species interactions

41
Species Interactions

Upload: jase

Post on 23-Feb-2016

34 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

DESCRIPTION

Species Interactions. Introduction. We have been talking about how populations can change However it is rare in the environment that a species will exist in a population Normally there are other living factors that are in the environment. Predation. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Species Interactions

Species Interactions

Page 2: Species Interactions

Introduction

• We have been talking about how populations can change

• However it is rare in the environment that a species will exist in a population

• Normally there are other living factors that are in the environment

Page 3: Species Interactions

Predation

• Now it is time to explore how communities can fluctuate and change

• One way that a community can fluctuate and change is from predation

• In predation, one species will eat all or some of another species

Page 4: Species Interactions

Predation

• Most people often think that predators are animals that eat other animals

• However, predators can be herbivores

• Herbivores eat other organisms and should therefore be considered predators

Page 5: Species Interactions

Predators

• Any organism that is eaten is considered prey

• Prey organisms often spend a large amount of their life trying to avoid predation

Page 6: Species Interactions

Predator Adaptations

• Predators that happen to be the best suited to find and consume their prey are the ones that survive

• Rattlesnakes are animals that have an excellent set of adaptive advantages that influence prey

Page 7: Species Interactions

Predator Adaptations• Rattlesnakes have an

excellent sense of smell which they use to find their prey

• Rattlesnakes also have a very strong venom that can be injected into prey animals

• The jaw of the rattlesnakes can unhinge in order to eat large prey

Page 8: Species Interactions

Predator Adaptations

• A humming bird is a well adapted predator

• A humming bird consumes the nectar of plants

• It can beat its wings 10 to 15 times a second

• It can also hover in mid air to drink nectar from flowers

Page 10: Species Interactions

Adaptations in Animal Prey

• Prey animals may do one of many things when a predator approaches

• There goal is to not be eaten

• They will use what ever natural abilities they have in order to survive

Page 11: Species Interactions

Adaptations in Animal Prey

• Some animals run and hide as fast as they can

• These animals are built for speed and agility

• As long as the prey animal is faster or more agile then the predator they should be able to survive

Page 12: Species Interactions

Adaptations in Animal Prey• Some animals have false

markings or spots that will confuse a predator

• The predator might get confused when there is a large group of an animal and not be able to pick out one

• Sometimes the markings resemble extra eyes or heads so the predator does not know where the animal is facing

Page 13: Species Interactions

Adaptations in Animal Prey

• Some animals hide in plain sight

• These animals often try to resemble an object that is inedible

• They display a form of camouflage that makes them look like their surroundings

Page 14: Species Interactions

Adaptations in Animal Prey

• Some animals have chemical defenses

• These defenses can taste or smell terrible or can be deadly

• These organisms often have distinct markings and bright colors that let predators know they have chemical defenses

Page 15: Species Interactions

Adaptations in Animal Prey• The final strategy is the

mimic a much more deadly animal

• Mimicry is when the prey animal will mimic the look of an animal that can defend itself from predators

• When a predator sees the animal it will not want to attack it

Page 17: Species Interactions

Adaptations in Plant Prey

• Plant prey organisms have to defend themselves differently

• Plant prey organisms cannot run from their predators so they normally have different defenses

Page 18: Species Interactions

Adaptations in Plant Prey

• Some plants develop physical defenses

• These defenses are normally spines, needles, thorns or sticky leaves

• These prevent animals from eating them or attempting to get too close to them

Page 19: Species Interactions

Adaptations in Plant Prey

• Plants have also developed a variety of chemical defenses

• These can be a poisonous sap, bad taste or irritating rash

• These plants are often avoided by predators because of the side effects of eating them

Page 21: Species Interactions

Competition

• Interspecific competition is when two different species compete for the same limited resource

• Since resources are limited two different species will compete for the resources

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=84bBzAxLXFY

Page 22: Species Interactions

Competition

• Lions and Hyenas often will compete for the same prey

• Because there are a limited amount of Wildebeests and Zebras Lions and Hyenas will compete over who gets to eat them

Page 23: Species Interactions

Competitive Exclusion• Competitive exclusion is

when one species uses a limited resource much more effectively than another species

• When this happens, the one species that uses the limited resources more effectively will survive and prosper

• The species that does not use the resource as effectively will have drastically lower numbers and my even die out

Page 24: Species Interactions

Competitive Exclusion• We can see competitive

exclusion If we put two different type of bacteria in a test tube that share the same niche

• After a small amount of time we will see one bacteria have a much higher population

• The other bacteria will have a much lower population and will possibly be extinct

Page 25: Species Interactions

Reduced Niche Size

• An organism’s niche can be broken up into more manageable chunks

• A fundamental niche is the complete range of environments that an organism can live in

• A realized niche is the part of the niche that the species generally use

Page 26: Species Interactions

Reduced Niche Size• Generally predators and

competition will limit the niche of an organism

• The niche of the organism is limited due to these factors

• Other organisms that are better suited will be better suited to live in the outer range of the niche

Page 27: Species Interactions

Character Displacement

• It is better for predators to be different from one another

• If they share too much of the same niche, the predators have a chance of being out competed through competitive exclusion

Page 28: Species Interactions

Character Displacement

• The finches that live on the Galapagos Islands are an excellent example

• They are all Finches but they all have different beaks they help them do different things

• They do not share the same realized niche

Page 29: Species Interactions

Character Displacement

• The less similarities among a community, the less chance that a species will die out

• The process of predators changing over a period of time is called character displacement

Page 30: Species Interactions

Resource Partitioning• Some predators are in the

same area and competing for the same food

• When they compete for the same food, it is important to consider where the resources are being used

• The differences in location between where predators hunt for a similar resources is called resource partitioning

Page 31: Species Interactions

Resource Partitioning

• When you look at a tree there are generally three types of birds hunting for insects

• There are birds in the leaves of the trees

• There are birds that are on the bark

• There are birds that are on the ground

Page 32: Species Interactions

Resource Partitioning

• The actual separation of the species makes a more defined realized niche

• All of the species are eating a particular type of bug out of a particular tree

• However, they are hunting in a different area

Page 33: Species Interactions

Symbiosis

• When groupings of organisms are in a close proximity for a long time they can develop relationships

• Symbiosis is a long term relationship between two different species

Page 34: Species Interactions

Symbiosis

• There are three different types of symbiosis

• There are– Parasitism– Mutualism– Commensalism

• These three describe what happens when organisms are develop a close relationship

Page 35: Species Interactions

Parasitism• Not all relationships are

beneficial to all parties involved

• Sometimes there are two organisms in a relationship where only one gains a benefit and one is harmed

• Parasitism is when one organism (host) is harmed and one organism (parasite) gains a benefit without immediately killing the host

Page 36: Species Interactions

Parasitism

• Parasites can attack a host in a variety of ways

• When parasites attempt to harm another organism from the outside of the body they are called ectoparasites

• Good examples of this are fleas, leeches, aphids and ticks

Page 37: Species Interactions

Parasitism• Parasites that live inside

of the host are called endoparasites

• These parasites live inside of their host in the various organs of the body

• Examples of this are heartworms, disease causing protists and tapeworms

Page 38: Species Interactions

Mutualism

• Not all close relationships are negative

• When both organisms gain some sort of benefit out of a relationship it is called mutualism

• This beneficial relationship is seen many places in nature

Page 39: Species Interactions

Mutualism• Probably the most

important mutualistic relationship on Earth is between bees and flowers

• Flowers provide food for bees in the form of nectar or pollen

• Bees carry the reproductive materials for the flower from plant to plant

• This allows them to reproduce

Page 40: Species Interactions

Commensalism• Sometimes some organisms

have an affect on another organism without a benefit to themselves

• Commensalism is when one organism benefits and one organism has not affected

• Scavengers are good examples of organisms that have commensalism relationships

Page 41: Species Interactions

Commensalism• A good example of this is

water buffalo and cattle egrets

• When water buffalo move around as a herd they often scare many bugs, small mammals and small lizards

• The cattle egrets follow the buffalo and eat the small animals they scare