special material 3

Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education Consortium 1


BASIC DATA NETWORKS


Bandwidth

Narrowband0 - 64 kbps

Wideband64 Kbps - 45 Mbps

Broadband45 Mbps and Beyond

X.25 Frame Relay ATMSMDS

Token Ring

FDDI

x xT-1,PRI

T- 3

SONET

LAN

Backbone

Network Access

Network Hierarchy and Protocols

IP

Ethernet


Definition: Topology

The Physical and Logical Way theNetwork Elements are Connected


Legend

Device on LAN=

Bus Star Ring

Local Area Network (LAN) Topologies


LAN Topologies

Legend

Device on LAN=

BusExample: Ethernet

CSM/CD: Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection

Send Data Units out unless you detect another data unit.


LAN Topologies

RingExample: Token Ring

Send data units when youpossess the token

Token: Special Type of Data Unit


LAN Standards

IEEE 802.1 INTERNETWORKING

lOG

ICA

LL

INK

CO

NT

RO

(LL

C)

OSILAYERS3-7

OSILAYER 2

OSILAYER 1

PH

YS

ICA

L

ME

DIU

MA

CC

ES

SC

ON

TR

OL

(MA

C)

IEEE 802.2TYPE 1 - UNACKNOWLEDGED CONNECTIONLESS SERVICETYPE 2 - CONNECTION MODE SERVICETYPE 3 - ACKNOWLEDGED CONNECTIONLESS SERVICE

802.3CSMA/CD(ETHERNET)

802.4TOKEN BUS

802.5 TOKEN RING

802.6DQDB(MAN)

BASEBANDCOAXIALAND UNSHIELDEDTWISTED PAIR

BROADBANDCOAXIAL

BROADBANDCOAXIAL

OPTICALFIBER

SHIELDED OR UNSHIELDEDTWISTED PAIR

OPTICALFIBERORCOAXIALCABLE


Access Networks: Entry to Wide Area Network (WAN)

CustomerPremises

Bridge-Router

Access NetworkEnter via port on LAN router


Data Flow in an X.25 Network

Protocol LayersInvolvedin DataTransfer

3

2

1

Switch A Switch CX.25 Network

Switch B


Data Flow in a Frame Relay Network

Frame Relay Network

Protocol LayersInvolvedin DataTransfer

3

2

1

Switch A Switch CSwitch B


Backbone Networks

High Speed Interconnection of Networks


ATM Cell Structure

Header Payload

48 Octets5 Octets

1

2

3

4

5

Octet 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Bit Position

GFC VPIVPI VCI

VCIVCI PTI

HEC

VCI = Virtual Channel IDVPI = Virtual Path IDPTI = Payload Type IdentifierGFC = Generic Flow ControlCLP = Cell Loss PriorityHEC = Header Error Control

CLP

Backbone Example: Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)


ATM Users Receive as Much Bandwidth as They Require

PYTHON WITHEXPANDABLE

SKIN (BANDWIDTH)


User 1

User 2

User 3

125 sec 250 sec 375 sec 500 sec

Asynchronous means data units (cells) areplaced on the network as the application requires

User 1 User 1 User 1

User 2 User 2User 2

User 3


OPEN SYSTEMS INTERFACE (OSI) MODEL

Application

Presentation

Session

Transport

Network

Data Link

Physical

Application

Presentation

Session

Transport

Network

Data Link

Physical

Network

Data Link Data Link

NetworkNode

77

66

55

44

33

22

11

77

66

55

44

33

22

11


Wireless OSI Model

Application

Presentation

Session

Transport

Network

Data Link

Physical

Application

Presentation

Session

Transport

Network

Data Link

Physical

Network

Data Link Data Link

NetworkNode

77

66

55

44

33

22

11

77

66

55

44

33

22

11

MESSAGES USE

BOTTOM 3 LAYERS


OSI Protocol “Stack”

What are We Doing?7

Are We Speaking the Same Language (Code)?6

How Long Can Both Sides Talk?

How do We Control Info Flows andand Keep Messages in the Right Order?

5

4

How do We Put Together and Move Chunks of InformationAcross a Whole Network?

3

What Signals and Timing Are We Using?How Are We Going to Recognize Errors between Two Points?2

What Hardware Are We Using?1


The OSI Model

Application

Presentation

Session

Transport

Network

Datalink

Physical Header

User Info

1

7

6

5

4

3

2

A Set of Rules


Layer Details – Layer 1

Network

Data Link

Physical

Application

Presentation

Session

Transport

Transmits bits received from the Data Link layer across the transmission medium



Data Link

Physical

Sequences messages and checks for errors between adjacent link stations


Network

Application

Presentation

Session

Transport



Network

Data Link

Physical

Fragments or “packetizes” messages, and routes them to the proper destination



Application

Presentation

Session

Transport



Network

Data Link

Physical

Transport

Fragments or “packetizes” messages, and routes them to the proper destination



Provides multiplexing, network connection management, quality of service, etc.

Application

Presentation

Session


Header Information

Packet Format


•Header•User Data

•Perhaps a Trailer•Store and Forward

Packet Switched Routing


Header Information

Packet Format

Layer 2 Info Layer 3-5 Info Layer 2 InfoFlag Flag

Message Format

Types of Protocol Data UnitBeing Sent Through a Packet Switched Network

Protocol Data Units


Header TrailerUser Data

Protocol Data Unit

Routing Fields


ROUTERNODE B

DATAC CDATAB C

NODE A NODE C

Destination NodeWon’t Change

Address of NextNode on Route

Router Stores Packet, Reads Destination Information And Forwards

To The Next Node

Routers Routing Packets

Final Path

Data Switch Routing Example

• Ethernet Switch

– Receives Ethernet frame

– Looks up 6-byte Destination Address in a

Forwarding Table

– Sends frame out only the port associated with

the Destination Address

Ethernet Switch

10Base-T Switch

MAC #11 MAC #14MAC #13MAC #12

10Base-T Hub

MAC #21 MAC #24MAC #23MAC #22

Address Port UpdateTime

# 11 D 6:05.1441 PM # 12 C 6:04.1523 PM # 13 B 6:04.8722 PM # 14 A 6:05.1422 PM # 21 E 6:04.6623 PM # 22 E 6:04.2355 PM # 23 E 6:05.0233 PM # 24 E 6:04.9722 PM

FORWARDING TABLE

AE D C B


ROUTINGCONSIDERATION

WHAT’S INCLUDED

Performance Number of hops Cost Delay Throughput

Decision Time Packet (Datagram) Session (Virtual Circuit)

Decision Place Each node (Distributed) Central node (Centralized) Originating node

Source of Information onNetwork Status

None Local Adjacent Nodes Nodes along route All nodes

Routing Strategy Fixed Flooding Random Adaptive

Adaptive Routing UpdateTime

Continuous Periodic Major load change Topology change

Packet Switched Network Routing


Data Network Devices & the OSI Reference Model

•Gateways•Routers•Switches•Hubs•Bridges•Repeaters


REPEATER

• LAYER 1 PHYSICAL

• I PHYSICALLY REPEAT AND REGENERATE BITS FOR MY OWN LAN


BRIDGE

• LAYER 2 DATA LINK LAYER

• I LINK DATA FRAMES BY BRIDGING BETWEEN ISLANDS.

LAN 1 LAN 2


HUB

• LAYER 2 DATA LINK LAYER• I ROUTE PACKETS BETWEEN ISLANDS

WITH COMMON PROTOCOLS

USER

USER

USER

USER


DATA SWITCH

• LAYER 2 DATA LINK LAYER• I ROUTE PACKETS BETWEEN PORTS• PACKETS ARE NOT SENT TO EVERY PORT

(ONLY TO THE DESTINATION PORT)

USER

USER

USER USER


ROUTER

• LAYER 3 NETWORK LAYER• I ROUTE PACKETS BETWEEN ISLANDS

WITH COMMON PROTOCOLS


GATEWAY

• LAYER 3+• I CONVERT PROTOCOLS BETWEEN ISLANDS • SYNCHRONOUS TO ASYNCHRONOUS

SYNC ASYNC


Data Network Devices in Data Network Applications


Router

Router

Router

Carrier Network

Router

ChicagoRouter

LAN Hub

Client

DetroitRouter

LAN Hub

Server

CustomerNetwork

CustomerNetwork

AccessLine

AccessLine

Typical Packet Data Services


• Routers modify layer 2 frame headers & trailers so packet can travel end-to-end over many links. They provide Gateways into and out of the PSTN.

IP packets / TR frames

IP packets / PPP frames

Router or Gateway modifies frame

IP packets / TR frames

Router RouterCSU CSUC.O .

T1T1TokenRing

TokenRing

Packets, Routers and the PSTN


Combined Network

CMTS

MSC TELCO

NIU NIU

HostDigital

Terminal

SS7 SS7

Internet

Intranet orPublic Data Network

Average ResidencePower ResidenceCorporate A Corporate B

Trunks toTelco

Switch

Gateway


IP Telephony Using a Computer as the Terminal

PSTN Internet

CODEC

Gateway

Router Cable Modem

Microphone


PSTN Internet

CODEC

Gateway

Router

IP TelephonyGenerates Mobile Like Traffic

Cable Modem

TelephoneAdapter


•Committed Information Rate (CIR)

•Data Collisions

•Protocol Analyzers

Detecting and Fixing Errors


0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 11 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 10 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 01 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 00 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 11 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 10 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 00 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0

Block Parity Bits

BitPosition

1234567

CharacterParity

BlockParityCharacter


•Longitudinal Redundancy Check (LRC)

•Block Parity Character •Checksum

•XMODEM Checksum

New Terms


DATACRCResult

Figure AA


•Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ)

•Acceptance (ACK)

•Reject (NAK)


Forward Error Correction (FEC)


Types of Digital Error Measurement

•Bit Error Rate (BER)

•Block Error Rate (BLER)


•Errored Seconds

•Severely Errored Seconds


Bit Error Rate Tester

Shift Register

Clock

InterfaceCoder

Itemundertest

InterfaceDecoder

ErrorCounter

Shift Register

+

Illustration Courtesy of Hewlett PackardSource: Application Note 387

+

+data

Error


Summary

•Types of Data Networks•OSI Reference Model•Packet Structures•Routing•Devices•Applications•Detecting And Fixing Errors

special material 3

Documents

data link layer

data network devices

data flow

header user data

network routing

network elements

network switch b

layer details layer