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SPE Distinguished Lecturer Program The SPE Distinguished Lecturer Program is funded principally through a grant from the SPE Foundation. The society gratefully acknowledges the companies that support this program by allowing their professionals to participate as lecturers. Special thanks to the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers (AIME) for its contribution to the program. Society of Petroleum Engineers Distinguished Lecturer Program www.spe.org/dl

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Robert H. Hite Shell International E&P Society of Petroleum Engineers Distinguished Lecturer Program www.spe.org/dl A Twenty-Five Year Perspective on Use of Pressure Transient Analysis

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3 Whats in the Title? Twenty-five Years

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4 1983 Tektronix 4014 Pressure Analysis Workstation PAWS Cost 72,000 USD

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5 Log-Log Diagnostic Plot Bourdet 1983 Bourdet, D., et al., A New Set of Type Curves Simplifies Well Test Analysis, World Oil, May, 1983, 95-106.

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6 Whats in the Title? Twenty-five Years Use of Pressure Transient Analysis (PTA) This lecture illustrates how we have used PTA in the last 25 years. By understanding that, you can use this technology better in the future.

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7 The Three Big Questions Why do we do it? How can we do it better? Whats the big picture?

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8 Why Do We do Well Tests? Fluids - (gas or oil, PVT, surface processing issues, pipeline design) Rate - Reservoir (permeability) Rate - Completion (skin, length, conductivity) Continuity - (compartments, drainage area, nearby boundaries)

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9 Rationales for Exploratory and Appraisal Well Tests 1993 Shell Case Studies Rate Reservoir Fluids Rate Completion Continuity

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10 127 hrs. of infinite- acting radial flow 1 foot Continuity Well Testing Thin-Beds Tahoe SPE 24875 by C.D. White, et al.

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11 Skin Analyses on Gulf of Mexico Wells

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12 Skin Analyses on Gulf of Mexico Wells

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13 Permanent Downhole Pressure Dataset Pressure (psia) q (stb/d) 2001200320022004 Year

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14 Optimum Value Testing Flare 1991 Produce Liquids to Tanker 2001 Wireline Formation Tester & Closed System 2003

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15 Wireline Formation Tester Mini Drill Stem Test tool on Pipe Probe Module Packer Module 1 m 2 m Another observation probe possible at 4.5 or 7m Observation while Producing Producing Interval

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16 Distribution of Perm, 53-ft Thickness, K avg = 106 md Red Producing Zone Gray Observation Probes

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17 How does Perm-Thickness Change? Lab Data Set 1 Lab Data Set 2 K*H reduction more severe than lab data. Probably loss of H.

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18 What is a horizontal well? SPE 104480 by P.S. Fair

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19 Varying Numbers of Beds in 88- degree Slant Well Early Radial Flow Pseudo- Radial Flow Linear Flow SPE 104480 by P.S. Fair

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20 Varying Numbers of Beds in 88- degree Slant Well Early Radial Flow Pseudo- Radial Flow Linear Flow SPE 104480 by P.S. Fair

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21 Summary and Conclusions Why do we do it? Pie chart 21-test 1993-lookback Continuity test - thin beds Skin distributions How can we do it better? Permanent downhole gauges for well and reservoir management Wireline Formation Tester cheaper and safer but more information

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22 Summary and Conclusions Whats the big picture? PTA results versus petrophysical lab perm data Geological layering for accurate interpretation of horizontal wells Most examples are from Gulf of Mexico but principles are universal.

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23 Backup & Extras

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24 Estimation of PTA Perm from Petrophysical Data

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25 Rationales for Exploratory and Appraisal Well Tests 1993 Shell Case Studies Rate Reservoir Fluids Rate Completion Continuity

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26 Shell Offshore Inc. Average Ultimate Recovery Mensa Mars Auger Ram Powell Popeye

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27 1999 Deepwater Initial Well Rates

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28 Optimal Value Testing What is it? New in toolbox Wireline formation test Closed system test Injection test Fit for purpose with lowest cost and HSE impact Any test where hydrocarbons are not produced directly to surface `

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29 Comparison of Permeability Estimates

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30 Sequential BUs Showing Loss of H Acid Jobs

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31 Pseudo-Skin Factors for Slant Wells SPE 104480 by P.S. Fair

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32 Holistic Well Testing All of the input data All of the gauges All of the build-up All of the build-ups All of the production history All of the non-well test data Operational Petrophysical Geological