spatial point processes in aid of rainforest ecology

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  • 8/14/2019 Spatial point processes in aid of rainforest ecology

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    S p a t i a l p o i n t p r o c e s s e s i n a i d o f r a i n f o r e s t e c o l o g y

    S p a t i a l p o i n t p r o c e s s e s i n a i d o f r a i n f o r e s t e c o l o g y

    T u o m a s R a j a l a

    U n i v e r s i t y o f J y v s k y l , F i n l a n d

    S u p e r v i s o r s : A . P e n t t i n e n , J . I l l i a n

    F u n d i n g : C O M A S

    T u o m a s R a j a l a , U n i v e r s i t y o f J y v s k y l , F i n l a n d 1 / 2 4

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    S p a t i a l p o i n t p r o c e s s e s i n a i d o f r a i n f o r e s t e c o l o g y

    W h a t i s t h i s t a l k a b o u t :

    E x a m p l e o f e c o l o g i c a l q u e s t i o n r e l a t e d t o b i o d i v e r s i t y

    I n t r o d u c t i o n t o s p a t i a l p o i n t p r o c e s s e s

    M e a s u r i n g d i v e r s i t y i n s p a t i a l c o n t e x t

    T u o m a s R a j a l a , U n i v e r s i t y o f J y v s k y l , F i n l a n d 2 / 2 4

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    S p a t i a l p o i n t p r o c e s s e s i n a i d o f r a i n f o r e s t e c o l o g y

    R a i n f o r e s t d a t a : B a r r o C o l o r a d o I s l a n d , P a n a m a

    T h e 5 0 - h e c t a r e p e r m a n e n t t r e e p l o t w a s e s t a b l i s h e d i n 1 9 8 0 i n t h e

    t r o p i c a l f o r e s t o f B a r r o C o l o r a d o I s l a n d ( B C I ) i n G a t u n L a k e i n c e n t r a l

    P a n a m a . C e n s u s e s h a v e b e e n c a r r i e d o u t i n 1 9 8 1 - 1 9 8 3 , 1 9 8 5 , 1 9 9 0 , 1 9 9 5 ,

    2 0 0 0 , a n d 2 0 0 5 . I n e a c h c e n s u s , a l l f r e e - s t a n d i n g w o o d y s t e m s a t l e a s t

    1 0 m m d i a m e t e r a t b r e a s t h e i g h t w e r e i d e n t i e d , t a g g e d , a n d m a p p e d .

    T u o m a s R a j a l a , U n i v e r s i t y o f J y v s k y l , F i n l a n d 3 / 2 4

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    S p a t i a l p o i n t p r o c e s s e s i n a i d o f r a i n f o r e s t e c o l o g y

    Topography of area

    12

    0

    130

    140

    150

    160

    Intensity map of the trees

    1000

    3000

    T u o m a s R a j a l a , U n i v e r s i t y o f J y v s k y l , F i n l a n d 4 / 2 4

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    S p a t i a l p o i n t p r o c e s s e s i n a i d o f r a i n f o r e s t e c o l o g y

    Q u e s t i o n s o f b i o d i v e r s i t y 1

    G l o b a l , c o m m u n i t y l e v e l q u e s t i o n s :

    Q 1 S p e c i e s r i c h n e s s : H o w m a n y s p e c i e s ?

    S

    := #s p e c i e s

    Q 2 S p e c i e s e v e n n e s s : H o w e v e n i s t h e a b u n d a n c e d i s t r i b u t i o n ?

    R e l a t i v e a b u n d a n c e s : = 1 , . . . ,

    S,

    := n /n .

    S e v e r a l i n d i c e s a r e u s e d t o m e a s u r e e v e n n e s s , e . g .

    S i m p s o n i n d e x :=

    S

    = 1 2

    .

    C e n s u s ' 8 1 - ' 8 3 ' 8 5 ' 9 0 ' 9 5 ' 0 0 ' 0 5

    n 2 3 5 2 8 2 2 4 2 0 4 6 2 4 3 9 9 9 2 2 9 0 2 0 2 1 3 7 6 9 2 0 8 3 7 0

    S 2 8 5 2 8 7 2 8 8 2 8 1 2 8 0 2 8 2

    0 . 0 5 1 0 . 0 5 2 0 . 0 5 2 0 . 0 5 2 0 . 0 5 1 0 . 0 4 9

    N o w w e h a v e m o r e d e t a i l e d d a t a s o w e c a n a s k m o r e . . .

    T u o m a s R a j a l a , U n i v e r s i t y o f J y v s k y l , F i n l a n d 5 / 2 4

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    S p a t i a l p o i n t p r o c e s s e s i n a i d o f r a i n f o r e s t e c o l o g y

    Q u e s t i o n s o f b i o d i v e r s i t y 2

    L o c a l , i n d i v i d u a l l e v e l q u e s t i o n s :

    Q 1 I n t e n s i t y a r o u n d i n d i v i d u a l s

    H o w d e n s e i s t h e s u r r o u n d i n g a r e a , s i z e o f n e i g h b o u r h o o d ,

    a n d

    h o w i t a e c t s t h e i n d i v i d u a l ' s s u r v i v a l ?

    Q 2 I n t e r s p e c i e s r e l a t i o n s h i p s

    D o s p e c i e s d i e r i n t h e i r n e i g h b o u r h o o d s ?

    W h a t i s t h e r o l e o f a s p e c i e s i n t h e c o m m u n i t y ?

    L e t ' s t r y t o a n s w e r Q 2 .

    T u o m a s R a j a l a , U n i v e r s i t y o f J y v s k y l , F i n l a n d 6 / 2 4

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    S p a t i a l p o i n t p r o c e s s e s i n a i d o f r a i n f o r e s t e c o l o g y

    M a t h e m a t i c a l f r a m e w o r k

    L o c a l l e v e l q u e s t i o n s r e q u i r e

    T r e a t m e n t o f i n d i v i d u a l u n i t s w i t h k n o w n l o c a t i o n s

    d e n i t i o n o f ' l o c a l '

    p o s s i b i l i t y t o s t a t i s t i c a l l y e s t i m a t e g l o b a l a n d s p e c i e s s p e c i c

    f e a t u r e s

    s t o c h a s t i c i t y , a s t h e f o r e s t i s h i g h l y c o m p l i c a t e d s y s t e m

    S u i t a b l e m a t h e m a t i c a l f r a m e w o r k

    1

    i s g i v e n b y

    S p a t i a l p o i n t p r o c e s s e s

    1

    e . g . M a t r n ' 6 0 , R i p p l e y ' 7 6 , D i g g l e ' 8 3 , S t o y a n e t a l . ' 9 5 , I l l i a n e t a l . ' 0 8

    T u o m a s R a j a l a , U n i v e r s i t y o f J y v s k y l , F i n l a n d 7 / 2 4

  • 8/14/2019 Spatial point processes in aid of rainforest ecology

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    S p a t i a l p o i n t p r o c e s s e s i n a i d o f r a i n f o r e s t e c o l o g y

    S p a t i a l p o i n t p r o c e s s e s

    S p a t i a l p o i n t p r o c e s s i s i n t h i s c o n t e x t u n d e r s t o o d a s a

    r a n d o m , l o c a l l y n i t e s e t X

    = {x

    i }o f d i s c r e t e p o i n t s i n

    Rd

    .

    D a t a p a t t e r n

    xi s a s i n g l e i n s t a n c e X () = x o f s p a t i a l p o i n t

    p r o c e s s m o d e l .

    T h e i n t e r e s t i s i n t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n a l p r o p e r t i e s o f X : i n t e n s i t y

    , s p a t i a l c o r r e l a t i o n o f p o i n t s , h o m o g e n e i t y , i s o t r o p i a , . . .

    T u o m a s R a j a l a , U n i v e r s i t y o f J y v s k y l , F i n l a n d 8 / 2 4

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    S p a t i a l p o i n t p r o c e s s e s i n a i d o f r a i n f o r e s t e c o l o g y

    T h e c o m p l e t e s p a t i a l r a n d o m n e s s i s d e s c r i b e d b y t h e P o i s s o n

    p r o c e s s : n o i n t e r a c t i o n b e t w e e n p o i n t s .

    M o d e l s c a n b e g i v e n t r o u g h a d e n s i t y f

    X

    w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e

    P o i s s o n p r o c e s s p :

    P(X A ) =

    A

    f

    X

    (x

    )d p (x

    )

    E x a m p l e : l e f t : P o i s s o n f

    X

    1 .r i g h t : H a r d c o r e p r o c e s s f

    X

    1 ( m i n || xi

    xj

    || > 0 .0 5 ) .

    Poisson

    0 1

    0

    1

    Hard core,h=0.05

    0 1

    0

    1

    T u o m a s R a j a l a , U n i v e r s i t y o f J y v s k y l , F i n l a n d 9 / 2 4

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    S p a t i a l p o i n t p r o c e s s e s i n a i d o f r a i n f o r e s t e c o l o g y

    M u l t i t y p e s p a t i a l p o i n t p r o c e s s e s

    M u l t i t y p e ( s p a t i a l ) p o i n t p r o c e s s e s a r e s p a t . p o i n t p r o c e s s e s

    w i t h a d d i t i o n a l i n f o r m a t i o n o n t h e p o i n t s , M

    = {[x

    i ;t

    (x

    i )]}.

    T h e t y p e s t ( xi

    ) {1 ,..., S } c a n r e p r e s e n t t h i n g s l i k e s p e c i e s , c o l o r , s i z e c l a s s , e v e n t ( o n / o ) , r o l e ( f a c t o r y / c o n t a m i n a t i o n ) ,

    s t a t e o f g r o w t h , s e x . . .

    betacells

    ants

    T u o m a s R a j a l a , U n i v e r s i t y o f J y v s k y l , F i n l a n d 1 0 / 2 4

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    S p a t i a l p o i n t p r o c e s s e s i n a i d o f r a i n f o r e s t e c o l o g y

    T o o l s f o r a n a l y s i n g p o i n t p r o c e s s e s

    W h e n a p o i n t p a t t e r n d a t a i s g i v e n s u m m a r y s t a t i s t i c s a r e

    c a l c u l a t e d , e . g .

    I n t e n s i t y n| W |

    K

    - f u n c t i o n : K

    (r

    ) = Eo

    x X 1 (x B (o , r ) \ {o }).

    M u l t i t y p e v e r s i o n s a l s o p o s s i b l e

    I n t e n s i t y

    n

    |W

    |

    K , = E o ,

    x X 1 (

    x

    B(

    o,

    r) \ {

    o}).

    Ants nests

    0 2 4 6 8 10 12

    0

    1

    2

    3

    4

    r

    T u o m a s R a j a l a , U n i v e r s i t y o f J y v s k y l , F i n l a n d 1 1 / 2 4

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    S p a t i a l p o i n t p r o c e s s e s i n a i d o f r a i n f o r e s t e c o l o g y

    B a c k t o t h e j u n g l e

    N o w , w r i t e M = {[x

    i

    ; t (xi

    )]} f o r a m u l t i t y p e p o i n t p r o c e s s w i t h i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s

    x

    i

    t r e e l o c a t i o n

    t(

    x

    i

    ) t r e e s p e c i e s

    I n t h e s m a l l s a m p l e S = 5 6 , s o r o u g h l y 1 5 0 0 d i e r e n t K - f u n c t i o n s t o c o m p a r e .

    H o w a b o u t s u m m i n g u p t h e d i v e r s i t y i n t h e ' n e i g h b o u r h o o d s ' ?

    T u o m a s R a j a l a , U n i v e r s i t y o f J y v s k y l , F i n l a n d 1 2 / 2 4

    S p a t i a l p o i n t p r o c e s s e s i n a i d o f r a i n f o r e s t e c o l o g y

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    M e a s u r e s o f D i v e r s i t y : S i m p s o n i n d e x

    R e c a l l : d e n i t i o n o f S i m p s o n i n d e x

    :=S

    =1

    (

    )2 =S

    =1

    2

    S h i m a t a n i & K u b o t a ( 2 0 0 4 ) i n t r o d u c e d t h e S p a t i a l S i m p s o n

    i n d e x :

    ( r ) :=S

    =1

    2

    K ,( r )

    K (r ).

    S u m m a r i z e s t h e i n f o r m a t i o n i n t h e p a t t e r n : N o d i s t i n c t i o n

    b e t w e e n s p e c i e s . . .

    0 10 20 30 40 50

    0.

    00

    0.

    02

    0.

    04

    0.

    06

    r

    (r)

    T u o m a s R a j a l a , U n i v e r s i t y o f J y v s k y l , F i n l a n d 1 3 / 2 4

    S p a t i a l p o i n t p r o c e s s e s i n a i d o f r a i n f o r e s t e c o l o g y

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    M e a s u r e s o f D i v e r s i t y : I S A R

    W i e g a n d e t . a l l . ( 2 0 0 7 ) : I n d i v i d u a l S p e c i e s - A r e a - R e l a t i o n s h i p

    ( I S A R ) f u n c t i o n f o r a s p e c i e s :

    I ( r ) :=S

    =1

    P

    o,( X B ( o , r ) = )

    T h e e x p e c t e d n u m b e r o f s p e c i e s p r e s e n t a r o u n d a t y p i c a l t r e e

    o f s p e c i e s

    U s e I ( r ) t o s t u d y Q 2 : L o o k f o r s p e c i e s e s w h i c h d e v i a t e s f r o m P o i s s o n p r o c e s s I

    0

    (r ) .

    I f I ( r ) > I

    0

    ( r ), t h e s p e c i e s h a s m o r e d i v e r s i t y a r o u n d i t t h a n

    w o u l d b e e x p e c t e d . C a l l t h e s e s p e c i e s d i v e r s i t y a c c u m u l a t o r s .

    I f I ( r ) < I

    0

    ( r ), w e c a l l t h e s p e c i e s d i v e r s i t y r e p e l l e r .

    T h e s t a t i s t i c a l i n f e r e n c e i s b a s e d o n M o n t e C a r l o - s i m u l a t i o n s .

    T u o m a s R a j a l a , U n i v e r s i t y o f J y v s k y l , F i n l a n d 1 4 / 2 4

    S p a t i a l p o i n t p r o c e s s e s i n a i d o f r a i n f o r e s t e c o l o g y

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    T h e r e s u l t s f o r B C I

    D a t a s e t : B C I c e n s u s ' 9 5 , a l l t r e e s w i t h d b h > 1 0 c m . = 2 . 5 %

    0 10 20 30 40

    0

    20

    40

    60

    80

    100

    r

    Percentage

    cases

    neutral

    repelleraccumulator

    S u p r i s i n g a m o u n t o f r e p e l l e r s .

    T u o m a s R a j a l a , U n i v e r s i t y o f J y v s k y l , F i n l a n d 1 5 / 2 4

    S p a t i a l p o i n t p r o c e s s e s i n a i d o f r a i n f o r e s t e c o l o g y

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    C o m p a r i n g I S A R ' s

    A n o t h e r r a i n f o r e s t p l o t : 5 0 h a p l o t P a s o h , M a l a y s i a . M o r e t h a n

    8 0 0 s p e c i e s , o v e r 0 . 3 m i l i n d i v i d u a l s .

    F i g u r e d e p i c t s I S A R f o r s u b s e t o f i n d i v i d u a l s w i t h

    d b h > 1 0 c m f o r s p e c i e s w i t h n > 7 0 .

    0 10 20 30 40 50

    0

    2

    0

    40

    60

    80

    r

    I(r)

    BCI

    Pasoh

    0 10 20 30 40 50

    0.0

    0

    0.1

    0

    0.2

    0

    0.3

    0

    r

    I(r)/S

    BCI

    Pasoh

    T u o m a s R a j a l a , U n i v e r s i t y o f J y v s k y l , F i n l a n d 1 6 / 2 4

    S p a t i a l p o i n t p r o c e s s e s i n a i d o f r a i n f o r e s t e c o l o g y

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    B a c k t o m a t h : t h e n e i g h b o u r h o o d s

    T h e n e i g h b o u r h o o d d e n i t i o n u s e d w a s

    y n e ( x ) y B ( x , r )

    f o r a x e d r > 0 .

    W h a t i f w e w a n t t o d e n e t h e n e i g h b o u r h o o d r e l a t i o n

    d i e r e n t l y ?

    T h e t h e o r y f o r s t u d y i n g n e i g h b o u r h o o d r e l a t i o n s h i p s : G r a p h

    t h e o r y g e n e r a l f r a m e w o r k f o r n e i g h b o u r h o o d s

    G r a p h i s d e n e d a s a p a i r G (V ) = ( V , E ) w h e r e V i s an o n - e m p t y s e t c a l l e d v e r t e x s e t , a n d E {x y :, x , y V } t h ee d g e s e t . ( w r i t e x y E x y ) .

    D e n i t i o n o f

    n e i g h b o u r h o o d o f a p o i n t x V :

    n e ( x ) := {y V : x y }.

    T u o m a s R a j a l a , U n i v e r s i t y o f J y v s k y l , F i n l a n d 1 7 / 2 4

    S p a t i a l p o i n t p r o c e s s e s i n a i d o f r a i n f o r e s t e c o l o g y

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    T h e t y p e o f i n f o r m a t i o n o f X i n G (X ) i s c o v e r n e d b y t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n r u l e o f E . C o m m o n e x a m p l e s :

    G e o m e t r i c g r a p h f o r R > 0 :

    x y d ( x , y ) R

    f o r s o m e m e t r i c d (, ) .

    k - n e a r e s t n e i g h b o u r s g r a p h , k > 0 : i f

    d

    k

    ( x ) := i n f {r > 0 : N ( b ( x , r )\{x }) = k }

    i s t h e d i s t a n c e t o t h e k t h n e i g h b o u r i n g

    p o i n t o f x , t h e n

    x y d ( x , y ) dk

    ( x ).

    T u o m a s R a j a l a , U n i v e r s i t y o f J y v s k y l , F i n l a n d 1 8 / 2 4

    S p a t i a l p o i n t p r o c e s s e s i n a i d o f r a i n f o r e s t e c o l o g y

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    R a n d o m g r a p h s

    G r a p h t h e o r e t i c a l f e a t u r e s r e e c t t h e s t r u c t u r e o f t h e p o i n t p r o c e s s .

    E x a m p l e :

    M e a n c o n n e c t i o n s p e r p o i n t o r m e a n d e g r e e

    d e g :=E

    o

    x N

    1( o x ).

    I f n e i g h b o u r h o o d i s g i v e n b y g e o m e t r i c g r a p h w i t h p a r a m e t e r

    r > 0 ,d e g = K (r ),

    i . e . t h e i n f o r m a t i o n o f R i p l e y ' s K - f u n c t i o n i s a n e x a m p l e o f

    g r a p h s u m m a r y .

    S a m e c a n b e d o n e t o a n y f u n c t i o n o f s o m e n e i g h b o u r h o o d ,

    e . g . t h e I S A R f u n c t i o n :

    I ( G (X )) =S

    =1

    P

    o

    (X n e (o ) = )

    T u o m a s R a j a l a , U n i v e r s i t y o f J y v s k y l , F i n l a n d 1 9 / 2 4

    S p a t i a l p o i n t p r o c e s s e s i n a i d o f r a i n f o r e s t e c o l o g y

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    B C I v s . P a s o h : k

    - n e a r e s t n e i g h b o u r s

    U p p e r : M e t r i c n e i g h b o u r h o o d , g e o m e t r i c g r a p h

    L o w e r : T o p o l o g i c a l n e i g h b o u r h o o d , k - n e a r e s t n e i g h b o u r s g r a p h .

    0 10 20 30 40 50

    0

    20

    40

    60

    80

    r

    I(r)

    BCI

    Pasoh

    0 10 20 30 40 50

    0.0

    0

    0.1

    0

    0.2

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    r

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    0 20 40 60 80 100

    0

    10

    20

    30

    40

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    I(r)

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    0 20 40 60 80 100

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    8

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    T u o m a s R a j a l a , U n i v e r s i t y o f J y v s k y l , F i n l a n d 2 0 / 2 4

    S p a t i a l p o i n t p r o c e s s e s i n a i d o f r a i n f o r e s t e c o l o g y

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    F r o m 1 D t o 2 D : G e n e r a l c o n s e p t o f D i v e r s i t y

    Equality Segregation RegularityClusteringDominance Mingling

    T w o a s p e c t s o f c l a s s i c a l d i v e r s i t y : R i c h n e s s a n d e v e n n e s s

    T h e t w o a s p e c t s o f s p a t i a l d i v e r s i t y : E x p o s u r e a n d s c a t t e r i n g

    1

    P r o b l e m : E x p o s u r e a n d s c a t t e r i n g a r e n o t i n d e p e n d e n t

    T o p o l o g i c a l n e i g h b o u r h o o d s m i g h t h e l p s e p a r a t e t h e t w o

    a s p e c t s

    1

    P i e l o u ' 7 7 , A g u i r r e e t a l . ' 0 3 , S h i m a t a n i e t a l . ' 0 4 .

    T u o m a s R a j a l a , U n i v e r s i t y o f J y v s k y l , F i n l a n d 2 1 / 2 4

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    S p a t i a l p o i n t p r o c e s s e s i n a i d o f r a i n f o r e s t e c o l o g y

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    C o n c l u s i o n s

    R a i n f o r e s t s b i o d i v e r s i t y : S h o w n m e t h o d s a l l o w s u s t o e . g . t e s t

    v a l i d i t y o f d i e r e n t t h e o r i e s ( n e u t r a l v s . n i c h e )

    G e n e r a l c o n s e p t o f d i v e r s i t y , a l s o i n 2 D ? ( S o s i o l o g y , m a t e r i a l

    s c i e n c e s , c h e m i s t r y , g e n o l o g y . . . )

    N e i g h b o u r h o o d s : m a t h e m a t i c a l f r a m e w o r k ( G r a p h s )

    T u o m a s R a j a l a , U n i v e r s i t y o f J y v s k y l , F i n l a n d 2 3 / 2 4

    S p a t i a l p o i n t p r o c e s s e s i n a i d o f r a i n f o r e s t e c o l o g y

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    L i t e r a t u r e

    A r t i c l e s :

    H u b b e l l , C o n d i t , F o s t e r : B a r r o C o l o r a d o f o r e s t c e n s u s p l o t d a t a .

    U R I : h t t p : / / c t f s . s i . e d u / d a t a s e t s / b c i /

    2 0 0 5

    S h i m a t a n i , K u b o t a : " Q u a n t i t a t i v e a s s e s s m e n t o f m u l t i s p e c i e s

    s p a t i a l p a t t e r n w i t h h i g h s p e c i e s d i v e r s i t y " , E c o l o g i c a l r e s e a r c h

    , v . 1 9 ,

    2 0 0 4

    W i e g a n d , G u n a t i l l e k e , G u n a t i l l e k e , H u t h : H o w i n d i v i d u a l s p e c i e s

    s t r u c t u r e d i v e r s i t y i n t r o p i c a l f o r e s t s , P N A S , n o v . 1 6 2 0 0 7

    B o o k s :

    B u r s l e m , P i n a r d , H a r t l e y :

    B i o t i c i n t e r a c t i o n s i n t h e t r o p i c s ,

    C a m b r i d g e 2 0 0 5 .

    I l l i a n , P e n t t i n e n , S t o y a n , S t o y a n :

    S t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s i s a n d m o d e l l i n g

    o f s p a t i a l p o i n t p a t t e r n s , W i l e y 2 0 0 8 .

    M a r c h e t t e :

    R a n d o m g r a p h s f o r s t a t i s t i c a l p a t t e r n r e c o g n i t i o n , W i l e y

    2 0 0 4 .

    T u o m a s R a j a l a , U n i v e r s i t y o f J y v s k y l , F i n l a n d 2 4 / 2 4