rye and Rye-Based Mixtures – Eatonton, GA
2010
Stocker Performance on Rye and Rye-Based Mixtures – Eatonton, GA
2010
Treatment Grazing Period
Stock Rate
ADG Gain
(days) (hd/a) (lbs/hd/d) (lbs/a)
Rye Only 83 1.87 2.73 421
+ Wheat 83 1.96 2.57 412
+ A. Ryegrass
134 1.60 1.92 409
+ Crimson + Arrowleaf
129 1.51 2.29 444 Hancock et al., Unpublished data.
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Stocker Performance on Rye and Rye-Based Mixtures – Eatonton, GA
2010
Stocker Performance on Rye and Rye-Based Mixtures – Eatonton, GA
2010
Treatment Pasture Cost of Gain
Ending Value
Beg. Value Value of Gain
($/lb of gain) ($/hd/a) ($/lb/a)
Rye Only $0.410 $1,626 $1,159 $367
+ Wheat $0.440 $1,674 $1,318 $356
+ A. Ryegrass
$0.520 $1,444 $1,084 $360
+ Crimson + Arrowleaf
$0.415 $1,412 $1,015 $398Hancock et al., Unpublished data.
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Forage Productivity Differs Throughout the Year
Forage Productivity Differs Throughout the Year
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Stocker Steer Performance on Alfalfa
Stocker Steer Performance on Alfalfa
Forage Allowance
Stocking
Density ADGGain/acre
Grazing Days
Hd/ac lbs/hd/d lbs days
High 1.05 2.08 264 128
Medium 1.50 1.66 295 183
Low 2.35 1.38 387 286
Bates et al., 1996. J. Prod. Ag. 9:418-423. (Avg. of 3 yrs: 1989, 90, 91.)
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Steer Performance when Rotationally Grazing Alfalfa or High-Tannin (HT) or Low-Tannin (LT)
Sericea Lespedeza
Steer Performance when Rotationally Grazing Alfalfa or High-Tannin (HT) or Low-Tannin (LT)
Sericea Lespedeza
Legume Treatment
Stocking
Density ADGGain/acre
Final Wt.
Hd/ac lbs/hd/d lbs
Alfalfa 1.3 2.16 475 878
HT Sericea 1.3 1.39 248 785
LT Sericea 1.2 1.65 276 840
Schmidt et al., 1987. AL Ag. Exp. St. Circular 288 (Avg. of 3 yrs)
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Broad-Scope Assessment of Pasture Systems for Stockers
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Forage Systems with Highest ADG
Forage Systems with Highest ADG
Rank Forage System ADG (lbs)1 NE Tall Fescue w/White Clover 2.612 Alfalfa 2.163 EF Tall Fescue (≈ NE) 2.134 Sericea Lespedeza (cont.) 1.875 Orchardgrass w/Ladino 1.836 Orchardgrass 1.777 Sericea Lespedeza (rotat.) 1.658 Oats & Crimson Clover 1.609 Rye, Ryegrass & Crimson Clover 1.57
10 Tall Fescue w/Ladino Clover 1.53
Adapted from Ball and Prevatt (2009) and other studies presented herein.
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Adapted from Ball and Prevatt (2009) and other studies presented herein.
Rank Forage System ADG (lbs)1 Tall Fescue (NE + White Clover) 2.612 Alfalfa 2.163 Tall Fescue (endo. free ≈ NE) 2.134 Sericea Lespedeza (cont.) 1.875 Orchardgrass w/Ladino 1.836 Orchardgrass 1.777 Sericea Lespedeza (rotat.) 1.658 Oats & Crimson Clover 1.609 Rye, Ryegrass & Crimson Clover 1.57
10 Tall Fescue w/Ladino Clover 1.53
Forage Systems with Highest ADG
Forage Systems with Highest ADG
Production is vanity… Profit is sanity!
High ADG ≠ High Profitability
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Forage Systems with Lowest Cost
Forage Systems with Lowest Cost Pasture Cost
Rank Forage System $/Ac $/lb 1 Tall fescue w/ladino 172.26 0.30 2 Orchardgrass w/ladino 172.08 0.30 3 Tall fescue w/BF trefoil 173.28 0.44 4 Bermudagrass w/h. vetch 230.75 0.47 5 Sericea lespedeza (cont.) 148.84 0.49 6 Sericea lespedeza (rotat.) 148.84 0.54 7 Sericea lespedeza (cont.) 148.84 0.60 8 Rye & ryegrass 318.34 0.60 9 Bermudagrass (hybrid) w/rye 328.35 0.62
10 Rye, oats & crimson clover 352.78 0.65
Source: Ball and Prevatt (2009).
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Forage Systems with Lowest Cost
Forage Systems with Lowest Cost Pasture Cost
Rank Forage System $/Ac $/lb 1 Tall fescue w/ladino 172.26 0.30 2 Orchardgrass w/ladino 172.08 0.30 3 Tall fescue w/BF trefoil 173.28 0.44 4 Bermudagrass w/h. vetch 230.75 0.47 5 Sericea lespedeza (cont.) 148.84 0.49 6 Sericea lespedeza (rotat.) 148.84 0.54 7 Sericea lespedeza (cont.) 148.84 0.60 8 Rye & ryegrass 318.34 0.60 9 Bermudagrass w/rye 328.35 0.62
10 Rye, oats & crimson clover 352.78 0.65
Source: Ball and Prevatt (2009).
You get what you pay for! (Usually.)
Low Cost ≠ High Profitability
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Forage Systems with Highest Profitability
Forage Systems with Highest Profitability
Rank Forage System1 Tall fescue w/ladino2 Orchardgrass w/ladino3 Bermudagrass (Hybrid) + 320 lbs N4 Rye, ryegrass & crimson clover5 Bermudagrass w/vetch6 Rye & ryegrass7 EF Tall Fescue (≈ NE)8 Bermudagrass w/rye 9 Bermudagrass (Hybrid) + 160 lbs N
10 Oats & crimson clover
Verify by using the costs per acre and estimates of gain per acre from Ball and Prevatt (2009) and market price for selling calves.
NE Tall fescue + w. clover NE Tall
fescue
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THE SEVEN LOWEST PASTURE COSTS/LB OF
GAIN INVOLVED LEGUMES
4 OF THE TOP 5 MOST PROFITABLE FORAGE
OPTIONS USE LEGUMES EXTENSIVELY!!!
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QUESTIONS?QUESTIONS?
www.georgiaforages.com1-800-ASK-UGA1
www.georgiaforages.com1-800-ASK-UGA1