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Special Flood Hazard DTIC• ELFCTT 7I

Evaluation Report SDEC1•2D

Chagrin River JGeauga County (unincorporated areas),Ohio

Prepared for theOhio Department of Natural Resources

US Army Corpsof EngineersBuffao District

November 1992

92-31382 92 14 , 55/92 12 14 055!

UNCLASSIrIEDSECUIJRTY CLASSIFICATION OF TrS PAGE robo. Do.. Enered)

REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE BEFORDE CIM TIN ORM. RIEP'ORT NUMBER GOVI ACCESSION NO. 3 RECIPIENT'S CATALOG NUMBER

4. TITLE (Aen Subrilii) S. TYPE Or REPOaT & PERIOD COVERED

Special Flood Hazard Evaluation Report, Chagrin River, FinalGeauga County (Unincorporated Areas), OhIo.

6 PERFORMING OqG REPORT NUMBER

7. AUTHOR(.) & CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBER(.)

9 PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS li PROGRAM ELEMENT PROJECT, TASK

AREA & WORK UNIT

wUV645 RS

U.S. Army Engineer District, Buffalo1776 Niagara StreetBuffalo, N.Y. 14207.3199

I1. CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME AND ADDRESS 12 REPOPR' OATE

1992

13 NUMBER OF PA CES17

14 M 1•N, ON. AC.,LN. LY NAME "A C-RESS-,I d,-lInI Irm' Conr..Ini Off,r.) 15 SECURITY CLASS (of ih,. .opoll)

Unclassified

15a DErLASSr 'FICATI~. DOWNGRADINGSC EDIJLE

IS DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of Ihso Report)

Approved for public release; distribution unlimited

IT DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of the n nelt,,d D• I',cL 2C. if dillee'-, Ifrom Report)

I1 SUPPLEMENTARy NOTES

If KEY WORDS (Con,- An *tottme 0,00 If neif.... , and 'JtnI,1y b- blOCk nuMb.r)Flood Control

Flood Plain ManagementChagrin River

20 A•STRaCT (C-('-n on...... *to. If n Ac*l and Id..tflfy by block numbr. )

This technical report documents the result or an investigation to determine the poten•'•l flood situation alongChagrin River, within the unicorporated areas of Geouga County, Ohio. The study reach includes the Chagrin Riverfrom 100 feet north of Fairmount Road, upstream to Sperry Road. This report identifies the 100-year and 500-yearflood plains and 100-year floodway for the Chagrin River within Geauga County.

DD JAO 71TION O I NOV 01 1I ONSOLETE UNCLASSIFIEDSECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF TmiS PACGE ()NII Do#- Entere.d)

SPECIAL FLOOD HAZARD EVALUATION REPORTCHAGRIN RIVER

GEAUGA COUNTY, OHIO(UNINCORPORATED AREAS)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Description Page

INTRODUCTION 1

PRINCIPAL FLOOD PROBLEMS 3

Flood Magnitudes and Their Frequencies 3Hazards and Damages of Large Floods 3

HYDROLOGIC ANALYSES 4

HYDRAULIC ANALYSES 4

UNIFIED FLOOD PLAIN MANAGEMENT 8

Modify Susceptibility to Flood Damageand Disruption 8

a. Flood Plain Regulations 9b. Development Zones 9c. Formulation of Flood Plain

Regulations i0

Modify Flooding 10

Modify the Impact of Flooding onIndividuals and the Community 11

CONCLUSION 11

GLOSSARY 12

REFERENCES 14

TABLES

Number Title saqe

1 Summary of Discharges 4

2 Floodway Data, Chagrin River 6

3 Elevation Reference Marks 7

TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont'd)

FIGURES

Number Title Page

1 Vicinity Map 2

2 Floodway Schematic 10

PLATES

Number Title

1 Flood Profile, Chagrin River

MAPS

Number Title

1-5 Flooded Area Maps, Chagrin River

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SPECIAL FLOOD HAZARD EVALUATION REPORTCHAGRIN RIVER

GEAUGA COUNTY, OHIO(UNINCORPORATED AREAS)

INTRODUCTION

This 6pecial Flood Hazard Evaluation Report documents the resultsof an investigation to determine the potential flood situationalong the Chagrin River within the unincorporated areas of GeaugaCounty, Ohio. This study was conducted at the request of theOhio Department of Natural Resources under the authority ofSection 206 of the 1960 Flood Control Act, as amended. The studyreach includes the Chagrin River from 1000 feet north ofFairmount Road, upstream to Sperry Road.

The county of Geauga is located in northeastern Ohio. It isbordered by Ashtabula and Trumbull Counties on the east; PortageCounty on the south; Cuyahoga County on the west; and Lake Countyto the north. The county has an area of approximately 412 squaremiles and a population of 81,129 according to the 1990 census(Reference 1).

The climate of Geauga County is classified as humid continentalwith short periods of extreme cold and heat. The temperaturesrange from a high of 102 degrees Fahrenheit (F) in July to a lowof -23 degrees (F) in January. The average annual hightemperature is 71.2 degrees (F) and the average low is 25.7degrees (F). The average annual precipitation is approximately40.88 inches and average annual snowfall measures 60.9 inches(Reference 2).

The Chagrin River drains an area of about 268 square miles innortheastern Ohio. The river rises just west of the village ofChardon, near elevation 1,340, and flows in a southwesterlydirection to the confluence with the Aurora Branch, south ofChagrin Falls. It then flows generally north about 27 miles toLake Erie. Within the study area, the river basin consists ofrolling hills separated by deep valleys.

Knowledge of potential floods and flood hazards is important inland use pianning. This report identifies the 100-year and 500-year flood plains and 100-year floodway for the Chagrin Riverwithin Geauga County.

Information developed for this study will be used by localofficials to manage future flood plain development. While thereport does not provide solutions to flood problems, it doesfurnish a suitable basis for the adoption of land use controls toguide flood plain development, thereby preventing intensificationof the flood Inss problem. It will also aid in the developmentof other flood damage reduction techniques to modify floodinq andreduce flood da-agc. which i,,iyhL be eP,})oicd iii adi overall FloodPlain Management (FPM) program. Other types of studies, such asthose of environmental attributes and the current and future land

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use roles of the flood plain as part of its surroundings, wouldalso protit from this information.

Although Flood Insurance Rate Maps (Reference 3) have beendeveloped for the communicy, detailed analyses was not used tostudy the stream reaches analyzed in this study because the areawas thought to have a low development potential at the time themaps were prepared. However, the area is now experiencingresidential development pressure, and local officials requesteddetailed flood plain information to manage development.

AdditionAl 7onies of this report can be obtained from the OhioDepartment of Natural Resources until its suiply is exhausted,and the National Technical Information Service of the U.S.Department of Commerce, Springfield, Virginia 22161, at the costof reproducing the report. The Buffalo District Corps ofEngineers will provide technical assistance and guidance toplanning agencies in the interpretation and use of the hydrologicdata obtained for this study.

PRINCIPAL FLOOD PROBLEMS

Floods on the Chagrin River generally occur in late winter andearly spring resulting from moderately intense rainfall alongwith snowmelt. Principal flood problems occur where developmenthas been built along low river banks or in areas inside the riverbends.

Flood Magnitudes and Their Freguencies

Floods are classified on the basis of their frequency orrecurrence interval. A 100-year flood is an event with amagnitude that can be expected to be equaled or exceeded once onthe average during any 100-year period. It has a 1.0 percentchance of occurring in any given year. It is important to notethat, while on a long-term basis the exceedence averages out toonce per 100 years, floods of this magnitude can occur in anygiven year or even in consecutive years and within any given timeinterval. For example, there is a greater than 50 percentprobability that a 100-year event will occur during a 70-yearlifetime. Additionally, a house which is built within the 100-year flood level has about a one-in-four chance of being floodedin a 30-year mortgage life.

Hazards and Damages of Large Floods

The extent of damage caused by any flood depends on thetopography of the flooded area, the depth and duration offlooding, the velocity of flow, the rate of rise in water surfaceelevation, and development of the flood plain. Deep waterflowing at a high velocity and carrying floating debris wouldcreate conditions hazardous to persons and vehicles which attemptto cross the flood plain. Generally, water 3 or more feet deepwhich flows at a velocity of 3 or more feet per second couldeasily sweep an adult ott his feet and create definite danger of

3

injury or drowning. As indicated in Table 2, flow velocities ofthe stream studied exceed 3 feet per second. Rapidly rising andswiftly flowing floodwater may trap persons in homes that areultimately destroyed or in vehicles that are ultimately submergedor floated. Since water lines can be ruptured by deposits ofdebris and by the force of flood waters, there is the possibilityof contaminated domestic water supplies. Damaged sanitary sewerlines and sewage treatment plants could result in the pollutionof floodwaters and could create health hazards. Isolation ofareas by floodwater could create hazards in terms of medical,fire, or law enforcement emergencies.

HYDROLOGIC ANALYSES

Hydrologic analyses were carried out to determine the peakdischarge-frequency relationships for each flooding sourceaffecting the community.

For this study, the Chagrin River was divided into two hydrologicreaches, and discharges were calculated at the downstream pointof each reach. Reach 1 extends from Fairmount Road (1,000 feetdownstream of the study limit) to just downstream of the fourthtributary from Fairmount Road. Reach 2 extends from justupstream of the fourth tributary, upstream to Sperry Road.

The method used to determine the 100-year and 500-year dischargesis described in Water Resources Investigation Report 89-4126(Reference 4). The equation considers contributing drainagearea, slope, and storage area for each reach. Watershedcharacteristics were determined through the use of USGS 7.5-minute topographic maps (Reference 5) and the guidelines in theNational Handbook of Recommended Methods for Water DataAcquisition (Reference 6). The values for the drainage areas and100-year and 500-year peak discharges are shown in Table 1.

Table 1 - Summary of Discharges

Drainage Peak DischargesLocation Area (cfs)

(sq. mi.) 100-Yr 500-YrChagrin River

at Fairmount Road 37.2 3410 4750

just upstream of fourthtributary from FairmountRoad 32.9 3190 4300

HYDRAULIC ANALYSES

Analyses of the hydraulic characteristics of flooding fromsource studied were carried out to provide estimates cf theelevations of floods for the 100-year and 500-yearrecurrence intervals.

4

Cross-section data for the backwater analyses of the ChagrinRiver were obtained from field surveys performed by BuffalcDistrict personnel in November 1991 and April 1992.Add iticvnel data were obtained from topographic maps(Reference 7). All bridges and culverts were surveyed todetermine elevation data and structural geometry. Spotelevations were obtained in the overbank areas in order toaccurately delineate the flood plain boundaries.

Jater surface elevations of the 100-year and 500-year recurrenceinterval were computed using the COE HEC-2 step-backwatercomputer program (Reference 8). The water surface elevationfor the Chagrin River was started at normal depth taken fromSection "J" (located 2,000 feet downstream of the studyarea) in the Flood Insurance Study Report for Geauga County(Reference 9).

Locations of the selected cross-sections used in thehydraulic analyses are shown on the Flood Profile (Plate 1)and on the Flooded Area Maps (Sheets 1 through 5).

Channel and overbank roughness factors (Manning's "n") used inthe hydraulic computations were selected using engineeringjudgement and were based on field observations of the streamand flood plain areas. The values for Mannings "n" rangedfrom 0.03 to 0.04 in the channel and 0.05 to 0.06 in theoverbank areas. The contraction and expansion coefficientsranged from 0.2 to 0.3 and 0.4 to 0.5, respectively.

Flood profiles were drawn showing the computed water surfaceelevations for the selected recurrence intervals. The floodplain boundaries were delineated using the flood elevationsdetermined at each cross section. Between cross sections,the boundaries were interpolated using Geauga Countytopographic maps (Reference 7) and spot elevations obtainedduring the field surveys. Small areas within the floodplain boundaries may be above the flood elevations, butcannot be shown due to limitations of the map scale and/orlack of detailed topographic data.

Floodways were determined for the streams studied in detail.Floodway encroachments were based on equal conveyancereduction from each side of the flood plain. At the requestof the Ohio Department of Natural Resources, the maximumincrease in stage due to encroachment was limited to 1 footprovided that hazardous velocities were not produced.Floodway widths were computed at cross sections and variedfrom 62 to 320 feet on the Chagrin River. Between crosssections, the floodway boundaries were interpolated. Theresults of the floodway computations are tabulated forselected cross sections and are shown in Table 2. Thecomputed floodways are also shown on the Flooded Area Maps,Sheets 1 through 5. In cases where the floodway and the100-year flood plain boundaries are either close together orcollinear, only the floodway boundary is shown.

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The hydraulic analyses for this study were based onunobstructed flow. The flood elevations shown on theprofile are considered valid only if hydraulic structuresremain unobstructed, operate properly, and do not fail.

All elevations are referenced to the National GeodeticVertical Datum of 1929 (NGVD). Descriptions of the marksare presented in Table 3.

Table 3 - Elevation Reference Marks

Reference Mark Elevation Description of Location(feet NGVD)

RM 1 1168.274 U.S.G.S. disk located on FairmountRoad, 98 feet east of Watt Road,and 24 feet north and 3 feethigher than center of intersection.Disk is 2 feet north and 1 footwest of corner fence post.

RM 2 1131.72 Chiseled "X" on east end ofheadwall located on south side ofFairmount Read opposite residence#9482.

RM 3 1070.76 Chiseled "+" on top of 9-footdiameter corrugated metal culverton south side of Fairmount Roadacross from residence #9614.Chisel mark is approximately 3feet from south end of culvert.

RM 4 1076.50 Chiseled square on upstream leftabutment of Sperry Road bridgeover Chagrin River.

RM 5 1147.06 Top of letter "M" of monument boxat intersection of Fairmount Roadand Northwood Road.

RM 6 1068.39 PK nail at base of power pole(#562591) located on south sideof Fairmount Road, just east ofresidence #8723 in vicinity ofpower transmission line.

RM 7 1029.ý8 Railroad spike at base of powerpole (Mid-Continental #1401-008)located on north side of FairmountRoad, just west of bridge overChagrin River.

7

Different tools may be more suitable for developed crunderdeveloped flood plains or for urban or rural areas. Theinformation contained in this report is particularly useful forthe preparation of flood plain regulations.

a. Flood Plain Regulations.

Flood plain regulations apply to the full range of ordinances andother means designed to control land use and construction withinfloodprone areas. The term ncompasses zoning ordinances,subdivision regulations, building and housing codes, encroachmentline statutes, open area regulatirns, and other similar methodsof i..agement which affect the use and development of floodproneareas.

Flood plain land use management does not prohibit use offloodprone areas; to the contrary, flood plain land usemanagement seeks the best use of flood plain lands. The floodedarea map and the water surface profile contained in this reportcan be used to guide development in the flood plain. Theelevations shown on the profile should be used to determine floodheights because they are more accurate than the outlines offlooded areas. It is recommended that development in areassusceptible to frequent flooding adhere to the principlesexpressed in Executive Order 11988 - Flood Plain Management,whose objective is to ". . . avoid to the extent possible thelong- and short-term adverse impacts associated with theoccupancy and modification of flood plains . . . whenever thereis a practicable alternative." Accordingly, development in areassusceptible to frequent flooding should consist of constructionwhich has a low damage potential such as parking areas and golfcourses. High value construction such as buildings, should belocated outside the flood plain to the fullest extent possible.In instances where no practicable alternative exists, the landshould be elevated to minimize damages. If it is uneconomical toelevate the land in these areas, means of floodproofing thestructure should be given careful consideration.

b. Development Zones.

A flood plain consists of two zones. The first zone is thedesignated "floodway" or that cross sectional area required forcarrying or discharging the anticipated flood waters with amaximum 1-foot increase in flood level (Ohio Department ofNatural Resources standard). Velocities are the greatestand most damaging in the floodway. Regulations essentiallymaintain the flcw-conveying capability of the floodway tominimize inundation of additional adjacent areas. Useswhich are acceptable for floo.1' •vs include parks, parkingareas, open spaces, etc.

The second zone of the flood plain is termed the "floodwayfringe" or restrictive zone, in which inundation might occur butwhere depths and velocities are generally low. Although notrecommended if practicable alternatives exist, such areas can be

9

developed provided structures are placed high enough orfloodproofed to be reasonably free from flood damage during the100-year flood. Typical relationships between the floodwayand floodway fringe are shown in Figure 2. The fizUdway forthe Chagrin River has been plotted on the Flooded Area Maps,Sheets 1 through 5.

________________ 10D t-YEAR FLOOD PLAIN

FLOODWAY FL DWAY - -LOODWAY

FRINGE FRINGE

STREFAMCHANNEL

FLOOD ELEVATION WHEN

CONI`INED WITHIN FLOODWAYENCROACHMENT E-' "-I.J,' l'NCROACHMENT•--1 •

h~i iýSURCHARGE

"Y* AREA OF FLOOD PLAIN THAT COULD ,

BE USED FOR DEVELOPMENT RV FLOOD ELEVATION

RAISING GROUND BEFOREENCROACHMENT

LINE AD IS THE FLOOD ELEVATION BEFORE ENCROACHMENT.

LINE CO IS THE FLOOD ELEVATION AFTER ENCROACHMENT.

"SURCHARGE IS NOT TO EXCEED 1 0 FOOT IFIA REOUIREMENT) OR LESSER AMOUNT IF SPECIFIED By STATE.

Figure 2 - Floodway Schematic

c. Formulation of Flood Plain Regulations.

Formulation of flood plain regulations in a simplified senseinvolves selecting the type and degree of control to be exercisedfor each specific flood plain. In principle, the form of theregulations is not as important as a maintained adequacy ofcontrol. The degree of control normally varies with the floodhazard as measured by depth of inundation, velocity of flow,frequency of flooding, and the need for available land.Considerable planning and research is required for the properformulation of flood plain regulations. Formulation of floodplain regulations may require a lengthy period of time duringwhich development is likely to occur. In such cases, temporaryregulations should be adopted and amended later as necessary.

Modify Flooding

The traditional strategy of modifying floods through theconstruction of dams, dikes, levees and floodwalls, channelalterations, high flow diversions and spillways, and landtreatment measures has repeatedly demonstrated its effectivenessfor protecting property and saving lives, and it will continue tobe a strategy of flood plain management. However, in the future,reliance solely upon a flood modification strategy is neitherpossible nor desirable. Although the large capital investmentrequired by flood modifying tools has been provided largely by

10

the Federal Government, sufficient funds from Federal sourceshave not been and are not likely to be available to meet allsituations for whi.!7 flood modifying measures would be botheffective and economically feasible. Another consideration isthat the cost of maintaining and operating flood controlstructures falls upon local qovernments.

Flood modifications acting alone leave a residual flood losspotential and can encourage an unwarranted sense of securityleading to inappropriate use of lands in the areas that aredirectly protected or in adjacent areas. For this reason,measures to modify possible floods should usually be accompaniedby measures to modify the susceptibility to flood damage,particularly by land use regulations.

Modify the Impact of Flooding on Individuals and the Community

A third strategy for mitigating flood losses consists of actionsdesigned to assist individuals and communities in theirpreparatory, survival, and recovery responses to floods. Toolsinclude information dissemination and education, arrangements forspreading the costs of the loss over time, purposeful transfer ofsome of the individual's loss to the community by reducing taxesin flood prone areas, and the purchase of Federally subsidizedflood insurance.

The distinction between a reasonable and unreasonable transfer ofcosts from the individual to the community can also be regulatedand is a key to effective flood plain management.

CONCLUSION

This report presents local flood hazard information forthe Chagrin River in Geauga County, Ohio. The U.S. ArmyCorps of Engineers, Buffalo District, will provideinterpretation in the application of the data contained inthis report, particularly as to its use in developingeffective flood plain regulations. Requests should becoordinated with the Ohio Department of Natural Resources.

11

GLOSSARY

BACKWATER EFFECT The resulting rise in water surface in agiven stream due to a downstream obstructionor high stages in an intersecting stream.

BASE FLOOD A flood which has an average return intervalin the order of once in 100 years, althoughthe flood may occur in any year. It is basedon statistical analysis of streamflow recordsavailable for the watershed and analysis ofrainfall and runoff characteristics in thegeneral region of the watershed. It iscommonly referred to as the "100-year flood."

DISCHARGE The quantity of flow in a stream at any giventime, usually measured in cubic feet persecond (cfs).

FLOOD An overflow of lands not normally covered bywater. Floods have two essentialcharacteristics: the inundation of land istemporary and the lands are adjacent to andinundated by overflow from a river, stream,ocean, lake, or other body of standing water.

Normally a "flood" is considered as anytemporary rise in streamflow or stage, butnot the ponding of surface water, thatresults in significant adverse effects in thevicinity. Adverse effects may includedamages from overflow of land areas,temporary backwater effects in sewers andlocal drainage channels, creation ofunsanitary conditions or other unfavorablesituations by deposition of materials instream channels during flood recessions, andrise of groundwater coincident with increasedstreamflow.

FLOOD CREST The maximum stage or elevation reached byfloodwaters at a given location.

FLOOD FREQUENCY A statistical expression of the percentchance of exceeding a discharge of a givenmagnitude in any given year. For example, a100-year flood has a magnitude expected to beexceeded on the average of once every hundredyears. Such a flood has a 1 percent chanceof being exceeded in any given year. Oftenused interchangeably with RECURRENCEINTERVAL.

12

FLOOD PLAIN The areas adjoining a river, stream,watercourse, ocean, lake, or other body ofstanding water that have been or may becovered by floodwater.

FLOOD PROFILE A graph showing the relationship of watersurface elevation to location; the lattergenerally expressed as distance upstream froma known point along the approximatecenterline of a stream of water that flows inan open channel. It is generally drawn toshow surface elevation for the crest of aspecific flood, but may be prepared forconditions at a given time or stage.

FLOOD STAGE The stage or elevation at which overflow ofthe natural banks of a stream or body ofwater begins in the reach or area in whichthe elevation is measured.

FLOODWAY The channel of a watercourse and thoseportions of the adjoining flood plainrequired to provide for the passage of theselected flood (normally the 100-year flood)with an insignificant increase in the floodlevels above that of natural conditions. Asused in the National Flood Insurance Program,floodways must be large enough to pass the100-year flood without causing an increase inelevation of more than a specified amount (1foot in most areas).

RECURRENCE INTERVAL A statistical expression of the average timebetween floods exceeding a given magnitude(see FLOOD FREQUENCY).

13

REFERENCES

1. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, !990Census of the Population and Housing, Washington, D.C.

2. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and AtmosphericAdministration, Climates of the States, 1974.

3. Federal Emergency Management Agency, Flood Insurance RateMap, Geau a County, Ohio (unincorporated areas), November 4,1988.

4. U. S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Investigation Report89-4126, Techniques for Estimating Flood-Peak Discharqes ofRural, Unregulated Streams in Ohio, March 1990.

5. U.S. Department of the Interior, Geologic survey, 7.5 MinuteSeries Topographic Maps, Scale 1:24,000, Burton, Ohio,Contour Interval 10 feet, 1966; Chardon, Ohio, ContourInterval 10 feet, 1966; Chesterland, Ohio, Contour Interval10 feet, photorevised 1984; and South Russell, Ohio, ContourInterval 10 feet, photorevised 1984.

6. U.S. Geological Survey, National Handbook of RecommendedMethods for Water Data Acquisition, 1977.

7. Geauga County Topographic Maps, Sheets 61, 62, 63, 70, 71,72, Scale 1" = 200', Contour Interval 2 feet.

8. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Hydrologic Engineering Center,HEC-2 Water Surface Profiles Generalized Computer Program,Davis, California, 1974.

9. Federal Emergency Management Agency, Federal InsuranceAdministration, Flood Insurance Study, Geauga County, Ohio,(unincorporated areas) November 4, 1988.

14

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