spatial data taxonomy - esri · spatial data taxonomy author: esri subject: 2011 esri federal user...
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Spatial Data Taxonomy
Pam Keller
Bureau of Land Management
1/21/2011
SDT is a comprehensive framework for organizing and standardizing geospatial data.
Photo credits‐Bureau of Land Management, Burns District Office, Mark Armstrong
& others
Wildfire
Plant
Survey
Roads
Climate
Wilderness
Fauna
Chemical Treatment County
Vegetation
Water
Sampling
Harvest
Watershed
Geology
Fencing Recreation
Sites
Cultural
Sites
Land
Status
Energy
Potential
Prescribed
Fire
Urban
Zoning
Wildfire
Roads
Fauna
County
Recreation
SitesLand
Status
Prescribed
Fire
Wilderness
Vegetation
Cultural
Sites
Fencing
Urban
Zoning
Range GISTimber GISRecreation
GIS
Realty GISFuels GIS
Harvest
Land
Status
Chemical Treatment
Watershed
Water
Sampling
Climate
Water GIS
Wildfire
Roads
Climate
Wilderness
Fauna
Chemical Treatment
County
Vegetation
Water
Sampling
Harvest
Watershed
Fencing
Recreation
Sites
Land
Status
Energy
Potential
Prescribed
Fire
Wilderness
Vegetation
Cultural
Sites
Climate
Roads
Roads
Fencing
Urban
Zoning
Range GISTimber GIS Recreation
GIS
Realty GISFuels GIS
Watershed
Harvest
Water
Sampling
Cultural
Sites
Chemical Treatment
Land
Status
Land
Status
Recreation
SitesUrban
Zoning
Prescribed
Fire
Chemical Treatment
Vegetation
Climate
Fencing
Range GIS
Water
Sampling
Prescribed
Fire
Chemical Treatment
Watershed
Vegetation
Climate
Water GIS
Water
Sampling
Chemical Treatment
Roads
Guiding Principles
• Define and organize• Store once, use many
• Simplify
Philosophy behind the SDT
What is a taxonomy?
A system for describing and representing similarity of properties, behaviors, relationships and
constraints within a particular domain (group).
• What is spatial data?
Both the location & data about the location.
• What is geography? Study of the earth & its lands, features, inhabitants & phenomena.
• Branches of geography– Human geography
– Physical geography– Environmental geography
SDT
ResourcesPhysical Geography
BoundariesHuman Geography
ActivitiesHuman Geography
Environmental Geography
SDT Domain is Natural Resources
And their Management
• Haecceity: discrete, unique properties, the ‘essence’
of a particular
thing
• Quiddity: universal, shared qualities, the ‘whatness’
of a thing
• Somewhat like species and genus
• Essence
is the set of attributes that make an object what it is, without which it loses it’s identity
• Ontology: formal representation of knowledge by a set of concepts within a domain
• These concepts are important in identifying the
lowest level of SDT, the elemental,atomic entities
Philosophy of Categorizing
Data
The Essence of Data Entities in SDT
• What –
inherent rather than interpreted or derived
• What
‐‐
rather than who, how, when , why
• What ‐‐
the definition of a thing
• What ‐‐
inclusivity and mutual exclusivity
• What –
includes the characteristics that make it a particular
thing and those that it shares
Drives the SDT structure & feature classes
Wildfire
Plant
Survey
Roads
Climate
Wilderness
Fauna
Chemical Treatment
County Vegetation
Water
Sampling
Harvest
Watershed
Geology
Fencing Recreation
Sites
Cultural
Sites
Land
Status
Energy
Potential
Prescribed
Fire
Urban
Zoning
Wildfire
Climate
Fauna
Chemical
County
Vegetation
Water
Sampling
Harvest
Watershed
Fencing
Cultural
Sites
Land Status
Energy
Potential
PrescribedFire
Wilderness
Roads
Recreation
Sites
Urban
Zoning
GISResources
Boundaries
Activities
SDT OverviewThree categories at the highest level.
Resources :
physically existing raw materials of natural resource management.
Activities:
human activities (physically manifested) associated with natural resources.
Boundaries: human constructs (concept or description) with no physical existence, bounding
areas of regulation/restriction on resource management.
Horizontal Relationships‐
Vertical/ Cause&Effect
“Business Cases”
Activities take place on, in or with Resources
inside some Boundary
Taxonomic Relationships –
Vertical/Inherited
Resources
Activities
Boundaries
SpeciesOccurrence
LandscapeCover
PotentialResource
Water
Climate
Terrain
Sampling
Survey
Structures
Treatment
s
LandStatus
Planning
Designations
Political/Administrative
Other inherent data qualities
• Basic who/how/when/why attributes• Spatial geometry• Creation and use of the data• Update frequency (dynamic vs static)• Accuracy
Similarities group naturally within the SDT hierarchy and already defined atomic entities
Example Implementation: OR/WA BLM
• Called the Oregon Data Framework, ODF• Taxonomy represented in UML • Lowest levels (feature classes) automatically
inherit from higher levels (abstract classes)• Domains shared among many feature classes• New data standards quickly implemented• Include creation of the feature classes and
population from scattered data sources• Full framework more than half implemented
Benefits
• Simplified data structures make maintenance easier
• Reduced redundancy and inconsistency
• Improved accuracy and currency• Better defined data and data
analyses• Data more accessible and sharable• Robust when HW/SW changes
The art of ranking things in genera and species is of no small importance and very much
assists our judgment as well as our memory. You know how much it
matters in botany,
not to mention animals and other substances, or again moral and notional entities as
some call them. Order largely depends on it, and many good authors write in such a way
that their whole account could be divided and subdivided according to a procedure
related to genera and species. This helps one not merely to retain things, but also to find
them. Gottfried Leibniz, New Essays on Human Understanding, 1704
The world of spatial data is in need of systematic taxonomy. The
spatial representation
of geographical entities, as a whole, and
according to their inherent qualities is still lacking.
Resources Subcategories
Species Occurrence ‐
Specific locations of plant and animal species and change over
time.
Overlapping polygons . Core attributes include species, discovery date, revisit date, a link
to survey area, accuracy, season of use for fauna and % cover for flora.
Water – Inland water on the surface of the earth. Points, lines and polys. Core attributes
include USGS name, local or special name, flow, fish presence, riparian condition, water
quality, link to water rights data.
Landscape Cover –
Entities that can be thought of as covering the surface of the earth from
“wall to wall”
such as soil and plant communities. Ecological Potential (Soil
and potential
plant community/ecological site) and Current Cover (dominant plant community).
Wildfire –
Wildland
fire started through natural, accidental or malicious causes. Overlapping
polygons and points for ignition points and very small fires. Core attributes include name,
incident number, date, cause code.
Geology –
Formations , FaultsClimate –
Precipitation isolines
and zones, Lightning, Air Quality, Wind Zone, Temperature
Zone, Solar Insolation
Cultural Sites – location of archeological findsTerrain –
Entities describing the shape of the earth’s surface. Elevation contours and zones,
Landform, Viewshed, Aspect , Slope, Hydrologic Unit (watershed), Physiographic Province
Potential Resource – Group of entities for predicting the natural world when direct
measurement is not possible. These are futures or past oriented: what we think the
physical resource looked like in the past or will look like in the future. Does not
refer to a
representative model. These are new entities created from two or
more other entities.
Mineral potential, Energy Potential, Wildlife Habitat Potential, Fire Behavior, Cultural
Site Prediction, Flora Site Prediction, Visual Resources Inventory, Wilderness
Characteristics Inventory. Core attributes include date and method.
Activities SubcategoriesTreatment –
Deliberate human action for the purpose of natural resource management that results in
alteration of the landscape. Overlapping polygons track multiple treatments through time. Core
attributes include name, method, agent, purpose, target, date, and links to the authorizing plan and
planning databases. Prescribed Fire, Harvest, Mechanical, Revegetation, Chemical, Biological and
Protection with feature classes for both completed and proposed treatment. Proposed treatments
have an attributes for status.
Survey –
Location of deliberately searched areas . Overlapping polygons
track repeated surveys through
time. Core attributes include name, date, method, surveyor, survey target, found flag. links to
Species Occurrence if found. Flora Survey, Fauna Survey, Weed Survey, Archaeology Survey,
Reforestation Survey.
Sampling –
Deliberately collected data recorded at specific point locations. Specific data and
methodology details and repeated measurements through time are kept in external, linked tables.
Point data. Includes vegetation sample plots, timber stand exams, soil pits, stream sample points,
prism (climate) plots, wildlife observation points, treatment monitoring points and many others.
Could all be combined on one feature class. Core attributes include XY coordinates with projection,
general sample type, sample identifier, method, last sample date, direction, accuracy, and links to
resource feature or treatment feature. One feature class.
Structures
– Human‐built structures, construction. Two feature classes, Lines and points. Existing and
proposed. Polygons created from lines or points if necessary using radius attribute. Lines created
from points if necessary with side length attribute. Core attributes include name, special name,
structure type, date constructed, maintenance responsibility, closure status, easement flag,
condition, material, agent, and links to the authorizing plan and to maintenance and budget
databases. Line structures include roads and trails, pipelines,
fences. Point structures include gates,
culverts, water development, towers, toilets, quarries, buildings, boat ramps, airstrips. Smaller
structure features (picnic tables, signs, spigots, etc) kept in XY tables.
Boundaries SubcategoriesPolitical & Administrative –
Boundaries related to public policy and law or to the management of government entity
jurisdictions. Core attributes include name and information about the authorizing instrument. Feature classes include
Wilderness, declared Roadless
Areas, National Historic Districts, Wild & Scenic River Corridors, National Monuments,
Endangered Species Critical Habitat, Grazing Allotments, Wildhorse
Herd Areas, Urban Growth Boundary, BLM
Resource Areas, National Forests, Counties, Congressional Districts and Census Blocks. New Political & Administrative
boundary proposals are relatively rare.
Special Management Area –
Boundaries for special areas created or updated through land use planning efforts. Core
attributes include name, special values, management restrictions, plan name. Wall‐to‐wall designation zones for OHV,
Mineral Stipulation, Land Tenure, Right‐of‐Way Avoidance, Visual Resource Management, Fire Management. Selected
areas for Riparian Preserve, Forest Preserve, Wildlife Management, Special Recreation Management, Research Natural
Areas, Special Products. Feature classes for proposed SMA boundaries are created when a new plan is initiated and
include an additional attribute for planning alternative. When the plan is approved Proposed SMA boundaries are
incorporated into existing SMA boundary features and then archived.
Land Status
– Entities containing official description of land parcels and the legal rights and restrictions on land parcels. All
features are snapped to the Geographic Coordinate Database points (survey grid). Feature classes include
Township/Range/Section/¼
¼
, Surface Jurisdiction, Subsurface (mineral estate) Ownership
, Easement/Right‐of‐Way
areas and lines, Withdrawals, Claims and Leases , and Land Tenure Transfer (history of acquisition and disposal).
Core attributes include type, right holder name or code, and case file (serial) number that links to the legal record.
Proposed Land Tenure Transfer updates Surface and Subsurface ownership as well as existing Land Tenure Transfer.
Encumbrances (easement/right‐of‐way, withdrawal, claims, leases ) also have feature classes for proposed and include
an attribute for proposal status.
Plan or Project Boundary ‐
Any area where a multi‐year plan for specific action or set of actions will be analyzed
and
perhaps undertaken. Many overlapping polygons. Core attributes
include plan name, date, stage, and identifier used
as the link to treatments, surveys, structures and special management areas authorized by the plan.