spanish 4 h grammar book
TRANSCRIPT
Spanish 4H Grammar Book
Alejandra CookePeriod 1
Table of Contents
3: El Presente4: Irregular Yo Forms5: Irregular Verbs (present tense)6: Ser y Estar7: Verbos Como Gustar8: Nouns & Articles9: Preterite v. Imperfect
El Presente
• present tense of regular verbs is formed by dropping the infinitive ending “-ar, -er, -ir”
• used to express habitual actions or actions that will take place in the near future
Stem-changing verbs>-ar/-er: e to ie and o to ue>-ir: e to i
**no stem-changing in the nosotros and vosotros forms >JUGAR: u to ueconstruir, destruir, incluir, influir (add y before personal endings)
Irregular Yo Forms
• -er/-ir have irregular yo forms in the present tense • -cer/-cir change to -zco in the yo form• -ger/-gir change to –jo• many verbs have irregular -go endings
>caer, to fall: yo caigo>conducir, to drive: yo conduzco>dirigir, to direct/manage: yo dirijo>caber, to fit: yo quepo>saber, to know: yo sé>ver, to see: yo veo
Irregular Verbs, Present Tense
>dar: doy, das, da, damos, dais, dan>decir>estar>ir>ser>tener>venir
Ser y Estar“to be”
not interchangeable SER
• nationality and place of origin
• profession or occupation• characteristics of people,
animals, and things• generalizations• possession• material of composition• time, date, or season• where or when an event
takes place
ESTAR• express things temporarily
(qualities or conditions that change with time)
• location or spatial relationships
• health• emotional states• certain weather expressions• ongoing actions (progressive
tenses)• results of actions (past
participles)• death: “muerto/a”
Verbos Como Gustar
• gustar: “to please”>the thing/person that
pleases is the subject; gustar agrees in person and number
>singular or plural• when gustar is followed by
one or more verbs in infinitive, singular form of gustar is always used
• used in conditional to soften a request
• a+[prep. pronoun] or a+[noun] emphasizes who is pleased
• Aburrir: to bore• Caer bien/mal: to get along• Disgustar: to upset • Doler: to hurt• Encantar: to enjoy• Faltar: to lack• Fascinar: to fascinate• Hacer falta• Importar• Interesar: to interest• Molestar: to bother• Preocupar: to worry• Quedar: to leave; to fit
(clothing)• Sorprender: to surprise
Nouns & Articles
• nouns in Spanish are either masculine or feminine (masculine usually ends in –o, feminine usually ends in –a) Definite Articles
ellaloslas
Indefinite Articlesununa
unos unas
Feminine: -a, -dad/-tad/-tud, -ción/-sión/-gión, -ez, -triz, -umbre, and nouns referring to women
Masculine: -o, -ma/-ta/-pa
Examples: feminine--la fruta, la ciudad, la canción, la validez, la actriz, la costumbre, la madre; masculine--el programa, el día
Preterite v. ImperfectPRETERITE
“Snapshot” of the past>actions viewed as single events>actions repeated a specific number of times>actions that occurred during a specific time period>part of a chain of events>state the beginning/end of an action
IMPERFECT“Video” of the past without a specific beginning or stopping point>habitual actions>actions that “set the stage” for other past actions>time>date>weather>age>mental states>describing characteristics of people, things, or conditions
Preterite é íaste iste ó ióamos imosasteis isteisaron ieron
Imperfect aba ábamos ía íamos abas abais ías íais aba aban ía ían
Preterite v. Imperfect contd.
PRETERITETrigger Words: ayer, anoche, el otro día, entonces, esta mañana/tarde, la semana pasada, el año pasado
ExampleJuan habló con la estudiante.Juan spoke with the student.
IMPERFECTTrigger Words: a veces, cada día, cada semana/mes/año, muchas veces, nunca, mientras, siempre, todos los días>would, used to, were/was…
ExampleLas chicas hablaban en inglés.The girls used to speak in English.
Preterite v. Imperfect contd.
• -gar changes g to gu• -car changes c to qu• -zar changes z to c • verbs that end in -aer, -eer, -oír, -oer,
& uir change ió to yó & ieron to yeron