spc indicator metrics framework

8/8/2019 Spc Indicator Metrics Framework

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Sustainable PackagingIndicators and MetricsFramework

Version 1.0

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Sustainable Packaging Indicators and Metrics Framework

Sustainable Packaging Indicators and Metrics Framework was developed by theSustainable Packaging Coalition®, an industry working group dedicated to developingand implementing sustainable packaging solutions.

www.sustainablepackaging.org

The Sustainable Packaging Coalition is a project of GreenBlue®, a nonprot institutethat works with the private sector to enable the positive redesign of industrial systems.

Copyright © 2009 GreenBlue600 East Water Street, Suite CCharlottesville, VA 22901tel 434.817.1824 | fax 434.817.1425www.greenblue.org | [email protected]

Project Team Project LeadKatherine O’Dea

Advisor Anne Johnson

ContributorsMore than 80 representatives of SPC Member Companies participated in stakeholder outreach.

Primary contributors include: Eric Abraham (REI), John Bernardo (Sustainable Innovations LLC), Mark Brodeur (NestléPurina), Michael Brown (Packaging 2.0), Frank Consoli (Competitive Innovation), Steven DeHoff(Stress Engineering Services, Inc.), Katrien Depoorter (EskoArtwork), Jack DiMartino (KraftFoods), Lesley Fore (GreenBlue), Cynthia Forsch (EcoLogic), Catherine Goodall (EnvironmentalPackaging International), Dave Healey (Cello-Poly), Graham Houlder (Unilever), Steve Jeffrey(IMEX Packaging), Paul Kearns (Exopack Holding Corp.), Stuart Kimpton (James RossConsulting), Tony Kingsbury (Dow Chemical Company/UC Berkeley), Steven Mahler (CaraustarIndustries), Christine Miller (Nike), Minal Mistry (GreenBlue), Bob Mitten (Philip Morris USA),Gerald Rebitzer (Alcan Packaging), Abdelhadi Sahnoune (ExxonMobil Chemical Co.), ElizabethSeeger (Environmental Defense Fund), Terrie Syme (Prestige Label), Todd van Gordon (Colgate-Palmolive Co.), Gerri Walsh (Ball Corporation), Scott Walsh (Environmental Defense Fund),Clement Warther (Alcan Packaging)

ReviewersAmber Capron (GreenBlue), Steven DeHoff (Stress Engineering Services, Inc.), CatherineGoodall (Environmental Packaging International), Graham Houlder (Unilever), Bob Kikkert (PhilipMorris USA), Tony Kingsbury (Dow Chemical Company/UC Berkeley), Erin Malec (GreenBlue),Bob Mitten (Philip Morris USA), Jason Pearson (GreenBlue), Gerald Rebitzer (Alcan Packaging),Abdelhadi Sahnoune (ExxonMobil Chemical Co.), Todd van Gordon (Colgate-Palmolive Co.)

DesignerStephanie Fishwick

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© 2009 g

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Executive Summary 1

Development 1

Oranizin Principles 1

Audience 1

Disclosure 2SPC’s Metrics Framework and the global Packain Project 2

About the gPP 2

Metrics Pilot Testin / Validation 2

Quick Reference List 3

Introduction 6

The eed 6

The Challenes 6

A Solution 6

Understanding Indicators and Metrics 8Common Types of Indicators 8

Data se and Interpretation 9

User Guidelines 10

esources 10

gettin Started 10

goals 11

oundary and Scope 11Data Collection 11

Transparency 12

aseline Performance 13

nits of Measure 13

Indicators and Metrics Modules 14

Material se 15

nery se 20

Water se 25

Material Health 27

Clean Production and Transport 29

Cost and Performance 35

Community Impact 39

Worker Impact 43

Glossary 49

Contents

Click on a Module button at any time to jump to that Metrics Module

Water UseCommunity

ImpactWorkerImpact

Material HealthMaterial Use Energy UseClean

Production andTransport

Cost andPerformance



1 SUSTILE PCGIG IICTRS METR ICS FRMEWR © 2009 g

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Publication of the Sustainable Packaging Indicators and Metrics Framework Version1.0 (Metrics Framework ) is the outcome of an 18-month project1 that the Sustainable

Packain Coalition (SPC) undertook to develop a set of common indicators and metricsto help companies measure proress aainst the criteria articulated in the SPC Denitionof Sustainable Packain. The framework is divided into four sections – Introduction,

nderstandin Indicators and Metrics, ser guidelines and the Indicators and MetricsModules. There is a stand-alone module for each of the key criteria of the SPC Denition,specically material use, enery use, water use, material health, clean production andtransport, cost and performance, community impact and worker impact.

Since the Metrics Framework provides a comprehensive palette of indicators andmetrics that address the breadth of the SPC Definition, not all of the indicators andmetrics are relevant for all oranizations, all packain types or all supply chain functions.

Oranizations should select those that are most relevant to their oals and operations.The ser guidelines section includes a detailed discussion on the selection and use ofthe indicators and metrics and suestions for ettin started.

DevelopmentTo identify the universe of relevant indicators, the SPC conducted a comprehensive surveyof existin sustainability metrics developed by more than 50 oranizations. A full list ofsources can be found in the project process report published on the SPC website at www.

sustainablepackain.or. The research yielded a list of 273 indicators with more than 300metrics havin some relevance to packain.

The second phase of work refined and pared down the universe of metrics and mapped

them to the SPC Definition. Mappin narrowed the oriinal universe to 60 indicators andmetrics, which were divided across eiht performance cateories each relatin directly to

specific Definition criteria.This set of 60 indicators and metrics was further refined by the project team

comprised of 23 SPC member companies and a representative from the nvironmentalDefense Fund. The 24-member team divided into eiht workin roups – one percateory/module. These workin roups met on a weekly basis between June and

September 2008.

The workin roups’ input was incorporated into a draft framework that was then sharedwith an additional 80 SPC member companies for comment. Followin incorporation of

their comments, the SPC formed a nal document review committee to perform nalvettin and editin of the Metrics Framework . Since that time, the Worker Impact modulehas been revised based on recommendations from the global Packain Project (gPP)social metrics committee and with consensus of the SPC workin roup that supported

development of the Worker Impact module.

Organizing PrinciplesThe SPC Denition of Sustainable Packain informed development of the Metrics

Framework because it establishes a clear set of objective criteria that delineate the

specic areas (impacts and attributes) that are important to measure. Secondary principlesthat informed the Metrics Framework included life cycle thinkin and the availability ofinternational standards or protocols to uide the data collection and sharin processes.

While life cycle thinkin influenced its development, the framework is not basedstrictly on a life cycle assessment approach nor do the metrics reflect only the life cycleimpact cateories as defined in the International Standard Oranization’s (ISO) 14040series of life cycle assessment standards. The Metrics Framework includes a number of

environmental attributes and a set of economic and social metrics for which there are notyet life cycle assessment standards/protocols but correlate to the SPC Definition criteria.guidance on how to effectively apply life cycle thinkin (or approach) to the non-life cycle

impact metrics is provided in the ser guidelines and Indicators and Metrics Modulesections of the framework, as well as in a discussion of the differences between industryaverae life cycle inventory, company specific performance, ate-to-ate and cradle-to-

ate data.

AudienceAll members of a packain supply chain can use the Metrics Framework to measurepackain sustainability. However, it was developed with two primary audiences in mind —

brand owners and retailers — for the followin reasons: 1) they are who stakeholders andconsumers most often look to for packain and sustainability-related information; 2) theyare best positioned to enae upstream supply chain partners in the collection of data; and

3) they have been drivin the movement toward measurement. ecause of this audiencefocus, some indicators and metrics may not apply to all members of the supply chain.

1 A description of the project process is available on the Sustainable Packaging Coalition website.

xecutive Summary




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DisclosureWhile the Metrics Framework offers a common approach to benchmark and measure

proress toward sustainable packain, it is not a standard for public reportin and its useis entirely voluntary. The framework is a resource that can help oranizations:n etter understand if and how they are makin proress toward a vision of sustainable

packain as articulated in the SPC Denition of Sustainable Packain.n Provide a common approach to request, collect, normalize, and areate packain

sustainability data.n Make well-informed decisions based on the economic, environmental and social

benets and impacts of their packain.n Identify opportunities and priorities for improvin the sustainability prole of their

packain-related activities.n Set future sustainable packain oals.

SPC’s Metrics Framework and the Global Packaging ProjectWhile the Metrics Framework was released to Sustainable Packain Coalition members inApril 2009, public release was delayed while the SPC participated in the global Packain

Project (gPP). As the work of the gPP has proceeded, project participants areed thatthe Metrics Framework could provide a set of indicators and metrics for the gPP to pilottest and rene as part of its process to identify lobally reconized metrics to evaluate

packain sustainability. While the Metrics Framework contains 57 metrics, it is likely thatthe nal gPP metrics will reect a subset of the SPC’s metrics.

About the GPPThe global Packain Project started as an Initiative of the global CO Forum, which

mered in June 2009 with the Comité International d’ntreprises à Succursales (CIS)and the global Commerce Initiative to form The Consumer goods Forum. Workin from alobal perspective, the gPP was chartered to: 1) dene packain’s role in sustainability;2) aree on common lanuae/terminoloy to discuss packain sustainability across the

supply chain; and 3) develop a standard set of metrics by which to measure packainsustainability over its full life cycle. The primary objective of the gPP is to minimizeinefciencies and potential supply chain disruptions resultin from uncoordinated efforts tomeasure packain sustainability. The oal of the project is to ensure that:

1) requests for data related to the sustainability of packain are made usin a commonset of indicators and metrics; and 2) the requested data is collected, normalized and

delivered accordin to a common set of standards and protocols afliated with eachindicator and metric.

The work of the gPP will be completed in three Phases. Phase I, completed in May2009, focused on: 1) developin and achievin consensus around key terminoloy; and 2)

establishin a set of principles to uide the development of a common set of metrics.Phase II of the gPP, launched in September 2009, is focused on development of the

common set of metrics. As noted, selected metrics of SPC’s Metrics Framework are

servin as the baseline for the pilot testin of the gPP metrics. Phase III of the gPP willconsist of pilot testin and validation of the set of metrics.

Metrics Pilot Testing/ValidationPilot testin and metrics validation is expected to bein in Q1 of 2010. The g PP

anticipates that pilot testin will be completed durin Q2 2010, followed by release ofa master set of metrics sometime at the end of Q2 2010. The SPC will follow the pilottestin and validation process and will incorporate the feedback as appropriate into a

Version 2.0 of the framework. It is intended that any indicator and metric included in boththe SPC’s Metrics Framework Version 2.0 and the nal gPP deliverable2 will be compatibleand consistent in terms of lanuae, data request and collection uidelines and referenced

measurement standards and protocols.

2 It is likely that the SPC’s Sustainable Packaging Indicators and Metrics Framework will include more indicators and

metrics than the master list of metrics that will be released at completion of the GPP. The SPC’s Metrics Framework is a

more comprehensive set of metrics that has been developed to measure progress against all of the criteria defined in the

SPC Definition of Sustainable Packaging. The Definition can be downloaded at www.sustainablepackaging.org. While the

SPC and the GPP participants are generally aligned on that criteria, the GPP metrics have been limited to those that haveglobal applicability, are commonly used, can be relatively easily measured and can be measured in accordance with scientific

protocols (existing or to be released in the near future).

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Material Use

Indicators Metrics Examples

C o r e

Total Material Useo Metric tons / metric tons of substrateo kg / 1000 units of packagingo Metric tons / yr (based on production rate)

Material Use Reductiono Metric tons / metric tons of substrateo kg / 1000 units of packagingo Metric tons / yr (based on production rate)

Material Wasteo kg / kg of nal packaging materialo kg / 1000 units of packagingo Metric tons / yr (based on production rate)

S u p p l e m e n t a

l

Virgin Material Useo % of total material used / metric tons of substrateo % of total material used / 1000 units of packagingo % of total material used / yr (based on production rate)

Renewable Material Useo % of total material used / metric tons of substrateo % of total material used / 1000 units of packagingo % of total material used / yr (based on production rate)

Post Consumer Recycled (PCR)Material Use

o % of total material used / metric tons of substrateo % of total material used / 1000 units of packagingo % of total material used / yr (based on production rate)

Post Industrial Recycled (PIR)Material Use

o % of total material used / metric tons of substrateo % of total material used / 1000 units of packagingo % of total material used / yr (based on production rate)

C o r r e l a t i n g Chain of Custody o Unknown, known or source-certied

Material Use to Product Yieldo kg packaging material / kg producto kg packaging material / 1000 units of producto kg packaging material / 100 loads of laundry washed

Energy Use


C o r e

Total Life Cycle Energy Intensityo MJ / kg of nal packaging materialo MJ / 1000 units of packagingo MJ / yr (based on production rate)

Renewable Energy Proportiono % renewable energy use / yr

S u p p l e m e n t a l

Life Cycle Energy Intensity (Non-Transport)

o MJ / kg of nal packaging materialo MJ/ 1000 units of packagingo MJ / yr ( based on production rate)

Life Cycle Non- Renewable EnergyIntensity (Non-Transport)

o MJ / kg of nal packaging materialo MJ / 1000 units of packagingo MJ / yr (based on production rate)

Life Cycle Renewable EnergyIntensity (Non-Transport)

o MJ / kg of nal packaging material

o MJ / 1000 units of packagingo MJ / yr (based on production rate)

Life Cycle Energy Intensity(Transport)


Life Cycle Non-Renewable EnergyIntensity (Transport)


Life Cycle Renewable EnergyIntensity (Transport)


C o r r e

l a t i n g

Recovered Latent Energy

o MJ / kg of nal packaging materialo MJ / 1000 units of packaging

Material Health


C o r e

Toxicants Concentration

o ppm in nal packaging materialo mg / kg of nal packaging materialo kg / 1000 units of packagingo % by weight / package

Toxicants Migrationo Yes with supporting documentationo No

Water Use


C o r e

Life Cycle Water Consumptiono m3 / metric ton of nal packaging materialo Litres / 1000 units of packagingo m3 / yr (based on annual production rate)

Life Cycle Water Used fromStressed Sources

o m3 / metric ton of nal packaging materialo Litres / 1000 units of packagingo m3 / yr (based on annual production rate)

Quick eference ist



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Cost and Performance


C o r e

Total Cost of Packagingo $ / kg of packagingo € / 1000 units of packagingo ₪ / yr

Packaged Product Wastageo $ packaged product + $ packaging lost / 10000 units of

packaging

Life Cycle Embodied EnergyProduction

o MJ / packaging÷ MJ / product and packaging lost

C o r r e l a t i n g

Packaging Service Value o $ packaged product ÷ $ of packaging

Selling Unit Cube Efciency o cm3 of packaged product ÷ cm3 of package

Transport Packaging Cube Efciency o cm3 of total selling unit packaging ÷ cm3 of pallet load

Community Impact


C o r e

Product Safety o # products recalled ÷ # products shipped / yr

Recycling of Packaging o Recycling rate x metric tons of packaging produced or used

Reuse of Packagingo # reused / yr (based on annual production rate)o Metric tons / yr (based on annual production rate)

Landlling of Packaging o Landll rate x metric tons of packaging produced/used

Packaging Energy Recovery Rate o % of packaging waste stream / yr

C o r r e l a t i n g

Packaged Product Shelf-life o Mos. in packaging ÷ mos. without packaging

End-of-Life Communicationso Yes with substantiating documentationo No

Community Investment o € / yr

Clean Production and Transport


C o r e

Toxic Emissionso kg / kg of nal packaging materialo kg / 1000 units of packagingo Metric tons / yr (based on production rate)

Life Cycle GHG Emissionso kg / kg nal packaging materialo kg / 1000 units of packagingo Metric tons / yr (based on production rate)

Air Emissionso kg / kg nal packaging materialo kg / 1000 units of packagingo Metric tons / yr (based on production rate)

Water Emissionso kg / kg nal packaging materialo kg / 1000 units of packagingo Metric tons / yr (based on production rate)

S u p p l e m e n t a l

Sulphur Oxides Emissionso kg / kg nal packaging materialo kg / 1000 units of packagingo Metric tons / yr (based on production rate)

Nitrogen Oxides Emissionso kg / kg nal packaging materialo Kg / 1000 units of packagingo Metric tons / yr (based on production rate)

Particulate Matter Emissionso kg / kg nal packaging materialo kg / 1000 units of packagingo Metric tons / yr (based on production rate)

COD Emissionso kg / kg nal packaging materialo kg / 1000 units of packagingo Metric tons / yr (based on production rate)

Suspended Solids Releasedo kg / kg nal packaging materialo kg / 1000 units of packaging

o Metric tons / yr (based on production rate)

Nitrates Releasedo kg / kg nal packaging materialo kg / 1000 units of packagingo Metric tons / yr (based on production rate)

C o r r e l a t i n g Environmental Management

System Useo Yes with substantiating documentationo No

Energy Audits Conductedo Yes with substantiating documentationo No


Quick eference ist



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Worker Impact


C o r e

Child Labor

o Satisfactory with substantiating third-party audit documentationo Needs Improvement as specied in third-party audit documentationo Needs Major Improvement as specied in third-party audit documentationo Unacceptable as specied in third party audit documentation — immediate action required

Forced or Compulsory Labor


Freedom of ssociations and/orCollective argaining


iscrimination

o Satisfactory with substantiating third-party audit documentationo Needs Improvement as specied in third-party audit documentation

o Needs Major Improvement as specied in third-party audit documentationo Unacceptable as specied in third party audit documentation — immediate action required

Excessive Working Hours


Remuneration


ccupational Health


Safety Performance


Responsible Workplace Practices

o Satisfactory: has a business code of conduct and can provide substantiating documentat ion toguarantee implementation in own company as well supplier adherence

o Needs Improvement: has a business code of conduct but it is not fully implemented an/or lacks averication system or does not have a formal business code of conduct and verication system butcompany practices meet or exceed standard requirements

o Needs Major Improvement: does not have a business code of conduct or any equivalentcommitment to or demonstration of ethical and responsible behavior

o Unacceptable as specied in third party audit documentation — immediate action required


Quick eference ist


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A SolutionThe Metrics Framework addresses these needs and

challenes by:n Providin a comprehensive set of indicators and metrics

focused on packae-level measurement that can be used

by all members of a packain supply chain3 ;n sin the criteria articulated in the SPC Denition of

Sustainable Packain to determine which packain

impacts and attributes should be measured4 ;n Clearly denin terminoloy;n Addressin the need to set a measurement boundary

and scope;n Offerin a common approach for requestin, collectin,

sharin and areatin data5 ;n Helpin oranizations understand when to collect ate-to-

ate or cradle-to-ate data;n Providin data collection uidelines and referencin

appropriate international standards and protocols.The Metrics Framework also serves as a complement to the

SPC Design Guidelines for Sustainable Packaging and the

SPC’s comparative assessment packain desin software —

3 While the Metrics Framework can be used by all members of the supply chain, not all

indicators and metrics contained in the framework are relevant for all organizations or

all types of packaging and associated supply chain functions.

4 Using the SPC Definition to determine what to measure is of particular importance

because it ensures the indicators and metrics: 1) respond to identified sustainablepackaging drivers; and 2) can measure progress toward specific goals and objectives.

5 It is not always possible or appropriate to aggregate collected data.

The NeedThere are several factors drivin the need to measure the

sustainability of packain systems. For example, packain:n Is an essential and visible part of product delivery and

marketin;n Is an icon of consumption;n Consumes a sinicant amount of resources and has a

short lifespan;n Has an intimate relationship to customers; andn Is persistently perceived by consumers as waste.

globalization is also drivin development of packain

measurement systems. ike products, packain is frequentlydesined in one country, manufactured in another and soldin yet another. This system of commerce creates a host of

economic, environmental and social impacts that can varysinificantly in terms of reional and local severity andimplications. For example, burnin fossil fuels to produce theenery required to produce packain contributes to lobal

climate chane, but minin the oil and coal to produce thefuel may have a more acute impact locally on soil erosion,biodiversity, land rihts and the reional human health

profile. Similarly, water is considered to be lobally renewablebut locally scarce. And, labor practices are typically wellreulated and manaed in developed countries but may be

unreulated in developin economies, resultin in abuses of

internationally reconized rihts of workers.As sustainably-minded oranizations increasinly seek to

understand and manae impacts on lobal, reional and localeconomic, environmental and social systems, there has beena proliferation of performance measurement systems such as

scorecards and sustainability indices.The packain sector is no exception. However,

measurement systems are only effective if they are

comprised of meaninful and relevant indicators and metrics.Indicators and metrics are only meaninful if they facilitatemeasurement toward well-dened objectives that addressthe critical issues of concern and can facilitate collection

of the required data without creatin confusion in themarketplace or disruptions in the supply chain.

The ChallengesMeasurin the sustainability of packain is complicated by a

number of factors.n Packain is produced from a variety of material types

and in various formats even when used for the same

application. For example, food is packaed in ber, lass,aluminum, plastic and mixed materials formed into boxes,bottles, cans and pouches.

n Packain has a very complex supply chain. While thereare a number of companies — principally packainconverters — whose primary business is the production of

packain, packain is often a small part of the focus ofother members of the supply chain.

n Converters do not sell packain in the consumer

marketplace. They sell it to brand owners and retailerswho, in turn, put their products into the packain andthen out into the market.

n Consumers and other stakeholders look to brand ownersand retailers (not converters) for information aboutpackain but brand owners and retailers don’t have all

the datan The relevance and sinicance of sustainability issues

varies across the supply chain as does the level of

expertise with measurement standards and protocols.n The functional roles of packain are not well understood

by all relevant stakeholders. Since packain is oftendisposed of after the use or delivery of a product, acommon perception is that packain is larely waste.

These factors raise questions about:

n Who can and should attempt to measure packainsustainability;

n Which attributes and impacts of packain should be

measured in terms of sustainability performance and why;n How those attributes and impacts should be measured; andn Where the required data will come from.

Introduction




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COMPASS®. The Design Guidelines are intended to spurinnovation beyond traditional packain desin criteria by

providin a context for thinkin about how to address issuesof resource use, material sourcin, human health and materialtoxicity and end-of-life manaement. Throuh accessible

visual comparisons across a set of key performance indicators,COMPASS uses the scientic rior of life cycle assessment toinform packain desin and material selection. sin industryaverae6 life cycle inventory data, COMPASS providescomparative analyses of packain desins and hihlihts thepotential environmental benets and impact of each desin.

Once packain is in the marketplace, the Metrics Framework provides a common approach to requestin and collectinperformance data to aue an oranization’s actual proress

towards the denition of sustainable packain.

6 Future versions of COMPASS may allow organizations to enter their own

organization-specific life cycle inventory data.

Introduction




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Indicators and supportin metrics have been used as businessstratey, manaement and reportin tools for decades. One of

the most common and lon-standin uses of indicators andmetrics is for nancial reportin, wherein oranizations use astandard metric like “number of widets produced per hour

of labor” to express performance aainst a standard indicatorlike “labor productivity.”

An indicator stands as a quantitative or qualitative proxy foran issue or characteristic an oranization wants or needs to

measure. As such, an indicator provides conceptual cues anda way to express movement — whether positive or neative —toward a oal. generally, an indicator focuses on a piece of

a system that can provide a sense of the bier picture. Forexample, the indicator “small business survival rate” providesinformation about the overall economic health of a reion. In

terms of packain, the indicator “reenhouse as (gHg)emissions” provides information about packain’s potentialimpact on climate chane.

A metric is the method used to express an indicator.A metric is used to aue the issue or characteristic —represented by the indicator — that an oranization wants

or needs to assess. Metrics are often computational orquantitative, but can also be a qualitative assessment of anindicator. Metrics are typically expressed as a numerator

and a denominator, i.e., “A per .” For example, a metric to

quantify the indicator “gHg emissions” could be expressedas “kilorams of gHg per kilorams of packain.”

The metric denominator is often also referred to as a

functional unit. Accordin to the ISO 14040 series ofstandards for life cycle assessment, a functional unit providesa way to “normalize” the data that is collected so that the

measurement is expressed in comparable terms — apples toapples, for example. The functional unit of the metric must beconsistent with the intended use of the metric and relevant

to the issue or characteristic (the indicator) that is beinquantified or qualified.

Indicators and metrics serve distinct purposes in the

measurement process. Toether, indicators and metrics

provide an effective means by which an oranization canunderstand where they are, where they are oin and how

much further they need to o relative to a stated oal orobjective. Therefore, it has become commonplace to use“metrics” to refer to an indicator and metric as a sinle entity.

Common Types of IndicatorsJust as there are numerous uses for indicators, there are alsonumerous types of indicators. The most common indicators

are “core” indicators, which can also be referred to as keyperformance indicators. Supportin core indicators are“supplemental” indicators. The third type of indicator used in

the Metrics Framework is “correlatin.” .A core indicator is a quantifiable or qualitative

representation of a measurable issue or characteristicconsidered to be of interest to most stakeholders . In

areate, core indicators provide a robust evaluation of thebi picture.

A supplemental indicator is a quantifiable or qualitative

representation of a measurable issue or characteristic,which augments core indicator data by providing a

more specific or detailed measure of an aspect of the

core indicator.

A correlating indicator is a quantifiable or qualitativerepresentation of a measurable issue or characteristic

considered to be of significant importance but may not

be of interest to all stakeholders. Correlatin indicatorsprovide additional information relative to, but sometimes

outside the scope of the core and supplemental indicators.An example of the relationship between these three types

of indicators can be illustrated by considerin how some of

the indicators for Material se relate to each other. TotalMaterial se, which measures a company’s overall resourceuse, is the “bi picture” metric that most stakeholders willbe interested in so it is desinated as a core indicator. In

order to accurately measure Total Material se, companies

nderstandin Indicators and Metrics

Indicator Relationships and Metrics

Core: Of interest to most stakeholders.

Total Material sen Metric tons / metric tons of substraten kg / 1000 units of packagingn Metric tons / yr (based on production rate)

Virin Material sen % of total material used / metric tons of substrate

n % of total material used / 1000 units of packaging

n % of total material used / yr (based on production rate)

Supplemental: Auments core indicator data.

Correlatin: Of sinicant importance; maynot be of interest to all stakeholders.

Chain of Custodyn Unknown, known or source-certied

h b k t




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Common Uses of Performance Indicators

n Annual oal settin

n enchmarkin

n Comparative performance

n xternal communications

n Internal communications

n Internal manaement and decision makin

n Internal performance evaluation

n Market assessment and positionin

n Periodic oal evaluation

n Policy evaluation

n Process optimization

n Public reportin

n eulatory compliance demonstration

n esource allocation

n Shareholder communications

n Short- and lon-term risk assessment

n Stakeholder communications

n Trend analysis

nderstandin Indicators and Metrics

will need to measure the amount of virin and recycledmaterial they are usin. As a result, Virin Material se is

desinated as a supplemental indicator because it providesmore detailed information about the core metric and hasa direct relationship to the core metric. Chain of Custody,

which measures if material comes from a source-certifiedlocation or not, provides some additional information aboutvirin material but that data is not directly related to theamount of material bein used. Therefore, Chain of Custody

is desinated as a correlatin indicator because it providessome important information that some but maybe not allstakeholders are interested in. While in this case Chain of

Custody correlates to a supplemental indicator, correlatinindicators may correlate to either core or supplementalindicators and, in some cases, may stand alone as metrics

that simply provide additional information relevant to theeneral performance cateory bein measured. See, forexample, the nvironmental Manaement System se and

nery Audit correlatin indicators in the Clean Productionand Transport module.

Data Use and InterpretationAs noted, indicators and metrics are used for many purposes

and by most public and private sector entities. Frequently,two or more oranizations or two or more departments within

an oranization will use the same indicator and metric fordifferent purposes. ikewise, two or more oranizations ortwo or more departments within an oranization may use thesame indicator but choose different metrics if their reasonfor trackin the indicator differs. Therefore, three of the most

important thins to consider when denin the metric to beused to assess an indicator are:n What the intended use of the measurement is.n Who the intended recipient of the data is.n How the data will be normalized.

To minimize unintended use of indicators and metrics, theMetrics Framework provides a clear denition for each

indicator. However, it does not specify either the unitof measure (the nominator) or the functional unit (thedenominator and data normalizer) for the metrics. Instead, the

metrics are written enerically; for example, “mass of totalmaterial used per functional unit of packain,” which allowsoranizations (data requestors and data collectors) to selectthe unit of measure and the data normalizer that will best

serve the intended use of the measurement. xamples ofunits of measure and functional units that could be used foreach metric are provided.

When collectin performance data that will be usedfor internal purposes, ross measurements may servethe purpose. However, when collectin data that will be

shared with supply chain partners or included in a publicsustainability report, riorous measurement and careful dataverification is necessary. It is also important to consider how

recipients of the data may interpret it. A rule of thumb or bestpractice is to leave as little as possible to interpretation.

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10 SUSTILE PCGIG I ICTRS METR ICS FRMEWR © 2009 g

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The Metrics Framework provides a comprehensive setof indicators and metrics for packae-level performance

measurement. The indicators and metrics are oranized intostand alone cateories or modules that include:n Information on why it is important to measure the

associated impacts or attributes;n Terminoloy denitions;n elational diarams;n ser uidance; andn eferences to internationals standards or protocols.

ach module relates to a key criterion of the SPC Definition

of Sustainable Packain; specifically, material use, eneryuse, water use, clean production and transport, cost andperformance, community impact and worker impact.

Althouh the Metrics Framework can be used by anymember of a packain supply chain, not all of the indicatorsand metrics are relevant for all oranizations. Some are notapplicable for certain types of packain. Others are not

relevant to some supply chain functions.xcept for indicators and metrics desinated as life-cycle

metrics, members of the supply chain should enerally

measure performance only for the period in which they havecontrol or ownership of the packain materials (raw orprocessed), packain components or units of packain.

Downstream members of the supply chain, i.e., brand owners

and retailers, can assess the broad benefits and impactsof their packain by requestin and then summin up or

areatin data from their upstream suppliers. Typicallyeach member of the supply chain can et full data onlyfrom their direct suppliers. Therefore, dependin where

an oranization is in the supply chain, they may needto request that their direct suppliers also collect datafrom their own direct suppliers and follow the same data

collection uidelines, standards or protocols. ote that

some measurement data may not be appropriate to

aggregate, for example, social metrics data do not lend

themselves to aggregation across the supply chain.

Statements of what to measure and what not to measure as

well as international standards and/or protocols that offer

a common approach to the request and collection of dataare included for a majority of the indicators and metrics.

se of a commonly reconized set of indicators and metricsand data collection protocols across the supply chain canminimize inefciencies and avoid unintended supply chain

disruptions that could result from a proliferation of disparatemeasurement schemes.

ResourcesThere are a number of existin resources that may facilitateuse of the Metrics Framework . sers should becomefamiliar with the ritish Standard Institute’s (SI’s) Publicly

Available Specication (PAS) 2050 standard,9 the globaleportin Initiative, the International Standard Oranization’s(ISO)14040 series of standards,10 Social Accountability

International’s SA8000 standard.11, and the Worldesource Institute/World usiness Council for SustainableDevelopment’s greenhouse gas (gHg) Protocol8.

The g3 guidelines and the gHg Protocol currently applyto enterprise-level performance measurement,12 so theiruidance may require adaptation for use at the packae level.

The ISO standards relate to environmental manaementsystems and life cycle assessment (CA). They provide

internationally accepted principles and a methodoloy formeasurin environmental impacts of product systems. Mostof the indicators and metrics in the Metrics Framework donot require the performance of a full life cycle assessment.However, life cycle assessment principles and methodoloy

provide practical uidance to facilitate the measurementprocess. For example, the ISO standards address:n Settin a boundary and scope;n Collectin the required data;n ormalizin the data; andn Interpretin the data.

eference to these and other resources, such as the Comitéuropéen de ormalisation’s (C) , standards, the

Veband der etzbetreiber’s VD standards and certainASTM (formerly the Amercian Society for Testin andMaterials) standards, are included in the framework modules

when they can help determine what to measure and whatnot to measure.

Getting Startedefore attemptin to measure your oranization’s proresstoward the vision of sustainable packain, carefully read

throuh these uidelines, each of the modules and thelossary of terms. As you become familiar with the formatand lanuae of the Metrics Framework , think about how

the indicators and metrics may be used to meet youroranization’s sustainable packain oals.

If your oranization is new to sustainability performancemeasurement, you may want to bein by focusin on only one

module (a cateorized set of indicators and metrics) and thenaddress additional modules as you become familiar with theprocess and better understand how to best collect, interpret

and use the data. Alternatively, you may choose to bein byusin a core indicator and metric from each module.

7 The G3 Guidelines can be downloaded at the Global Reporting Initiative website.

8The Greenhouse Gas Protocol can be downloaded at the Greenhouse Gas Protocol

Initiative website.9 PAS 2050 can be downloaded at the BSI Group website.

10 ISO standards must be purchased. The referenced standards can be purchased

online at the International Organization for Standardization website.11 The SA 8000 standard can be downloaded at the SAI website.

12 GHG Protocol organizers are further defining g uidelines for Scope 3

measurements, which will result in product-level and supply chain guidance. The

results of this effort are expected to be released in 2010.

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If your oranization has been workin on sustainabilityperformance measurement in other areas of your business,

the Metrics Framework should be easy and straihtforward touse. If your oranization is already preparin a sustainabilityreport in accordance with the gI or a carbon footprint in

accordance with the gHg Protocol ISO 14040/44 or PAS2050, you can use the Metrics Framework to incorporatepackain sustainability data into those efforts. ikewise,where there are areas of overlap, data collected for your

sustainability report or your carbon footprint may be used toextract packain-specic data. Finally, if you use data forsuch multiple purposes, be careful to avoid double countin.

GoalsThe Metrics Framework has been desined to yield datathat can support a variety of business oals related tosustainable packain. Such oals may be related to

resource conservation, measurin and manain enery useand gHg emissions, reducin water use and consumption,reducin worker exposure to toxicants, meetin customer or

consumer expectations, participatin in voluntary reportinprorams, focusin on social responsibility, achievin marketdifferentiation and more. However, you should not use the

Metrics Framework until you have clearly dened your

sustainable packaging goals. If your oranization has not

dened sustainable packain oals, the SPC Denition ofSustainable Packain can inform your oal settin process

by helpin to identify areas on which to focus.The oal settin process does not need to be complex.

More than likely, your oranization already has a vetted

oal-settin process that can facilitate the establishment ofsustainable packain oals. Alternatively, you may simplywant to appropriately adapt your oranization’s enterprise

sustainability oals to your packain portfolio(s). At aminimum, your sustainable packain oals should meetthe “S.M.A..T. oal” criteria, i.e., they should be specific,

measurable, achievable, realistic and time bounded.

Boundary and ScopeA boundary and scope helps to determine what to include and

not include in your measurement project based on your statedoals. In terms of measurin proress toward sustainablepackain, there are two types of boundaries to consider

— oranizational boundaries and operational boundaries.Oranizational boundaries refer to the facility and functions thatyour oranization owns and controls and for which it has directresponsibility. Operational boundaries refer to functions that your

oranization relies upon but are owned and controlled by anotheroranization and, consequently, for which your oranization hasonly indirect responsibility. You should set a boundary for both

oranizational and operational considerations. The boundary andscope may be different for different cateories of data — e..,you may use a different boundary and scope for material use

than you do for enery use. Data requestin oranizations anddata collectin oranizations should work toether to establishthe boundary and scope of measurement.

The Metrics Framework indicators and metrics are intendedfor use at the packae-level13 rather than the enterprise-level.

This means that no matter where you set your oranizationaland operational boundaries, you should only collect direct andindirect data for impacts and attributes related to packain.

At the same time, your scope of measurement should alwaysconsider the packain to product relationship. For the most

part, the economic, environmental and social impacts ofproducts are much hiher than packain. Packain-related

product loss, damae or spoilae will result in loss of bothpackain-related and product-related resources (materialsand enery).

Finally, be transparent about where you set your projectboundary and scope. That information provides the contextwithin which to interpret and understand the measurement data.

Data CollectionGate-To-Gate and Cradle-to-Gate Measurement

When measurin packain sustainability performance, most

downstream supply chain partners like a brand owner or

retailer will need to request information from their upstreamsuppliers and then sum up or areate the data. Typically

each member of the supply chain can et full data only fromtheir direct suppliers. Dependin where your oranization isin the supply chain, you may need to request that your direct

suppliers also collect data from their own direct suppliersand ensure they follow the same data collection uidelines,standards or protocols. Hence, users of the Metrics Framework should be concerned with two types of measurement that are

related to boundary and scope. These are known as “ate-to-ate” and “cradle-to-ate” measurements.

13 Package-level measurement does not mean collecting data for individual packages

but rather for packaging portfolios. A packaging portfolio could be all fiber packaging

produced or all plastic packaging produced, only cereal boxes produced, only 12 oz

plastic bottles produced or only cereal boxes or 12 oz plastic bottles produced for

customer A. For example, if a converter produces plas tic bottles for multiple beverage

companies and each beverage company specifies a different weight of plastic, the

volume of bottles produced for each customer should be consid ered to be a separate

packaging portfolio. Data should be collected separately for each designated portfolio.

Package-level vs. Enterprise-level Measurement

A logging company may provide raw material to papermanufacturers, fiber board manufacturers, furnituremakers and lumber companies. In terms of measuringits packaging-related impacts, the company shouldset its measurement boundary and scope around theorganizational and operational functions required toharvest, process and transport only the raw materialit sells to paper and fiber board manufacturers(packaging-level data). The logging company will needto determine if it is easier to segment data collection in

that way or to collect full enterprise-level data and thenproportionally allocate the total measurement based onthe amount of materials sold to each sector.

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gate-to-ate measurement requires collection of datafrom the time you take ownership or control of the

packain materials (raw or processed), packaincomponents or units of packain until you hand it offto the next downstream member of the supply chain.

Cradle-to-ate measurement refers to data collectionfrom raw material rowth, extraction or harvestin (cradle)throuh some desinated point in the manufacturinor productions process (ate). See also ife Cycle

Assessment in the glossary.When usin the framework, each member of the supply

chain will enerally collect only ate-to-ate data. However

in some cases, it may be easier for some members of thesupply chain to collect cradle-to-ate information. Whensharin data with supply chain partners, always disclose

whether your data collection was ate-to-ate or cradle-to-ate to ensure the recipient does not re-areate anddouble count the impact.Life Cycle Inventory (LCI), Industry verage and

rganization-Specic ata

CI data consist of the identication and quantication of the

relevant system inputs (resources and intermediate products)and outputs (emissions, wastes) followin the methodoloyprescribed in ISO 14044. Full CI data are input and output

ow data that has been collected for all the processes in the

packain system. CI data may be validated industry averaedata or oranization-specic data.

Validated industry averae data are CI data that has

been collected from at least three or more different entities,compiled into averaed quantifications and maintained in apublic (free) or proprietary (user license required) database.

Oranization-specific data are individual company-collecteddata and may be either CI data or simply quantitative orqualitative attribute data. Oranization-specific CI data can

be collected by individual suppliers in either a ate-to-ateor cradle-to-ate process and then areated by the mostdownstream supply chain partner into a full CI data set.

ot all the indicators and metrics in the Metrics Framework

require collection of CI data; those that do are desinated

as a life cycle indicators /metrics. When usin the life-cycledesinated metrics, if you are the data requestor, specify

your preference for validated industry averae data ororanization-specific data. If the data requestor does notspecify a preference, disclose whether the data is industry

averae or your own company-collected data. Additionally,if you are usin industry averae data, disclose the source,e.. ecoinvent.

Oranization-specific data may be difficult to collect across

the supply chain for a variety of reasons. For example:n Some oranizations may have little or no experience

collectin data.n Standard methodoloies for collectin consumer use

data related directly to your oranization’s packain maynot exist.

n Most end-of-life data for packain are only availablethrouh reional or national waste manaement collectionauthorities who may areate the data in ways that make

it difcult to proportionally allocate required measurementsto your packain portfolio.

Over time all oranizations should increase efforts to

collect oranization-specific data. While industry averaedata can provide a performance benchmark, you cannot

effectively measure proress toward your packainsustainability oals across time and/or differentiate your

sustainability performance in the marketplace if you do noteventually collect your own oranization-specific data.ata eutrality

Data are neutral and do not imply a value judement. Datasimply inform. umbers and percentaes, whether hih orlow, are neither inherently ood nor bad. The data must be

interpreted within the context of the whole system and the fulllife cycle before it can be understood to represent or sinify amore or a less preferable level of performance.

TransparencyAs boundary and scope may vary from oranization to

oranization, you should always be clear about what was andwas not included in your data collection in a transparencystatement. Your transparency statement should include:n If you made any relevant assumptions and what they were.n How and where you set your operational and

oranizational boundary and scope.n If applicable product cateory rules exist and were

followed.n If you include both direct and indirect sources (or when

you did and did not).n Which data are oranization-specic performance data

and which are industry averae CI data.n If you requested data from upstream supply chain partners

and how you areated the data.n What caused any sinicant variation in performance if

you are trackin data aainst an established baseline (seeaseline Performance).

Transparency is very import ant when you share

performance data outside your oranization, e.., withyour supply chain partners or customers or in any publiclyreleased documents or reports. You do not want suppliers,customers or stakeholders makin assumptions about your

performance data, as each of these roups may interpret

the data differently and use it for different purposes.

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Baseline PerformanceMeasurin proress toward sustainable packain is not

a onetime activity. You should collect, track and compareperformance measurements at consistent intervals, e..,annually or bi-annually.14 This will require establishin a

baseline aainst which to compare future performance.If you are just beinnin to collect packain-related

performance data, your first-year data will become the

baseline data aainst which you should compare yourperformance in subsequent years.15 If you have beencollectin packain-related data for a year or more, select

a year that will serve as your baseline year. xamine the datafrom each year carefully to ensure you choose a baselineyear that represents averae performance over the number of

years for which you have data.Once you bein to measure performance aainst an

established baseline, you should present your current datain clear comparison to the baseline to illustrate upward or

downward trends. You should also explain any sinificantvariances in performance. For example, your total eneryintensity may decrease durin a measurement period

because of a decrease in production rate vs. an actualdecrease in enery use. In such a scenario, total eneryintensity per unit of packain produced could increase while

the overall use of enery decreases.

There are also scenarios in which resettin your baselinemay be required, such as the sale or acquisition of production

facilities, product lines or corporate divisions/subsidiaries.

Units of MeasureThe Metrics Framework strives for a balance between

specicity and exibility. While it offers a comprehensive setof indicators and metrics, some may or may not be relevantto your oranization dependin upon where your oranization

sits in the supply chain and what types of packain materialor packain components you produce and/or use. You mustrst decide which indicators are relevant to your businessand your sustainability oals. When makin this decision,

also consider the potential expectations of your downstreamsupply chain partners.

Additionally, the metrics — i.e., the “how” to measure

the indicators — have been written in eneric terms, forexample, “mass” or “volume” per “functional unit of packainmaterial, packain components, packain or time.” You

will need to replace the eneric terms “mass” or “volume”with specific units of measure such as kilorams, rams,metric tons, meajoules, etc. and select the functional unit

by which you want to normalize the data — e.., “tons ofpackain material” or “1,000 units of packain,” etc. If youare collectin data in response to a downstream partner’s

data request, work with the data requestor to determine anappropriate functional unit. And, if you subsequently requestdata from your upstream supplier, specify that they normalize

and use the same functional unit.

14 The SPC recommends annual performance measurement.

15 Industry average LCI data related to a specific date in time, e.g., 2006 data, could

serve as your baseline data.

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The Metrics Framework is not a standard for public reportinand use of the indicators and metrics in these modules is

entirely voluntary. The indicators and metrics are oranizedinto eiht stand alone modules that relate to key elementsof the SPC Denition of Sustainable Packain.16 While

the Metrics Framework can be used by any member of thesupply chain, not all indicators and metrics contained in theframework modules are relevant for all oranizations or all

types of packain and associated supply chain functions.

Before using the modules, read

the User Guidelines section of

this document, establish your

sustainable packaging goals and

set the boundary and scope of your

measurement project.

Each module is stand alone” because it:

n Illustrates how the performance cateory links to the SPC

denition criteria;n xplains why the measurements should be made;n Provides an indicator/metric relational diaram;n Provides an indicator denition;n Species the metric to be used;n Provides examples of how the metric can be calculated;

andn Provides recommendations for what to measure and what

not to measure.

16 This figure shows only the most direct and relevant linkages between modules and

definition criteria; other indirect linkages exist.

Indicators and Metrics Modules

What to Measure and What ot to Measure

Recommendations are provided for what to measureand what not to measure for the majority of indicatorsin each module. These recommendations are notprescriptive. Rather, they are intended to facilitate acommon approach to the data request and collectionprocesses. Use this guidance as appropriate to yourorganization’s role and position in the supply chain andto the extent it aligns with the boundary and scope ofyour measurement project and sustainability goals.When applicable, references to specific internationalstandards and protocols are also provided to facilitatea common approach.

Is benecial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throuhout its life cycle

Meets market criteria for performance and cost

Is sourced, manufactured, transported and recycled usin renewable enery

Optimizes the use of renewable or recycled source materials

Is manufactured usin clean production technoloies and best practices

Is made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios

Is physically desined to optimize materials and enery

Is effectively recovered and utilized in bioloical and/or industrial closed loop cycles

Water UseCommunity

ImpactWorkerImpact

Material HealthEnergy UseClean


Cost andPerformance

Material Use

Framework Performance Categories Mapped to SPC Denition

SPC enition of Sustainable Packaging

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Why Measure “Material Use”To: 1) understand the types of materials that are used; 2)understand how much of each material type is used; 3)understand where the materials that are used come from; and

4) track proress towards more responsible use of resources.educin material use throuh desin innovation or by

increasin the use of recycled materials can: 1) reduce end-

of-life waste; 2) lower overall operatin costs and reducethe total cost of packain; and 3) improve an oranization’soverall environmental and social responsibility profile.On the other hand, irresponsible and/or over-sourcin of

materials can: 1) cause disruption of natural eco-systemsby, for example, deforestation, land erosion, species habitatdestruction and natural resource depletion; and 2) impede the

ability of communities that traditionally depend upon natural

ecosystems for their livelihood to remain economically viable.

Key Terminology1. A “packain component” is any stand alone element of

a primary or secondary packae, such as a bottle capor a protective sleeve, or any stand alone element oftransport packain, such as a pallet or strappin, and

includes labels, adhesives, inks and/or coatins used onthe component.

2. A “unit of packain” includes all the components requiredto create a useable packae, e.., a ber milk carton

with an HDP pourin spout, security seal, cap and anyauxiliary materials used such as labels, adhesives, inks

and/or coatins.3. “Transport,” in terms of sustainable packain, includes

transport of raw, recycled, reused or nal packainmaterials, packain components or units of packain

between supply chain partners (e.., transport ofsubstrate to a converter or transport of packain unitsto a ller; it does not include transport of packain that

contains product).4. “enewable resources,” accordin to the .S.

nvironmental Protection Aency (PA), are natural

resources that can be remade, re-rown or reenerated

in a relatively short period of time. xamples ofrenewable resources are plants and trees from

ariculture and forestry.5. “on-renewable resources,” accordin to the .S. PA,

are natural resources that cannot be remade, re-rown orreenerated as fast as they are consumed and used up.

xamples of non-renewable resources are oil, coal, ironore, minerals includin uranium, metals and alloys and oldrowth forests.

Before using the indicators and metrics in this module,read the User Guidelines section of this document andbe sure you understand how to set a boundary andscope for your measurement project and the difference

between gate-to-gate, cradle-to-gate, industry averagelife cycle inventory (LCI) data and organization-specificperformance data. When sharing data with your supplychain partners, be transparent about your measurementboundaries and type of data collected.

Select the indicators and metrics that are relevant toyour business goals, position in the supply chain anddownstream supply chain partners’ expectations. Usethe “what to measure” and “what not to measure”guidelines as appropriate for your organization’s roleand position in the supply chain.

Material se









Water UseCommunity

ImpactWorkerImpact



Cost andPerformance

Material Use



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Total Material Use (Core)enition

The mass of all materials used in substrates, packaincomponents or units of packain.Metric

Mass of all materials used per functional unit of substrate,packain components, packain or time.Examples

n Metric tons / metric tons of substraten Kilorams / 1000 units of packainn Metric tons / year (based on annual production rate)What to Measure

Measure all materials used in packain material substrates,packain components or units of packain. For additional

uidance, refer to standards 13428:2004 and 13427:2004. ote that these standards apply specically tomeasurin “adequate minimum packain weiht.”What not to measure

Do not include process scrap material (see material wasteindicator/metric). Do not measure processin chemicals,formulations or solvents.

Virgin Material Use (Supplemental)enition

The ratio of virin material used to total material used in

substrates, packain components or units of packain.Metric

Percent of total material used that is virin material perfunctional unit of substrate, packain components, packain

or time.Examples

n % of total material used / metric tons of substraten % of total material used / 1000 units of packainn % of total material used / year (based on production rate)

What to Measure

Measure all virin materials used in packain material

substrates, packain components or units of packain.What not to Measure

Do not include process scrap material (see material waste

indicator/metric). Do not include non-virin materials.

Renewable Material Use (Supplemental)enition

The ratio of renewable material (virin and recycled) used tototal material used in substrates, packain components or

units of packain.Metric

Percent of total material used that is renewable material per

functional unit of substrate, packain components, packainor time.Examples

n % of total material used / metric tons of substraten % of total material used / 1000 units of packainn % of total material used / year (based on production rate)What to Measure

Measure all materials — whether virin or recycled — used inpackain material substrates, packain components or units

of packain that were sourced from a renewable naturalresource. For additional uidance when measurin bioplastics,

refer to standard ASTM D6866.What not to Measure

Do not include process scrap material (see material wasteindicator/metric). Do not include any bio-based material that issourced from a non-renewable natural resource.

Post Consumer Recycled (PCR) Material Use(Supplemental)

enitionThe ratio of post consumer recycled material to total materialused in the production of substrates, packain components

or units of packain.Metric

Percent of total material used that is PC material per

functional unit of substrate, packain components, packainor time.Examples

n % of total material used / metric ton of substraten % of total material used / 1000 units of packainn % of total material used / year (based on production rate)

What to Measure

Measure all materials that were recovered (at end-of-life) andwere recycled for use in substrates, packain components or

units of packain. For additional uidance, refer to standardISO 14021.What not to Measure

Do not include any process scrap materials produced

durin the production of substrates, packain components,or packain that are recovered and reused durin theproduction process. Do not include pre consumer or post

industrial recycled materials.

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ImpactWorkerImpact



Cost andPerformance

Material Use

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Post Industrial Recycled (PIR) Material Use(Supplemental)

enitionThe ratio of post industrial recycled material to total materialused in the production of substrates, packain components

or units of packain.Metric

Percent of total material used that is post industrial

recycled material per functional unit of substrate, packaincomponents, packain or time.Examples

n % of total material used / metric tons substraten % of total material used / 1000 units of packainn % of total material used / year (based on production rate)

What to Measure

Measure all materials that were recovered and recycled durinthe processin and/or production of substrates, packain

components or units of packain that could not be usedwithin the manufacturin process that enerated it. Foradditional uidance, refer to standard ISO 14021.What not to Measure

Do not measure scrap material that is reused in the processthat enerated it. Do not include pre consumer or postconsumer recycled materials.

Chain of Custody (Correlating)enition

The linked set of oranizations, from point of harvest orextraction to point of purchase, that have held leal ownershipor physical control of raw materials used in substrates,

packain components or units of packain.Metric

nknown, known or sourced-certied.Examples

n nknownn Knownn Source-certiedWhat to Measure

Chain of custody should be tracked when supply chain reliability

is questionable and where reater transparency is required.The chain of custody will be deemed “known” if each party inthe supply chain is under contractual obliation and is able to

disclose proof of their material source(s) throuh purchasinareements, inventory records, etc. A certicate of conrmationshould accompany each delivery of material from the supplierattestin to the source. For additional uidance, refer to any

relevant source certication system protocols, such as theForest Stewardship Council (FSC) uidelines.What not to Measure

Do not try to account for chain of custody of commodity

materials. The custody of most commodities cannot be tracedbecause the material is bouht and sold on the open market,

not in a traceable chain from one extractor to a known rawmaterial processor or to a known substrate manufacturer.

Material Use to Packaged Product Yield (Correlating)enition

The ratio of packain material used to amount of product orproduct service17 delivered.Metric

Mass of packain materials used per functional unit ofproduct or product service delivered.Examples

n Kilorams packain material / kilorams productn Kilorams packain material / 1000 units of productn Kiloram packain material / 100 loads of laundry

washedWhat to Measure

Calculate the total weiht of the materials used in the

packain, and then determine the ratio to the mass ofproduct or amount of product service delivered.What not to Measure

Do not include process scrap material. Do not measure processin

chemicals, formulations or solvents.

17“Product service” refers, for example, to the number of loads of laundry that can be

washed per unit of packaged l aundry detergent or the number of glasses of juice that

can be made from a package of juice concentrate.


ImpactWorkerImpact



Cost andPerformance

Material Use

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Material Use Reduction (Core)enition

The mass reduction in material used in substrates, packaincomponents or units of packain resultin from desin ormaterial innovation.Metric

Mass reduction in material use per functional unit of substrate,packain components, packain or time.Examples

n Metric tons / metric tons of substraten Kilorams / 1000 units of packainn Metric tons / year (based on production rate)What to Measure

Measure all materials — virin or recycled — that are no loner

required in substrates, packain components or units ofpackain, but that were required prior to implementin adesin or material innovation. For additional uidance, refer to

standards 13428:2004 and 13427:2004. ote that inthese standards the indicator is referred to as “prevention bysource reduction.”What not to Measure

Do not include reduction in scrap material (see materialwaste indicator/metric). Do not include reduction inprocessin chemicals, formulations or solvents.

Material Waste18 (Core)enition

The mass of material waste enerated durin the productionand extraction of raw material and the production andtransport of packain materials, packain components or


Mass per functional unit of substrate, packain components,packain or time.Examples

n Kilorams / kilorams of substraten Kilorams / 1000 units of packainn Metric tons / year (based on production rate)What to Measure

Measurement should include the scrap, unwanted surplusmaterial, unwanted by-products and broken, contaminatedor otherwise spoiled material associated with the rowth,

extraction and processin of raw materials, processin ofrecycled or reused materials, production of nal packainmaterials, conversion of packain materials into packaincomponents, assembly of packain components into units

of packain, llin of packain units and the transport ofraw, recycled, reused or nal packain materials, packaincomponents or units of packain.What not to Measure

Do not include minin rubble and tailins.

18 This indicator and metric applies only to waste that is land filled as a final

disposition.


ImpactWorkerImpact



Cost andPerformance

Material Use

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nery se

Why Measure Energy UseTo: 1) understand how much enery is bein used; 2)understand what percentae of total enery use is renewable;and 3) track proress toward enery conservation and an

increased use of renewable enery.The majority of enery used to extract or harvest raw

materials, produce packain materials and components and

transport packain is currently derived from fossil fuels thatare finite natural resources. nery conservation can reducethe depletion of these resources and may also: 1) reducean oranization’s carbon footprint; 2) help to minimize or

reverse conditions related to climate chane; 3) lower totaloperatin costs and reduce the total cost of packain; and4) improve an oranization’s overall environmental and social

responsibility profile. On the other hand, improperly manaed

minin and drillin of fossil fuels can: 1) scar the naturallandscape; 2) disrupt ecosystems; 3) release reenhouse

ases (gHgs) into the atmosphere; and 4) frament ordestroy species habitat. Moreover, the burnin of fossilfuel: 1) creates gHg emissions which contribute to climate

chane; 2) releases sulphur dioxide, which contributes tothe creation of acid rain; and 3) releases particulate matter,which can cause and/or exacerbate human health conditions

such as asthma.

Key Terminology1. “Sourcin,” as used in the indicator denitions, refers to

and includes all of the functions involved in the rowth,harvest or extraction and processin of raw materials

and the collection and processin of recycled andreused materials.

2. The phrase “nal packain material” refers to the material

substrates and ready-to-use auxiliaries such as inks,adhesives and coatins used to produce packain. Thephrase is also used to distinuish substrates from rawsource materials and processed auxiliary materials from

the individual formulation chemicals that comprise them.3. A “packain component” is any stand alone element of

a primary or secondary packae such as a bottle cap or a

protective sleeve, or any stand alone element of transport

packain such as a pallet or strappin, and includes labels,adhesives, inks and/or coatins used on the component.

4. A “unit of packain” includes all the components requiredto create a useable packae, e.., a ber milk cartonwith an HDP pourin spout, security seal, cap and any

auxiliary materials used such as labels, adhesives, inksand/or coatins.

5. “Transport,” in terms of sustainable packain, includes

transport of raw, recycled, reused or nal packainmaterials, packain components or units of packainbetween supply chain partners (e.., transport of

substrate to a converter or transport of packain unitsto a ller; it does not include transport of packain thatcontains product).












Water UseCommunity

ImpactWorkerImpact

Material HealthClean


Cost andPerformance

Material Use Energy Use

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nery se Water UseCommunity

ImpactWorkerImpact



Cost andPerformance


Core Supplemental Correlatin


Total ife Cycle nery Intensityn MJ / kg of nal packaging materialn

MJ / 1000 units of packagingn MJ / yr (based on production rate)

enewable nery Proportionn % renewable energy used / yr (based on production rate)

ife Cycle nery Intensity (on-Transport)n MJ / kg of nal packaging material

n MJ/ 1000 units of packaging

n MJ / yr ( based on production rate)

ife Cycle nery Intensity (Transport)n MJ / kg of nal packaging material

n MJ / 1000 units of packaging

n MJ / yr (based on production rate)

ecovered atent neryn MJ / kg of nal packaging material


ife Cycle enewable nery Intensity (Transport)n MJ / kg of nal packaging materialn MJ / 1000 units of packaging


ife Cycle on-enewable nery Intensity (Transport)n MJ / kg of nal packaging material



ife Cycle enewable nery Intensity (on-Transport)n MJ / kg of nal packaging material



ife Cycle on-enewable nery Intensity (on-Transport)n MJ / kg of nal packaging materialn MJ / 1000 units of packagingn MJ / yr (based on production rate)

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ImpactWorkerImpact



Cost andPerformance


6. “Disposal,” as used in the indicator denitions, refers to anyend-of-life manaement process includin recyclin, recovery

for reuse, compostin, incineration, landllin, etc.7. “enewable enery,” accordin to the .S. Department of

nery (DO), is enery derived from sources that are

naturally replenished in a relatively short period of time.enewable enery sources include biomass, hydropower,eothermal enery, wind enery and solar enery.

8. “on-renewable enery,” accordin to the .S. DO, refers

to enery derived from fossil fuels and nuclear power.9. The term “latent enery” refers to enery stored in

packain material that may be recovered and valorized.

Total Life Cycle Energy Intensity (Core)enitionThe total transport and non-transport enery used durinthe sourcin of raw, recycled and reused materials and the

production, llin, transport and/or disposal of packainmaterials, packain components or units of packain.Metric

nery units per functional unit of nal packain material,packain components, packain or time.Examples

n Meajoules / kilorams of nal packain materialn Meajoules / 1000 units of packainn

Meajoules / year (based on annual production rate)What to Measure

Measure all direct and indirect enery — both renewable andnon-renewable — used durin the rowth, harvest or extraction

and processin of raw materials, processin of recycled and/or reused materials, production of nal packain materials,conversion of nal packain materials into packaincomponents, assembly of packain components into

packain units, llin of packain units and end-of-lifeprocessin of packain. Include direct and indirect enery— both renewable and non-renewable — used to transport

raw, recycled, reused or nal packain materials, packain

components or packain units. Include direct and indirect

enery used to heat, cool and illuminate any facility space inwhich any of the operations specied here are performed.

atent enery must be included when measurin total eneryintensity, as that enery may or may not be recovered andvalorized. For additional uidance, refer to standards ISO14040 and 14044 and to VDI6400. ote that in VDI6400

the indicator is referred to as “cumulative enery demand.”What not to Measure

Do not include enery used to heat, cool and illuminate facility

space that is not used for packain-related functions oractivities, e.., administrative ofces, unless the facility is usedexclusively to produce nal packain materials, packain

components or units of packain. Do not measure eneryused to transport packain that contains product.

Life Cycle Energy Intensity — Non-Transport(Supplemental)enition

The total enery used durin the sourcin of raw, recycledand reused materials and the production, llin and/or

disposal of packain materials, packain components orunits of packain.Metric

nery units per functional unit of nal packain material,packain components, packain or time.

Examplesn Meajoules / kilorams of nal packain materialn Meajoules / 1000 units of packainn Meajoules / year (based on annual production rate)What to Measure

Measure all direct and indirect enery — both renewableand non-renewable — used durin the rowth, harvest or

extraction and processin of raw materials, processinof recycled and/or reused materials, production of nalpackain materials, conversion of nal packain materialsinto packain components, assembly of packain

components into packain units, llin of packain units

and end-of-life processin of packain. Include direct and

indirect enery used to heat, cool and illuminate any facilityspace in which any of the operations specied here are

performed. atent enery must be included when measurinnon-transport enery intensity, as that enery may or may notbe recovered and valorized.What not to Measure

Do not include direct or indirect transport-related enery use.Do not include enery used to heat, cool and illuminate facilityspace that is not used for packain-related functions or

activities, e.., administrative ofces, unless the facility is usedexclusively to produce nal packain materials, packaincomponents or units of packain.

Life Cycle Non-Renewable Energy Intensity —

Non-Transport (Supplemental)enition

The total non-renewable enery used durin the sourcin

or raw, recycled and reused materials and the production,llin and/or disposal of packain materials, packaincomponents or units of packain.Metric


n Meajoules / kilorams of nal packain materialn

Meajoules / 1000 units of packainn Meajoules / year (based on annual production rate)

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ImpactWorkerImpact



Cost andPerformance


What to Measure

Measure all direct and indirect non-renewable enery used

durin the rowth, harvest or extraction and processin ofraw materials, processin of recycled or reused materials,production of nal packain materials, conversion of nal

packain materials into packain components, assembly ofpackain components into packain units, llin of packainunits and end-of-life processin of packain. Include directand indirect non-renewable enery used to heat, cool and

illuminate any facility space in which any of the operationsspecied here are performed. atent enery must be includedwhen measurin non-renewable enery intensity, as that enery

may or may not be recovered and valorized.What not to Measure

Do not include renewable enery used for any purpose. Donot include direct or indirect transport-related enery use. Donot include enery used to heat, cool and illuminate facilityspace that is not used for packain-related functions or


Life Cycle Renewable Energy Intensity —Non-transport (Supplemental)enition

The total renewable enery used durin the sourcin of raw,recycled and reused materials and the production, llin and/or disposal of packain materials, packain components orunits of packain.Metric

nery units per functional unit of nal packain material,packain components, packain or time.xamplesn Meajoules / kilorams of nal packain materialn Meajoules / 1000 units of packainn Meajoules / year (based on annual production rate)

What to Measure

Measure all direct and indirect renewable enery used


packain materials into packain components, assemblyof packain components into packain units, llin ofpackain units and end-of-life processin of packain.Include direct and indirect renewable enery used to heat,

cool and illuminate any facility space in which any of theoperations specied here are performed. atent enery mustbe included when measurin renewable enery intensity, as

that enery may or may not be recovered and valorized.What not to Measure

Do not include non-renewable enery used for any purpose.Do not include direct or indirect transport-related enery use.Do not include enery used to heat, cool and illuminate facilityspace that is not used for packain-related functions or


Life Cycle Energy Intensity — Transport(Supplemental)enition

The total enery used to transport packain materials,packain components or units of packain.Metric

nery units per functional unit of nal packain material,

packain components, packain or time.Examples

n Meajoules / kilorams of nal packain materialn Meajoules / 1000 units of packainn Meajoules / year (based on annual production rate)

What to Measure

Measure all direct and indirect enery — both renewable

and non-renewable — used to transport raw, recycled and/or reused materials, nal packain materials, packaincomponents and/or packain units.What not to Measure

Do not measure enery used to transport packain thatcontains product. Do not measure direct or indirect non-transport related enery use.

Life Cycle Non-Renewable Energy Intensity —Transport (Supplemental)enition

The non-renewable enery used to transport packain

materials, packain components or units of packain.Metric

nery units per functional unit of nal packain material,


n Meajoules / kilorams of nal packain materialn Meajoules / 1000 units of packainn Meajoules / year (based on annual production rate)What to Measure

Measure all direct and indirect non-renewable eneryused to transport raw, recycled and/or reused materials,

nal packain materials, packain components and/orpackain units.What not to Measure

Do not measure renewable enery used for any purpose. Do notmeasure direct or indirect non-transport-related enery use.

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ImpactWorkerImpact



Cost andPerformance


Life Cycle Renewable Energy Intensity —Transport (Supplemental)

enitionThe total renewable enery used to transport packainmaterials, packain components or units of packain.Metric


n Meajoules / kilorams of nal packain materialn Meajoules / 1000 units of packainn Meajoules / year (based on annual production rate)What To Measure

Measure all direct and indirect renewable enery used

to transport raw, recycled and/or reused materials, nalpackain materials, packain components and/orpackain units.What not to Measure

Do not measure non-renewable enery used for any purpose. Donot measure direct or indirect non-transport related enery use.

Recovered Latent Energy (Correlating)enition

The amount of latent enery stored in packain material thatis recovered and made available aain for use.

Metricnery units recovered per functional unit of nal packainmaterial, packain components or packain.Examples

n Meajoules / kilorams of nal packain materialn Meajoules / 1000 units of packain

What to Measure

Credit (aainst ife Cycle Total nery Intensity) the

standardized enery recovery value for latent enery that isknown to have been released and recovered from packainmaterials, packain components or units of packain by

an end-of-life revalorization process such as waste-to-eneryincineration. For additional uidance, refer to standards 13431:2004 and ISO 1928:2009.What not to Measure

Do not take credit for enery that remains embedded inpackain materials, packain components or units ofpackain. atent enery can only be accounted for when it

has been released and recovered for reuse.

Renewable Energy Proportion (Core)enition

The ratio of renewable enery used to total enery used

durin the sourcin of raw, recycled and reused materials andthe production, llin, transport and/or disposal of packainmaterials, packain components or units of packain.Metric

Percent or total enery used that is derived from renewablesources per functional unit of time.Example

n % renewable enery used / year

What to Measuresin the data collected to measure “Total nery Intensity,”“on-enewable nery Intensity” (on-Transport andTransport) and “enewable nery Intensity” (on-Transport

and Transport), calculate the percentae of total enery usedthat is derived from renewable sources.What not to Measure

/A

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Before using the indicators and metrics in this module,read the User Guidelines section of this document andbe sure you understand how to set a boundary and

scope for your measurement project and the differencebetween gate-to-gate, cradle-to-gate, industry averagelife cycle inventory (LCI) data and organization-specificperformance data. When sharing data with your supplychain partners, be transparent about your measurementboundaries and type of data collected.

Select the indicators and metrics that are relevant toyour business goals, position in the supply chain anddownstream supply chain partners’ expectations. Usethe “what to measure” and “what not to measure”guidelines as appropriate for your organization’s role

and position in the supply chain.

Water se

Key Terminology1. “Sourcin,” as used in the indicator denitions, refers to and

includes all of the functions involved in the rowth, harvest

or extraction and processin or raw materials and thecollection and processin of recycled and reused materials.2. The phrase “nal packain material” refers to the material

substrates and ready-to-use auxiliaries such as inks,

adhesives and coatins used to produce packain. Thephrase is also used to distinuish substrates from rawsource materials and processed auxiliary materials from



protective sleeve, or any stand alone element of transportpackain such as a pallet or strappin and includes labels,

adhesives, inks and/or coatins used on the component.4. A “unit of packain” includes all the components required

to create a useable packae, e.., a ber milk cartonwith an HDP pourin spout, security seal, cap and anyauxiliary materials used such as labels, adhesives, inks

and/or coatins.5. “Disposal,” as used in the indicator denitions, refers to

any end-of-life manaement process includin recyclin,

recovery for reuse, compostin, incineration, landllin, etc.6. The term “water consumption” is used to indicate: 1) fresh

water (excludin rain) that is mechanically diverted from a

source and then used in such a way that it is not availableaain as liquid fresh water; or 2) water that is deraded

Why Measure Water UseTo: 1) understand how much water is used; 2) understand howmuch water is consumed; 3) understand how much water is

taken from stressed sources; and 4) track proress towardwater conservation.Water is essential to human health and well-bein,

ecosystem health and economic viability. Yet, in many

parts of the world, includin parts of the .S. and urope,water is becomin a scarce resource because many watersources and municipal water systems are drawn down at

a rate reater than their rechare rate. In response, citiesare considerin new water reulations, includin allowinthe reuse of specially treated sewae water to supplement

municipal drinkin water supplies. Additionally, scientificmodelin of the effects of climate chane predict further

stresses on water systems that may result in floodin ofcoastal areas while drouht occurs, persists or worsensin other areas. Packain supply chain partners involvedwith water-intensive processes may: 1) be subject to hihuse taxes; 2) have their license to operate revoked in

certain communities; or 3) be denied expansion permits.Monitorin water use and consumption and adoptin waterconservation practices could: 1) lower overall operatin

costs and reduce the total cost of packain; and 2)improve an oranization’s overall environmental and socialresponsibility profile.









CommunityImpact

WorkerImpact



Cost andPerformance

Mater ia l Use Energy Use Water Use

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durin use such that it cannot be collected for reuse. The

difference between water “use” and water “consumption”is that consumption causes the water to become

unavailable for direct or immediate use. An example ofwater “use” is water used in paper production processesthat is collected, processed and reused on site. Anexample of water “consumption” is water that evaporates

durin a production process. Another example of waterconsumption is water that becomes an inredient of a nalmaterial such as that used in water-based ink.

7. The term “stressed water sources” refers to sourcesof water where the draw down rate is reater thanthe rechare rate. The nited ations Commission on

Sustainable Development suests that water sourcesare stressed when freshwater resources fall below

1000-1500 cubic meters per capita per year. A usefulresource for understandin stressed watersheds hasbeen produced by the World usiness Council forSustainable Development (WCSD) and is available atthe WCSD website.

Life Cycle Water Consumption (Core)enition

The total volume of water consumed durin the sourcin

of raw, recycled and reused materials and the production,llin and/or disposal of packain materials, packaincomponents or units of packain.Metric

Volume per functional unit of nal packain material,packain components, packain or time.Examples

n Cubic meters / metric ton of nal packain materialn iters / 1000 units of packainn Cubic meters / year (based on annual production rate)What to Measure

Measure all water consumed durin the rowth, harvest or

extraction and processin of raw materials, processin ofrecycled or reused materials, production of nal packainmaterials, conversion of nal packain materials intopackain components, assembly of packain components

into packain units, llin of packain units and end-of-lifeprocessin of packain.What not to Measure

Do not measure water “use” (refer to Key Terminology , fordistinction between consumption and use).

Life Cycle Water Used from Stressed Sources(Core)enition

The volume of water that is drawn from “stressed watersheds”and used durin the sourcin of raw, recycled and reusedmaterials and the production, llin and/or disposal of packainmaterials, packain components or units of packain.Metric

Volume per functional unit of nal packain material,packain components, packain or time.Examples

n Cubic meters / metric ton of nal packain materialn iters / 1000 units of packainn Cubic meters / year (based on annual production rate)What to Measure

Measure all water mechanically diverted from a stressedwatershed — whether the water is “used” or “consumed” —durin the rowth, harvest or extraction and processin ofraw materials, processin of recycled or reused materials,

production of nal packain materials, conversion of nalpackain materials into packain components, assemblyof packain components into packain units, llin of

packain units and end-of-life processin of packain.What not to Measure

Do not measure water used durin hydropower production.

Water se CommunityImpact

WorkerImpact



Cost andPerformance

Mater ia l Use Energy Use Water Use

ife Cycle Water Consumptionn m3 / metric ton of nal packaging materialn Litres / 1000 units of packagingn m3 / yr (based on production rate)

ife Cycle Water sed from Stressed Sourcesn m3 / metric ton of nal packaging materialn Litres / 1000 units of packagingn m3 / yr (based on production rate)



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Why Measure Material Health19

To: 1) understand the potential human and ecosystem healthimpacts of packain materials and 2) track proress towardsthe reduction of toxicants in packain.

nsurin that packain materials, packain componentsand units of packain are healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios can reduce human and eco-system health

risks. Producin and/or usin “healthy packain” can:1) lower overall operatin costs and reduce the total costof packain by reducin the cost of compliance; and2) enhance an oranization’s overall environmental and

social responsibility profile. The use of toxicants and otherenvironmentally relevant chemicals in packain can affectboth human and ecosystem health in a number of ways

includin but not limited to: 1) packain worker exposure; 2)

miration, transfer or leachin of toxicants form packae toproduct; 3) air and water pollution; and 4) soil contamination.

Key Terminology1. The phrase “nal packain material” refers to the material

substrates and ready-to-use auxiliaries such as inks,adhesives and coatins used to produce packain. The

phrase is also used to distinuish substrates from rawsource materials and processed auxiliary materials fromthe individual formulation chemicals that comprise them.

2. A “packain component” is any stand alone elementof a primary or secondary packae such as a bottle cap

or a protective sleeve, or any stand alone element of

ecosystems. The biest concerns about PTs are that

they transfer easily amon air, water and land, and spanproram, eoraphical and enerational boundaries. eferto the .S. PA list of PTs and the listin of PTs.

19 Material health is also referred to as “material safety” in Environmental Health and

Safety literature and on material safety data sheets (MSDS’s).

transport packain such as a pallet or strappin and


3. A “unit of packain” includes all the components required

to create a useable packae, e.., a ber milk cartonwith an HDP pourin spout, security seal, cap and anyauxiliary materials used such as labels, adhesives, inksand/or coatins.

4. The .S. PA denes a “toxicant” as a harmful substanceor aent that may injure an exposed oranism and a “toxicsubstance” as a chemical or mixture that may present

an unreasonable risk of injury to human health or theenvironment. se of the term toxicants throuhout theframework includes Persistent ioaccumulative Toxic

Substances and Carcinoens, Mutaens and eproductive

Toxicants. efer to the .S. PA’s Toxic SubstancesControl Act (TSCA) Chemical Substances Inventory

and the uropean nion’s eistration, valuation,Authorisation and estriction of Chemicals (ACH)reulations. For assistance in understandin .S. Food and

Dru Administration (FDA) rules and reulations relatedto toxicants and packain refer to the FDA website. Forassistance in understandin the uropean Food Safety

Authority’s (FSA) approach to toxicant risks refer to theFSA website. ote that the FSA is not a reulatory body.

5. “Persistent ioaccumulative Toxic Substances (PTs)”,accordin to the .S. PA, are chemicals that are

toxic, persist in the environment and bioaccumulate infood chains and, thus, pose risks to human health and

Before using the indicators and metrics in thismodule, read the User Guidelines section of thisdocument and be sure you understand how to set aboundary and scope for your measurement project

and the difference between gate-to-gate, cradle-to-gate, industry average life cycle inventory (LCI)data and organization-specific (LCI or otherwise)performance data. When sharing data with yoursupply chain partners, be transparent about yourmeasurement boundaries and type of data collected.

Select the indicators and metrics that are relevant toyour business goals, position in the supply chain anddownstream supply chain partners’ expectations. Usethe “what to measure” and “what not to measure”guidelines as appropriate for your organization’s role

and position in the supply chain.

Material Health









CommunityImpact

WorkerImpact

CleanProduction and

Transport

Cost andPerformance

Material Use Energy Use Water Use Material Health

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6. “Carcinoens, Mutaens and eproductive Toxicants”

(CMs) are chemicals that can affect human health.OSHA denes carcinoens as substances that are eitherknown to cause cancer in humans or animals or are

suspected of bein capable of causin cancer in humans;mutaens as substances that cause chromosomal damaeor enetic alteration; and reproductive toxicants assubstances with lethal teratoenic (causin malformation

or physical defects) effects in a developin fetus orembryo and substances that affect the fertility of femalesand/or males. efer to a list of substances treated as

carcinoens by OSHA Code of Federal eulation29CF1910.1001-1052. The State of California’sProposition 65 list includes the most comprehensive list

of CMs reulated in the .S. The consolidated list of

CMs can be found online.7. “Miration” in the framework refers to the undesirable

transfer of toxicants from packain to product. eferto .S. FDA uidance on measurin miration related tofood packain. uidance on measurin miration

related to food packain can be found in the uropeanCommunities Council’s (CC) eulation o. 935/2004.

Toxicants20 Concentration21 (Core)enition

The mass of toxicants present in packain materials,packain components or units of packain.

MetricMass per functional unit of nal packain material, packaincomponent or packain (measured separately for each toxicant).Examples

n ppm in nal packain materialn millirams / kilorams of nal packain materialn kilorams / 1000 units of packainn % by weiht / unit of packainWhat to Measure

Measurement should include all toxicants that are materialinredients of nal packain materials, packain

components or units of packain. It should also includemeasurement of residual toxicant contamination that mayresult from the use of toxicants in nal production or handlinprocesses. Measurements should include all toxicantsincluded on the .S. PA TSCA list or the ACH list

and in .S. PA, .S. FDA, .S. OSHA, ACH and CCreulations and/or directives as applicable to eoraphiclocation and overnin authority. For additional uidance, refer

to standards 13428:2004, 13427:2004; C C13695-1 and C C 13695-2.What not to Measure

Measurement should not include process chemicals, formulations

or solvents, used in processin or production functions.

Toxicants22 Migration (Core)enition

Packain meets .S. FDA and/or CC reulations relatedto miration.

MetricYes with substantiatin documentation or o.Example

n Yes with substantiatin documentationn oWhat to Measure

efer to FDA: CF Title 21 and : 1935/2004 - CFramework reulation Particularly Part III Compendium ofational eislation on Food Contact Materials and Articles

(2009.06.02))What not to Measure

efer to cited reulations

20 Toxicants include PBTs and CMRs.21 Consult references cited in Key Terminology for information related to toxicant

concentration thresholds.22 Toxicants include PBTs and CMRs.

Material Health CommunityImpact

WorkerImpact

CleanProduction and

Transport

Cost andPerformance

Material Use Energy Use Water Use Material Health

Toxicants Concentrationn ppm in nal packaging materialn mg / kg of nal packaging material

n kg / 1000 units of packagingn % by weight / package

Toxicants Mirationn Yes with supporting documentationn No



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Why Measure Clean Production and TransportTo: 1) understand how processes associated with theproduction of packain can effect human and eco-systemhealth; and 2) measure proress toward cleaner and healthier

packain-related operations.Clean production and transport practices can minimize

emissions and other impacts associated with the use of

toxicants and other environmentally relevant substances.Clean production and transport can also: 1) lower overalloperatin costs and reduce the total cost of packain byreducin the cost of compliance; 2) reduce operatin risks

and associated liabilities includin insurance costs; and 3)improve an oranization’s overall environmental and socialresponsibility profile. On the other hand, toxicants used in the

rowth, harvest or extraction and processin of raw material,processin of recycled or reused materials or in packainproduction processes can cause harm to workers and/or

eco-systems if appropriate health and safety practices arenot followed. Toxicant use can also leave inadvertent residueon packain materials, packain components or units of

packain. Toxic emissions can cause systemic health issuesincludin cancer and enetic disorders with an elevated riskfor prenant women and children. Toxicants in landfilled

packain production waste may leach and contribute to soiland round water contamination. elease of gHg emissionscontribute to lobal warmin and climate chane. elease of

particulate matter is implicated in respiratory disorders such

as asthma. itroen oxide and sulphur oxide emissions

cause acid rain and the resultin acidification of waterways and soil. Chemical oxyen demand (COD), nitratesand suspended solids contribute to eutrophication, which

disrupts water ecosystems and can lead to incidents

includin but not limited to excessive alae blooms, fishkills and/or coral reef destruction.

Key Terminology1. “Sourcin,” as used in the indicator denitions, refers to and

includes all of the functions involved in the rowth, harvest

or extraction and processin of raw materials and thecollection and processin of recycled and reused materials.





protective sleeve, or any stand alone element of transportpackain such as a pallet or strappin and includes labels,adhesives, inks and/or coatins used on the component.

4. A “unit of packain” includes all the components requiredto create a useable packae, e.., a ber milk carton withan HDP pourin spout, security seal, cap and any auxiliary

materials used such as labels, adhesives, inks and/or coatins.

Clean Production and Transport

Before using the indicators and metrics in this module,read the User Guidelines section of this document andbe sure you understand how to set a boundary andscope for your measurement project and the dif ference

between gate-to-gate, cradle-to-gate, industry averagelife cycle inventory (LCI ) data and organization-specificperformance data. When sharing data with your supplychain partners, be transparent about your measurementboundaries and type of data collected.










CommunityImpact

WorkerImpact

Cost andPerformance

Material Use Energy Use Water Use Material HealthClean


5. “Transport,” in terms of sustainable packain, includes

transport of raw, recycled, reused or nal packainmaterials, packain components or units of packainbetween supply chain partners (e.., transport of


6. “Disposal,” as used in the indicator denitions, refers to

any end-of-life manaement process includin recyclin,

recovery for reuse, compostin, incineration, landllin, etc.

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30 SUSTILE PCGIG IICTRS METRICS FRMEWR © 2009 g

7. “greenhouse gases” are ases that trap heat in theatmosphere. Some reenhouse ases, such as carbon

dioxide, occur naturally and are emitted to the atmospherethrouh natural processes and human activities. TheInternational Panel on Climate Chane (IPCC) reconizes

four primary reenhouse ases (gHgs). These are watervapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (2O)and methane (CH4). However, the IPCC and other leadinclimate chane aencies include a number of entirely

human-made ases in their gHg inventory which, bycateory, include halocarbons and other chlorine andbromine containin substances, also known as uorinated

ases, which are dealt with under the Montreal Protocol;and sulphur hexauoride (SF6), hydrouorocarbons

(HFCs) and peruorocarbons (PFCs) dealt with underthe Kyoto Protocol. Carbon dioxide has a lobal warminpotential of one, while methane and nitrous oxide havewarmin potentials of 25 and 310 respectively. Fluorinated

ases can be intense reenhouse asses with themultiplier for sulfur hexauoride (SF6) bein 23,900 timesas potent as carbon dioxide. A complete list of pertinent

gHgs can be found on the IPCC website. The principalreenhouse ases that enter the atmosphere because ofhuman activities are:

n Carbon Dioxide (CO2): Carbon dioxide enters theatmosphere throuh the burnin of fossil fuels (oil,

natural as and coal), solid waste, trees and woodproducts, and as a result of other chemical reactions(e.., manufacturin cement).

n Methane (CH4): Methane is emitted durin theproduction and transport of coal, natural as andoil. Methane emissions also result from waste

elimination by livestock, some aricultural processesand by the decay of oranic waste in municipal solidwaste landlls.

n itrous Oxide (2O): itrous oxide is emitted durinaricultural and industrial activities, as well as durin

combustion of fossil fuels and solid waste.

n Fluorinated gases: Hydrouorocarbons,peruorocarbons and sulfur hexauoride are synthetic,

powerful reenhouse ases that are emitted from avariety of industrial processes. Fluorinated ases aresometimes used as substitutes for ozone-depletin

substances (i.e., CFCs, HCFCs and halons). Theseases are typically emitted in smaller quantities, butbecause they are potent reenhouse ases, theyare sometimes referred to as Hih global Warmin

Potential ases (“Hih gWP ases”).8. .S. PA denes a “toxicant” as a harmful substance or

aent that may injure an exposed oranism and a “toxic

substance” as a chemical or mixture that may presentan unreasonable risk of injury to human health or the

environment. se of the term toxicants throuhoutthe framework includes Persistent ioaccumulativeToxic Substances and Carcinoens, Mutaens andeproductive Toxicants. efer to the Toxic Substances

Control Act (TSCA) Chemical Substances Inventory and theuropean nion’s eistration, valuation, Authorisationand estriction of Chemicals (ACH) reulations.

For assistance in understandin .S. Food and DruAdministration (FDA) rules and reulations related totoxicants and packain refer to the FDA website, and for

assistance in understandin the uropean Food SafetyAuthority’s (FSA) approach to toxicant risks, refer to theFSA website. ote that the FSA is not a reulatory body.

9. “Persistent ioaccumulative Toxic Substances” (PTs),

accordin to the .S. PA, are chemicals that are toxic,persist in the environment and bioaccumulate in food chainsand, thus, pose risks to human health and ecosystems. The

biest concerns about PTs are that they transfer easilyamon air, water and land, and span proram, eoraphicaland enerational boundaries. efer to the .S. PA list of

PTs and the listin of PTs.10. “Carcinoens, Mutaens and eproductive Toxicants”

(CMs) are chemicals that can affect human health.

OSHA denes carcinoens as substances that are eitherknown to cause cancer in humans or animals or are

suspected of bein capable of causin cancer in humans;

mutaens as substances that cause chromosomal damae

or enetic alteration; and reproductive toxicants assubstances with lethal teratoenic (causin malformation

or physical defects) effects in a developin fetus orembryo and substances that affect the fertility of femalesand/or males. efer to the list of substances treated ascarcinoens by OSHA; the State of California’s Proposition

65 includes the most comprehensive list of CMsreulated in the .S. Also refer to the consolidated listof CMs.

11. Chemical Oxyen Demand (COD) is a measure of theoxyen-consumin capacity of inoranic and oranicmatter present in water or wastewater. It is dened as the

quantity of a specied oxidant that reacts with a sampleunder controlled conditions. The quantity of oxidantsconsumed is expressed as a rapid indicator of oranic

pollutants in water.

Toxic Emissions (Core)enition

The mass of all toxic emissions released to air, water or soildurin the sourcin of raw, recycled and reused materials and

the production, llin and/or disposal of packain materials,packain components or units of packain.Metric

Mass released to each medium per functional unit of nalpackain material, packain components, packain or time(measured separately for each toxicant).Examples

n Kilorams / kilorams nal packain materialn Kilorams / 1000 units of packainn Metric tons / year (based on production rate)

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Cost andPerformance





MS sen Yes with substantiating documentationn No

nery Auditn Yes with substantiating documentationn No

Toxic missionsn kg / kg of nal packaging materialn kg / 1000 units of packaging

n Metric tons / yr (based on production rate)

Water missionsn kg / kg nal packaging materialn kg / 1000 units of packaging


ife Cycle gHg missionsn kg / kg nal packaging materialn kg / 1000 units of packaging


Air missionsn kg / kg nal packaging materialn kg / 1000 units of packaging


Sulphur Oxides missionsn kg / kg nal packaging materialn kg / 1000 units of packaging


itroen Oxides missionsn kg / kg nal packaging materialn kg / 1000 units of packaging


Particulate Matter missionsn kg / kg nal packaging materialn kg / 1000 units of packagingn Metric tons / yr (based on production rate)

Suspended Solids eleasedn kg / kg nal packaging materialn kg / 1000 units of packaging


COD missionsn kg / kg nal packaging materialn kg / 1000 units of packaging


itrates eleasedn kg / kg nal packaging materialn kg / 1000 units of packaging


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What to Measure

Measure all direct and indirect toxicant emissions released


packain materials into packain components, assemblyof packain components into units of packain, llin ofpackain units and end-of-life processin of packain.Include emissions from toxicants that may be used to clean

transport vehicles, equipment and machinery. efer to the.S. PA TSCA list or the ACH list and in .S. PA,.S. FDA, .S. OSHA, ACH and CC reulations

and/or directives as applicable to a eoraphic location andovernin authority.

What not to MeasureDo not measure emissions from toxicants used for routinefacility maintenance unless the facility is used exclusively toproduce nal packain materials, packain components or

units of packain.

Life Cycle GHG Emissions (Core)enition

The mass of gHgs released to the atmosphere durin the

sourcin of raw, recycled and reused materials and theproduction, llin, transport and/or disposal of packainmaterials, packain components or units of packain.Metric

Mass released per functional unit of nal packain material,packain components, packain or time (expressed inCO2 equivalency).Examples

n Kilorams / kilorams of nal packain materialn Kilorams / 1000 units of packainn Metric tons / year (based on production rate)What to Measure

Measure all direct and indirect gHg emissions releaseddurin the rowth, harvest or extraction and processin of

raw materials, processin of recycled or reused materials,

production of nal packain materials, conversion of nalpackain materials into packain components, assembly

of packain components into units of packain, llin ofpackain units, transport of raw, recycled and/or reusedmaterials, nal packain materials, packain componentsand/or units of packain and the end-of-life processin of

packain. Include direct and indirect gHg emissions fromenery sources used to heat, cool and illuminate any facilityspace in which any of the operations specied here are

performed. For additional uidance, refer to standards ISO14040 and 14044, the 2006 IPCC guidelines for ationalgreenhouse gas Inventories and PAS 2050.What ot To Measure

Do not include direct or indirect gHg emissions released

durin the transport of packain that contains product. Do notinclude gHg emissions released as a result of heatin, coolinand illuminatin facility space that is not used for packain-related functions or activities, e.., administrative ofces, unless

the facility is used exclusively to produce nal packainmaterials, packain components or units of packain.

Air Emissions (Core)enition

The mass of non-toxic, non-gHg emissions released tothe atmosphere durin the sourcin of raw, recycled andreused materials and the production, llin, transport and/or

disposal of packain materials, packain components orunits of packain.Metric

Mass released per functional unit of nal packain material,


n Kilorams / kilorams nal packain materialn Kilorams / 1000 units of packainn Metric tons / year (based on production rate)What to Measure

Measure all direct and indirect non-toxic, non-gHg emissions

released into the atmosphere durin the rowth, harvest or

extraction and processin of raw materials, processin ofrecycled or reused materials, production of nal packain

materials, conversion of nal packain materials intopackain components, assembly of packain componentsinto units of packain, llin of packain units, transportof raw, recycled and/or reused materials, nal packain

materials, packain components and/or units of packainand the end-of-life processin of packain. Include directand indirect gHg emissions from enery sources used to

heat, cool and illuminate any facility space in which any of theoperations specied here are performed.What not to Measure

Do not include direct or indirect gHg emissions releaseddurin the transport of packain that contains product. Do not

include gHg emissions released as a result of heatin, coolinand illuminatin facility space that is not used for packain-related functions or activities, e.., administrative ofces, unlessthe facility is used exclusively to produce nal packain

materials, packain components or units of packain.Do not measure toxic emissions released into theatmosphere as those are measured by the Toxic missions

indicator/metric. Do not include gHg emissions, whichshould be calculated in accordance with the ife Cycle gHgmissions indicator/metric.

Sulphur Oxide (SOx) Emissions (Supplemental)

enition

The mass of SOx released to the atmosphere durin thesourcin of raw, recycled and reused materials and the

production, llin, transport and/or disposal of packainmaterials, packain components or units of packain.Metric

Mass per functional unit of nal packain material, packaincomponents, packain or time.Examples

n Kilorams / kilorams of nal packain materialn Kilorams / 1000 units of packain

n Metric tons / year (based on production rate)


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What to Measure

Measure direct and indirect emissions of SOx released


packain materials into packain components, assemblyof packain components into units of packain, llinof packain units, transport of raw, recycled, reused ornal packain materials, packain components or units

of packain and the end-of-life processin of packain.Include direct and indirect SOx emissions from enerysources used to heat, cool and illuminate any facility space in

which any of the operations specied here are performed.What ot To Measure

Do not measure direct or indirect SOx emissions releaseddurin the transport of packain that contains product. Donot include SOx emissions released from enery sourcesused to heat, cool and illuminate facility space that is not

used for packain-related functions or activities, e..,administrative ofces, unless the facility is used exclusivelyto produce nal packain materials, packain components

or units of packain.

Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) Emissions (Supplemental)enition

The mass of Ox

released to the atmosphere durin the

sourcin of raw, recycled and reused materials and theproduction, llin, transport and/or disposal of packainmaterials, packain components or units of packain.Metric


n Kilorams / kilorams of nal packain materialn Kilorams / 1000 units of packainn Metric tons / year (based on production rate)

What to Measure:

Measure direct and indirect emissions of Ox released


packain materials into packain components, assemblyof packain components into units of packain, llinof packain units, transport of raw, recycled, reused ornal packain materials, packain components or units

of packain and the end-of-life processin of packain.Include direct and indirect Ox emissions from enerysources used to heat, cool and illuminate any facility space in

which any of the operations specied here are performed.What ot To Measure:

itroen oxides are a family of ases. While nitrous oxide(2O) is a primary gHg, other nitroen oxides are consideredindirect gHgs. So, to avoid double countin, do not include any0x emissions included in gHg emission data. Do not measure

direct or indirect Ox emissions released durin the transportof packain that contains product. Do not include Ox emissions released from enery sources used to heat, cool and

illuminate facility space that is not used for packain-relatedfunctions or activities, e.., administrative ofces, unless thefacility is used exclusively to produce nal packain materials,

packain components or units of packain.

Particulate Matter Emissions (Supplemental)enition

The mass of PM10 and PM2.5 particulate matter released

to the atmosphere durin the sourcin of raw, recycled andreused materials and the production, llin, transport and/ordisposal of packain materials, packain components or


Mass of PM10 and PM2.5 per functional unit of nal packainmaterial, packain components, packain or time.Examples

n Kilorams / kilorams of nal packain materialn Kilorams / 1000 units of packainn Metric tons / year (based on production rate)

What to Measure

Measure direct and indirect emissions of particulate matter

released durin the rowth, harvest or extraction andprocessin of raw materials, processin of recycled orreused materials, production of nal packain materials,

conversion of nal packain materials into packaincomponents, assembly of packain components into unitsof packain, llin of packain units, transport of raw,recycled, reused or nal packain materials, packain

components or units of packain and the end-of-lifeprocessin of packain. Include direct and indirectparticulate matter emissions from enery sources used to

heat, cool and illuminate any facility space in which any ofthe operations specied here are performed.

What ot To MeasureDo not measure direct or indirect particulate matter emissionsreleased durin the transport of packain that containsproduct. Do not include particulate matter emissions released

from enery sources used to heat, cool and illuminate facilityspace that is not used for packain-related functions oractivities, e.., administrative ofces, unless the facility is used

exclusively to produce nal packain materials, packaincomponents or units of packain.

Water Emissions (Core)enition

The mass of non-toxic emissions released to water durinthe sourcin of raw, recycled and reused materials and theproduction, llin, transport and/or disposal of packain

materials, packain components or units of packain.Metric

Mass released per functional unit of nal packain material,packain components, packain or time.Examples

n Kilorams / kilorams nal packain materialn Kilorams / 1000 units of packainn Metric tons / year (based on production rate)


WorkerImpact

Cost andPerformance



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What to Measure

Measure all direct and indirect non-toxic emissions released to

water durin the rowth, harvest or extraction and processinof raw materials, processin of recycled or reused materials,production of nal packain materials, conversion of nal

packain materials into packain components, assemblyof packain components into units of packain, llin ofpackain units and end-of-life processin of packain.What not to Measure

Do not measure toxic emissions released to water as thoseare measured by the Toxic missions indicator/metric.

COD Emissions (Supplemental)enition

The mass of COD emissions released to water durin thesourcin of raw, recycled and reused materials and theproduction, llin and/or disposal of packain materials,




Measure direct and indirect COD emissions released durin therowth, harvest or extraction and processin of raw materials,processin of recycled or reused materials, production of

nal packain materials, conversion of nal packainmaterials into packain components, assembly of packaincomponents into units of packain, llin of packain unitsand the end-of-life processin of packain.What ot To Measure

/A

Suspended Solids Released (Supplemental)

enitionThe mass of suspended solids released to water durin

the sourcin of raw, recycled and reused materials and theproduction, llin and/or disposal of packain materials,




Measure direct and indirect emissions of suspended solidsreleased durin the rowth, harvest or extraction andprocessin of raw materials, processin of recycled or reused

materials, production of nal packain materials, conversion ofnal packain materials into packain components, assemblyof packain components into units of packain, llin ofpackain units and the end of life processin of packain.What ot To Measure

/A

Nitrates Released (Supplemental)enition

The mass of nitrates released to water durin the sourcinof raw, recycled and reused materials and the production,llin, and/or disposal of packain materials, packain

components or units of packain.Metric



Measure direct and indirect nitrates released durin therowth, harvest or extraction and processin of raw materials,

processin of recycled or reused materials, production ofnal packain materials, conversion of nal packain

materials into packain components, assembly of packaincomponents into units of packain, llin of packain units

and end-of-life processin of packain.What ot To Measure

/A

Environmental Management Systems (EMS) Use(Correlating)enition

An MS is in place for all operations related to the sourcin ofraw, recycled and reused materials and the production, llin

and transport of packain materials, packain componentsor units of packain.Metric

Yes with substantiatin documentation or o.Example


efer to ISO standard 14001.What not to Measure

/A

Energy Audit (Correlating)enition

An annual enery audit is conducted of all operations related

to the sourcin of raw, recycled and reused materials andthe production, llin and transport of packain materials,packain components or units of packain.Metric



/AWhat not to Measure

/A


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Cost andPerformance



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Why Measure Cost and PerformanceTo: 1) understand if and how packain is meetin marketplaceperformance and sustainability expectations while controllincosts; and 2) track overall operatin efciency.

Packain that meets environmental and social criteriafor sustainability but is cost prohibitive or fails to meetmarketplace performance expectations is not sustainable

packain. Therefore, it is important to track packain costand performance as a critical market check and balanceaainst the other sustainable packain criteria and tofacilitate understandin of an oranization’s overall operatin

efficiency and value creation. However, due to issues related

to competition and anti-trust laws, cost measurement

data that may be collected in accordance with the

indicators and metrics provided in this framework may

not be appropriate for sharing with supply chain partners,

with customers or in external reports.

Key Terminology1. “Performance,” in terms of packain, includes but may

not be limited to the packain’s ability to successfullycontain, preserve, protect and transport products,

communicate packain and product information andfacilitate product usability.

2. “Sourcin,” as used in the indicator denitions, refers to and

includes all of the functions involved in the rowth, harvestor extraction and processin or raw materials, and the

collection and processin of recycled and reused materials.

3. The phrase “nal packain material” refers to the materialsubstrates and ready-to-use auxiliaries such as inks,

adhesives and coatins used to produce packain. Thephrase is also used to distinuish substrates from raw

source materials and processed auxiliary materials fromthe individual formulation chemicals that comprise them.

4. A “packain component” is any stand alone elementof a primary or secondary packae such as a bottle cap

or a protective sleeve, or any stand alone element oftransport packain such as a pallet or strappin andincludes labels, adhesives, inks and/or coatins used on

the component.5. A “unit of packain” includes all the components required

to create a useable packae, e.., a ber milk carton

with an HDP pourin spout, security seal, cap and anyauxiliary materials used such as labels, adhesives, inksand/or coatins.

6. “Transport,” in terms of sustainable packain, includestransport of raw, recycled, reused or nal packainmaterials, packain components or units of packainbetween supply chain partners (e.., transport of


7. “Disposal ,” as used in the indicator denitions, refers toany end-of-life manaement process includin recyclin,recovery for reuse, compostin, incineration, landllin, etc.

Cost and Performance





Is manufactured usin clean production technoloies and best practicesIs made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios



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Cost and Performance CommunityImpact

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Cost andPerformance



Packain Service Valuen $ packaged product ÷ $ of packaging

Sellin nit Cube fficiencyn cm3 of packaged product ÷ cm3 of package

Transport Cube fficiencyn cm3 of total selling unit packaging ÷ cm3 of pallet load

Total Cost of Packainn $ / kg of packaging

n € / 1000 units of packaging

n ₪ / yr

ife Cycle mbodied nery Protectionn MJ / packaging ÷ MJ / product and packaging lost

Packaed Product Wastaen $ packaged product + $ packaging / 10000

units of packaging

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Total Cost of Packaging (Core)enition

The total cost of all materials, enery, equipment and directlabor used durin the sourcin of raw, recycled and reusedmaterials and the production, llin, transport and/or

disposal23 of packain materials, packain components orunits of packain.Metric

Cost per functional unit of nal packain material, packaincomponents, packain or time.Examples

n $ / kilorams of nal packain materialn € / 1000 units of packainn ₪ / year based on production rate

What to MeasureMeasure the cost of all materials, the direct and indirect costof enery, the direct cost of equipment and the direct cost

of all human resources used durin the rowth, harvest orextraction and processin of raw materials, processin ofrecycled or reused materials, production of nal packainmaterials, conversion of nal packain materials into packain

components, assembly of nal packain components into unitsof packain, lin of packain units, transport of raw, recycled,reused or nal packain materials, packain components

or units of packain and end-of-life processin of packain.Direct labor costs should be calculated as “fully loaded” costs— not just waes or salary. Measurement should include facility

and equipment operatin and maintenance costs that are directlyrelated to the packain processes specied here. nery andutility costs associated with shippin and receivin operations

should be proportionally allocated by volume of packainand volume of product if both are handled within one facility. Ifpackain is warehoused, include all costs associated with the

warehouse facility. Include waste disposal costs, compliancecosts and cost of research that is directly related to the resourcesand processes specied here.

What not to Measure

Do not include any indirect labor costs. An example of indirect

labor cost would include but not be limited to cost of salespersonnel. Do not include facility operatin overhead that is not

directly related to the processes specied here. Do not includecost of handlin or transportin packain that contains product.

Packaging Service Value24 (Correlating)enition

The ratio of packaed product value to packain value.Metric

Value of packaed product delivered divided by valueof resources (materials and embedded enery) used forthe packain.

Examplesn $ of packaed product ÷ $ of packainWhat to Measure

Calculate the total cost of packain, and then determine theratio of the stated packaed product value to the calculatedcost (value) of the packain.What not to Measure

/A

Selling Unit Cube Efciency (Correlating)enition

The ratio of packaed product volume to the sellin unit

packain volume.Metric

Volume of packaed product divided by volume of packain

used to display and sell the packaed product to a consumer.Example

n Cubic centimeter of packaed product ÷ cubic centimeter

of packain

What to Measure

Include primary and secondary packain components, e.., a

bottle of aspirin in a box.What not to Measure

Do not include tertiary or transport packain, the cubeefciency of which is measured by the Transport Packain

Cube fciency metric.

23 Depending on local, regional or national policies, regulations and legislation

pertaining to waste management, organizations may not currently track the cost

associated with disposal of the packaging they produce or use. Organizations that

do not track this cost now should consider tracking it in the future. All organizations

should be transparent as to whether dis posal costs are or are not i ncluded in the total

cost of packaging and how disposal cost data is collected.24 If this indicator/metric is used to compare performance, the comparison should be

made only among packaging with the same a pplication, e.g., milk cartons to milk jugs

vs. milk cartons to cereal boxes.


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Life Cycle Embodied Energy Protection (Core)enition

The ratio of enery invested in packain to the eneryinvested in product and packain lost due to packain failure.Metric

ife cycle enery impact per functional unit of packaindivided by the life cycle enery impact per functional unit ofproduct and packain lost due to packain failure.Example

Meajoules / product ÷ Meajoules / product and packainWhat to Measure

Perform a life cycle assessment of the packain and the

product limitin the boundary and scope of the assessment todirect and indirect enery use and its associated emissions. If it

is not possible to collect oranization-specic CI performancedata, use relevant industry averae CI data.What not to Measure

Do not measure the physical or functional attributes or

conditions of the packain or product other than thoserelated to enery use.


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Cost andPerformance

Transport Packaging Cube Efciency (Correlating)enition

The ratio of total sellin unit packain volume to transportunit packain volume.Metric

Volume of total sellin unit packain divided by volume oftransport unit packain.Example

n Cubic centimeters of total sellin unit packain ÷ cubiccenter meters of pallet load

What to Measure

Measure only sellin unit packain volume to palletload volume.What not to Measure

/A

Packaged Product Wastage (Core)enition

The value of packaed product lost due to packain failure.Metric

Cost of packaed product lost or returned plus cost of theproduct’s packain per functional unit of packain.Examples

n $ of packaed product + $ of packain lost / 10,000units of packain

What to Measure

Calculate the total cost of a unit of packain. Add that costto the stated value of the lost or returned product. Include thecost of primary and secondary packain.What not to Measure

Do not include the cost of transport packain unless thereis bulk product loss due to failure at the transport system level.

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Why Measure Community ImpactTo: 1) understand how packain is and is not deliverin valueto consumers and the communities in which they live; and2) track proress towards increasin customer value while

minimizin undesired effects.Packain affects communities in many beneficial

ways, but it imposes some detrimental impacts as well.

As a beneficial aent, packain ensures product qualitydelivery by, for example: 1) preventin products from beindamaed in transport; 2) providin a safe and convenientway for consumers to move or carry products; 3) keepin

food products fresher and safe for consumption loner; 4)protectin the efficacy of drus; 5) communicatin productinformation and much more. Its detrimental impacts exist

because: 1) packain production is resource intensive; 2)toxicants and other environmentally relevant chemicals useddurin the rowth, harvest or extraction and processin

of raw materials, processin of recycled materials and theproduction of packain materials, packain componentsand units of packain can release harmful emissions into

natural eco-systems and have direct or indirect effects onhuman health; and 3) packain has end-of-life implicationsthat add stress to both human and natural systems.

Measurin and understandin the community benefits andimpacts of packain can: 1) improve an oranization’soverall environmental and social responsibility profile; 2)

help an oranization maintains its license to operate ina community; 3) facilitate permittin for expansion in a

community; and 4) help build market share.

Key Terminology1. A “packain component” is any stand alone element

of a primary or secondary packae such as a bottle cap

or a protective sleeve, or any stand alone element oftransport packain such as a pallet or strappin andincludes labels, adhesives, inks and/or coatins used on

the component.2. A “unit of packain” includes all the components required

to create a useable packae, e.., a ber milk cartonwith an HDP pourin spout, security seal, cap and any

auxiliary materials used such as labels, adhesives, inksand/or coatins.

Community Impact




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Cost andPerformance

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Product Safety (Core)enition

The percentae of shipped products recalled for safety issuesrelated to packain.Metric

Total number of products recalled divided by total productsshipped per functional unit of time (measure by product andpackain type).Example

# products recalled ÷ # products shipped / yearWhat to Measure

Measure the number of products that are recalled because of

packain failure as a percent of the total number of productsshipped. Take measurements separately by product and

packain type.What not to Measure

Do not include number of product safety recalls for reasonsunrelated to packain.

Packaged Product Shelf Life (Correlating)enition

The ratio of a product’s shelf life in packain to a product’sshelf life without packain.Metric

Shelf life of product in packain divided by shelf life ofproduct without packain.Example

Months in packain ÷ months without packainWhat to Measure

Measure the lenth of time a product in packain is suitable

for sale compared to a product not in packain. Compareonly same product types in same packain types.What not to Measure

Do not take and compare measures of different types ofproducts in the same types of packain or of same types ofproducts in different types of packain.

Recycling of Packaging (Core)enition

The mass of recyclable packain discarded from all sources(commercial and residential) that is collected for recyclin andis recycled based on national waste manaement statistics.Metric

Material recyclin rate multiplied by mass of packainproduced or used (by packain material type).Example

ecyclin rate x metric tons of packain produced or usedWhat to Measure

Measure each type of packain produced and/or used for

which national waste manaement recyclin rates exist. Foradditional uidance, refer to standards 13430:2004 and

ISO 14021.What not to Measure

/A

Reuse of Packaging (Core)enition

The number or mass of packain components or units ofpackain (collected from any source) that are reused for thesame basic function.Metric

umber or mass of packain reused per functional unit of time.Example

n # / yr (based on rate of production)n Metric tons / yr (based on rate of production)What to Measure

Measure all reused packain components or packainunits. This metric can be used for primary, secondary andtertiary packain. For additional uidance, refer to standard

13429:2004.What not to Measure

/A

Landlling of Packaging (Core)enition

The mass of packain from all sources (commercial andresidential) that oes to a landll based on national wastemanaement statistics.Metric

Material landll rate multiplied by mass of packain producedand/or used (by packain material type).Example

n andll rate x metric tons packain produced or usedWhat to Measure

Measure each type of packain produced and/or used basedon national waste manaement landll rates.What not to Measure

/A

Packaging Energy Recovery Rate (Core)enition

Mass of packain that is recovered and used for eneryeneration based on national waste manaement statistics.Metric

Percent of packain waste recovered and turned to eneryper functional unit of time.Example

n % of packain waste stream / yearWhat to Measure

se national waste manaement statistics. If data is available,measure by material type. Oranization-specic data may beused if it is documented and third-party veried. For additional

uidance, refer to standard 13431:2004.What not to Measure

/A

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End-of-Life Communications (Correlating)enition

Consumer-focused communications (labelin, icons, website,etc.) to support appropriate end-of-life manaement ofpackain components or units of packain is used.Metric



/A.What not to Measure

/A

Community Investment (Correlating)enition

The value of investments made in community projects relatedto packain such as recyclin education prorams orrecyclin infrastructure development, etc.Metric

Investment per functional unit of time, includin description ofproject(s) supported.Example

n € / yearWhat to Measure

Measure contributions iven to or investments made in any/allpackain-related community project(s). Include a descriptionof the project(s) supported.

What not to MeasureDo not include contributions iven to or investments made inany community project that is not packain-related.

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Why Measure Worker ImpactTo: 1) understand how workers across the supply chain aretreated; and 2) track proress toward ensurin equitable, safeand healthy workin conditions for all workers.

Stakeholders from consumer roups to social investmentmanaers are increasinly interested in the socialperformance of oranizations, particularly reardin labor

practices. Stakeholders’ interests do not end at corporateboundaries but continue across lobal supply chains. Theincreased focus on corporate social responsibility over thelast decade has helped to improve workin conditions around

the lobe, yet inequitable, unsafe and unhealthy workinconditions still exist. Measurin worker benefits and impactsacross the supply chain is an important risk manaement

stratey that can help protect an oranization’s corporateimae and brand reputation while improvin the quality of life

for all workers.

to a ller; it does not include transport of packain thatcontains product).

6. “Child abor”, consistent with the International abor

Oranization (IO), is dened as any work performed bya child youner than 15 years of ae or youner thanthe ae of compulsory schoolin in a locality if that ae

is reater than 15 years; and/or any work, which by itsnature or circumstances may jeopardize health or safety,performed by a youn person under the ae of 18 years.

Key Terminology1. “Sourcin,” as used in the indicator denitions, refers to

and includes all of the functions involved in the rowth,harvest or extraction and processin of raw materials

and the collection and processin of recycled andreused materials.



the individual formulation chemicals that comprise them.3. A “packain component” is any stand alone element

of a primary or secondary packae such as a bottle cap

or a protective sleeve, or any stand alone element oftransport packain such as a pallet or strappin and


4. A “unit of packain” includes all the components requiredto create a useable packae, e.., a ber milk carton

with an HDP pourin spout, security seal, cap and anyauxiliary materials used such as labels, adhesives, inksand/or coatins.

5. “Transport,” in terms of sustainable packain, includestransport of raw, recycled, reused or nal packainmaterials, packain components or units of packain

between supply chain partners (e.., transport of

substrate to a converter or transport of packain units

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Worker Impact Material Use Energy Use Water Use Material HealthClean


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ote: Social metrics data does not lend itself to aggregation across the supply chain.

Child aborn Satisfactory with substantiating third-party audit documentationn Needs Improvement as specied in third-party audit documentation

n

Needs Major Improvement as specied in third-party audit documentationn Unacceptable as specied in third party audit documentation — immediate action required

xcessive Workin Hoursn Satisfactory with substantiating third-party audit documentation

n Needs Improvement as specied in third-party audit documentation

n Needs Major Improvement as specied in third-party audit documentation

n Unacceptable as specied in third party audit documentation — immediate action required

Freedom of Association and/or Collective araininn Satisfactory with substantiating third-party audit documentationn Needs Improvement as specied in third-party audit documentationn Needs Major Improvement as specied in third-party audit documentationn Unacceptable as specied in third party audit documentation — immediate action required

Occupational Healthn Satisfactory with substantiating third-party audit documentationn Needs Improvement as specied in third-party audit documentation



esponsible Workplace Practicesn Satisfactory: has a business code of conduct and can provide substantiating documentation to guarantee implementation in own company as well supplier adherencen Needs Improvement: has a business code of conduct but it is not fully implemented an/or lacks a verication system or does not have a formal business code of conduct

and verication system but company practices meet or exceed standard requirementsn Needs Major Improvement: does not have a business code of conduct or any equivalent commitment to or demonstration of ethical and responsible behaviorn Unacceptable as specied in third party audit documentation — immediate action required

Forced or Compulsory aborn Satisfactory with substantiating third-party audit documentationn Needs Improvement as specied in third-party audit documentation

n

Needs Major Improvement as specied in third-party audit documentationn Unacceptable as specied in third party audit documentation — immediate action required

emunerationn Satisfactory with substantiating third-party audit documentation

n Needs Improvement as specied in third-party audit documentation



Discriminationn Satisfactory with substantiating third-party audit documentationn Needs Improvement as specied in third-party audit documentationn Needs Major Improvement as specied in third-party audit documentationn Unacceptable as specied in third party audit documentation — immediate action required

Safety Performancen Satisfactory with substantiating third-party audit documentationn Needs Improvement as specied in third-party audit documentation



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7. “Forced or compulsory labor”, consistent with IOconventions, is dened as all work or service which is

exacted from any person under the threat of punishmentor retaliation, or demanded as a means of repayment ofdebt for which said person had not offered himself or

herself voluntarily.8. “Collective barainin”, consistent with IO conventions,

is dened as the neotiation of a contract for laborbetween an employer or roup of employers and one or

more worker oranizations, which species the terms andcondition of employment.

9. “Discrimination”, consistent with IO conventions, is

dened as treatin people differently because of certaincharacteristics, such as race, color or sex, which results in

the impairment of equality of opportunity and treatment.10. “xcessive workin hours”, consistent with IO

conventions. is dened as more than a 48-hour workweekexcludin overtime, or a 60-hour workweek includin

overtime for non-supervisory employees.

Child Labor (Core)enition

Incidents involvin child labor, as dened in Key Terminoloy,

related to the sourcin of raw, recycled and reused materialsand the production, llin and/or transport of packainmaterials, packain components or units of packain.

Metric

Satisfactory, needs improvement, needs major improvementor unacceptable.Example

n Satisfactory with substantiatin third-party auditdocumentation

n eeds Improvement as specied in third-party auditdocumentation

n eeds Major Improvement as specied in third-party audit

documentationn nacceptable as specied in third party audit

documentation — immediate action required

What to Measure

As appropriate to your position in the supply chain, collect

audit data on child labor in work environments related to therowth, harvest or extraction and processin of raw materials,processin of recycled or reused materials, production of

nal packain materials, conversion of nal packainmaterials into packain components, assembly of packaincomponents into units of packain, llin of packain unitsand transport of raw, recycled, reused or nal packain

materials, packain components or units of packain. Foradditional uidance, refer to SA8000.What not to Measure

Do not include audit data on child labor in work environmentsthat are not directly related to the packain supply chain

functions specied here. Those auditable conditions should bemeasured and tracked at the enterprise level.

Forced or Compulsory Labor25 (Core)enition Incidents involvin forced or compulsory labor, as dened in

Key Terminoloy, related to the sourcin of raw, recycled andreused materials and the production, llin and/or transportof packain materials, packain components or units of

packain.Metric

Satisfactory, needs improvement, needs major improvement or

unacceptable.Example

n Satisfactory with substantiatin third-party audit

documentationn eeds Improvement as specied in third-party audit

documentationn eeds Major Improvement as specied in third-party audit


documentation — immediate action required

What to Measure

As appropriate to your position in the supply chain, collect

audit data on forced or compulsory labor in work environmentsrelated to the rowth, harvest or extraction and processinof raw materials, processin of recycled or reused materials,production of nal packain materials, conversion of nal

packain materials into packain components, assemblyof packain components into units of packain, llin ofpackain units and transport of raw, recycled, reused or

nal packain materials, packain components or units ofpackain. For additional uidance, refer to SA8000.What not to Measure

Do not include audit data on forced or compulsory laborin work environments that are not directly related to the

packain supply chain functions specied here. Thoseauditable conditions should be measured and tracked at theenterprise level.

Freedom of Association and/or CollectiveBargaining (Core)enition

Incidents involvin the failure of an oranization to inform workersinvolved in the sourcin of raw, recycled and reused materials

and the production, llin and/or transport of packainmaterials, packain components or units of packain, thatthey have the riht to form, join and oranize a trade union and

to barain collectively, as dened in Key Terminoloy; and/orincidents involvin restriction or denial of the riht to associationand barain collectively; and/or incidents involvin workerdiscrimination, intimidation or other retaliation for reasons related

to association or collective barainin.Metric

Satisfactory, needs improvement, needs major improvement or

unacceptable. 25 Forced/compulsory labor includes involuntary prison labor.



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Remuneration (Core)enition

Incidents involvin failure to pay waes and provide benetsand terms of employment that meet leal, minimumrequirements and the industry benchmark to workers involved

with the sourcin of new, recycled and reused materials andthe production, llin, and/or transport of packain materials,packain components or units of packain.Metric

Satisfactory, needs improvement, needs major improvement orunacceptable.Example





documentation — immediate action requiredWhat to Measure

As appropriate to your position in the supply chain, collectaudit data on remuneration in work environments related

to the rowth, harvest or extraction and processin ofraw materials, processin of recycled or reused materials,production of nal packain materials, conversion of nal

packain materials into packain components, assemblyof packain components into units of packain, llin ofpackain units and transport of raw, recycled, reused ornal packain materials, packain components or units of

packain. For additional uidance, refer to SA8000.What not to Measure

Do not include audit data on remuneration in work

environments that are not directly related to the packainsupply chain functions specied here. Those auditableconditions should be measured and tracked at the

enterprise level.

Occupational Health (Core)enition

Provision of a clean and healthy work environment and, asapplicable, dormitory facilities that meet OSHA and/or -OSHA requirements for all workers involved with the sourcin

of raw, recycled and reused materials and the production,llin and/or transport of packain materials, packaincomponents or units of packain.Metric







As appropriate to your position in the supply chain, collectaudit data on occupational health conditions in work

environments related to the rowth, harvest or extraction andprocessin of raw materials, processin of recycled or reusedmaterials, production of nal packain materials, conversion

of nal packain materials into packain components,assembly of packain components into units of packain,llin of packain units and transport of raw, recycled, reusedor nal packain materials, packain components or units

of packain.

What to Measure

Do not include audit data on occupational health conditionsin work environments that are not directly related to the

packain supply chain functions specied here. Thoseauditable conditions should be measured and tracked at theenterprise level.

Safety Performance (Core)enition

The number of health and safety incidents related to thesourcin of raw, recycled and reused materials and the

production, llin and/or transport of packain materials,packain components or units of packain.Metric



n eeds Improvement as specied in third-party audit

documentationn eeds Major Improvement as specied in third-party audit



As appropriate to your position in the supply chain, collectaudit data on safety incidents related to the rowth, harvestor extraction and processin of raw materials, processin of

recycled or reused materials, production of nal packainmaterials, conversion of nal packain materials intopackain components, assembly of packain componentsinto units of packain, llin of packain units and

transport of raw, recycled, reused or nal packain materials,packain components or units of packain.



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What not to Measure

Do not include incidents that are not directly related to

packain supply chain functions specied here. Thoseincidents should be measured and tracked at the enterpriselevel.

Responsible Workplace Practices (Core)enition

Oranization has an enforced written business code ofconduct — inclusive of procedures for verication andremediation — statin that the oranization is committed

to conductin its operations in an ethical, leal and sociallyresponsible manner and further detailin appropriatetreatment26 of all packain workers, includin those

employed by suppliers, contract and sub-contractmanufacturers and other service providers.Metric

Satisfactory, needs improvement, needs major improvement.Example

n Satisfactory: has a business code of conduct and can

provide substantiatin documentation to uaranteeimplementation in own company as well supplier adherence

n eeds Improvement: has a business code of conduct but

it is not fully implemented an/or lacks a verication systemor does not have a formal business code of conduct andverication system but company practices meet or exceed

standard requirementsn eeds Major Improvement: does not have a business

code of conduct or any equivalent commitment to or

demonstration of ethical and responsible behavior

What to Measure

/AWhat not to Measure

/A

26 A business code of conduct should, at a minimum, address sexual harassment,

racial or gender discrimination, fair and equitable wages, safe and healthy working

conditions and compliance with internationally accepted child a nd compulsory labor

standards. The SA8000 standard is a good reference for developing an appropriate

business code or ensuring existing code addresses current responsible business

practice expectations.



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Acid ainAcid rain refers to a mixture of wet and dry

deposition (deposited material) from theatmosphere containin hiher than normalamounts of nitric and sulfuric acids. The

precursors, or chemical forerunners, of acidrain formation result from both natural sources— volcanoes and decayin veetation — andman-made sources — primarily emissions

of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitroen oxides(Ox) resultin from fossil fuel combustion.When fossil fuels are combusted, acid-formin

nitroen and sulfur oxides are released tothe atmosphere. These compounds are

transformed in the atmosphere, often travelinthousands of kilometers from their oriinalsource, and then fall out on land and watersurfaces as acid rain. Acid rain is best known

for the damae it causes to forests and lakes.ess well known are the many ways it damaesfreshwater and coastal ecosystems, soils and

even ancient historical monuments, or the heavymetals these acids help release into roundwater.

Alternative FuelsAlternative fuels, as described by the .S.

DO, include bio-diesel, electricity, ethanol,methanol, natural as, propane and hydroen.Some alternative transportation fuels, such as

ethanol and bio-diesel, are renewable whileothers, such as propane and natural as, arenon-renewable.

aseline Performanceaseline performance is the benchmark

aainst which future measurements can becompared over time.

io-Fuelio-fuel is fuel derived from oranic matter

(obtained directly from plants,27 or indirectlyfrom aricultural, commercial, domestic and/orindustrial wastes) instead of from fossil products.

oundary and Scopeoundary and scope are terms used in

measurement processes to dene the physicaland functional attributes and conditions andthe timeframe that will be included within the

parameters of the measurement project.

Chemical Oxyen Demand

(COD)Chemical oxyen demand is a measure of theoxyen-consumin capacity of inoranic and

oranic matter present in water or wastewater.It is dened as the quantity of a speciedoxidant that reacts with a sample under

controlled conditions. The quantity of oxidantsconsumed is expressed as a rapid indicator oforanic pollutants in water. COD is expressed

as m/O2.

Child aborConsistent with International aborOranization (IO), child labor is dened asany work performed by a child youner than

15 years of ae or youner than the ae ofcompulsory schoolin in a locality if that ae isreater than 15 years; and/or any work, which

by its nature or circumstances may jeopardizehealth or safety, performed by a youn personunder the ae of 18 years.

Closed oop SystemClosed oop System refers to an industrial

system that functions within a zero-wastesupply chain that completely reuses, recycles orcomposts all materials.

Collective araininCollective arainin, consistent with IO

conventions, is dened as the neotiation ofa contract for labor between an employer orroup of employers and one or more worker

oranizations, which species the terms andcondition of employment.

DiscriminationDiscrimination, consistent with IOconventions, is defined as treatin

people differently because of certaincharacteristics, such as race, color or sex,which results in the impairment of equality

of opportunity and treatment.

DisposalDisposal refers to any end-of-life manaementprocess includin recyclin, recovery for reuse,compostin, incineration or landllin, etc.

utrophicationutrophication is a process whereby water

bodies, such as lakes, estuaries or slow movinstreams, accumulate nutrients that stimulateexcessive alal rowth. utrients can come

from many sources, such as: 1) fertilizersapplied to aricultural elds, olf courses andsuburban lawns; 2) deposition of nitroenfrom the atmosphere; 3) erosion of soil

containin nutrients; 4) sewae treatment

plant dischares; and 5) the burnin of fossil

fuels. As the alae row faster, they shadeexistin plants until both the alae and someplants die off. As the dead alae and plants are

decomposed by microbes, dissolved oxyenis used up, creatin an anoxic condition —an environment without oxyen. Such an

environment becomes unsuitable for plants andanimal life. Alal blooms also lead to oxyendepletion resultin in sh population decline

and the creation of aquatic conditions that canbe harmful to human health.

Final Packain MaterialFinal packain material refers to the material

substrates and ready-to-use auxiliaries suchas inks, adhesives and coatins used toproduce packain. The phrase is also used

to distinuish substrates from raw sourcematerials and processed auxiliary materialsfrom the individual formulation chemicals thatcomprise them.

Forced or CompulsoryOvertimeForced or compulsory labor, consistent with

IO conventions, is dened as all work orservice which is exacted from any personunder the threat of punishment or retaliation,or demanded as a means of repayment of debt

for which said person had not offered himselfor herself voluntarily.

27 The environmental, economic and social impacts of corn-based

bio-fuel should be considered when comparing it with traditional fuels.

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Functional nitAccordin to the ISO 14040 series of

standards for life cycle assessment, afunctional unit provides a way to “normalize” thedata that is collected so that the measurement

is expressed in comparable terms.

goalA oal or objective is an endpoint that a personor oranization intends to achieve or brin about.

greenhouse gases (gHg)gases that trap heat in the atmosphereare often called reenhouse ases. Some

reenhouse ases such as carbon dioxideoccur naturally and are emitted to theatmosphere throuh natural processes and

human activities. The International Panel onClimate Chane (IPCC) reconizes four primaryreenhouse ases (gHgs). These are watervapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous

oxide (2O) and methane (CH4). However,the IPCC and other leadin climate chaneaencies include a number of entirely human-

made ases in their gHg inventory which,by cateory, include halocarbons and other

chlorine and bromine containin substances,also known as uorinated ases, which aredealt with under the Montreal Protocol, andsulphur hexauoride (SF6), hydrouorocarbons

(HFCs) and peruorocarbons (PFCs) dealt withunder the Kyoto Protocol. Carbon dioxide has alobal warmin potential of one, while methane

and nitrous oxide have warmin potentials of25 and 310 respectively. Fluorinated asescan be intense reenhouse asses with the

multiplier for sulfur hexauoride (SF6) bein

23900 times as potent as carbon dioxide. A

complete list of pertinent gHgs can be foundon the IPCC website. The principal reenhouseases that enter the atmosphere because ofhuman activities are:

n Carbon ioxide (C2): Carbon dioxide

enters the atmosphere throuh the burninof fossil fuels (oil, natural as and coal),solid waste, trees and wood products, and

as a result of other chemical reactions (e..,manufacturin cement).

n Methane (CH4): Methane is emitted durin

the production and transport of coal, naturalas and oil. Methane emissions also resultfrom waste elimination by livestock, some

aricultural processes and by the decay oforanic waste in municipal solid waste landlls.

n itrous xide (2): itrous oxide is

emitted durin aricultural and industrialactivities, as well as durin combustion offossil fuels and solid waste.

n Fluorinated Gases: Hydrouorocarbons,peruorocarbons and sulfur hexauorideare synthetic, powerful reenhouse ases

that are emitted from a variety of industrialprocesses. Fluorinated ases are sometimesused as substitutes for ozone-depletin

substances (i.e., CFCs, HCFCs, and halons).These ases are typically emitted in smallerquantities, but because they are potentreenhouse ases, they are sometimes

referred to as Hih global Warmin Potentialases (“Hih gWP ases”).

IndicatorAn indicator stands as a quantitative or

qualitative proxy for an issue or characteristican oranization wants or needs to measuren Core Indicator: A core indicator is

quantiable or qualitative representationof a measurable issue or characteristicconsidered to be of interest to most

stakeholders. In areate, core indicatorsprovide a robust evaluation of the bi picture.

n Correlating Indicator: A correlatin

indicator is a quantiable or qualitativerepresentation of a measurable issueor characteristic considered to be of

sinicant importance but may not be ofinterest to all stakeholders. Correlatinindicators provide additional informationrelative to but outside the scope of the core

and supplemental indicators.n Supplemental Indicator: A supplemental

indicator is a quantiable or qualitativerepresentation of a measurable issueor characteristic which when measured,

provides data that auments a coreindicator, enerally providin a morespecic or detailed measure of an aspect

of a core indicator.

atent neryatent enery refers to enery stored inpackain material that may be recoveredand valorized.

ife Cycle Assessment(CA)CA is the “compilation and evaluation of theinputs, outputs and the potential environmental

benets and impacts of a product systemthrouhout its life cycle” (ISO 14040:

2006). It is a riorous approach to assessinenvironmental aspects and potential impactsof industrial or other systems. CA enablesthe estimation of the cumulative impacts

resultin from all staes in the product lifecycle, often includin impacts not consideredin more traditional analyses (e.., raw material

extraction, material transportation, ultimateproduct disposal, etc.). The CA methodoloymay be applied on individual phases of a life

cycle, e.., a manufacturin process. Partial lifecycle assessments are called cradle-to-ate

or ate-to-ate. A full life cycle assessment isknown as cradle-to-rave assessment.n Cradle-to-Gate: Cradle-to-ate is a partial

life cycle assessment process that includesthe resource acquisition and production/manufacturin phases until a specied point

(the ate), dependin on who is doin theassessment. In terms of packain, cradle-to-ate measurement may, for instance,include the rowth, harvest or extraction

and processin of raw materials, processinof recycled or reused materials, production

of nal packain materials, conversion ofnal packain materials into packaincomponents, assembly of packaincomponents into units of packain and

llin of packain components, as well asthe transport functions that are required tomove materials, components and units of

packain from one supply chain partnerto another up until product is put into thepackain.

n Gate-to-Gate: gate-to-gate is a partial

life cycle assessment process of only

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one phase of the life cycle. In terms ofpackain, ate-to-ate measurement

may, for instance, assess the physicaland functional attributes or conditionsrelated to packain that occur durin

the period of time a supply chain partnerowns or is responsible for packainmaterial, packain components or units ofpackain up to the point of transfer to the

next partner in the supply chain.n Cradle-to-Grave: Cradle-to-grave is a

full life cycle assessment that includesresource acquisition to nal disposition.In terms of packain, cradle-to-rave

measurement would include the rowth,harvest or extraction and processin ofraw materials, processin of recycledor reused materials, production of nal

packain materials, conversion of nalpackain materials into packaincomponents, assembly of packain

components into units of packain,llin of packain components, use ofpackain and end-of-life manaement of

packain/packain materials. It wouldalso include any transport functions that

are required to move raw, recycled, reusedor nal packain materials, packaincomponents and units of packain fromone supply chain partner to another. ut, it

would not include transport of packainthat contains product.

ife Cycle Inventory Dataife cycle inventory data is the data collected

or derived durin a life cycle inventory analysis.A life cycle inventory analysis is the processof examinin all the inputs and outputs in a

product system’s life cycle, beinnin withwhat the product is composed of, where thosematerials came from, where they o and theinputs and outputs related to those component

materials durin their lifetime. The purpose ofthe inventory analysis is to quantify what comesin and what oes out, includin the enery and

material associated with materials extraction,product manufacture and assembly, distribution,

use and disposal and the environmentalemissions that result.

MetricA metric is the method used to express anindicator. A metric is used to aue the issue or

characteristic — represented by an indicator —that an oranization wants or needs to assess.Metrics are often computational or quantitative,

but can also be a qualitative assessment of anindicator. Metrics — particularly computationalmetrics — are typically expressed as a

numerator and a denominator, i.e., “A per .”

on-enewable esourceA non-renewable resource, accordin to the.S. PA, is a natural resource that cannotbe remade, rerown or reenerated as fast

as it is consumed and used up. xamples ofnon-renewable resources are oil, coal, iron ore,minerals includin uranium metals and alloys,

and old rowth forests.

Packain ComponentA packain component is any stand alone

element of a primary or secondary packaesuch as a bottle cap or a protective sleeve,or any stand alone element of transport

packain such as a pallet or strappin, andincludes labels, adhesives, inks and/or coatinsused on the component.

Particulate MatterParticulate matter is the term for solid or liquid

particles found in the air. Some particles arelare or dark enouh to be seen as soot orsmoke, but ne particulate matter is tiny and

is enerally not visible to the naked eye. othon-road and non-road mobile sources emit neparticulate matter. Diesel-powered vehicles andenines contribute more than half the mobile

source particulate emissions. Fine particulatematter is a health concern because very neparticles can reach the deepest reions of the

luns. Health effects include asthma, difcultor painful breathin and chronic bronchitis,especially in children and the elderly. Fine

particulate matter associated with dieselexhaust is also thouht to cause lun cancer

and is, therefore, listed as a mobile source airtoxicant. Fine particulate matter can travel londistances on air currents and is also a majorcause of haze, which reduces visibility.

enewable neryenewable enery resources are naturally

replenished in a relatively short period oftime. ased on .S. DO data, renewableenery resources include biomass,

hydropower, eothermal enery, wind eneryand solar enery.

enewable esourceA renewable resource, accordin to the.S. PA, is a natural resource that can be

remade, rerown or reenerated in a relativelyshort period of time. xamples of renewableresources are plants and trees.

StakeholdersAs dened in the global eportin Initiative

guidelines, stakeholders are individualsor oranizations with a leitimate interestin a iven situation, action or enterprise.

For performance measurement purposes,stakeholders are broadly dened as thoseroups or individuals: 1) who can be reasonablyexpected to be affected by an oranization’s

activities, products and/or services; or 2)whose actions can reasonably be expected

to affect the ability of the oranization toeffectively implement its strateies and achieveits objectives.

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Source-CertifiedWithin the context of raw material use, source-

certied refers to materials that have beencertied throuh prorams run by oranizationsincludin, but not limited to, the Forest

Stewardship Council and the SustainableForestry Initiative.

SourcinSourcin, as used in the indicator denitions,refers to and includes all of the functions

involved in the rowth, harvest or extractionand processin or raw materials and thecollection and processin of recycled and

reused materials.

Stressed Water SourcesThe term “stressed source” or “stressedwatershed” refers to sources of water wherethe draw down rate is reater than the rechare

rate. On a reional basis, stressed sources ofwater cannot provide enouh water for all uses— aricultural, industrial and domestic — due to

depletion of water quantity and/or quality. The Commission on Sustainable Developmentsuests that waters sources are stressed when

freshwater resources fall below 1000-1500cubic meters per capita per year.

Sustainability (Corporate) 28

Sustainability in the corporate sectorencompasses strateies and practices that

aim to meet the needs of stakeholders todaywhile seekin to protect, support and enhancethe human and natural resources that will be

needed in the future.

TransportTransport, in terms of sustainable packain,

refers to the transport of raw, recycled, reusedor nal packain materials, packaincomponents or units of packain between

supply chain partners (e.., transport ofsubstrate to a converter or transport ofpackain units to a ller; it does not includetransport of packain that contains product).

Total Suspended Solids(TSS)Total suspended solids are a water qualitymeasurement that refers to the dry-weiht

of particles trapped by a lter, typically of aspecied pore size. TSS can include a widevariety of material, such as silt, decayin plant

and animal matter, industrial wastes andsewae. Hih concentrations of suspendedsolids can cause many problems for stream

health and aquatic life.

ToxicantA toxicant is dened by the .S. PA as aharmful substance or aent that may injure

an exposed oranism, and a toxic substanceas a chemical or mixture that may present anunreasonable risk of injury to human health orthe environment. A list of .S. PA reulated

toxicants is provided in the Toxic SubstancesControl Act (TSCA) Chemical SubstancesInventory. uropean nion reulated toxicants

are listed in the ’s eistration, valuation,Authorisation and estriction of Chemicals(ACH) reulations.

n Persistent ioaccumulative Toxic

Substances (PTs): PTs, accordin

to the .S. PA, are chemicals thatare toxic, persist in the environmentand bioaccumulate in food chains and,

thus, pose risks to human health andecosystems. PTs transfer easily amonair, water and land, and span proram,eoraphical and enerational boundaries.

efer to the .S. PA list of PTs and the listin of PTs.

n Carcinogens, Mutagens and

Reproductive Toxicants (CMRs): The.S. Occupational Safety and Health

Administration (OSHA) denes carcinoensas substances that are either known tocause cancer in human or animals or are

suspected of bein capable of causincancer in humans; mutaens as substancesthat cause chromosomal damae or eneticalteration; and reproductive toxicants

as substances with lethal teratoenic(causin malformation or physical defects)effects in a developin fetus or embryo

and substances that affect the fertility ofmales and/or females. efer to the list

of substance treated as carcinoens byOSHA. The State of California’s Proposition65 includes the most comprehensive listof CMs reulated in the .S. Also refer to

the consolidated list of CMs.n Toxicant Migration: Toxicant miration,

refers to the undesirable transfer oftoxicants from packain to product.

nit of PackainA unit of packain includes all the

components required to create a useablepackae, e.., a ber milk carton with anHDP pourin spout, security seal, cap and

any auxiliary materials used such as labels,adhesives, inks and/or coatins.

Water Consumption and seThe term “water consumption” is used toindicate: 1) fresh water (excludin rain) that

is mechanically diverted from a source andthen used in such a way that it is not availableaain as liquid fresh water; or 2) water that is

deraded durin use such that it cannot becollected for reuse. The difference betweenwater “use” and water “consumption” is thatconsumption causes the water to become

unavailable for direct or immediate use. Anexample of water “use” is water used inpaper production processes that is collected,

processed and reused on site. An example ofwater “consumption” is water that evaporatesdurin a production process. Another example

of water consumption is water that becomes aninredient of a nal material such as that used

in water-based ink.

28 Numerous definitions of sustainability exist and increasingly

organizations are customizing definitions of sustainability to

incorporate the broadly accepted principles of the concept (i.e.,

a blending of economic, environmental and social concerns) with

their own specific visions, goals and objectives. The definition

provided here is intended to be generic and illustrative of the

basic principle.

glossary

spc indicator metrics framework

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