SPEECH

OF THE

HON . WILL IAM gASTON,

OF N ORTH C/IIZ OLINJQ,

ON THE

BILL TO flUTHORISE fl LOfiJV‘

TWENTY-FIV E M ILLIONS OF DOLLARS.

DELIV ERED IN THE

110USE OF REPRESEN MTI V I S,

FEBRUARY, 1814.

GEORGETOWN

?HINTEDBY ROBERT ALLI SON.

18 14 .

SPEECH .

cMr. Chairman,I fea r I em abo u t to e n gage i n 1} V ery i njud i c i o u s a t temp ts

I fea r t h a t t h e p a t i e n c e o f t h e c o m m i t te e i s exh a u s ted , a n d tha t itwo u l d b e i d l e t o hop e fo r t h e i r a t te n t i o n . I t wa s o r ig i n a l l y m yw i sh

2to c l a i m t he i r n o t i c e a t a n e a r l y s tage of th e d eb a t e ; bu t I

fo u nd th i s w i s h was n o t t o b e efl‘

ectetl, b u t by a co m p e t i t i o n fort h e floo r, an d I t h o ugh t s u ch a c o m p e t i t i o n n o t ju stified by then a t u re of th e r e m a rk s wh ich I h ad to s u b m i t . U n de r th es e imp r e s s i o n s I had m ad e up m y m i nd to wa i t u n t i l s o m e fav o rab l e uno c c u p ied i n t e r v a l sh o u l d b e p re s e n ted ; an d I s ho u l d no t n ow h a v ep res umed to a n t i c i pa t e o th e r ge n t l e m e n , wh o s e e m d i s po s ed to

'

add re s s yo u , bu t fo r s o m e ex trao rd i na ry o b s e r v a t i o n s wh i c h ha ve

j u s t b ee n u t te r ed , an d wh i c h in m y op i n i o n de m a n d i m m ed i a t e a n i em advers ion .

T h e gen tlman fro m T e n n e s s e e , wh o h as th i s mo m en t re su m edh is s ea t , (M r. G ru n dy ) s e e m s a l it t l e s o r e th a t h is do c t r i n e of M o ~

m l T rea s o n , wh i c h he‘ p ro m u lgat ed a t t h e l as t s e s s i o n , sh o u ld

h a v e b e e n s o v e h e m en t ly opp ugn e d by t h e p e rs o n s fo r who s e b e n efit h e h ad co m p i l ed i t

‘

. 1 am n o t o f t h e n u m b e r of t ho s e , M r.

C ha i r m an , wh o h av e d ee m ed th is d o c tr i n e wo r t hy of exa m i na t i o n .As o rig in a lly “

unders to od , i t was s o p rep o s t e ro u s , an d s o r ep ugn an tt o th e p ri n c i pl e s o f o u r c o n s t i t u t i o n , t ha t e v e ry i n te l l ige n t freeo

m an fo u nd its r e fu ta t i on ih th e con s c i o u s n e s s o f h i s own l i ber ty ,

By s ubs eq u e n t exp l an a t i o n s an d defin ition s , i t h as b ee n s o atten u

a t ed a nd s u b t i l i z ed , th a t wh a t wa s n e v e r v e ry d i s t i n c t , n ow a l m o s tc i nd e s p e r cep t i o n . Acc o rd i ng t o the l a s t a t te m p t a t exp o s i t i o n , i fi t h a v e any m ean i ng , i t wo u l d s e e m to e m b ra c e sy s t e m a t i c effo r t s ,t o p e rs u ad e cap i ta l i s ts n o t to l e n d m o n ey , a n d th e u n th i nk i ng yo u thn ot to e n l i s t a s So l d i e rs , t o ca r ry o n t h e wa r aga i n s t Can ad a. H is

d e n u n c i at i on s of s u ch a sys t e m—of th e ex i s t e n c e o f wh i ch I known o th i ng , an d wh ich , i f i t ex i s t , i s i n n oc en t or crim ina] , ac co rd i n gt o t h e m ot ives fro m wh i ch i t sp r i n gs , pas s by me a l toge th e r un

h e ed ed . B u t h i s . u n fo u n d ed i m p u ta t i on s u p o n s o m e o f t h e b e s tm en , an d t r u e s t pa t r i o t s o f th e co u n t ry ; an d h i s a t t e m p t t o supp o r t h is do c t r i n e by the ir exa m p l e o ugh t t o b e rep e l l ed, a nd a v erys ho r t n o t i c e wi l l sufiice for t h zt t p u rp o s e ;

4

The ge n t l e m a n ha s refe rr ed to t h e a c t of 14 th Ju l y , 179 8 , theu n e h i n “ rep res en ted

a nd a b u s ed s ed i t i o n law . I t i s d ifficu l t form e t o e xp re s s my a s t o n i s h m e n t a t t h e eo n s tru c t io n wh i ch h e a i

'

tix es t o t h e h ra r s ee t io n o t'

th is ac t . NL‘Etl we wo n d e r a t a ny e r ro r.h ow e v e r g l

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O s s,a t a ny p r ej ud i c e , h owe v e r irra t i o n a l , p r e v a i l ing i n

r e eree l t o pa r t y m e a s u r e s , a n d pa r t y o pmm n s ,when we h n tl a

p ro fo wu io l l l l l ge n t l e m a n . a ss ign i ng t o a law a mean i ng , wh i ch , bu tfo r wha t we ha v e h ea rd , wo u l d ha v e been pro n u n c ed i m po s s i b l e ,o n t h e pa r t u t

'

a ny m a n o f o rd i n a ry goo d s e n s e ? T h e firs t s ec t i o no f t h i s law d e c la re s , t ha t i f a ny p e rs o n s s ha l l c o n sp i r e toge t h e r ,w i t h i n t en t t o opp ose a n y m ea s u re s o f t h e go v e r n m e n t o f the U .

S t a t e s , am ! i n p u rs u a n c e o f s u ch i n t e n t , s h a l l c o u n s e l , o r a tt e m p tt o p ro en re , ins u r rec t ion s . r io ts . tye. t h e y sha l l b e d ee m ed gu i l ty ofa n t iu lem ean o r, p u n i s ha b l e by fin e a n d i m p r i s o n m e n t . Can it b en e c e s s a r y t o a sk , wh a t wa s m ea n t i n t h i s law, by t h e ex p re s s i o n ,w i t h i n t e n t t o opp ose an y m ea s u re s o f t h e go v e r n m e n t T o op

p o s e , I l l i ts p l a i n o n g‘ l se n s e , n ec e s sa r i l y i m p l i e s p hys i ca l re,

s is ta nee—t h e e x e r c i se o t'

j'

o ree. I t i s m e tap h o r i ca l l y u s ed . i nd e ed ,to s ign i fy d is s n n s io n . a s t h e wo rd to c o m ba t , i s i m p l i ed to d en o t e aco n t ro v e rs y i n a rga n i en t; a n d a law p roh i b i t i ng s i ngl e comba t s m igh ta s we l l b e i n t e rp r e t ed t o fo nbid co n t ro v e rs i e s i n d i sc o u rs e , a s a lawp roh i b i t i ng oppo s i t i o n to t h e m ea s u re s o f go v e r n m e n t , c o n s t r u ed t oi n t e rd i c t t h e exp ress i on: o f h o n e s t op i n i o n s t h a t m ay r e ta rd th e i ro p e ra t i o n . Bu t t h e ac t i s s t i l l m o re e x p l i c i t . T O c o n s t i t u t e crime, it

r eq u i re s n o t o n l y t ha t t h e p e r so n s sh o u l d c o m b i n e , w i t h i n ten t t oo p pos e t h e m ea s u r e s o f go v e rn m e n t ,

” b u t t h a t i n p u rs u a n c e of s nchi n t e n t t h ey s h o n h l p ro c eed t o co u n s e l o r a t t emp t to p ro c u re in s nrv

reet io n s , r i o t s .

"& e. T he des ign o t‘

the n et i s u n eq u i v o ca l ; i t i s toch e e k p u n i s h ineip ien t t rea son . b e fo re i t ha s m a n i f e s te d i t s e l f i na c t u a l wa r o gam u l the n at i o n . It was a l toge t h e r u n n e ce ssa ry. i ft h e re hau l b ee n a ny c o m m o n law u ppl iea ble in t h e c o u r t s o f theU n i t e d S t a t e s : fo r i n e v e ry go v e r nm e n t u n d e r H ea v e n . the a c t sn

' ie h i t d e s c r i bes . a re m ad e p u n i s ha b l e . A do u b t wh e th e r t h eco m m o n law h ad a f e d e ra l ex i s t e n c e . a l o n e o c ca s i o n ed th e pa s s i ngo f t h e law. Yet we a r e gra v e l y a sh e d

,i f in the y e a r 79 9, men

h ad em n h in eci toge t h e r , t o d i s s u ad e pe rs on s f ro m l en d aw m o n ey toth e go v e r n m e n t . o r ( t om i n th e a r m y

, wh e th e r th ey“

wo u l dn o t h a v e been p u n i s h ed u nd e r t h i s law P No s i r—n o s i r . T h e r ewa s n o t a p ro s e c u t i ng o lli eer i n the U n i t e d S t a t e s s o ign o ra n t o fh is d u t y, a s to da re to b r i ng fo rwa rd a n i nd i c t m e n t up o n s u ch apret ex t .T o t h e n e x t s ec t i o n o f t h i s ab u s ed a c t th e g e n t l e m a n h as g i v e n

an i n t e rp r e t a t i o n , a s d es t i t u t e o i'

p l a u s i b i l i t y a s h i s e x p o s i t i o no f t h e ti n t s ee t io n T o find a wa r ra n t I'o r h is tio c trin e o f mmrn l t rem n n . o r t o l e n e n i t s m l inm ,

hy ca s t i ng r e p roa c h o n o th e rs ,th e (gen t lenm n h as eha rtqetl t h a t t h i s s eet io ti s u bj e c t ed t o i n d i c tm e n t a nd p u n i s h m e n t t h e p n h l ien t io n o f s ca nda l o u s a n d m a l iei’

n un wr i t i ng» aga i n s t the go v e rn m e n t , a ltho ug h they m ig ht be t rue

5an d th a t had i t n o t b e e n fo r th e t h i rd s ec t i o n o f the act, wh ichh i s p redeces sorm o ved 1n th e h o u s e of re p re s e n tat i v e s , after the b i l lh ad pas s ed th e s e n a te , the i ru th wo u l d h a v e afl o i ded n o d efe n c e ona n i n d i c t m e n t 101 a l 1bel a w a in s t th e ”overnm en t . Sir, th i s p os i t i oni s u ttei ly u n te n ab l e : n o p a r t of i t i s t ru e . '

l he gehtlem an m u stb e p r e s u m ed t o k n ow, a n d o ugh t to 1eeo l |eet , tha t wh e n a n of

f'

en c e 1s e1ea ted by s ta t u t e , (3 1 m y wo 1d o i th e des c1 ip tion o f theoffe n c e 1s m a t e r i a l and e s s en t ia l . \V h a t a re t h e wou l s d e s c r i b i n gth e offe nc e ? I f an y p e rs o n sh a l l wr i t e , p r i n t , o r p u b l i sh an yfa lse, s can da l o u s a n d m a l i c i o u s wri t i n g aga i n s t the go v e r n m e n t ,”

See. I t 15 a n ecessa l y pu t o f th e uh ence t h a t t h e wa i t i n g sh o u ldhefa lse. I f i t b e n o t f alsc, t h e n th e c r i m e h as n o t b e en co m m i t t ed,t h e law ha s n o t b ee n b 1oken , a n d p u n i s h m en t can n o t b e inflicted.

‘Why t h e n , I m ay b e asked , was th e t h i rd s e c t i o n , m o v ed byt h e ge n t le m an’s p redece s so r, in s e r t ed i n th e law ? The a n swe r i s ,t o a v o i d a l l ca1 i l , a l l l ea l o r p i eten ded d o u b t , a l l fo u n da t i o n fo rt h e ch a rge t h a t wo u ld h a v e b e e n m ad e h ad i t b ee n re ject ed . I tm igh t ha v e b een p re t en d ed , t h a t a s o n a n i nd i c t m en t to r l i b e l atc o m m o n law th e t r u th o r fa l s eh o o d o f t h e cha rge wa s n o t a m a t t ero f i n q u i ry b efo re t h e j u r y , s o o n an in d i c t m e n t fo r l i b e l u nd e r t h isa c t , n o tw i t hs ta n d i n g i ts p la i n wo rd s , t h e fa l s eh o o d of t h e p u b l ica t i o n was n o t m a t e r i a l to co n st i t u t e th e offen c e ; and had t h e p res

p o s ed a m en d m e n t b e e n rej e c ted , fr o m th e sp ec i m en we ha v e t h isday had of th e co u rs e o f l ega l t h i nk i n g o f o n e o f t h e b a r of T e nn es see, t h e r e i s 11 mm a l ce1 ta in ty th a t t h e law wo u l d h a v e b e ent h e1 e s t ig m at i z ed a s d es ign ed to p roh i b i t th e p u b l i ca t i o n o f t r u th .

T o adop t th e a m e nd m e n t3

r e m o v e d a l l p 1e t e1 t fo r s u ch a m is repre~s en ta tio n . I t wa s ac co rd i ngl y i n co rpo ra ted i n t o t h e law ; an d

t o sh ow th a t i t was n o t i n t rod 1c to 1y o f a 11y 1zew p r i n c i p l e , i t wasex p re s s ed a s dec lara to z y of the p r ec ed i ng s ec t i o n

,“ An d b e i t

e n a c t ed a n d dec lared , th a t i t sh a l l b e l aw f u l fo i th e d e fen dan t , o n

t r i a l , to g i v e in e v i d en c e , m h i s defe n ce , the tru th o f the m at t e rch a rged a s a l i b e l .” No , s i r, the i d ea o f p u n i sh i ng tru th wh enp ub l i sh ed aga i n s t t h e o tficers o i

’ th e g o v e rn m en t wa s r es e r v edu n t i l m o re rec en t t i m e s -u 11t i l th e ab u s ed s ed i t i o n law h ad ex »

p ired , a n d t h e ch a m p i o n s o f a fre e p i as s we r e sa fe l y fixed in

p owe 1 . Su re l y th e gen t l e m a n h a s n o t b e en s o i n a t t en t i v e t o t h ecom se o f p u b l i c p ro c e ed i ng5, a s n e v e r t o ha v e bean l o f th e ca seo f Ha rry C xo swel l He for a n a l l eged l i b e l o n was

ind iete( l a t co m m o n law ,n o t u ndei th e h o n ih le s ed i t i o n a c t ; h e

w a s n o t p e rm i t t ed to p ro1 e th e t r u t h of n is p u b l i ca t i o n , a nd 11 a st h u s c o n v i c ted !

I h a v e d on e , s i r , w i th th e gen t l e m an f; 0 111 Ten n esee.1 h i s m o ra lt re as o n , a n d h i s e x po s i t i o n of th e s ed i t i o n l a m an ! 11 i l l eml eaw r

to ca l l y o u i a t ten t i o n t o s u bj ec ts n o t a i tog eth t 1 s o fo re ign t 1om th e

b i l l u p o n the t ab l e . T he o bj e c t o f t h e h i l l i s t o a n tho xiz e a l oa nto t h e go ver n m en t o f th eU n i t ed Sta t e s . T h e p rec i s e p ropo s i t i onb efore y o u is to d e c la re wha t s um s ha l l b e bo r r owed ; “ twe n ty -five

6

m i l l i o n s of d o l l ars .”—En o rmo u s a s i s th e add i t i o n wh i ch i s th u sp ru pm ed t o b e m ad e t o o u r de b t s , c o u l d i t b e s hown t o b e necess a ry t o a c c o m p l i s h a ny p u rpo s e s de m and ed by th e ho no r and welfa r e o i

' t h e co u n t ry , it as s u red l y wo u l d m ee t w i t h n o opp o s i t i o nfro m m e . Is a l o a n wa n t ed , 0 1

° re v e n u e re q u i red to e nab l e the

S111 c 1 1n n c n t t o pay ( 11? 1t ~1 j u s t e ngage m e n t s ? t o g i v e s e c u r i ty a n dp ro t e c t i o n tu a n y p a r t o l

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o 111'

territo ry, o r a n y p o r t i o n o f o u r c i t iz en s ? t o a ll ow t o o u r ga l l a n t n a v y , ( t ha t p rec i o u s re l i c t o fbe t t e r days ) s u c h e n co u rage m e n t a n d e x t e n s i o n a s m ay e nab l e i tm o r e etl

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ec tn a l ly t o 1 i nd i c a t e o u r r igh t s o n the e l e m en t 11 h e re th eyh a v e been a s sa i l ed ? M y 1 n i c e a nd as s i s ta n c e s h a l l b e c h e e r fu l lyre nd e red t o o b t a i n t h e m . Let t h e p re s e n t p ro po s i t i o n b e wi thd raw 11. a nd let i t b e 111111 cd to ti l l the b la nk w i th s u c h s u m a s sha l lb e ad e q u a t e t o s u p p ly a ny de lic iem y o f r e v e n u e 11 a n t ed fo r th e se

[111e s c s' . a n d l 11 1l l s 1~c o n 1l the m o t i on . Na y , s i r 1 s h o u l d the p re s e n t:

Pl'

fl pfla l l l fl l l he rej e c t e d . ( fo r 11 h i l e it i s p e n d i ng, a s m a l l e r s u m ca n11111 b e m o v e d ) a nd n o n e o f tho s e wh o a re m o s t c o n v e r sa n t w i t ht he s t a t e o f o u r fina n ces , s ho u l d co m e fo rwa rd w i t h a f u r t h e r p ro

Pt l> l l l t1l h l 11 1“ m ys e l l'

u nd e r take t o m o v e the s u m wh i ch sha l l1111111 111

' c o m p e t e n t t o e ffe c t t h e s e o bj ec ts . Bu t , s i r , t h i s e n o r m o u s511111 i s 11 a n t ed n o t fo r t h e s e p u rp o s es : i t i s a v owed ly n o t n ecessary. e x c e p t t o ca r ry o n the s ch e m e o f i n v a s i o n a n d c o n q u e s t aga i n s tt he Ca n ada s . T o t h i s s ch e m e 1 h a v e n e v e r b e e n a fn end ; b u t t oi ts p t'o -ec u t io n now, I ha v e ii11 in c iblc o bj e c t i o n s , fo u nd ed o n c o ns ide ra t i o n s o t

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j u s t 1ce, h u m an i t y , a n d n a t i o na l po h cy . T h e s e oh

jec t in n s I w 1ah tu eXphu n a n d e n fo rc e , a nd th u s a v a i l m y s e l f o fa n o p po r t u n i t y o f d i s c u s s i ng so m e o f the m o s t i n t e r es t i ng t op i c s“ ll l t‘ ll g row o u t o f t he a l a r m i ng s ta t e o f the n a t i o n . I fea r t h a tl“I c an d o w il l a v a i l n o t h i ng : b u t , s 11

'

1,r e p r e s e n t i ng a r esp e c t a

b l e po r t i o n o f t h e A m e r i c a n peop l e 11 he a re s nfl'

ering 11 ith p e c u l ia rs cw ait y fro m the p x

‘

csw l‘

e o f t h i s u n fo r t u na t e a n d m i s m a nagedwho . 11 1t l1 1n c , b e l 1e 1' e 110 511111] i s t o g r 1 11

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o u t o f it, a nd whoa pp“ hem l . fro m i t s en n t l n na n ce, ei i ls , c o m pa red w i t h 11 h i c h a l lt lu y ha v e ye t ~ n ll

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e ru l m e b u t t r i l l e s l i g h t a s a i r—l sho u l d b e 1111i'

a 1 th l'

u l t o t h e m a nd 1111'

s 111l'

1 i l'

l d id 11111 in tt-rpOs e my b e s t, ellb l 'ts

t o a rm s t t he d own h i l l o f m in . 111 p e r fo r m i n g th i s d u ty , Is ha l l w z ta in ly say l h" t h i ngs ] d o t h i nk . Endeav n l in g t o u s e s u c‘hIa n { tt ztg v o n l y a s i. 11 1th s e l f- respec h a n d d e c e n cy t o11 1111l~1 t ' 1m who ( l i tte r I

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i t1in m e in u p inm n,I m ean fre e l y t o exer

t m l h r 11:5h t 11 h i ch b e l o n g s t o m y s t a t u m .

I1”: I. 1 .

'd u l I 11 111 . a ir? T he e x p re s s i o n i s i n ac c u ra t e : o n c e , in

d °1l 1 1111-1 1 ti l l i n u t i n t h i s ho u s e t he o f fr e e d t s c n s s ion . I t11 1 1 o n c e d v v nn n l :1 1

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1111s l l l n t i0 n tt l e v e ry 1110111be1' t ol 13 n u ) p ro po s i t i o n he de e m ed b e n e fi c i a l t o t h e c o u n t ry

,

l m pg“ 1 ! i t by 11 h 1 1tv 1 v 1° a rg u m e n t s h e wm h l a tld n ce ; tn o fll 'r

‘

11-11' 111hm -11 t s l o the p ro po s i t i o n s n l

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o t he r s . so a s t o re nd e r t h e m, in

h i i 1! n n n v 1111"

1 cv p t tci i 1n h le ; a n d t o s ta t e t | 1e 1° ~11s o n s o f

‘11 «11m m m eas u re o n wh i ch h e wa s ca l l ed to v o t e

,a n d

7

endeavor t o imp re ss h i s op i n io n on o th e rs . No d oub t a vas t por‘a

yon o f t h e good p eop l e of t h i s r ep u b l ic ye t b e l i e v e t ha t s u c h is t heco u r s e o f p r o cee d i ngs h e r e . L i t t l e d o t h ey d r e a m of t h e comp l ica ted m ac h ine r y , by m ean s of wh i ch e v e r y p iv ilvsge, ex cep t t h a t v

o f t h ink i ng , i s made to d ep en d o n t h e p l e a s u r e , l ll t' co u r t e sy , th ewh im o f t h e m aj o r i ty . -By c e rta i n i n t e r p o l a t i o n s i n to o u r p r a c ot i c e , bu t wh i c h n o w h e re s h ow t he i r h ideo u s f r o n t in o u r w r i t t enc od e , t h e sys t e m o f s u pp r e s s i ng t h e l i b e r ty o f s p ee c h i s b r o ugh tto a d eg r e e of perfe c t i o n t ha t a l m os t a s t on is h e s i t s a u t h o r s . A

g e n t l eman wis h e s t o b r i ng fo rwa r d a n o r i g i n a l p r op o s i t i o nH e m u s t firs t s ta t e it, a n d ob ta i n permi s sion from at m aj o r i tyo f t h e h o u s e , t o let i t b e c on s idered, be fo r e h e can sh ew th e p r o

p riety of adop t i ng i t, o r a sk e v e n fo r a de c i s ion up on it . Th u s i sa n n i h i l a t e d t h e r ig h t of o r i g i na t in g a p rep o s i t io n . But a pm po

s i t i o u i s o r ig i na t e d by o t he r s , i t i s p as se d t h r o ugh t h e o r dea l o fc o n side r a t io n , an d h e i s d e s i r o u s o f a m end i ng i t s d efe cts , o r o fexp o s i ng i t s i m p rop r i e ty . T h i s i s , pe r h ap s , d e e m e d i n co n v en i en tby t h e maj o ri ty . I t m a y g i v e t h em t ro u b l e , o r b r ing fo rwa r d a

r

d i scu s s io n wh i c h t h ey do n o t w i s h t h e p eop l e t o h ear, o r d e ta i nt h em t o o lo ng f r om t h eir d i n n e r s—a n ew spe c ie s o f l ege r d e m a i ni s r e s o r t ed t o . T h e p r e v io u s q u e s t ion , u t t e r l y p e r v e r t ed f r o m i t so r ig in al an d‘

leg itimate u s e , i s d eman ded ; t h e d eman d i s suppo r tcd by a maj o r i ty . In a n i n s tan t a l l t h e p r o p o s ed a m e n d m en t s disapp ear ; eve ry tongu e is fe t t e red , s o t h a t i t c a n u t t e r b u t aye o r n o ,an d t h e p r op os i t i o n b e co m e s a law w i t h o u t d e l ibe r a t io n , w i t h o u tc o rre c t io n , w i t h o u t d e ba t e . An d t h i s p r o c es s i s c a l l ed l eg i s l a t ion !A n d t h e h a l l in wh i c h t h e s e goodlv do i ng s a r e t ran sac t e d i s s o m et im e s t e rmed t h e Te m p l e of IJiherty Sir, t h i s p r o c edu r e m u s t b eco rre cted , o r fre ed om is ej e c t ed f r o m h e r c i tade l , and wo un de d inh er v ery V i ta l s . I n co nve n i en c ie s a l s o r e s u l t t o the m aj ori ty f r omt h i s ty ran n i ca l ex e r c i s e of p ower, s ufii c ien t , pe r hap s , to co u n terbal an c e a ll t h e benefits wh i c h can be de r i v ed f r om it. Gen t l e m en o fo

ten comp la i n t h a t t h e m in o r i ty do n o t p u r su e t h e p r ac t i c e wh i c h i sa d op ted by m in o r i t i e s e l s ewh e r e . I n Eng la nd, say t h ey , t h e opp o s i t ion add r e s s t h e ho u s e and t h e na t io n on ly on g r ea t fundamen .

t al qu e s t ion s i nv o lv ing d i sp u t ed p r in c i p l es , an d d o n o t h ang o n the

s k ir t s o f e v e r y bi l l fight ing t h e m i n i s t r y , t h r o ugh a l l t h e d e t a i l s o ft h e i r m easu res i Why i s n o t t h e sa m e c o u r s e p u r s u ed h e r e The

a n swe r is obv io u s . H e re t h e m i no r i ty a r e n o t a l l owed t o b r ing fo rwa r d t h e s e g r ea t fundam e n ta l q u e s t io n s—t h ey h a v e n o oppo r t u n i tyo f shewing t h e i r v i ews , ex c ep t s u ch a s m ay he cas ua l ly aff o r d ed bys o m e m e a su r e o f t h e maj o r i ty

,o n wh i c h t h ey a r e go od n a t u r e d

en ough t o a l l ow d e ba t e . Un l e s s t h ey ava i l t h em se l v e s o f s u ch a

b i l l i n e v e r y s tage of it, a s a p eg on wh i c h t o h ang t h e i r ob s e r v at ion s , t h ey mu s t b e u t t e r l y m u t e . T h u s i t h app en s t o o , t ha t t h e rei s f r equ e n t l y n ot an y discem able c on n e c t io n be twe en t h e to p i c s disc u s s ed , an d t h e s u bj e c t s upposed ~ to b e u nder de

‘

oa te. Pe r h ap sthe very c oure I am p u rsu ing i s an ap t i l l us t ra t ion of t hes e fac t s .

8

23 0 1110 week s s inc e I s u b m i t t ed t o t h e h o u se a re s o l u t io n wh ic h Ith o u gh t em i ne n t l y d e s e 1 v i ng o t a t te n t i o n—a r e s o l u t i o n t h a t p e ndiu w o u r n eyo eia t io n u ith iu1i11, i t is inex ped i e n t t o p r o s e c u tea 11 a r e ] i n v a s i o n c o nq u e s t a ga i n s t t h e Ca uada s .

” '

1 h i s r e so l u t ionc o u ld n o t b e d i s c u s sed , l o r t h e h o u s e wo u l l n o t v o u chs a te t o i t ac o n s idera tw n . Bu t a s o n t h e p r o p o s i t i o n n ow be fo r e yo u , d e b a t e i si111lu lged , a 11d ha s a s s u m e d a l a t i t u d e t h a t s ee m s t o pel m it e v e 1yt h i ng

3

c o n ne c t e d w ith t h e “ 111 , 1 um w i l l i ng t o e m b r a c e t h e o c c as i o n t o s uppo i t m y ta x u r i t e p r o po s i t i o n , t o 11

o

h ich a r eg u l a r hea r i ngh a s be e n r e fu s e d . ( i r a t e a t e v e n fo r t h i s o ppo r t u n i ty , I a ck n owl edge t he c o u r t e s y wh i c h i s s hown m e by t h e m aj o r i ty ; s o r e l y as Ifee l t h e d e g r a d a t i o n o f i nd i r e c t l y u s i ng a s a f a v o r , wh a t , a s a freem a n a nd the r ep r e s e n t a t i v e o f fre e m e n , l o ugh t op eu ly t o enj oy a sa r i g h t .I t i s i o r y fa r fi o m m y d e s ign t o e n t e r in to a p a r t i c u l a r m q u iry

a s t o t h e 0 ! 15-111 o t t h is wa r, o r a s to i t s ca u se s wh e t h e r techn icalo r r ea l . S u c h a n in q u i i y wo u ld p l esen t a t h e m e to o imp o 1 tan t audto o ex t e n s i v e t o b e t a ke n u p a s c o l l a t e r a l o r s u b s id i a r y t o s o m eo t h e r i n v e s t i g a t i o n . At the p r e s e n t m o m e n t t o o , i t i s n o t s o e s s e n t ialt o k now h o w t h i s war h a s be e n p r od u c ed , a s it i s to a s c e r ta i n howi t o ugh t to b e p r o s e c u t e d , an d h ow it m ay he s peedi a nd fa i r l yb r o ugh t t o a c l o se . S e fa r o n l y a s a k n ow l edge o f t h e o r igin a nd

c a u se s of t h i s wa r m ay he Us e fu l in p r od u c i ng t h i s r e s u l t , is i t my

p u 1ppo s e n ow t o c o n s i d e r t h e m .

A 11 h o n o l ahle ge n t l e m a n 1m m So u th C a r o l i n a (M r. C a l h o un )c l a i m s t

'

o 1 t h i s wa 1 t h e cha i a c ter of d efen s i v e . He ha s p rope r l yrem a i ked t h a t a 11 a r d e f

'

e n s i v e 111 i t s m ig iu m a y b e oflen s ive 111 i t so pe r a t io n s , o t

'

c o n s eq u cuce t h a t i t s c ha r a c t e r i s n o t defin ed by t h en a t u r e o f t h e se op e r a t i o n s . B u t, s i r , h e i s i n c o r r e c t in s u pp os i ngt h a t i t s c h a r a c t e r i s to he t es t ed by t h e m o tive wh i c h o c ca s i o n e d i t si11~ l it 11l io | 1. Wa r i s ofl

'

en s ive o r d e fen s i v e , s i m p l y , a s i t i s i n s t i t u t ec d by o r a g a i n s t a n a t i o n . I t i s an app ea l t o fo r c e t o d e c i de co n t r ov e r s i e s b e twe e n s o v e r e ign s wh o a d m i t o f 110 o t h e r t r i b u na l t o degt e r m i n e t h e i r r i ght s . T h e r e i s a p e r fe c t a n a l ogy i n t h i s r e spe c tb e twe e n n a t i o n s a t wa r, a nd i nd i v i d u a l s l i t i ga t i ng 111 a c o u r t of

j tl n l lt‘t‘ . l l o: 11 ho c o m m e n c e s t h e p r o c e s s i s t h e ac t o 1—he 11he is

s u m m o n e d t o t h e c o n trm ersy, ha s t h e d e fe n s i v e p a r t , an d i t i s inth i s v i ew i111111a teria l wh e t h e r the m o t i v e t o l i t i g a t io n b e fo u nd ina n h o n e s t d e s i r e t o c l a i m w h a t i s d u e , o r in t h e m a l i gn a n t w i s h t oOp ll l

’t' s s a lu l t le l

'

ram l . F o r t h e c o r r e c t n e s s o f t h e s e i d ea s , I r e l yn o t o n m y o w n j iu lq nw n t . T h i s o ugh t n o t w i t h o u t h e s i ta t i o n t o beo pptm

l ' tl t o t h a t o l'

t h e ho n o ra ble gen t lema n , “ he. i nd ep en d en t l y o fh is p e r so n a l c l a i m t o a t t e n t i o n , a s c h a i r m a n o f t h e c o m m i t t e e o ffo r e i gn r e l a t i o n s m u s t he p r e s u m ed t o he p a rt i c u l a r l y c o n v e r s a n t“ il h a l l ( | t l v h l it l l l s vomu

-c ted w i t h n a t i o n a l law. Any pe r s o n who

h a s t h e c u r io s i ty t o t e s t th e s e s c~11t i111en ts bv tl1e a u t h o r i t y o f ju r i s t su il l h nd t h e m e x p l i c i t l y hy li u i lam a q u i, N i l . “ pa r t.4 . c huyi . ‘l '. 6 . -a 11(l by V u ttel, l1. 3 . ch a p t . 3 . 3 5 and 3 7.

9

Nor let it be d e emed , s i r, o f 110 imp ort an c e wh e t h e r th i s war'

b eca l l ed d efe n s i v e o r o ll

'

en s ive. I t is a lw a y s of m o m e n t t h a t t h i ngss h o u l d b e c a l l ed by t he i r r igh t n a m e s . M a ny o f t h e v iees and m o s to f t h e e r r o r s o l' m en a l i s e fro m the 111is app l 1ca tio | 1 o f t e rms . Th erea so ne r

, wh o u s e s wo r d s to c o n v ey a m e a n i ng v a r i a n t f r o m t h e i r ,

re c e i v ed s ig n ifica tio n , w i l l p r o b ab ly o c c a s i o n e r r o r , howeve r pre~

e i s e h i s defin itio n s . I n sp i t e o f defin itio n s , t h e h e a r e r a pp r op ria te s t o h i s ex p r e s s i o n s t h e s en s e wh i c h u s a ge h as as s o c i a ted , an da c o n fu s i o n of i d ea s f a t a l t o t r u t h i s t h e u na v o i d a b l e c o n seq u en c e .M a n y p h r a s e s t o o , be s ide s t h e i r p r i m a r y m ea n i ng , co n v e y a se cond a r y sen se o f eommenda tion o r b l a m e . By a n a r t fu l u s e o l

’

these, the

s o p h i s t 1s en a b l e d t o co n v e r t t h e hon es t p rej u t l ices o f m a n , t h e g u a r d so i

‘

h is se c u r i ty , i n t o t h e in tsrumen ts o f h i s d ec ep t i o n . T he s a g a c i o u sM i r a b ea u , t han w ho m n o n e b e t t e r u n d ers to od t h e a r t s wh i c h r en d e rt h e h u m an u n d e r s t and i ng 86 pas s i o n s s u b s e r v i en t t o t h e ty r an ny o ff r a u d

,h e wh o s o l o ng “ r o d e in the wh i r lw i n d , a n d d i r e c t ed t h e

s to rm”o i’

th e m os t fu r i o u s o f r e v o l u t i o n s , c o m p r e s s ed t he e l e m en t sof h is s c i en c e i n t o o ne seten tio u s m a x i m “ wo r d s a r e t h i ngs .” B u t

th e d i s t i n c t i o n b e twe en offen s i v e and d efe n s i v e wa r h a s p e c u l i a rc l a i m s u p on o u r r e c o l l e c t i o n . So fa t a l i s w a r l o t h e b e s t in t e r e s t s o fth e h u m a n fa m i l y t ha t a t r e m en d o u s r e spo n s i b i l i ty a lway s r e s t s upo n th e n a t i o n t h a t c om m en c e s i t . T h i s r e sp o n s i b i l i ty a t ta c h e st h r o ugh a l l its s t a ge s , an d i s a wfu l l y i n c r ea s e d i n t o c e r ta i n g u i l t ,by t h e n egl e c t o f a n y fa i r o pp o r t u n i ty to r e s t o r e t h e r e l at i o n s o fp eac e . Be s i de s , the c o n s i d e r a t i o n t h a t the wa r was offen s i v e ini t s o t‘ ig in—t ha t co n s id e r a t i o n 11 h i e h e m ph a t i ca l l y c r ea t e s t h e 0b l i ~g a t ien t o t e r m i n a t e i t s h o n o r s as sp eeth ly as j u s t i ce 11 i l l p e r m i tw i l l f r equ en t ly b e fo un d to p r e s e n t t h e g r ea te s t o b s tac l e s t o effo r t sa t r e co n c i l ia t i o n .

T h e a d v o ca t e s o f t h i s war, v iein g w i t h ea c h o t h e r i n z eal fo rits j u s ti li ca t io n awl co n t i n u a n c e

,d o n o t p r e c i s e l y a g r ee, i n op i n i on ,

a s to i t s c a u s e s . o r a s t o the o bj ec t s fo r wh i c h i t is to be p ro secu tethTh e gen t l e m a n f r o m P e n n sy l v a n i a wh o p r e s i d e s o v e r you r j udic iary c o m m i t t e e (M r. I nge r s o l l ) 111 a n e l a bo r a t e a rgu m en t s e e m sd e s i r o u s to p r o v e (I am n o t c e r ta i n 11 h i c h ) e i t h e r t h a t t he 11 a r i s ac on sequ e n c e o f t h e v i o l a t i o n o n t h e p a r t of G r ea t B r i t a i n of h i sf a v o r i t e p r i n c i p l e “ f r e e sh i p s m ak e f r e e go o d s”o r i s t o r e s u i t i n thee s t a b l i s hme n t o f t h i s p r i n c i p l e . T h i s c o m p r e h en s i v e d og m a t h egen t l e m an c on t en d s t o b e a p a r t of the o r ig i n a l u n ad u l t e r a t ed c od e ofn a t i o n a l law , co n s e c r at ed by t h e t r ea ty o f Utreeh t, s t r en u o u s l y a sser ted by B r i t a in h e r se l f i n h e r d i s p u t e w i t h Sp a i n , i n t h e y e a r173 7 , r e c ogn i z ed in h e r c o m m e r c i a l t r e a ty w i t h F r an c e in 178 6 ,1‘

ita l ly e s s e n t i a l t o o u r m a r i t i m e in te r e s t s . T h e gen t l e m a n f r om'

V i r g i n i a 11 ll om I ye s te r day h ea r d 11 i t h m u c h p l ea s u r e (M Ja ck ;s o n ) d is s en ts f r o m h i s p o l i t i ca l f r i e n d , a n d d e c l a r e s t h a t t h i s m a xim has n e v e r b ee n as se r t ed by o u r go v e r n m e n t u n de r a ny adm in is

tra tion a s fou n d ed o n t h e c o m m on l aw o i'

11a tion s ; A l t ho ugh theB

10

g e n t l e m a n f r om V i r g i n i a i s i n thi s r e spec t un q u e s tio n ab l y c o r re c t ,yet i t i s n o t c e r t a i n t h a t t h e c ha l rin an o i t h e Jl t tl l t‘ l a l

'

y c o m m i t t e ei s a l t oge t h e r e r r o n eo u s in a t t r i b u t i ng to the a (l nu n is tra tm n an e xpec ta t io n o t

'

es ta h l is h ing hy t h i s 11 a r s o m e s u c h t h eo r y.T h a t the

neu t r a l fla g; s h a l l p r o t e c t a l l t h a t i t c o v e r s f r o m c a p t u r e , i s a v e r y‘

c o n v en i e n t d o c t r i n e fo r a na t i o n f r e q u e n t l y a t wa r w i t h a n advers a r y o t

'

i lceicletl l y s u p e r i o r m a r i t i m e s t r e ngt h . F r a n c e, who 11 i t h o c

c a s io n a l sho r t i n t e r v a l s , h a s be e n fo r c en t u r i e s a t wa r w i t h Engl a nd,

h a s v e r y n a tm a l ly 11 iS ltC tl t o i n c o r p o r a t e t h i s d o c t r i n e i n t o the lawo f n a t i o n s . l l e r i m p e r i a l m a s t e r ha s a d op t ed i t a s o n e of t h e e l em en t a r y p r i n c i p l e s o f h i s n ew ma rin me c o d e

, wh i c h h e s o l e m n l yprmn u lga tei l i n h i s d e c r e e o f Be r l i n . o f N o v e m be r , 18 06 , an d ins u p p o r t o i

'

11 h iel1 h e h a s u s ed e 1 e r y v i o l e n c e a n d s t r a t a ge m to art h e nat i o n s o l

'

the 11 o 1' l1l i n t o o n e g r e a t m a r i t i m e Co n fed e r a cy .

A i l e a s t a s e a r l y a s t h e i n fa m o u s T u rrea u l e t te r o f Ju n e, 18 09 ,

t h e e x e c u t i v e o l‘

th is c o u n t r y 11 a s p e r fe c t l y a pp r i s e d o f t h e ex isten c e o f s u c h a c o n t

’

etlera cy, o i'

t h e p u r p o se s wh i c h i t 11 a s t o uph o l d . a n d o f t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o l

‘

F ra n ee t o b r ib e o r c o m pe l o u r a oc e s s i o n to it . T h e d e c r e e o f t h e g r ea t p r o t e c to r of t he c o n fe d e r aey. o l

'

the da te o l'

Ap 1 i l , 1 8 1 1, t h o ugh p r o b a b l y n o t i s s u ed t i l lh l ay 18 12 , a n n o n n eed in l ang u a ge s uffic ien tly d i s t i n c t t ha t t h i sc l a im h a d b ee n s o f a r c o m p l i e d w ith o n o u r p a r t a s t o ex e m p t

115

f r o m t h e f u r t h e r a pp l i c a t i o n o f t he p e n a l t i e s o l'

tl is o hed ieneeh An do u r d e c l a r a t i o n o f wa r a g a i n s t t h e s o l e rec n s an t o f t h i s imp e r ia lt h eo r y wa s p r o c l a i m ed by N a p o l e o n t o h i s sen a t e a s a s p i r it ed an dgen e r o u s e xe r t i o n t o v i n d i c a t e t h e n ew r e l ig i o n of t h e flag , w h i c hl ike t h e s u p e r s t i t i o n o i

'

t h e san c t u a r y wa s t o p r o t e c t e v e r y f r a u d,a n d s h e l t e r e v e r y c r i m e . Ex t r a v a g a n t

, th e r e fo r e , as t h e p o s i t i o n s0 1"

t h e gen t l e m an f r o m P e n n s y l v a n ia m a y b e t h o ugh t by th e fa rg rea ter p a rt o f t h i s c o m m i t t e e , t h ey m a v h a v e m o r e c o u n t e nan c ef r o m t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n t h a n i s gen e r a ll y s u s p e c t ed , and 0 11 t h i sa c c o u n t m ay 1les br1 e a r a p i d a nd t r a n s i en t e x a m i n a t i o n .

T h e a s s e r t i o n t h a t by t h e ge n e r a l law Of n a t i o n s t h e el1a~

ra c ter o l'

the v e s s e l "t '

S a c h a r a c t e r to t h e good s i su neq u ivoc a l l y t l t’l l lt’tl . T h e a v i na i r e v e r s e o f t h e a s se r t i o n i s m a i n

i a ig m l h ) j u x i -t s gen e r a l l y “ l l l l a h a r m o ny t h a t fo r b i d s d o u b t.

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tween them , t h a t e nemy bo t to m s s h a l l m a k e en e m y go od s, a nd t hat

t l iend ly b o t to m s s h a l l m ake f r i e nd l y g o od s a p r i n c i p l e m u c hl e s s emba n as s ing t o eom 1n e1ce, a n d eq u a l t o a l l p am e s 111 po in t ofga i n o r l o s s—b u t t h i s 1s a ltog ethe r the cfl

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t h e ge n t l e m a n w i l l e x a m i n e the t r e at i e s t o wh i c h h e h a s ad v e r t ed , t h e eco m m e r c i :l l t r e a ty o i U t 1e c h t,b e t 11 e e n Eng l an d a nd F '

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1an ee (w l1i1 h by t h e bye t h e h o u s e o i c o mm on s rel u s ed t o s a n c t io n ) an d t h e s u bs e qu en t ( o tn meu ia l t r e a t yo fDi r. P i t t , in 178 6, h e w i ll fi n d t h e l ang u a ge o n t h i s h e a d u n e

q u ivo ca l . T h e a r r angem e n t i s d e c l a r ed t o he m ad e 11'1t l1 a v i ew top r e v e n t t h e e m b a r r a s s m e n ts a n d d i s s e n t io n s th a t 11 o u l 1l a rise w i t ho u t s u c h an a r r ang e m en t—o r i n o t h e r wo rd s , f1o n1 t h e app l i ca t io no f t h e p r i n c i p l e s o f t h e c o m m o n law o t

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n a t io n s . Nor i s i t a t a l ls t r a nge t ha t B r i ta i n i n a c o m m e r c i a l t r ea ty

,f r o m wh i c h s h e e x

p ec ted t o derive immense ad v a n t a ge s , s h o u l d a cqu i e s c e i n s u c h an

a r r a nge m en t a s b e twe e n h e r an d F r an c e . F o r i t i s ob v io u s t h atn o p r a c t i c a l effe c t c o u l d r e s u l t f r o m it , ex c e p t 11 h e n o n e was a t:peac e an d the o t h e r a t wa r. And s u c h a s t a t e o f th in rr s h a s s ora 1ely h appen ed t h a t i t s re cu r r en c e m ig h t b e n um be1ed a m ong pol itica l i m po s s ib i l i t i e s .T h e 6- 11o s ea r ch” c l am ou r i n Engl and o f 17 3 7, wh i c h the

gen t l e m an h a s p r od u c ed t h e p a r l i a m e n t a r y d e ba t e s t o p r o v e , h adabo u t a s m u c h t o d o w i t h t h e b e l l

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p r ope r ty c o n v ey ed i n n e u t r a l s h i p s , a s t h e5“n o sea 1eh” c r y m ade

ab o u t t h i r ty y ea r s aft e rw a r d s i n the ca s e of Jo h n \V ilkes an dG e n e r a l Wa r r an t s . T h e d i s pu t e o i

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17 3 7 w i t h Sp a i n g r ew o u t ofa m u n ic ip a l c l a i m a s s e r t e d by t h a t go v e r n m en t an d of t h e v i go ro u s p r ac t i ce o f t h e i r Gua r da Cos ta s t o s ea r c h B r i t i s h v e s s e l sh o v e r in g 0 11 the

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e n t t o t h e i l l i c i t t 1 a d e b e twe en J a m a i c a an d t h e Sp a n i s h m a i na n d a p r a c t i c e e nfo r c ed 11 i t h a l l t h a t b a r b a r i ty w h i c h u s u a l l yc hara c t e r i s e s t h e m i n i o n s o i

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c u s tom - h o u s e a n d r e v en u e ty r an t s .H ow fa r t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f t h e gen t l e m a n’s p r oj e c t w o u l d b eben efic ia l t o t h i s c o u n t r y i s pe r hap s n o t s o c l ea r . A t a t i m ewh enwe h ad n o ca p i t a l to affo r d e m p l oy m e n t t o o u r n a v iga t i o n , itc e r ta i n l y wo u l d h a v e bee n adva 11tageou s .

—Bu t s i n c e t h a t p e r io dh as p a s s ed aw a y , t h e m o s t e n l i gh t en ed c o m m e r c i a l m e n w i l l t e l ly o u , t h ey w i sh fo r n o s u ch in n o v a t i o n . I ts e ffe c t wo u l d be, tog i v e a s , w h en n e u t r a l s , t h e ben efit o i

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being a m on g t h e c a r ri e r so f th e c om m od i t i e s of t h e w e ake r m a 1 it i 1u e b e l l i ge r e n t , to rfrc ig ht .B u t th e effe c t o f t h e o l d p r i n c ip l e i s t o g i v e a s t h e p rofit wh ichre su l t s , n o t m e r e l y f r om t h e c a r r i a ge , b u t t h e p u r c has e a nd re

sa l e of t h e s e c omm od i t i e s , wi th a lm o s t a mon op o l y in e i t h e rm arke t .

12‘

l’lte g e n t l e m a n f r o m Pen nn lvu n ia . ha s a ss ign ed an o t h e r caus efo r t h e 11 11r. i n w h i c h h e I1:t s ob t a i ned the c o n c u r r e n c e of s e v e r a lo f h is l r tend s . t h e t ti i s l iga tm n by the B r i t i s h go v e r n m en t o f I nd i a n w a r s . t |1i ~. t h e m e o f po p u l a r d e c l a m at i o n ha sa l m o s t beemu e t r i t e ; a l t h o u g h t h e ton n thawk a n d t h e s ea lp ingk 11i l

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e . |1111 e be e n s o t t t'

t 1 tt b r a nd i s h ed w i t h r h e t o r i ca l a m b i -dex ter itv. t h a t t h e i r e\ l1ib it i1111 a l m o s t c e a se s t o ex e ite in tet‘ ;es t ye t1111 be i t l 1°o u1 n te to t h in k 111

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° l1111l ., t o wa r. i n s t i g a t ed t h e m toh o s t i l i t i e s 111' 11i11s t u s . T h i s° l a s t c h a r ge 1 d o n o t b e l i e v e—n oe1

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b e e n w h e n t o 11 1t r1 1111t it , t h a t l h a v e 1 et hea rd . 0 1 e1°

the u tl a i r 0 1 l 1| 1pe11 .t i11ie, t h e c o m m en ce m en t o f l n dian wa 1° , th erel l O V t‘ l i 11 m y s t e r y w lu eh o u g h t t o be d i s s i pa t ed , b u t w h i ch t h e gov ernmen t w i l l n o t l h a v e s o ugh t , h on es t lv s o u ‘r h t fo r

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fo r m a t i o n . U l'

11Ili1° i11 | 1 t h e r e i s l i t t l e 111° n on e . f rom p r i v a t e

s o u rc e s . n o t l 1ke| y 111 t h i s° r e s p e c t t o m i s l e a d . ( fo r t h ey a r e f r i en dly t o t h i s 11 11r, 11111l c o n n ec t ed w i t h t h e we s t e r n i n t e r e s t a n d fee l i ng)1 l e a r n t h a t t h e "1°ea t c a u s e o t

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l tn ln t n h o s t i l i t i e s i s t o b e fo u nd , wh en :0 111101 ien ce h is to r1 11 111111] p r o m p t 11s t o l o ok to r i t—i s to be fo un di n o u r c n p n lin l ti t t h e i r 1:111114 , a n d t h e i r jea l o u s1 an d d is t i u s t ofo u r s upe 1

° °i0 1 i n t e l l i g e n ce 11111! l o r c e . I nd i a n 11 1115 h a v e b een , u n t i la few 3 11 11“ I1111:k . :1l 11111s t u n i n t e r r u p ted i n t h i s c o u n t r y , bo t h b efo r ea nd s i n c e t h e r e v o l u t i o n . T h e y n eed n o o t he r i n s t i g a t i o n s t hana r e [ 11 be fo u n d i n t h e i n c o n s i s t e n t v i ew s

, in t e r e s t s , c l a i m s , pass i o n s a nd h a b i t s 11l

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11eighbo ring ye t d i s t i n c t r ac e s of peop le. Sir,t’

i e u . H a r r i s o n’s t r e a t } ° 1i l'

Nov . 18 0111 wa s t h e m i n e o f t h e g r ea t In1l 11111 ( ‘X p l t t s t t l lh T h e I n d i a n s c o m p l a i n ed , I know n o t how j u s t l y ,t h a t in t h a t t r e a ty t h e )

°

w e r e c h e a t e d o f l a nd s , wh i c h t h e p a r t i e sto i t h a d 1111 r i g h t t o c o n v ey . a nd n e v e r m ean t to 1111111 ey. T h e r ea re g e n t l e m e n in t h i s l e g i s l a t u r e , w ho kn ow t h a t T e c u m s e h i m m ed ia te ly a f t e r wa r d s a v ow e d h i s tixetl p u r p o se t o v i n d i c a t e by fo r c ea n d h} 1111 u n i o n o f t h e r e d m en , t h e r i g h t s o f h ts t r i b e , a n d t he

11111

111111 11 i 111l |1°

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vb :t i t 1111 1 b e a r tu l s e w i t n e s s 1i11s t th ) e v en111 11 11 1 111 1111 . 11 i l l n o t s a n e l i o n t h i s 1 l1111°"e 11 i t | 11111t e1 iden ce,11111i 11 4 11111~ t e 1 i1l 1° 111°e 1 |e s t l 1 i11l11t e t h i s h igh inj u n et ion . 1 am n o t

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l h 1111 s h a l t n o t k i l l , a s 3

1 ° m e r e 1111111i1° i11 1 | rew u lu t io u 111111114 11" s o le lv t o the Jews .

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ISex! to p r o t e c t o u r s eame n aga i n s t im p r e s sm en t—ia fash ionablep h r a s e , fo r

‘4 S a i l o r s’R igh ts .

” T h e r e i s n o d o u b t , s i r , t ha t theconflic ting c l a im s o f t h e two c o u n t r i e s o n the s u bj ec t of sea inen ,an d t h e o c cas i o n a l ab u s e o f t h e p u c l i c e o f s e a r c h fo r B r i t i s hs e am e n o n bo a r d o f Am e r i c an m e r c ha n tm e n , h ad e x c i t ed s e r i o u sd is s at i s fact i o n in Am e r i ca—ye t I haza r d n o t h i ng; by the as s e r t i o n ,t h a t t h e q u es t i o n o f s eam en wa s n o t a ca u s e o f t h i s wa r. I re

m em b e r f u l l we l l t h e c ha r act e r i s t i c s p e c ia l p l ead i n g; of the yent lem a n f r om

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s i r,I co n s i d e r t h i s a s l i t t l e m o r e o r l e s s t han a d he r e n c e to a can

t i o u s fo rm ,a s a pro s ten ta n do by way of e x c l u d i ng a c o n c l u s i o n , o r

in t h e n'

a t u r e o i’t h e comm e n c em e n t o t’a n a n swe r t o a hal t i n c h an

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t i on s . 1 am awa r e t o o o f t h e v e r y eom p ieu o u s hh t z o n , wh i ch i sg i v en t o o u r s a i l o r s’w r o ngs i n t h e p r e s i d e n t’s wo r-m es s age, a ndi n the m an i fe s to o f t h e com m i t t e e o f fereig n r e l a t i o n s . B u t t h i s

p rev e s n o m o r e , t h an t h a t when wa r wa s d e t e rm i n ed o u , i t wasd e em e d ad v i sa b l e t o m a ke o u t a s s t r o n g a c a s e a s p o s s i b l e , e i t h ert o ex c i t e t h e s ym p a t h y of t h e wo r l d , o r t o r o u s e t h e i nd i gn a t i o nof o u r own c i t i z en s . T h e im p r e s sm e n t o f o u r s eam e n n u s g r o u p e di n th e p i c tu r e w i t h t h e d ea r ly b o u gh t H en r y ‘ p l o t , the, a t leas t

d u b i o u s , e x c i t em en t o f I n d ia n h o s t i l i t i e s , and t h e adj us t e d co n t r oversy ab ou t c o n s t r u c t i v e b l o c k ad e s .No

,s i r

,t h e q u e s t i o n of s eam e n wa s n o t a cau s e o f th i s war.

lM ere t h an five yea r s h ad p as s e d o v e r s i n c e an a r r a ngem e n t o n t h i s

q u es t i o n , p e r fe c t ly sat i sfa c to r y t o o u r mi n i s t e r s , h ad been m adew i t h G r eat B r i ta i n ; b u t i t p l ea s ed n o t t h e P r es i d en t , an d was t e

jec ted . Yet d u r i ng th e wh o l e p e r i o d t ha t aft e rwa r d s e l a p s ed un

t il t h e d e c l a r at i o n of wa r, n o s e c o n d effo r t was m a d e t o a dj u s tt h i s ca u s e o f c o n t r o v ersy . F r om De c em b e r , 1 8 07 , w i t h v e r ys h o r t i n t e r va l s we waged aga i n s t B r i ta i n a c omm e r c i a l wa r, toc o e r c e h e r i n t o an o b s e r v an ce of t h e r i gh t s we c l a im ed a t h e r h and s.I n e v e r y st e p o f t h i s sy s t em , wh e t h e r embargo , n o n - l n terco u rs e,

o r n o n -im p o r ta t i o n , we av owe d t h e g r o u n d s of t h i s c o n t e s t , an dthe co n d i t i o n o n wh i c h i t s h o u l d term in zi te— t h e o r d e r s i n c o u n c i l ,an d t h e i r r e p ea l . I n A p r i l . 1 8 09 , the fa m o u s a r r an g em en t w i t hE r s k i n e wa s m ade , h a i l ed by t h e we l l -m ea n in ‘

; a s a s e co n d t r eat yof am i ty betwe en t h e two co un t r i e s ; y e t i t co n t a i ne d n o t h i n g u p onthe q u e s t i o n of s eam en . I n t h e P r e s i d en t’s c omm u n i ca t i o n to

C ong r e ss a t t h e comm en cem en t o f t h e n c l’ s e s s i o n Nov em be r , 18 1 1,

e n um e r at i n g. i n n o l i gh t t o n e , o u r c o n t r o v e r s i e s w i t h B r i ta i n , an drec omm en d i ng p r e p a r a t i o n s fo r a r

, th e imp res s in en t of seamen was

n o t r em em b e r ed . T h e s ec r e ta r y of s ta tewa s ea r n e s t l y en gage d i n aeo rresponden cew i t h t h e B r i t i s h m i n i s t e r , (M r. Fos t e r ) at t h e s ea t of

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,t o b e t r i e d fo r t r e aso n . T o d e t e r t h e e n emy from

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e n em y , s o t h a t an i n d i s c r im i n at e an d u n i v e r sa l d e s t r u c t i o n o f th ep r i s o n e r s o n e ac h s i d e , i s t h e m en ac ed co n s e q u e n c e o f t h e ex ec a t i o n of o n e o f the p r e sum e d E n g l i s hm e n o r d e r e d h om e fo rt r i a l .B efo r e we e n t e r U p o n t h i s c a r e e r o f co l d -b l o od ed m as sa c r e , it

b e h ov es a s , by ev e r y o b l iga t i o n wh i c h we owe t o God , t o o u r fe ll ow m en , an d to o u r s el ve s , t o be c e r ta i n t h a t t h e r igh t i s w i t h u s ,

an d t h a t t h e du ty i s im p e r at i v e . If i n a m om en t o f ex c i te d fe e l i n g°

we s h ou l d h e ed l e s s l y e na c t t he fat a l d e e d w h i c h c o ns ign s t h o u s an d so f th e ga l l a n t an d t h e b r av e , Am e r i c an s an d B r i t on s , t o an ign o1nin io u s deat h , an d s h o u l d aft e rwa r d s d i s co v e r t h a t t h e d eed was

c r im i n a l , t ha t th e b l o o d of t h e i n n o cen t i s u p o n a s , and t h e c r i e sof t h e i r fat h e r l e s s i n fan t s h ave as c en d ed aga i n s t u s t o the t h r o n eo f t h e M os t H igh ; h ow s h a l l we s i l e n c e t h e r e p r o ac h e s o f c o ns c i en c e ; h ow at o n e fo r t h e w i d e s p r ea d an d i r r e p a r ab l e m i s c h i ef ;o r h ow ef’fac e f r om t h e Am e r i can n am e t h e i n fam ou s s t a i n t h a tw i l l b e s tam p e d u p ori i l ? IV ith m o t i v e s t h u s awfu l l y o b l iga t o r yt o a c o r r e c t d e c i s i o n , we a r e i n imm i n en t d ange r o f e r r o r , f r omc au s e s o f wh i c h we a r e n o t awa r e . A p o r t i o n o f o u r p o p u l at i on ,i n c on s i d e r ab l e in n um b e r as com p a r e d w i t h the w h o l e m as s , bu tinfluen tia l , b e cau s e o f t h e i r a c t i v i ty , vi o l en c e , b o l d n es s , an d t h e i rc on tr ou l of the p op u lar p resses—I m ean , s i r , t ha t p a r t o f o ur n a

tu ra l iz ed c i t i z en s , who , n o t c o n t e n t w i t h p u r s u i n g t h e p r i v at e o cc upa t ion s of i n d u s t r y , u n de r tak e t o m an age t h e a lfa irs o f s t at e

,

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p r eju d i c e s an d p as s i on s c a l cu l at ed t o m i s l ead t h e p u b l i c m in d .

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t h e i r a l l eg ia n c e by n a t u r a l i za t i o n h e r e. t h e i rc r im e in m a k i ng wa r aga i n s t t h e i r a c k n ow l e dged c ou n t r y , a nd

a c t u a l l y i n va d i ng i t s territu ries . i s s o m an i fes t l y ( r eas o n ; an d t h er i gh t o f t h e i r c o u n t r y to p u n i s h s u c h t r easo n is 50 c om p l e t e , tha t1 w i l l n o t p r e s um e i t n e c e s sa r y to a r gu e u p o n e i t h e r 01

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h a v e a n u lli eia l i n fo rma t i o n ; bu t f r om t h e m o s t r e s p e c t ab l eu n u lli eia l s o u rees , I l ea r n i t is n o} the fa c t . I f it sh o u l d be, h owe v e r

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,s u r r o u nd ed by fo r e i gn t e r r i t o r i e s , in t o wh i c h o ur c i t i z en s

a re m ig r a t i ng in v a s t n um b e r s , h as a v e l y de e p i n t e r e s t t o fo rmc o r r e c t op in inu s .

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n r s u c h a p owe r wo u l d b e u t t e r l y i n c o n s i s t e n t w i ththe n o t i o n o f a n n h l iga t io n . He can he r e l eas ed f r om h i s c o n t r a c to n l y u po n t h e n eeu rrei i ee o f s ome e v e n t wh i c h by t h e t e rm s o f thea s s o c ia t i o n i t is s t i p u l a t ed s ha l l h a v e s u c h ell

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t h e eu m m u n ity t o wh i c h h e wa s bo u n d . A s i s t h e s t a t e al’

the n rio' in al p a t t i e s tn the a s su t-i a l i na s u c h i s t h at of thei t' d e s c e nd

a n t s . C h i ld r e n in e v e ry p o l i t i ca l eumm tm ity mu s t b e v i ewe d ass ueeeeil in g t n t he r igh t s . a nd w i t h t h em to t h e c o n s e q u e n t. o b l igat i o n s n l

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the i t llfl rt' l l i n—v n l l l fa r t h i s p r i n c i p le the g r ea t i n d u c em e n t

t n t he s e r ia l s t a t e . t h e d e s i r e o f p r o v i d i ng fo r the s e c u r i t y and h il lb

p iues s o f a tl tm i ly , wmnh l he a n n i h i l a t ed , a nd t h e, t r amm e l s o i

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n ~rn men t n e v e r m m lcl be s u bm i t t e d t o . Bu t I'

m t h i s , t h a t perpet ua l mi eees s in u h i e h k e e p s u p t h e i d en t i t y o f a n at i o n . a l t h o u ghits i nd i v i d u a l s a t e a l l i n a s t a t e o f d e cay a n d r e n o va t i o n . wh i c h

g i ve s i t a m i npu ra te b e i ng t'sw tl t ia l to i t s a ct i o n . i s a t o n c e d es t r oym l . m t h ew p r i nc i p l e s . u l

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a n ) i l l tl l\ l l | l l ll l « i f i t sh tm h l b e t'

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eet] f r om h i s engagem e n t t o tl t 'fl ‘ l l ‘l l l . T ha t t' tu ‘ ll s o c i e t y p o ss es s e s t h i s r ig h t is a p r i n

2 3c ip le of u n i v e r s a l law—No d i c t um can b e fo uml to c o n t r ad i c t it.How s u c h r i gh t s h a l l b e ex e r c i s e d m u s t o f c o u r s e d e p e n d 0 11 t h ew i sdom an d v i r t u e o f t h e so c i e t y i t s e l f, o r o f t h o s e wh o e n ac t i t sl aws . I t mu s t b e p e r fe c t l y o b v i o u s t h a t i n any ca s e wh e r e t h efundam en ta l l aws o l

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the s o c i e t y d o n o t p e rm i t t h e i n d i v i d u a l t o rel eas e h im selt

’t’rom h i s e ngagem e n t , t h e i n te r v e n t i o n o t

‘

a t h i r d p a r tyc an n o t effe c t t h i s r e l eas e . A p r om i s e o f A t o B ca n n o t b e d i sc ha r ge d by an ac t of C . The effec t t h e r efo r e wh i c h t h e n at u r a l iz a tion in any cou n t r y o f t h e subj ec t o f an o t h e r h as u po n t h e o r i

gina l o b l iga t i o n s o f t h at su bj e c t t o h i s n at i v e c o u n t r y m u s t d e p e n du p o n i ts l aws , p r e s c r i b i ng t o wha t ex t e n t an d u n de r 11 ha t c i r cums t an ce s t h es e o r i g i na l ob l iga t i o n s m ay b e l es s e n e d o r d es t r oy e d . The

i n s t i t u t i on s o f difieren t co un ti ies v a l y t i om eac h o t h e 1 in t h i s re

s p ec t—s om e a r e m o r e r ig i d an d o t h e r s m o r e i n d u l gen t . B u t I kn owof bu t o n e s ta t e 011 ea r t h , t h e s tat e of V irg in ia ,wh ieh a l l ows t h e n at i v

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e subj e c t o r c i t i z e n s o com p l e t e l y t o d i v es t h im s e l f of h i s o r ig in a l c h a r ac t e r as t o r a i s e aga i n s t h e r w i t h im p u n i t y t h e h a n d

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p arri c i d e . V i r g i n i a by a s ta t u t e do e s pei m it a c i t i z en b y a fo rm a ldee d ex e cu t e d b efo r e wi t n es s es , ack now l edged i n co u r t an d r e co r dcd, t o q u i t c l a im an d r en ou n c e h is b i r t h r i gh t , an d t h en c efo r th tob e d e em ed as t h o ugh h e n ev e r h ad been of t h e S t at e . Al l o t he rs tat e s in t h e c i v i l i z e d wo r l d im p o s e t h i s r e s t r a i n t , t h a t t h e i r o r i g in a l su bj e c t s h a l l n e v e r wage war agai n s t h i s c ou n t r y .

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ject , we h av e a p e r fe c t ac q u a i n tan c e . In g enera l e v e r y m an i st h e r e a t l i b e r ty t o q u i t the k i ngdom , t o p u r su e ab r oad su c h occup a t ien s and e n t e r i n to s u ch en gagemen ts as h e m ay find beneficia l—b u t o n t h e ex p r e s s co n d i t i o n t ha t h e s h a l l n o t v i o l at e h i s fa i t h t oh is s o v e r e i gn , t h e firs t g r e a t d u ty o f wh i c h i s , n o t t o i n v ad e h i s territories , and wa r aga in s t h is s ubj e c t s . I was su r p r i s ed t o h ea r agen t l em an f r om K en tu c k y , wh o s e goo d sen s e an d i nde p e n d en c e Im u c h 1espeet (M r. M on tgom e1y) a i gu e t h at t h e p e rm i s s i o n t o a

B r i t i s h su bj e c t to l eav e h is coun t i y was an imp l ied c o n s en t t h at hem i gh t t h r ow off al l a l l eg ian c e t o i t. S u c h an imp lication 1s don eaway by t h e v e 1y t e1m s

C)

of t h e pei m i s sm n T h e law i s a s o l d asM agma Cha r ta , and h as b e e n un ifm m down t o t h is d ay .

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a n ion iq ue de cetero emire de reg n o n ostro et red ire sa lvo et secure

per terra in et per a q u am , SALV A F IDE NO ST R A . 3 3 d flrti c leflbbot’s

edit ion of M ag n rt Charta .“I t m ay b e l awfu l to r evei y o n e h e r e

aft e r t o go ou t of o u r k i n gdom ,an d t eturn s afe l y an d s ec u r e l y by

l an d an ti3

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o t t 1ea son—he p l eadedthe fac t of h i s h av i ng b ecom e a S p an i s h su bj e c t—t h e p l e a waso ve rru led- he 11 as c o n v i c t e d an d ex e c u t e d . T h e e as e of c o l o n e lT own l y o c cu r r ed 111 174 6 . Hewas i n d i c t ed fo r t 1ea son in a i d i n gin the r e b e l l i o n of 174 5 , was c o n v i c t ed and e xec u t ed , n otwith

s t an d i ng the fac t o f h i s hav i ng b ec ome a Fren ch su bj ec t , and b ear

ing a F r e nch eu nn n is s io n . T h e ea s e of flflneas M ~Do na ld in the

s am e y ea r wa s m o r e r em a r ka b l e . He l l Il tl l e ft S co t l an d h i s n a t i v el am l , a m e r e i n fa n t , a nd e v e r a ft e rwa r d s r e s i d e d in F r an c e . A s as u bj ec t 0 t

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tbc k i ng n l'

F I'a n c e , a nd a n officer in h i s a rmy , h e ae com

p a n ied t h e P r e t ende r in t J—n a s t a ke n p r i s o n e r , i n d i c t e d fo r( r ea s o n , a n d c o n v i c t ed . He wa s i nd e ed n o t ex ec u t ed . The h a r ds h i p o l

‘

h i s fa t e ex e iteil eo m n i is era t io n , a nd l inen t h e recommen

d a t i o n o f h i s j u r y t o m e r cy h is s en te n c e wa s c omm u t ed i n t o 1101‘

petn a l ba n i s hm e n t . I t i s‘ v a i n t o m u l t i p l y p r o o f s . No th iu g can

b e m o r e c e r t a i n t h a n t h e E ngl i s h law i n r e l a t i o n t o its s u bj e c t s n at u ra l iz ed ab r oad wagi ng wa r a ga i n s t t h e i r c o u n t r y . T h e law o fF r a n c e i s m o r e s t r i c t a nd e q u a l l y p r e c i s e . T h e ed i c t o i

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T r i an o n ,o t

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2 3 d A ugu s t 18 13 , w i t h g r ea t p r e c i s i o n d ec l a r e s , “ n o F r en c hm a n c an he n a t u r a l i z ed a b r oa d w i t h o u t o u r c o n s en t , ( t h at i s o f t h el th n pero r)

"—am l t h a t “F r e n c hm en n at u r a l i z e d ab r o ad , even w itho u r pe r m is s ion , ca n a t n o t im e c a r r y a rm s aga i n s t F r an c e , un

d e r p a i n o l’

b e i ng i nd i c t ed i n o u r c o u r t s,an d c o nd em n ed t o t h e

p u n i s hm e n t e na c t ed in the p e n a l eode—Book 3 . c ha p t e rl ) u r i n g t h e F r e n c h r e vo l u t i o n i n 179 5 , a co r p s o f em i g r an t sw h om o p p r e s s i o n a nd b r u ta l v i o l en c e had c om p e l l e d t o q u i t t h e i rc o u n t r y , t

'

e rm e i l t h em s e l ve s i n t o a n a rm y i n t h e p ay an d empl oym e n t o f B r i ta i n , a nd a s s u c h e ngaged in t h e i l l - l

'

at ed ex p ed i t i o n t oQ u i be r o n . T hey were m ad e p r i s o n e r s an d ex e cu t ed as t r a i t o r s .\V ha t is o u r own law P 111 c i my s ta t e o f t h e u n i o n ex c e p t V irg in ia , i t i s p r e c i s e l y t h e law wh i c h ob ta i n s in G r ea t B r i ta i n . Nom an s h a l l ex em p t h im self from t h e o b l iga t i on n o t t o wa r aga i n s th i s et u n try—a nd in V i r g i n i a e v e n , h e can on l y get t

‘id of t h i s o b l i

g a t io n by o bs e r v i n g t h e s t i p u l a t ed fo rm s wh i c h i t s law p r e s c r i b es .Na t u r a l i z a t i o n g r a n ted in a n o ther co n n try has n o effe c t w h at e v e rt o d e s t r oy h is o r ig i na l p r im a r y a l l eg ian c e . A gen t l em an f r om V a .

(M r. E p p es ) i n fo rm e d u s t ha t u n d e r a B r i t i s h s ta t u t e , two yea r so lu n ta ry s e r v i c e in t h e i r n avy ip s ofa c to n a t u r a l i z ed a fo r e i gn

er . Be i t s e , s ir—L e t a s s u p p o s e t ha t d u r i ng o u r r e s t r i c t i o n s o nc omm e r c e a n Am e r i ca n c i t i z e n . a V i r g i n ia n t

'

o r in s tan ee, who had

n u t go n e t h r o ug h t h e s t i p u l a t e d fo rm a l i t i e s o l’ex p at r i a t i o n h ad eu

tered o n ho a rtl t h e B r i t i s h na vy , and aft e r s e r v i n g t h e r e two y ea r s ,a nd t h u s b ec om i n g a n a tn t a l iz etl s u bj e c t o f G eo r ge t h e 3 d , h adi n t

'

am o n s ly j o i n ed in t h e i n va s i o n of h i s n a tive l an d—S u p p o s e t h i sn i is r rea n t t a k e n p r i so n e r h ea d i ng a h o s t i l e han d a t t h e h u r t l i ng o f“aw e, o r a t t h e a t tro eio n s o u t r age s o f H am p t o n , a n d a r r a i gn e dl'

n r t r e a so n in l evy i ng wa r a ga i n s t t h e U . S tat e s—wha t d efen c ec o n hl he m a d e t

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n r h im P I s t h e r e a gen t l em a n in t h e h o u s e w i t h a nyp r e t e n s i o ns t o l ega l s e ie i iee, n li o w i l l s o l

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a r ha z a rtl h i s r e p u ta t i o na s to a l leclge t h a t a d e f e n c e eo n h l b e m ad e fo r h im ? I s t h e r e aj u dge in o u r l a nd l

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i nn i t h o s e wh o ad o r n t h e b e n c h o f o u r s u p r em ec o u r t . cl own tn t h e h n tn h les t i n ea pa r itv a n tl t iflice, wh o c o u l d heo-ve n a m u s ed by the i i i is e rahle s o p lt is ti

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B r i ta i n r e p e a l ed o u r law n l'

trea s n n ? No ,s i r—T h e t r a i t o r wo u l d

h e c u n tle n i n et l—i inev ita b ly co n d em n ed a n d i f th e p r e s i d e n t we r ef r i g h t en ed t

‘

r am ex ee u l in : t h e s en t e n ce by a n i n s o l en t t h r ea t f r om“m m", 1“ Pl”i lm o ren t Ame r i ca n s t o d eat h in r e v e nge fo r t h e j u s t

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to t e l l y o u a ll I fee l,al l my co n s t i t u en ts fe e l u p o n t h i s s u bj e c t—Bu t I w i l l s ay t o thege n t l e m an f r om Pen u’ti . t h a t wh e n h e a l l u d es t o t h e p r o bab i l i tyt ha t an i n t es t i n e th e m ay he r ou s e d t o a s sas s i n at i o n an d b r u t a l i t y,h e t o u c h es a c h o r d t h at v i b r at es t o t h e v e r y h ea r t . Yes , s i r , I l ivein a s t at e wh o s e m i s fo r t u n e it i s t o c o n ta i n t h e m at e r i a l s o u t ofw h i c h may he mad e s u c h a fo e—A fo e t ha t “ i l l b e fo un d e v e r ywh e r e—a iu o u r fields , o u r k i t c h en s an al o u r c h a m b e r s ; a fo e , is s

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wakeu yo u r s c r u t i ny in t o t h e co r r e c t n e s s of t h e co u r s e yo u a r ep u r su i ng . I f on mat u r e d e l i b e r at i o n y o u a r e su re t h at y o u arer i gh t , p r o c eed , r ega r d l e s s o f w hat may h a p p e n .

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t t l l q tl h l o f C a n ada co n t e m p l a t ed as a n e asys p o r t . it ho u t a li \ t‘tl d e s ign e i t h e r t o k ee p i t t o s e c u r e , o r s u r r e nd e r i t t o p u r c ha s e r i gh t s , h as f r om i t s «l i ll ieu lty swe l l e d i n to an

i m p o r t a n c e t i h teh c au s e s it to b e va l u e d ab o v e a l l r i gh t s . Pat r io t is m wa s r e l i ed o n t o ti l l the r a n k s o l

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ga r d i t as w i t h o u t v a l u e . a nd ca r e n o t fo r i t s p r e s e r va t i o n . Ev e ni n F r an c e , “ h e r e m a n l u ttretl t o d e s p o t i s m , h a g b e c o m e s o p ass i t e a nd s u bs e r v i e n t , a s a l m o s t t o l o s e t h e l

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b e i n t r od u c e d i n t o o u r b e n ign , o u r f r e e i n s t i t u t i o n s ? Be l i e vem e, t h e at t e m p t w i l l b e fa ta l . I t ca n no t s u c ce ed bu t by m i l i t a ryt e r r o r—it w i l l b e t h e s i gna l fo r d r aw i n g t h e swo r d a t h o m e . Am e‘

r i ca n s a re n o t fitted t o he the s l a v es o l’a sy s t e m o f F r e n c h c ou

s c r i p t i o n,t h e m o s t d e t es t ab l e of t h e i n v e n t i on s o f ty r a n ny . S ir,

I h ea r i t w h i s p e r ed n ea r m e , t h i s i s n o t wo r s e t h an t h e im p r e s sm e u t o f s ea m e n I t i s wo r s e , infin itely wo r s e . I m p r e s s m en t fo rc e s s ea m en t o s e r v e i n t h e p u b l i c s h i p s o f t h e i r c o u n t r y , i n s t eado l’

p u rs u ing t h e i r o c c up a t i o n i n t h e m e r c h an t s e r v i c e . I t c h ange st h e i r e m p l oy m e n t t o on e m o r e r igo r o u s , of l onge r co n t i n u an c e , o fg r eat e r dan ge r . B u t it i s y e t e m p l oy m e n t o f the s a m e k i n d—I tis y e t e m p l oy m en t fo r w h i c h t h ey a r e fitted by u sage an d ed u cat i o n . B u t c o n s c r i p t i o n i s i nd i s c r i m i nat e in the v i c t i m s o f i t s tyran ny . T h e age n o t t h e p u r su i t o f t h e co n s c r i p t i s t h e s o l e criter i o n o f h i s fitn es s . \V h a tever b e h i s h ab i t s , wh at e v e r h i s i m m ed i at e v i ews , wh at e v e r h i s d es ign ed o c c u p at i o n i n l i fe , a s t e r n m au

(l at e t ea r s h i m f r om t h e r o of of h i s fat h e r , f r om t h e d es k , t h e office, t h e p l o u gh , o r t h e wo r k s h o p , an d h e is ea t

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ried fa r f r omh o m e t o figh t, in fo r e ign c l i m e s t h e bat t l es of amb i t i o n . B u t , s i r ,if co n s c r i p t i o n we r e n o t wo r s e t h a n i m p r es s m en t , I sh o u l d n o t l o s emy obj e c t i o n s t o it—I um n o t p r e p a r ed t o ass e n t t o t h e in troduct i o n of e i t h e r c o n s c r i p t i o n o r i m p r e s s m e n t i n t o m y cou n t r y . Fo ra l l the B r i t i s h t e r r i to r i e s in t h e We s t e r n Wo r l d , I wou l d n o t.

F i gh t fo r Sa i l o r s’R igh t s —y e t r i v e t o n o u r c i t i z en s a F r en c h eonserip tion ! F i gh t fo r r i gh t s o n t h e o ce an , an d an n i h i l a t e t h e m o s tp r e c i o u s o f a l l r igh t s a t h o m e ; the r i gh t of a F r e em an n e ve r tohe fo r c ed o u t of h is c o u n t r y ! How a l a rm i n g i s t h e i nfa t u a t i on o ft h a t z ea l , wh i c h , i n i ts a r de r fo r a t t a i n i ng i t s object, tramp lesin t h e d u s t obj e c t s o f infin itely h igh e r p r i c e !“7 l i a t i s t h e p r o ba b i l i ty o f s u c c ess in t h i s s c h em e of co n q u es t ,

is a t o p i c o n wh i c h I m ea n n o t t o e n l a r ge. I t i s n o t n ec e s s a r yt h at I s h o u ld , fo r o t h e r s h av e ab l y d i s c u s se d it. T ha t y o u m ayt a k e U p p e r Can ada, t h a t yo u m ay o ve r r u n t h e l owe r p r o v i n c e Ib e l i e v e . B u t t ha t yo u w i l l t a k e Q u eb ec , wh i l e t h e m o u t h o f th eS t . Law r e n c e i s c om m anded by a h os t i l e fleet, I can n o t b e l i e v eI f an o p p o s i t e t h o u gh t s o m e t i m e s ge t p o s ses sio n o f my imagi n at i o n,I fim l i t s p r i ng i ng f r om t h a t i m p u l s e o f t h e h ea r t , wh i c h m ak e sm e fan cy v i c t o r y p e r c h ed o n t h e s tan da r d o f my c o u n t r y , an d n o t

the r e s u l t o f an ex e r t i o n o f t h e u nd e r s tand in g. B u t , s i r , i f yo us h o u l d c on q u e r t h e C an adas , subd ue , Nova Sco t i a , an d p o s s essy o u r s e l f o f a l l t h e B r i t i s h t e r r i t o r i e s i n A m e r i ca : i f afte r i m p overish ing y o u r c o u n t r y by r u i n o u s l o an s , an d g r i n d i ng d own yo u r

p eo p l e by o p p r e s s i v e tax e s , you s h o u l d wad e a t l as t t h r o ugh t h eh o r r o r s o t

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m i l i t a r y c o n s c r i p t i on t o the n ow d a r l i ng o bj e c t o f you r w i s h es—Jp r ay yo u , wh a t is t h e n t o b e d o n e Wh at d o yo u d es i gn t o d ow i t h t h e co n q u e r e d te r r i t o r y ? We w i l l k e e p i t , say t h e gen t l em e nf r om V e rm o n t P en n . (M r. B r ad l ey and M r. I nge r s o l l .) ‘V ewi l lk ee p it heeau se i t i s an obj e c t w i t h o u r p e o p le ; b eca u s e i t wi l l k eepoff In d ian wa r s and r e t r i b u t e as for the w r o ngs we h av e s us ~

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pa r t y t o t h e n o r t h a nd we s t , t h at W i l l n o t co n s e n t t o p a r t w i t h i t,w i t h wh o m i t i s a n obj ect. Bu t how s ha l l i t b e k e p t ? A s a co n

q u e r ed p r o v i n c e ? T o r eta in i t a s s u c h aga i n s t t h e effo r t s o f an

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the s ea , a lways ab l e t o i n vad e a nd t o s u c c o u r t h e in va v

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t o r e n o t l e s s c on t i n u ed o r l e s s i n amo u n t t h a n were tleman tl etl t ota k e it . S u c h a c o n q u e s t i s n e t e r fin is hed ; n h e n n o m i na l l y ef

fec ted It i s t o he b ega n . Bu t we w I l l ineo t‘po ra te i t i n t o t h e Un i o n ,Aye, t h i s wo u ld he l l l tl t‘t‘ tl a p l ea s an t r e s u l t . Let m y so u t h e r nti ten t ls , let gen t l e m e n who r e p r e s e n t s l a t e h o l d i ng s tat e s at t e n dt o i l l l s . l l ow ti en n l t h i s p r oj e c t ta k e at h om e ? W h at wo u l dt h e i r c o n s t i t u en t s g i v e t o h a v e h al l

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a do z e n n ew s t at e s m ad e o u t o ft h e Ua n adas ? I t is , be s ide s . so n o tab l e an ex p ed i e n t fo r s t r e n gt h .eu in g t h e n a t i o n , a n d s o p e r fe c t l y i n a c c o r d a n ce w i t h t h e p r i n c ieip les o t

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o u r fo rm a t go v e r n m en t . We a r e t o for ce m en I n t o ana s s o eia tio n t h e v e ry l i fe o f n h i e h isfrepa

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yo u m a y m a k e an a r r a n ge m en t p r ac t i c a l ly se c u r i ng a l l we o u gh tn ow t o r o tt t t ' l t tl fo r . Yo u wil l I h o p e m a k e i t i n t h e p e nd i ngn ego t i a t i o n : ha t t h a t by a s u r r e nd e r o f C an ada afte r i t i s con

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a l o r r e l i n q u i s h m e n to f t he no m an « a n b e l i e v e wh o u nd e r st a nd s e i t h e r t h e v i ews o rt h e prejm l l m s of h e r go v e r nm e n t St peo p le. T h ey b e l i e v e t h e r ig h tes s e n t ia l t o t h e i r n a v a l e x is ten ee. t o d e t e r t h e i r s ea m e n t

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r o m gen e r a l t les ert io n . A l l e la s s es i n t h at c o u n t r y s o r ega r d it—we kn owt h e r e is n o t a t l ill

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p o l it ie im ts in the k i ngd o m u p o n t h i s s nhj eet . I f t h ey hav e any j e ttl o t“ ) o f yo u . ( tl fl t l l s o m e a l

' t h o m h av e) i t i s n o t a jea lo u syo f yo u r t e r r i t o r i a l ex t e n t—hu t o f y o u r li tn es s t o b e c o m e their eomm t'rc iu l a n d na s a l r i va l . ( in n i t he b e l i e v ed t h en th a t t h e y wo u l dc o m p r o m i s e i n a uu rren tler o f a eh i im , wh i c h s u r r end e r ed . i n t h e i rj u dgmen t , weaken s t hem and i n v igo r a t e s yo u , w h e r e a lo n e t h ey

8 1

are ap p r eh en s i ve o i‘

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' r o m yo u r s t r e ngt h P I nd u l ge n o s u c h tleln s io n . \V e r e Can trd a a t h o u s an d t ime s m o r e i m p o r ta n t t o B r i t a i n tha n it is . i t we r e yetof l e s s va l u e t h a n h e r na v a l p owe r . Fo r t h e s ak e o f i t s h e wo u ldn ever yieh l a p r i n c i p l e o n wh teh t ha t n a v a l p owe r d e p e nd s . N o ,sir, t h e r e t u r n o f c o n q u e r e d Can ada , eve n w i t h t h e h o lied fo r ageney in o u r fav o r o f t h e Ru s s i a n E m p e r o r , wo u l d n o t we ig h a few

t h e r in t h e s ca l e aga i n s t wh a t s h e d e e m s h e r firs t g r ea t n a t i o na lin t e r e s t . A s i t r ega r d s t o o t h e s e fan c i e d ex e r t i o n s o f Ru s s i a ino u r fa vo r , ge n t l e m e n s u r e l y tleeeivc t h ems e l v e s . Howe v e r a ttachbé tl Ru s s i a may b e to the m o s t l i b e r a l p r i n c i p l e s o f co m me r c i a l in 6tereo u rse she n e v e r wi l l a r r ay h e r s e l f aga in s t the r i g h t o f the ‘

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peop le o n you r f r o n t i e r s an d o n yo urs ea -boartl , and wh a t w i l l t h ey say ? T h ey wi l l t e l l yo u . t h a t i t itt h e i n vas i o n o f Canad a a l on e wh i c h e n dange r s th e m . The m osteffe ct u a l d efe n c e t o t h e m wo u l d he an abau tlomen t o f yo u r s c h em e.S i r, an i n vas i o n of t h e U n i te d S tates , h o t fo r t h e p u r p o s e o f d iv e r t i n g yo u r fo r ce s f r om Canad a o r r e t o r t i n g on you t h e d istres sebof wa r, can n o t e n t e r i n t o t h e s c h em e o f B r i t i s h o r C an ad i an p o l l ‘

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t i m at e fa i l u r e , and wi t h o u t n o p e o f g lo r y o r ga i n . T h e Can a tliatiy eoman r y , f r e ed f r om t h e t e r r o r s o t

‘ i n vas i o n, w i l l c h e e r fu l l y ret

s u m e t h e i r p e ac efu l o c c u p a t i o n s - am i s u ch of t h e l l rit ish r eg u l arsas a r e n o t; r e q u i r ed fo r o r d i n a r y ga r r i so n d u t y , i n s t ead of b e i nge m p l o yed i n a m i s e r ab l e , p r eda t o r y , y et (les truetiveborder wa r fa r ewi l l he s en t t o m i ng l e i n t h e E u r o p ean s t r i fe wh e r e r e n own a nde m p i r e a r e t h e m i gh ty s t ak e . Su r e l y t h i s i s em p h at i ca l l y th e ageand t h e go v e r nm en t o f p a r ado x . A war fo r “f r e e t r ad e” i s wagetlhy e m ba r go , a n zl p r o h ib i t i o n o f a l l eommet eial in t e r c ou r s e —“ s a i lo rs’rig h ts

” a r e sec u r ed by imp r i s o n i ng t h em a t h o m e , awl n ot

p e r m i t t i n g t h em t o m o v e f r om p l a c e to p l ac e w i t h i n t h e i r p r i s on,

bu t by a l i c en s e f r oma c o l l e c t o r l i k e a n eg r o’s p as s, 8L o b ta i n ed o n

t h e s e c u r i t y o f a heti tl s n i a ti - am l o t1r f r o n t i e r s an d s ea -b oa r d a r e t ohe d e fen d e d by an i n vas i o n o f C anad a , wh i c h can a l o n e en dan gera il at tac k !B u t the r e a l elli cien t a r gu m en t fo r p e r s e v e r an c e in t h e s c h eme o f

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tl amnn , and s hal l we re s t r i ct ou r s e l v e s t o d efen s ive measu r e s .9 For

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‘

the 11 111°1n y P es , s i r i t i s the c o n s i d e r at i o n t h at t h i s

wa r 11 11 1 o ri1 1 11111 lly e ll 11 11s i1'11 o n o u r s i1l 11 , tha t ei ea tes t h e , I fea r,

in s n pera h le o bs t a c l e t o 0 u 1°

1l is 1°o n t in 111111cc o t it . I t 11 011: v a i n to111 11111 111 t ha t ge n t l e m e n a r e u nd e r t h e in llnence of fe e l i ngs wh i c hb e l ong t o h u m a n n a t u r e . l t WU l l l tl b e i1l lc t o d e c l a i m aga i n s t thes in t

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11rts o f 111111 1 111111 i n1 i t y . t o 114 1111 1 11 c o u r s e p u b l i cl y t a k en . a nd 1111 t h e c o i rec tness o i wh i c h n 111i ta t 11111 1x s take1l . l f

ii o n o r:th l11. ge n t l e m en c o u l d b u t perc ive tha t t h i s dillieu l ty i s o ne 01

p r i de o n l y a nd o l p r i d e o p p o s i ng t l1ei1° co n n t1°y’s bes t in teres ts , I

k now t ha t t l111y co u ld 1 11n 1l b e l i e v e m any o i t h e m n o n l il , m ak e t h eell o rt. P11111l 11l a s 111:1 °

1y b e t h e 11c l1 11o 11 l 11 1115111en t of p o l i t i ca l e r r o r ,y e t i f they elea l ly s 11w t l1a t e i t h e r t h i s h u m i l i at i o n m u s t he en d u rc d , o r t h e n a t i on r u i n ed , t h ey

° co u l d n o t h e s i t at e in t h e i r c h o i c eb etwe en s u c h a l t e r nat i v e s . B u t , s i r , I w i s h n o t t o p rses en t s u cha l tena t ives t o t h e ir e l e c t i o n . So d iliien l t is i t to p 1

°

0 1| u cc a c o n v i et i on , aga i n s t wh i c h t h e p r i d e o f the h ea r t r e b e l s , t h a t I w i l l n ota t tem l1t 1t . G en t l e m en a r e n o t c a l l ed o n t o r e t r a c t . T h e y m ayn ow s u s p end t h e exe c u t i o n o f t h e i r s c h e m e o f i n vas i on w i t h o u t an111

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ered t o p as s u n im p r o v ed .

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. Y 11111° en e m y

ha s i n v i t ed a d i r e c t n ego t i at i o n l o 1° the 1es to i n t io n o f p e ac e . Yo u rex ec u ti1 e 1111s 111 z11i 1l m in is tm s l1111 e b ee n a p p o i n t e dto m e e t t h e c o nn n is s io n ers o l

‘

the o p p o s i t e p a r t y . T h i s ei i c nms t anc e ow1 l 1t t o p i od 1111 e an en t ii e a n d es sen t i a l c h ange i n y o u rp o l i cy . It the ex e c u t iv e b e s ineel e in t h e a c c e p ta n c e o f t h i sp re p o s i t i o n h e m u s t ha ve ac t ed o n t h e h o p e t h a t a n a m i c al1le 11dj 11~11111en t o f d iffe r e n c e s m i gh t b e 111111111 . And “ b i l et h e r e iv1 s n e h 11 h o p e , s u c h a p r o s p e c t , 0 11 11 l111t p rineip le c an yo uj u -i t il

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y i111'

11-‘ i1111 a nd co n q u e st .

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ra t inm , w h i c h c a n no t fa c i l i t a t e, 11n ~l 111 13 1 p r e ve n t t h e ae co m

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s l itu t io na l s upp o 1 t , with a i u l l a s s u r a n c e , t ha t s u c h a n a p p eal und e r s u c h eiru im s l a n ees , 1 111111111 he m ad e in v a i n .

l l C h u n m u n , t ha t 1 s h o u l d t elea s e yo u f r om t h ein l iw ue o l he1111115 m e. Th e1'e i s bu t o ne. m o r e te p i c to w h i e h I ‘

s o l 1e1t yo 111 at te n t i o n . h

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i a uy 11111111111'

1t i o 11s ha v e been add r ess ed tothe m umm y hy "en t lem en o n t h e 1111111s t 1' 1 i111 s i d e o i t h i s h o u s e ,n o t 11 ith o u t m e 1 i t , 1111111 h o p e n o t w i t ho u t e1h liea t io n , o n t h e ev i l so l 1 io le11t o p p o s i t i o n i11te111pe11 11t e pa l ly s p i11t . l t 1s 110 t to b e d en i ed t ha t o p p o s i t i o n m ay ex c e ed a l l i ea s o n ah le ho u nds 61 a m i n o t i tyb e com e fa c t i on s . B u t w h en 1 h ea i i t s e r i o u s l y u r ged , t ha t t h e l iat u r e o f o u r 3 0 1 em in en t l o i h itls t ha t li i m ,

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ty o l the hum a n m i nd , wh i c h 111 i ts z ea l t o elteet a {M o n t e pu r

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o u r to i ni o l gm ez um en t t o l e 1 a te o r 1e111111e t h e s am t a11l o 111'

01 co ns t itu t iou a l o p p o s i t i on , w h i e h IS 1l 1 s i111h le 111 o n e 1. l1ei e1n t h e c h i e fm a w is tra te is l1e1e1l it 111y

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a u ee - l1 1i t h e r e t h e ex ec u t i v e s p r i ngs{ 1 11111 the p e o p l e , c a n do n o t h i n g w i t h o u t t .1e i 1 s u p p o r t

,a nd ca n

n o t, thet el o i e o ven u le au el c o n t r o u l t h e p u b l i c s en t im en t .” S it ,

l e t o s n o t s t o p a t t h e s u r fa c e o f th i ngs . T h e influen ce o f t h e ex e

e11ti 1 e i n t h i s Co u n t r y , wh i le 111) reta in s h is p op u la r ity, i s i nfin itel yg rea t e r t h a n t h a t o f 11 l im i t e d 11111111111 11. i t is a s m u c h s t r o nge ra s t h e s p asm o l

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s i o u of a m u s c l e . T h e wa n n th o i'

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ta iu o l' t h e Dom i nan t

P a r t y t o h is s u h.1l ter11s , a n 1l t h en c e to t h 1 i 1' fo l l owe r s i n t h e r a n k s ,t i l l t h e i’t"e s i 1le n t s o p i n i o n b ec om e s t h e el it1 11o u o i e i t li 1t1lo .\ y,a nd his no t i o n s o ht:1111 11 1lom i11io n 0 1 1

1 1 t he p u hl ie s e n t im en t ,wh ielil am i n a t e s the m o s t 1111158 111 i s eu ei oa eh l u en ts . and dem an d s t h emo s t jea lo u s s | 1per1 is io 11. l u p t o po i t io u 1i s 11 go t em in en t i s l a w.t h e s pm t 11l ho ld 1111l u i1y . o l a n im a t ed in te l es t in i t s m eas u i es ,

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s en l ia l t o l l p o l i t y 111111 c o n t in u an c e. A 111l l1e. wh o i n a 1l emem a t y 111 l ep ti h l ie a t t em p t s to eo u t l o l t h e w i l l o i the p o p u l a r i 1l o lo l t l i 1~ 1l 1\' 1 111.1y e n v y t h e lu x u l io u s e1us e

,w i t h 1111i1 11 m in is tel ia l

-~1 l t 2 l s 1111 o p p o s e d 111111 t hwa i ted 111 5111 e 1111n e 11t s w l1i1 h a r elL~ 111-e . l 11t 1~111p 1 1 1111ee 11l | 1111 ty. w l11 111 1 el Io u nd. c v w i l l m e e tw i t h 1111 111l 1 111'a t e 111 h a m o s t ea la ln il o u s s eo u i ge t o 11111

t h e h.1111~ o i sm-i.1l o l i111l iv i1l ua i j u s t i c e . a ndM p u lm v 1 i 1 t 11e 1 111111 ie111l ly to t he hes t p n i s u it s o l 111.111, h is in te1e s t 11111! h i s 1l 1

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r e e c e , Ca r t hage and Rom e ,t o refu t e h is t h eo r y , and s h ow t h a t n o t t o v e h em en t o p p o s i t i on ,bu t to t h e Kbnse of fact i o n s an d i n t o l e r an t p owe r t h e i r d oom i s t obe at tri b u t ed . No r w i l l 1 ex a tm n e som e m o r e m ode r n i ns ta n c es o fr e p ub l i cs , wh o s e des t r u c t i o n h as t h e sam e o r ig i n . T h e t h i n g i sn o l on ge r m a t t e r o f d i s c u s si o n . I t has p a s se d i n t o 11 s e t t l ed t r u t h ,in t h e s c i en ce o f p o l i t i c a l p h i l o s o p h y . One who o n a q u e s t i o n o fh i s t o r i ca l d edu c t i o n ,“ p o l i t i ca l t h eo r y , i s e n t i t l ed t o h igh r es p ec t ,h as g i v e n u s an adm i r ab l e s umma r y of t h e ex p e r i en c e of r e p u b l i c so n t h i s i n t e r e s t i ng i n q u i r y . 111 t h e 10th n um b e r of t h e fed e r a l i s t ,w r i tt e n by M r. M ad i son , we find t h e fo l l ow i ng a p t 111111j ud i c i o u so b s e r v at i on s : By a fac t i on I u nde r s tan d a n um be r o f c i t i ze n s ,wh e t h e r am oun t i ng t o a maj o r i ty o r m i n o r i ty of the wh o l e , whoa r e u n i t e d an d ac t u at ed by som e comm o n im p u l s e o f p as s i on o r o fi n t e r e s t

,adv e r s e t o t h e r igh t s of o t h e r c i t iz e n s , o r t o t h e p e rm anen t

an d agg r egat e i n t e r e s t s of t h e comm u n i ty .

”

T he infe r e n c e t o wh i c h we are b r o ugh t , i s t h a t the cau ses o ffact i o n can n o t b e r emov ed ; 11111] t ha t r e l i ef i s o n l y to b e so u gh t int h e m ean s of con t r o u l i n g it s effects . l f a fac t i o n co n s i s t s of

'

l es st h an a maj o r i ty , r e l i ef i s s u p p l i ed hy ~ t h e r e p ub l i can p r i n c i p lewh i c h en ab l e s t h e maj o r i ty t o d efea t i t s s i n i s t e r v i ews by regu l arv ot e . I t m ay c l og t h e a dm i n i s t r a t i on , i t m ay co nvu l s e t h e so c i e ty ;bu t it w i l l b e u nab l e t o ex e c u t e an d m ask i t s v i o l en c e u n de r thefo r m s of t h e con s t i t u t i o n . IV hen a maj or ity i s in c luded i n a fact ion , the 1form of p op u la r g overnmen t on the other hand enables

i t to sacr ifice to i ts ru ling p ass ion or in terest, both the p u bl ic

g ood , a nd the r ig h ts of other c itiz en s . To secu re the p ubl ic

g ood l

and p r ivate r ig hts ag a in st the da ng ers of su ch a fa ctiOfl ,

and at the same time to p reserve the sp i r it and theform of p o

p u lar g overnmen t , is then the g rea t obj ect to which our en q u ir ies

are d irec ted . Let me add tha t it is t h e g r e at des i d e r a t um b yw h i c h a l o n e t h i s fo rm of gov e r nm en t can b e r es cu ed f r om t h e opprobrium , u nder wh i c h i t h as s o l ong l ab ou r e d , and b e r e c omm e nded to t h e es t e em an d ado p t i o n of mank i n d .

I f t h i s d oc t r ine we r e th e n t o b e co l l ec t e d f r om t h e h i s t o r y o f thewo r l d , can i t n ow b e do u b t ed s i n c e t h e ex p e r i e n ce of t h e l as t 2 5yea r s P Go t o F ran c e , on c e r ev o l u t i o na r y , n ew im p e r i a l F r an c e ;and ask h e r wh e t h e r , fac t i o n s p owe r , 01‘ i n t em p e r ate o p p o s i t i on ,h e t h e m o r e fa t al to f r e edom an d ha p p i n es s ? Pe r ha p s a t som e 1110m en t wh e n t h e e agl e ey e o f h e r m as te r i s tu r n ed away , s h e maywh i s p e r t o you , t o be h o l d the

‘ demo l it ion of Lyon s , o r t h e d e vas tat i on of La Vende e . Pe r h a p s she wi l l g i v e you a w r i t t e n an swe r .D r aw n ea r t o the on c e fatal Lam p 10st , an d by its flickeringl ig h t r ead i t as t r ace d i n c ha r ac t e r s 01 b l o od t ha t flowed fr om the

gu l lo tin e. Fa c t i o n is a dem o n ! Fac t i o n o u t of p owe r , i s a d em o n e ncha i n ed ! F ac t i o n , v es t e d wi th t h e at tr i b u t e s o f ru le, is 11

3 1010011 of d es t r u c t i o n 1”

Sir, i f t h e d en u n c i at io n s wh i c h gen t l em en h av e p ron ou n c edagain s t fac t i on s v i o l en c e , a r e n o t m e r e l y t h e images of r h e to r ic

'

p om p -w if t h ey are, i n d eed , s o l i c i t o u s t o m i t igat e t h e ran co n r of

p a r ty feu ds—in t h e s i n c e r i ty of my so u l I w i s h t h em s u c c e s s . I tis m elan c h o l y t o b eh o l d t h e m i s e r ab l e j ea l ou s i e s an d m a l ignan tsu sp i c i on s wh i c h s o ex t en s i v e ] n rev a il . t o t h e d es t r u c t i o n of so

3 0i

anh‘jeet l hm e reflec ted n i n eh—n ot m e r e ! ) i n t h e i n t e r va l s

‘

s t o l enfrom t h e bm t le u t

‘

hm in eas , o r t h e ga i e t i e s o f amu sem en t, bu t in

| he mom e n t s o f N dep resfi u n n nd the m u s t favo rable tot h e eo rree l ien u l

'

er l u r. F o r o n e , 1 um n i l l i ng t o b r i ng a p o r t i ono f p a r t y l

'

et l ino ,

a nd p a r t y n rej n t liee. a s n u o b l a t i o n a t t h e sh r i n eo f my co u n t r y . In t n o e tt

'

e i ing en n am'

n il a ny t h i ng, i f n o t m ad eo n the p a r t u i

‘

thu se wh o are t h e p o l i t i ca l favo r i t e s o f th e day.

( i n t h em i t i s i nc um be n t tn en n i e i'

u rn zt rtl a n d s et t h e In agmt n imo u s

ex n nnple—Apprtm ehes u r eo neem ien s o n t h e s id e o f t h e m i no r i ty

wo u ld he m i s co n s t r u ed i n t o in cl ien tm n s o f t im id i t y,o r o f a han

k e r i ng fo r fai r e r . Bu t a s p i r i t o f c o n c i l i a t i o n a r i s i ng f r om those

rank s wo u l d he h a i l ed as t h e h a r b i nge r o f s u n ny days , as a cha l .l enge l n l ihern l ity, a n d t o a gene l eu s c o n te n t io n fo r t h e p u b l i cwen l. Th is S l l i l

‘

t i, r eq u i r e s n o t a ny d e p a r t u r e f r om deh bem te"p i n i o n , u n l e ss i t i s s h own to he e r r on eou s—su c h a con ce ss i o n“ u n h l h ) n d e r e l i c t i o n o l

'

d n ty—l ts i nj u n c t i o n s “ o u ld he b u t few,

zn n l i t i s tn b e ho p e d n ot ( liflien l t et'

ebs erwm ee—S ee k t o u p h o l dyo u r m eas u r e s by t h e th r e e o f a r g u m en t , n o t o f d en u n c i a t i onh’tigm n tis e n e t o ppo s itin n t o ) 0 111

' no t i o n s w i t h nfl‘

en s ir e e p i t h et s'

l‘

hes e l l l'

tH'

L‘ n o t h i ng hu t ) u n r z i nge r o r 3 o u r n enkn es s , a r e s u r e

t o gen e r at e a s p i r i t u i'

‘4 m u r a l r e s i s t an ce” n o t eas i l y t o he c h e eked er tam ed . G i v e t o p l es iden tizi l v i e n s c on s t i t u t i o na l r e s p e c t ,[m l s nfl

'

er t h em n o t to s u p e r s ed e t h e ex e r c i s e o f i n de p e nd en t ihq u i r y—En eo nm ge i n s tea d o f s u p p r e s s i ng fa i r d i s c u s s i on , s o t h a t;t h o s e “ he a p p r o v e n o t n i n y a t l ea s t h av e a r es p e c t f u l h ea r i ng'

l‘

h ns , “ ithon t d e le ga t i ng n p a r t i c l e Fr om the en e r gy of yo u r in cas n res . ) o u n o u ld im p a r t a t o n e t o p o l i t i ca l d i ss e n t i o n s w h i chn o u l d d e p r i v e th em o f t h e i r a c r im ony , a nd r ende r t h em ha rm l e s st ') t h e n n t fl "T h e l l o tn l i l d l p a r ty d i s t i n c t i on s . s i r , hav e be com e me r e cabaml is tie

t e rm s . I t i s n o l o nge r a q n eq t in u wh et h e r acc o r d i ng t o t h e t h eo r yn t

’

o u r co n s t i t u t i o n , t h e r e is‘ nm r e dan ge r o f t h e fed e r a l e n c r o ac h i ngml ) the s t a t e gm

'

ern xn e n tsm r t he dem oc r acy of t h e s t a t e go ve r nm e n t s

p il l’tl iix t tlg the a rm o f l

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etlei at l p t) wer—b‘e tlem l ism an d dem o c r a cy

h au t hu t t h e i r l n en n in v. i t i s n o n n q u e s t i on of eommeree, pen ce,

n'

u l n n iu n m t h e s t a t e s . t h i s ( l tten i lfl tl , u n l e s s t h e h on es t y an din tel l igen ee 0 1

'

t h e n a ti'm s h a l l c o n fed e r a te i n t o o ne g r ea t Am e r ie n n p a r t y , d i sda i n i ng p e t ty u iiiee-k ee p i ng a n d e ifice-h u n t i ng i iews ,

a l i k e t h e inw len ee o f t h e p o p u l a r p r i n t s , t h e p r ej u d i c e s 01‘

t 'a c t i on , a nd t h e d om i n i on n l'

eXeeu t ive in li u enee —I fea r a d e c i s i o n“ i l l he p r o n o u n ced fa t a l t o t h e h o p e s , t o t h e ex is tem '

e Of t h e n at inn . I n t h i s q u e s t i o n I a s s u r ed l y h a v e a v e r y d e e p i n te r e s t—hn ti t is t h e i n t e r es t o f n c i t i z e n ( i i i ! ) p u b l i c ca r e e r I h o p e w i l ln o t c o n t i n u e In n ". S h o u l d i t p l ea s e t h e dicpo s er ) f e ven t s t o perm it m e tn s e e t h e g r e a t i n t e r es t s 0 1

°

t h i s c o n fid ed t o men

“ he “ i l l s een re [13 r ig h t s h) firnm es s m od e r a t i on an d im p a r t ia l i tyn hrum l , a nd a t h um e c u l t i va t e t h e a r t s 01

’

p en c e . en co u r age h on es ti nd u s t r y in n l l i t s hrztn ehes , d i s p en s e e q u a l j u s t i c e t o a l l c l a s s es Oft h e em nm n n ity. zn u l t h u s nd nn in u ter t he go ve l nmen t in t h e t r u es p i r i t o f the eu n s t itn t im .

, a s n t r u s t fo r t he p eo p l e , n o t a s the p r op e r t ) o f u p a r t y , i t i l l he In m e u t t e r l y u n im p o r ta n t hy wha t pnl it ieu l t’lvit il t l t h ey m ay he eh a rneteriz enl—As a p i iv n te c i t i z en ,g rn l el

'

n l fa r t h e htem in q e l m n y t‘

t lj n ) , a n d y i e l d i ng a p r om p t ehct l ien ee t o l eg i t im a t e d em a nd t ha t ca n he m ude u p o n m e. I