University of Massachusetts AmherstScholarWorks@UMass AmherstResearch Report 20: Biocultural AdaptationComprehensive Approaches to Skeletal Analysis Anthropology Department Research Reports series

1981

Spondylolysis in the Koniag Eskimo VertebralColumnMichele Gunness-HeyUniversity of Conneticut

Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/anthro_res_rpt20

Part of the Anthropology Commons

This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Anthropology Department Research Reports series at ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. Ithas been accepted for inclusion in Research Report 20: Biocultural Adaptation Comprehensive Approaches to Skeletal Analysis by an authorizedadministrator of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact scholarworks@library.umass.edu.

Gunness-Hey, Michele, "Spondylolysis in the Koniag Eskimo Vertebral Column" (1981). Research Report 20: Biocultural AdaptationComprehensive Approaches to Skeletal Analysis. 4.Retrieved from https://scholarworks.umass.edu/anthro_res_rpt20/4

SPONDYLOLYSIS IN THE KONIAG .ESKIMO VERTEBRAL COLUMN

Michele Gunness-Hey Lab. of Biological Anthropology

University of C~nnecticut

The skeletons of both living and dead Eskimos show unusually high incidences of osteological disorders. Most notable and most widely studied among these disorders are: osteoarthritis, spondy­lolysis, and osteoporosis.

The purpose of this study was to investigate one of these osteological disorders in an Eskimo skeletal population from Kodiak Island, Alaska . Specifically, the focus of this study was the quantification of the frequencies of the vertebral disorder called spondylolysis. Spondylolysis may be defined as the dis­solution (lysis) of a portion of a vertebra (spondo).

The spondylolytic break may occur as a bilateral or unilateral interruption in the continuity of the neural arches. The break may occur through the spinous process, which is usually referred to as spina bifida; the laminae; the pedicles"; or more frequently be­tween the superior and inferior articular processes at the pars interarticularis.

When the defect occurs bilaterally through the pars i.terar­ticularis the vertebra is segmented into 2 pieces: a larger ven­tral segment formed by the vertebral body, the pedicles, the trans­verse and superior articular processes; and a smaller dorsal seg­ment consisting of the laminae, the spinous process and the inferior articular processes. A vertebra is not segmented by a unilateral break.

The etiology of spondylolysis has not been clearly defined al­though many theories have been proposed since the first description of spondylolisthesis accOOlpanied by spondylolysis (Willis. 1931).. A few of the theories that have been proposed include: separate ossification centers in the vertebral cartilage model; a birth

16

related trauma; asceptic necrosis of the pars interarticularis; "fati gue ll fractures or failure of the pars i nterarti cu 1 ari sunder repeated stress; mechanical shearing stress·; and heredity.

Although the etiology of spondylolysis is still disputed, cer­tain facts have been established. These facts include: That the incidence is zero at birth and increases with age to adulthood; males are affected more frequently than females; there is a marked population variation; and there appears to· be a genetic factor.

The first study designed to quantify the frequency of spon­dylolysis within Eskimo archeological populations was by Stewart (1953) in which Koniag Eskimo skeletal remains were included in a group also containing Aleut skeletal remains. Stewart reported variations in the frequency of spondylolysis within the Alaskan Eskimo populations which he believed to be loosely correlated with geographical area and environmental severity. Stewart recorded frequencies ranging from 40.3% for groups living north of the Yukon River to 15.3% for groups living south of the Yukon River. A frequency of 24.7% was reported for Aleuts and Koniags. An. in­cidence of 21 % for Ipiutak Eskimo was reported by Lester and Shapiro (1968), while Merbs (1963) noted a 23% frequency in Sadlermiut Eski.mos. A recent investigation conducted by Kettelkamp and Wright (1971) in a living northern Eskimo group yielded a frequency of 28.1%.

Previous investigations quantifying the occurrence of spon­dylolysis in living and skeletal populations have noted a marked variation between populations (Table 1). Wiltse (1975) and Lester and Shapiro (1968) noted that the incidence of spondylolysis varied considerably between populations, and ranged from 1.95% in American Blacks to 45% in Tigara Eskimos. The Arctic Mongoloid population, which includes Koniag Eskimos, showed the highest re­corded frequency of spondylolysis in the world with a mean fre­quency of ·29.2%.

An age-related increase in the frequency of spondylolysis in Eskimo vertebral columns has been shown by Stewart (1953) as well as Kettelkamp and Wright (1971). However, investigations by Roche and Rowe (1952) on living Americans have only noted an age­related trend until age 20 at which point the occurrence of spon­dylolysis remained relatively constant up to age BO.

Materials and Methods

A series of 175 Eskimos was utilized to investigate spon­·dylolysis in the Koniag Eskimo vertebral column. The skeletons had

been excavated by Ales Hrdlicka from the Uyak Bay site of northwest

17

Kodiak Island, Alaska and are now housed in the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.

The skeletons were sexed using criteria established by Krogman (1962). Morphological ages of the skeletons were deter­mined by dental eruption, epiphyseal union~ and the development of the pubic symphysis using McKern and Stewart's 3 component system. Because this sample had been widely distributed over time and space the individuals were grouped into lO-year age categories. Since spondylolysis is usually a defect of the lum­bar vertebrae, skeletons lacking lumbar vertebral segments were not used . Spondylolysis was visually quantified as present or absent and the type of break" and number of the vertebra affected in the vertebral column were also noted.

Results

Spondylolysis was observed in 45 <lof 175 individuals or 25.7% of the Koniag sample. In each case spondylolysis occurred as a break in the pars interarticularis of a lumbar vertebra. Bilateral separations were observed in 42 individuals: unilateral separa­tion was seen in the remaining 3 individuals. In 3 individuals, a break through the pars interarticularis was accompanied by spina bifida within the same vertebra.

Males showed a higher incidence of spondylolysis than fe­males: 26 of 72 males or 36.1 %; 17 of 66 females or 25.8%. This difference, however, was not statistically significant when tested by the Chi-Square analysis. Of the total sample, 43 or 31.2% of the adults exhibited spondylolysis while only 2 or 5.4% of the sub­adults, or those individuals under 18 years of age, were affected.

Thirty-five individuals were found to have only 1 affected vertebra. Nine individuals had 2 affected vertebrae and 1 indi­vidual had 3 affected vertebrae. All individuals with multiple cases of spondylolysis were adults, and the mean age of multiple involvement fell in the 30-39 year age group. Cases of multiple spondylolytic involvement were equally distributed between males and females.

The frequency of spondylolysis in the lumbar vertebrae in­creased as one proceeded caudally: of the 56 affected vertebrae, lumbar vertebra #5 was affected most frequently.

When plotted against age at 10 year intervals, the incidence of spondylolysis illustrates a bimodal distribution in which the frequency rises in the 20-29 age group, recedes in the 30-39 and

18

40-49 age groups, and rises again in the 50+ "age group (Table 2). The highest frequency was recorded for the 50+ age group. A linear trend with age had been previously recorded by Kettelkamp and Wright (1971) for living northern Eskimos and by Stewart (1953) for Alaskan Eskimo skeletal remains. which included Aleuts and Koniags. The lack of this linear trend in the Koniag sample may reflect a sampling bias since this was a series sampled ove~ time and space with an unequal d"istribution in each age class.

Summary

In conclusion. the Koniag Eskimo skeletal population inves­tigated showed a relatively high frequency of spondylolytic de­fects which was in agreement with the frequencies recorded for Arctic Mongoloids in general. As found in previous studies, males were affected more frequently than females. although the differ­ence was not significant in this study. Also characteristic of the Arctic Mongoloid vertebral column was the increase in frequency as one proceeds caudally with the frequency of spondylolysis peak­ing at lumbar vertebra #5. Although the Koniag Eskimo sample did not show a linear trend of increasing frequency with age as seen in other Arctic Mongoloid groups, the incidence was higher in adulthood than sub-adulthood.

19

REFERENCES CITED

Al Ibrook, David B. 1955 The East African Vertebral Column. Am. J. of Phys. Anthrop., l3:4B9-5l3.

Anderson , J.D. 1964 The People of Fairty: An osteological analysis of an Iroquois ossuary . Nat. Mus. of Can. Bull . #193.

Congdon, Rusell T. 1932 Spondylolisthesis and vertebral anomalies in skeletons of American aborigines. J. of Bone & Jt. Surgery, 14:511-524.

Gunness-Hey, M. 1977 The Vertebral Column of the Koniag Eskimo, Kodiak Island, Alaska. M.S. Thesis, Univ. of CT.

Hasebe, Kotundo 1912-1913 Die Wirbelsaule der Japaner. Zeit­schrift fur Morphologie und Anthropologie., (15}:259-379 .

Kettelkamp, Donald B., and O. Gilbert Wright 1971 Spondylolysis in the Alaskan Eskimo . J. of Bone & Joint Surgery, 53A:563-566.

Krogman, Wilton Marion 1962 The Human Skeleton in Forensic Medi­cine. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, Ill.

lanier, Raymond R.o Jr. 1939 The pre-sacral vertebrae of white and negro males. A. J. of Phys. Anthrop., 25:341-420.

Lester, Charles W., and Harry L. Shapiro 1968 Vertebral arch defects in the lumbar vertebrae of prehistoric American Eskimos. Am. J. of Phys. Anthrop. 28:43-47.

Merbs. Charles F. 1963 The Sadlermiut Eskimo Vertebral Column. M.S. Thesis. Unlv. of Wisconsin.

Roche. Maurice and Georg G. Row 1952 ' Incidence of separate neural arch and coincident bone variations. J. of Bone & Jt. Surgert. 34A:49l-494.

Schreiner, K.E. 1935 Zur osteologie der Lappen. Instituttet fur Sammenlingnende kulturforskning serie B: skrifter XVLL, H. Ascheuloug and Co.

Shore. L.R. 1930 Abnormalities of the vertebral column in a series of skeletons of Bantu natives of South Africa. J. of Anat .• 64:206-238.

20

Snow, Charles, E. 1948 Indian Knoll skeletons of site OH2. Univ. of Kentucky, Reports in Anthrop., vol. 4, #3, part II.

Stewart, T.O. 1931 Incidence of separate neural arch in the lumbar vertebrae of Eskimos. Am. J. of Phys. Anthrop .• 16(1):51-62.

1953 The age incidence of neural arch defects in Alaskan natives considered from the standpoint of etiology. J. of Bone & Jt. Surgery, 35A:937-950.

Thieme, Frederick P. 1950 Lumbar breakdown caused by erect posture in man with emphasis on spondylolisthesis and herniated intervertebral discs. Univ. of Mich. Press. Anthrop. Papers, No.4.

Willis, Theodore A. 1931 The separate neural arch. J. of Bone & Jt. Surgery, 13:709-721.

Wiltse, Leon L., E.H. Widell, and D.W. Jackson 1975 Fatigue fractures: the basic lesion in isthmic spondylolisthesis. J. of Bone & Jt. Surgery, 57A:11-22.

21

TABLE 1

FREQUENCIES OF SPONDYLOLYSIS IN VARIOUS POPULATIONS

POPULATION

ESKIMO Alaskan Eskimos (Stewart, 1953) Ipiutak (Lester & Shapiro, 1968) Konia9 (Gunness-Hey, 1977) Northern Alaskan, living (Kette1kamp &

Wright, 1971) . Sad1ermiut (Merbs, 1963) Tigara (Lester & Shapiro, 1968)

JAPANESE Adachi (from Hasebe, 1912-13) Hasebe (1912-13) Taguchi (from Hasebe, 1912-13)

LAPPS Schreiner (1935)

AMERICAN INDIANS Argentina (Ten Kate, from Stewart, 1931) Arkansas & La.(Hrdlicka, from Stewart,

1931) Columbia River Basin (Congdon, 1932) Indian Knoll (Snow, 1948) Iroquois (Anderson, 1964) New Jersey (Stewart, 1931) Tierra del Fuego lMartin & Sergi,

from Stewart, 1931)

EUROPEANS Hayek (from Thieme, 1950) Schwegel (from Thieme, 1950)

AMERICAN WHITE Lani er (1939) Roche & Rowe (1952) Thieme (1950) Willis (1931) Wi ltse (1975)

AMERICAN BLACK Lanier (1939) Roche & Rowe (1952) Willis (1931) Wiltse (1975)

AFRICAN Bantu (Shore, 1930) Eastern Africans (A11brook, 1955)

22

N

1470 786 47

175

153 61

248

287 65

125 97

296

984. 102

45 200 310 293

21

13

300 200 100

2900 56

1018

1900 502

82 206

AFFECTED

430 207 10 45

43 14

111

26 7 9

10

38

130 5

2 10 57

5 2

2

10 6 4

133 2

63

46 15

5 10

%

29.2 26.3 21.2 25.7

28.1 23 .0 45.0

9.1 10.8 7.2

10.3

12.8

13.2 5.0

4.4 5.0

18.3 1.8

10.0

15. 3

3.3 3.0 4.0

" 7.0 4.6 3. 5 6.1 5.8

5.0 2.4' 2.9 1.95

6.0 5.0

· TABLE 2

FREQUENCIES OF SPONDYLOLYSIS IN TEN YEAR AGE GROUPS - KONIAG ESKIMOS, KODIAK ISLAND, ALASKA

0-9 10-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 50+

MALES N Affected 0 0 8 6 1 10 N 0 1 14 15 19 20 Percent 57.1% 40% 5.2% 50%

FEMALES N Affected 0 1 6 1 3 5 N 0 4 22 16 9 14 Percent 25% 27.2% 6.2% 33.3% 35.7%

SUB-ADULTS N Affected 1 1 N 16 21 Percent 6.2% 4.8%

TOTAL N Affected 1 2 14 7 4 15 N 16 26 36 31 28 34 Percent 6.2% 7.6% 38.8% 22.6% 14.2% 44.1%

23