Interacting with Computers 17 (2005) 643-659Andrew May, Tracy Ross, Zaheer Osman

The design of next generation in-vehicle navigation system

for the older driver

Speaker: Jenny

• Older drivers perceive wayfinding as more difficult than young drivers. (Burns, 1997)

• Landmarks are key elements to an unfamiliar destination (Allen, 1999), as typically supported by a vehicle navigation system.

• Purpose: within a real driving environment, to investigate the extent to which older drivers benefit from the landmarks provision with navigation instructions

comparison

• Older driver performance with and without landmarks

• Older performance with landmarks compared to younger driver using those same landmarks

Landmarks benefits

• Effective navigation decisions (Tom and Denis, 2003; Bengler et al., 1994)

• Reduce cognitive effort and distraction (Burnett, 1998)

• Increase confidence and satisfaction (Alm et al., 1992; Green et alk., 1993)

• Attributes of good landmarks– Permanence, visibility,

usefulness of location, uniqueness (Burnett et al., 2001)

• Landmarks in this study:– Traffic lights, pedestrian lights,

gas station, public house

Method

• Apparatus: Land Rover Freelander

• direction arrow, distance countdown bar, road name

• Auditory prompts: landmarks or distance to turn information

Experiment

• 2(age) x 2(information) x 8 (manoeuvre)

• 32 participants– Young(21-40) & older(55 and over)

• Time: 40 mins• Speed limit: 50 kph• Dependent variable: navigation

performance, workload, driver confidence, and driver attitudes

• Route: South of Leicester, UK• 37 driver decision points in

17.5 km• Manoeuvres:8 target + 25 en-

route

Results—visual behavior

• Visual glance

Results—visual behavior

Results—visual behavior

Results—driver confidence

Results—driving errors

Results—navigation performance

Results—driver workload

• NASA-RTLX (Hart and Staveland, 1998) – 心智負荷 (Mental Demand)– 動作負荷 (Physical Demand)– 時間壓力（ Temporal)– 精力耗費 (Effort)– 挫折感 (Frustration Level)– 表現績效與滿意度 (Performance)

Results—driver attitudes

• Both younger and older drivers stated that navigation system is helpful for wayfinding in unfamiliar area.

• Both of them prefer using a navigation system as their usual means of navigating.