Spanish 3 Grammatical ConceptsNicholas Arce

Table of Contents1- Title

2- Table of Contents

3- Preterite Tense

4- Preterite Triggers

5- Car, Gar, Zar

6- Spock

7- Snake, Snakey

8- Cucuracha

9- Imperfect Tense

10- Imperfect Triggers

11- Irregulars

12-Preterite vs. Imperfect

13- Ser vs. Estar

14- Verbs like Gustar

15- Comparatives and Superlatives

16- Future Tense

17- Future Triggers

18- Future Irregulars

19- Transition Words

20- Por

21- Para

Preterite

This verb form is used for completed actions in the past. Such as you ate yesterday, comiste ayer, or I swam at 8, Nadé a las ocho. They have a definitive start and end.

Regular Verb Forms

-Ar

-Er/Ir

é amos

aste -

ó aron

í imos

iste -

ió ieron

Triggers Every verb tense has words which will help you identify which tense to use. For the preterite tense... Ante ayer

El dia anterior

El jueves pasado

El otro dia

UN! vez

All these will help you identify the perterite tense

Car, Gar, Zar Most (if not all) verb forms have

irregulars. The preterite has quite a few...the first being the car, gar, and zar verbs.

For these verbs, take off the ending of the infintive, and for the YO form with verbs ending in car, gar, or zar, use the endings qué, gué, and cé respectively.

buscar---busqué

llegar---llegué

empezar---empecé

Spock! Irregular conjugations for each grouping. No accents!

Hacer

Dar Ir

SerVer Dar/Ver

-i,-imos,-iste,-io,-ieron

Hacer

hice, hicimos, hiciste, hizo, hicieron

Ir/Ser

fui, fuimos, fuiste, fue, fueron

Snake....Snakey Only the bottom of the chart....(3rd person) has an irregular conjugation where the vowel changes to a y.

Leer

leyó

leyeron

Oir

oyó

oyeron

Cucurachas!

These verbs all have the same endings: e, imos, iste, o, ieron.

Anduve, anduvimos, anduviste, anduvo, anduvieron

andar anduv-

estar estuv-

tener tuv-

caber cup-

haber hub-

poder pud-

poner pus-

saber sup-

hacer hic-

querer quis-

venir vin-

*decir dij-

*producir produj-

*traer traj-

***** for those, the 3rd person plural drops the 'I' in the conjugation. For example. Trajeron instead of trajieron....

Imperfect

Used to describe past actions that don't have a specific beginning or ending. They have an imperfect time. They describe habitual past actions, or uncompleted actions. Also vague refrences would use the imperfect.... cuando ERA niño...

The endings are....

-Ar

-Er/Ir

aba abámos

abas -

aba aban

ía íamos

ías -

ía ían

Triggers

Denotes the imperfect tense!!!!

A veces

A menudo

De vez en cuando

Mientras

Muchas veces

Los lunes

Cada dia

Frequentemente

siempre

Imperfect Irregulars

Ir

iba

ibas

iba

íbamos

iban

Ser

era

eras

era

éramos

eran

Ver

veía

veías

veía

veíamos

veían

Only 3, enough said?

Preterite vs. ImperfectWe have two ways we could

possibly express past actions, with the preterite and imperfect tenses. So, which one should we use? Well, the preterite, as I said before, is like a snapshot, a definite time. Imperfect is like a movie, it keeps moving.

If that isn't confusing enough, they can both be used in the same sentence. But luckily, the imperfect shows the background information such as time, weather, and location, while the preterite shows the specific events.

Nadaste a las dies (Pret.)

Nadaba de vez en cuando (imp.)

Cuando dormía, mi perro comió una hamburguesa con queso.

Ser vs. Estar

Ser D- descriptions

O- occupations

C- characteristic

T- time

O- origin

R- relationships

P- possesion

E- events

D- dates

Estar H- health

E- emotions

L- location

P- physical characteristics

ING- for verbs in English ending in -ing you need estar + verb + ando/iendo

Verbs like Gustar

Some verbs work like gustar

Personal pronoun + gusta/an + noun

me encantan los zapatos

me fascina comer

no me importa

aburrir, faltar, importar, interesar, molestar, quedar, caer, doler, disgustar, preocupar, sorprender, apetecer

Comparatives and Superlatives

Comparatives

Mas ____ que ____

Menos ____ que ____

Nuestra casa es mas grande que su casa

Superlatives

el mas ___ de ____

el menos ___ de ____

Nuestra casa es el mas grande de todos en el mundo

*Irregular adjectives Bueno- mejor

Malo- peor

Viejo- mayor

Joven- menor

*Numbers! Mas de or menos de

*OTRO! Tan___ como

as ___ as Tanto ___como

as much/many as

Future Tense

All verbs end the same way! Infintive + ending

Hablaré miercoles.

é emos

ás -

á án

Triggers

When you see these, you know the event will be happening sometime in the future!

Mañana El lunes Despues de mañana El proximo dia

Irregulars!

Same endings, but the stem changes!

Caber cabr

Poner pondr

Decir dir

Haber habr

Salir saldr

Hacer har

Poder podr

Tener tendr

Querer querr

Valer valdr

Sabe sabr

Venir vendr

Transition Words These words will spice

up your sentences and provide you with ways of saying more things.

• Aunque- even though

• Mientras- while

• A pasar de- in spite of

• Por lo tanto- therefore

• Sin embargo/no obstante- nevertheless

Por

For By means of

Passing through PORtal

General, not specific PORtugal

How long PORever

The cause of something PORpuse

An exhange imPORt/exPORt

Doing something in place of someone

I am POR, pay for me

By means of moving transPORtation

Para

For In order to

For whom something is done

Suprise PARAtay

Destination PARAguay

The purpose for whom something is done

PARAsites

Opinions PARAdon me, but...

Contrast and compare comPARAson

deadline PARAmedic

Grammar Book Sem. 2

Nicholas Arce

Table of Contents

24,25 Conditional + irregulars-Perfect Tenses 26 Present 27 Present perfect irregulars 28 Past29 Subjunctive perfect30 Tanto y Tan31 Impersonal ‘se’32 Saber vs. Conocer-Los Mandatos 33 Informal 34 Formal 35 Nosotros commands36,37 Subjunctive + irregulars38 Trigger phrases39 Demonstrative Adjectives

Conditional

• Used to express probability, wonder, conjecture, or possibility

*when would is used-imperfect is used

Infinitive + = Conditional

It has the same irregulars as the future tenseCan be used to make polite requests – Me gustaría…..

ía íamos

ías íais

ía ían

Irregulars

• Caber Cabr• Poner Pondr• Decir Dir• Haber Habr• Salir Saldr• Hacer Har• Poder Podr• Tener Tendr• Querer Querr• Valer Valdr• Saber Sabr• Venir Vendr

Presente Perfect

• The present perfect is a compound tense formed with the verb haber and the past participle of the other verb.– AR- ado– ER- ido– IR- ido

• True in past and still is true in present.

• Action was completed recently• To tell what you have done or have

not done.

Irregulars!

Abrir - abiertoCubrir - cubiertoDecir - dichoEscribir - escritoHacer - hechoMorir - murtoPooner - puestoResolver - resueltoRomper - rotoVer - vistoVolver - vueltoIr - ido

Past Perfect

• habíahabíashabíahabíamos + Verb = Past perfecthabíaishabían

• Used when you have or had done something in the past

• Drop (er, ir) + ido• Drop (ar) + ado

Subjunctive Perfect

• The present perfect subjunctive is used in the same types of clauses as the present subjunctive, and normally is used to indicate the action as completed with verbs in the present or future tense.

• You use the present subjunctive conjugation of the verb haber + your past participle

Haya

Hayas

Haya

Hayamos + Participle

Hayan

Tanto y Tan

• Tan… como (as…as)

• Tanto… como (as much/as many… as)

• Tan is used with adjectives and adverbs

• Tanto is used with nouns and verbs

• Conduzco tan despacio como puedo.

• El tiene tanto miedo como yo.

Impersonal Se

• Se vende fruta en el mercado

• Se habla Ingles• Se hizo mucho

• Use 'se' to avoid specifying a person who is doing the action of the verb.

• When using 'se' the verb is always in the 3rd person.

• Can be used in ALL tenses.

Saber v Conocer

• Conocer is used for knowledge of people, places, or literary works.

¿Conoces el libro All Quiet on the Western Front?

• Saber is used when you need to state factual information.

Ella sabe que 2 + 2 = 4

Informal Commands

+ Conjugate to the usted form

- Drop ending add opposite ending and 's'

--Dop/Iop

--Irreg

+ Habla, Come, Escribe

- No Hables, No Comas, No Escribas

-- Hablalo, No lo hables

--Di has ve sé sal ten ven pon * add infinitive to end: dílo, ponla

Formal Commands

+ Yo form, opposite ending

- Yo form opposite ending

--Dop/Iop

--Irreg

*if plural, just add 'n'

+ Hablen, compre, escriba

- No Hable, No compren, No escriba

– Hablelo, No la compren

– Dé, esté, vaya, sea,sepa, tenga, venga, ponga

Nosotros Commands

• Simply add the opposite ending of the nosotros conjugation...

• Hablamos-> Hablemos

• Mono Verbs- When making the verb reflexive for nos you drop the s Hablemosnos->Hablemonos

Subjunctive

• Represents attitudes, uncertain, hypothetical, will, influence, emotion, or doubt.

• Put in ‘yo’ form, change to opposite ending• Que- connector to subjunctive• When no change in subject from clause to

clause, use infinitive!

Irregulars

• Car, Gar, Zar- formed same way as always• Conducir, decir, oir- conduzca, diga, oiga• Dar-> dé, des, den, demos• Hay-> haya, hayas, hayan, hayamos

Trigger Phrases

• Impersonal expressions- es bueno que, es malo que, es necesario que, etc. Express an order, a need, a piece of advice, or a desire.

• Expressions of emotion- alegrarse de que, esperar que, sentir que, temer que, etc. Shows fear, happiness, anger, regret, surprise, joy, pity

• Conjunctions of time- use the subjunctive after them after the subordinate clause is habitual or in the past. Asi que, caundo, despues de que, en cuanto, hasta que, luego que, tan pronto como.

Demonstrative Adjectives

este (this) estaese (that) esaaquel (that over there) aquellaestos (these) estasesos (those) esasaquellos (those over there) aquellas*when used as a pronoun, add an accent, esté