SPECIALIZED INSTRUCTION IN WRITTEN EXPRESSION: THE CHALLENGES OF LEARNING TO WRITE Robert W. Frantum-AllenPDU Dec 18, 2012 Session Three

Schedule Feb 23- Spelling – 900 Grant March 1- Spelling March 22- Spelling April 12- Grammar April 19- Grammar May 3- Composition May 10- Composition May 17- Composition May 24- Final PDU review- Maybe Laura’s community rooms

Objectives 5 Principles for

understanding English Spelling

We spell by language of origin

We spell by phoneme-grapheme correspondences

Spelling

George Bernard Shaw

ghoti

cough women nation

Continuum of Predictability

Regular Little Odd Very Odd

Ghost Bug Segue

5 principles for understanding English orthography

Orthography

We spell by language of

origin.

We spell by phoneme-grapheme

correspondence.

We spell position of

phoneme or grapheme in

a word.

We spell by letter order

and sequence

patterns, or orthographic conventions.

We spell by meaning

(morphology) and part of

speech.

We spell by language of origin.

Layers of English GreekLatin

French Anglo-Saxon

Eastern Europe GreekLatin

French

Anglo-Saxon

Angelo Saxon influence in English

Dates back 20,000 years Starts with words from tribes in Eastern

Europe Found in Germanic languages of German,

Swedish, Dutch and English One syllable and everyday objects,

activities and events Must have a vowel in each syllable New words created using compound

words

GreekLatin

French

Anglo-Saxon

Angelo Saxon influence in English Uses vowel teams; digraphs; silent

letters irregular spellings

mom, football, at, see, sky, moon, horse, finer, shoe, shirt, pants, sister, hate,

touch, think, head, would, do

GreekLatin

French

Anglo-Saxon

Norman French GreekLatin

French

Anglo-Saxon

1066

1300

Norman (French) influence in English Words related to culture, fashion and

food Abstract social ideas and

relationships Ou for /ū/ as in soup; soft c and g

when followed by e, i or y; special endings –ine, -ette, -elle, -iquebeef, couture, rendezvous, amuse, rouge, coupon, novice, croquet, debut, mirage, justice

GreekLatin

French

Anglo-Saxon

Latin influence around the world

GreekLatin

French

Anglo-Saxon

Latin based languages GreekLatin

French

Anglo-Saxon

French

Italian

Spanish

Romanian

Latin influence in English Multi-syllable words organized around a root Often found in literature, social studies and

science Typically found in upper elementary grades Most roots contain short vowels The schwa if most found in Latin words Affixes

GreekLatin

French

Anglo-Saxon

Latin influence in English Latin roots can form hundreds of

thousands of words Represent more abstract concepts

excellent, direction, interrupt, firmament, terrestrial, solar,

stellar, aquarium, locomotion, hostility, reject, deception

GreekLatin

French

Anglo-Saxon

History of the Alphabet GreekLatin

French

Anglo-Saxon

History of the Alphabet GreekLatin

French

Anglo-Saxon

Why the Latin alphabet doesn’t work for English

English has 44 sounds

but there are only 26 letters!

GreekLatin

French

Anglo-Saxon

"...as every Letter ought to be, confin'd to one; the same is to be observ'd in all the Letters, Vowels and Consonants, that wherever they are met with, or in whatever Company, their Sound is always the same. It is also intended that there be no superfluous Letters used in Spelling, i.e. no Letter that is not sounded, and this Alphabet by Six new Letters provides that there be no distinct Sounds in the Language without Letters to express them". - Benjamin Franklin

GreekLatin

French

Anglo-Saxon

Franklin’s Alphabet GreekLatin

French

Anglo-Saxon

Franklin’s AlphabetGreekLatin

French

Anglo-Saxon

Why the Latin alphabet doesn’t’ work for English

GreekLatin

French

Anglo-Saxon

Greece GreekLatin

French

Anglo-Saxon

St. Augustine10th Century

16th Century

Tudors

Greek influence in English Mostly found in science vocabulary Some of the less common letter-

sound graphemes such as rh (rhododendron), pt (pterodactyl), pn (pneumonia), ps (psychology)

constructed from combining forms (similar to compound words

GreekLatin

French

Anglo-Saxon

Greek influence in English Learning a relatively few Greek roots

allow you access to thousands of words (i.e. micro, scope, bio, graph)

hypnosis, agnostic, neuropsychology, decathlon,

catatonic, agoraphobia, chlorophyll, psysiognomy

GreekLatin

French

Anglo-Saxon

Identify the language of origin

_____ hemisphere

_____ inducement

_____ groundhog

_____ gnocchi

_____ arms_____ kaput_____ dealt_____

stadium

_____ etymology

_____ suffix_____ knight_____ wanted

G

L

AS

O

L- Latin/French; G- Greek; AS- Anglo Saxon; O-other

AS

O

AS

L

G

L

AS

AS

Speech to Print Workbook, L Moats

GreekLatin

French

Anglo-Saxon

CH- sort these ch spellings; what is their language or origin chaufferchalkcharactermachinechairchaletcheekchestnutchagrin

cholesterolchateauchlorophylllunchchaoschuckchaseschoolchapstick

chuckcachechemicalchlorine

Speech to Print Workbook, L Moats

GreekLatin

French

Anglo-Saxon

Evolution of Spelling Old English->Middle English – adopted spelling habits

-started letter combinations au/aw, ai/ay Silent e – Old English was pronounced; dropped pronunciation in

Middle English; add e for appearance or spelling consistency; 1600’ s Became the guide for pronunciation for long vowel sounds and

to make c or g say the soft sound 1350 to 1500Century – Great Vowel Shift – middle to modern English

Previously the vowels sounds similar to Latin vowel production; The long vowel sounds were raised in the mouth; some turned

into diphthongs Modern English has been fixed since the 17th Century

GreekLatin

French

Anglo-Saxon

Great Vowel Shift (WHY?)

The pronunciation of vowels changed but the spellings did not; this account for some of the most peculiar spellings in English

GreekLatin

French

Anglo-Saxon

English is heavily influenced…“English is a system heavily influenced by

its word origins in spite of many historical efforts to simplify and standardize. English continues to adult words from other languages, assimilation their spelling as well as their meanings.”

-Moats

GreekLatin

French

Anglo-Saxon

Where do these words come from?bungalow, dinghypistol, polka, robotammonia, ebony, ivorybard, golf, slogan, whiskyamen, gauze, kosherhusky, kayak, igloojudo, soy, tycooncocoa, llama

Bengali Czech

Egyptian

Scottish

Hebrew

Inuit

Japanese

Quechua

GreekLatin

French

Anglo-Saxon

Instruction… Storytelling Lesson – tell the story of the

history of English World map- find the locations on a map Use the online etymology dictionary

http://www.etymonline.com/index.php

GreekLatin

French

Anglo-Saxon

We spell by phoneme/graphemecorrespondence

Phoneme/Grapheme

GraphemeGraph= write; -eme = unit of structure

Written form of a sound

Phoneme Phono= sound; -eme = unit of structure

distinctive sounds

Phoneme/Grapheme Mapping

Phoneme/Grapheme Cards

a/ă/ at /ā/ ate /aw/ want

to be continued ….